Aermacchi MB-339

The Aermacchi MB-339 is a military jet trainer and

MB-339
light attack aircraft designed and manufactured by
Italian aviation company Aermacchi.

The MB-339 was developed during the 1970s in

response to an Italian Air Force requirement that sought
a replacement for the service's existing fleet of
Aermacchi MB-326s. Its design was derived from that
of the MB-326, rather than a new design, and thus the
two aircraft share considerable similarities in terms of
their design. Aermacchi had found that the MB-339
was capable of satisfying all of the specified
requirements while being the most affordable option An MB-339CD of the Italian Air Force
available. The maiden flight of the MB-339 took place Role Advanced trainer and light
on 12 August 1976; the first production aircraft were
attack aircraft
delivered two years later.
Manufacturer Aermacchi
Roughly half of all MB-339s entered service with the First flight 12 August 1976
Italian Air Force, while the remainder have been sold to
various export customers. As well as being used for Introduction 1979
training, the type is also flown by the Frecce Tricolori Status Active in production
aerobatic display team. The type has been used in
Primary users Italian Air Force
combat by both the Eritrean Air Force during the
Royal Malaysian Air Force
Eritrean–Ethiopian War of 1998–2000 and the
Argentine Naval Aviation during the Falklands War of Eritrean Air Force
1982. In both conflicts, the MB-339 was typically United Arab Emirates Air
flown as an attack aircraft. In Italian service, the aircraft Force
is intended to be replaced by the newer Aermacchi M- Produced 1978–TBD
345.
Number built 230[1]
Developed from Aermacchi MB-326
Development
During September 1972, Aermacchi was awarded a contract to study a replacement for the Italian Air
Force's aging MB-326 fleet, a type which had effectively been the standard advanced jet trainer of the
1960s.[2] During this study, designers at the company compared seven all-new designs (which were
collectively referred to by the designation of MB-338) against an improved version of the MB-326, which
was designated MB-339.[3] It was determined that the envisioned MB-339 would be capable to satisfying
the established requirements of the Italian Air Force, while also being cheaper than producing any of the
rival clean-sheet designs. Accordingly, Aermacchi submitted the MB-339 for official evaluation; during
1975, it was selected to replace both the MB-326 and the Fiat G.91T fleets that were then in Italian
service.[3][2]

On 12 August 1976, the maiden flight of the prototype, designated MB-339X, took place.[2] During July
1978, the first production-standard aircraft made its first flight; during the following year, deliveries of the
MB-339A to the Italian Air Force commenced.[4] The service would be the primary operator of the type;
reportedly, between 1978 and 1987, 101 MB-339As would be induced into the Italian Air Force, which is
roughly just under half of the total examples of the type to have been constructed to date.[2]

Various improved models would be developed by Aermacchi. During 1980, a dedicated single-seat attack
variant, referred to as the MB-339K Veltro II, performed its maiden flight.[2] During 1985, the MB-339B,
which incorporated a light-attack capability, entered operational service. That same year, the first MB-339C,
which featured various refinements and was intended as a dual-use aircraft, made its first flight.[2] During
the late 1980s, the enhanced MB-339C was made available to customers; this model principally differed
from preceding variants via the implementation of a much-modernised cockpit. Early on, the Italian
government chose to procure the MB-339CD;[2] in addition to the fully digital cockpit, this variant was
furnished with a fixed probe for aerial refueling, enabling its use for refueling training.[5][6]

During 1989, Aermacchi formed a partnership with American defense conglomerate Lockheed and the
aircraft division of General Motors to jointly bid in the American Joint Primary Aircraft Training System
(JPATS) programme.[2] The Italian-American team proposed a modified model of the MB-339, referred to
as the T-Bird II, to contend for the competition. If successful, Lockheed would have acted as the prime
contractor and system integrator, assembling the T-Bird II at its Marietta facility, while General Motors was
to provide its computerised training experience.[2] However, the bid was ultimately not successful; instead,
a rival turboprop-powered submission by Raytheon and Pilatus was awarded the contract to produce the T-
6 Texan II for this requirement.[7]

Throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s, multiple tranches of the MB-339CD variant would be inducted
into Italian service.[8] Furthermore, various operators chose to have their existing aircraft remanufactured to
the more advanced MB-339C standard. During the 2000s, the MB-339FD (FD standing for Full Digital),
was proposed but ultimately attracted little market interest.[2] During 2006, it was announced that the MB-
339 assembly line, which had been shuttered for several years, would be revived in response to interest in
further orders of the type being expressed by three separate customers.[9][10][11]

During the 1990s and 2000s, as a result of corporate mergers and restructuring, the MB-339 became only
one of several training aircraft being offered by Aermacchi, other aircraft being propeller-driven SF-260,
the basic S.211, M-311, and the M-346.[12][13] According to company Giorgio Brazzelli, its various
training platforms come together to form part of an integrated training system to its customers.[14]

Design
The Aermacchi MB-339 is a military jet trainer and light attack aircraft, featuring a conventional
configuration, tricycle undercarriage and all-metal construction. It has many similarities with the design of
the MB-326, sharing the majority of its airframe with the older aircraft.[15] According to aviation periodical
Air International, the most significant revision of the MB-339 was a redesigned forward fuselage, which
raised the instructor's seat to allow visibility over and past the student pilot's head. In typical operations, the
aircraft is flown by a crew of two, who are seated in a tandem configuration; during training missions, the
student is seated in the forward position while the observing instructor is placed directly behind and
somewhat above them.[15] The cockpit is pressurised and is covered by a jettisonable canopy which works
in conjunction with the twin Martin-Baker-built ejection seats.[2]

The MB-339 possesses a low, un-swept wing complete with tip tanks; the air intakes for the single turbojet
engine is located within the wing roots.[15] This wing is identical to that used on the older MB-326K
model.[2] The powerplant used for the aircraft's initial versions was the Rolls-Royce Viper 632-43 turbojet
engine, which was capable of producing a maximum thrust of 4,000 lbf (17.8 kN); this is the same model
as installed upon the older MB-326K model. Later models, such as the MB-339C, are furnished with the
more powerful Viper 680 engine, which can generate up to 4,300 lbf (19.57 kN) of thrust.[2] For improved
aerodynamics, the MB-339 features an enlarged tailfin over its predecessor.[15]

While some models of the MB-339 are primarily intended for training operations, other are instead
principally equipped to perform light fighter and fighter-bomber roles. Combat-orientated aircraft are
typically outfitted with more advanced avionics, such as improved inertial guidance systems, digital
nav/attack computers, a MIL-STD-1553B databus, and hands-on throttle-and-stick (HOTAS)-compatible
flight controls.[2] Furthermore, various defensive systems, such as a radio jammer, radar warning receiver
(RWR), electronic countermeasures (ECM), along with larger wingtip tanks, would typically be adopted.
The MB-339K carries a pair of 30mm DEFA cannon while a total of six underwing hard points can
accommodate up to 1,815 kilograms (4,000 lb) of external stores.[2] It has been qualified to be armed with
various munitions, such as the Sidewinder and R.550 Magic air-to-air missiles, the AGM-65 Maverick air-
to-surface missile, various laser-guided bombs and rockets, as well as the Marte Mk.2 anti-ship missile.
According to Forecast International, Aermacchi had at one point considered making provisions for the
installation of an additional two pod-mounted 30mm cannon.[2]

Operational history

General use

The Italian Air Force is the largest operator of the MB-339. The
service, which received its first examples during 1978, has procured
multiple batches and models of the type over the years; for several
decades, it has been flown as its principal trainer aircraft. In addition
to its use as a general trainer, the MB-339 is also flown by the
Frecce Tricolori aerobatic display team; during 1988, three aircraft
were lost during a tragic air display accident in Germany.[16]

In October 2013, it was announced that the Italian Air Force

MB-339 at the Volandia Museum of
intended to replace its MB-339s with newly built M-345s in the
Milan Malpensa Airport
long term.[17][18] The M-345 is intended to replace Italian Air Force
MB-339s as a basic trainer, and with the Frecce Tricolori.[19]

Many of its operators, such as the Royal New Zealand Air Force, chose to procure the type during the
1980s and 1990s as a replacement for various aging jet-powered attack aircraft, such as the British-built
BAC Strikemaster.[2] Although uncommon amongst most export customers, some operators, such as the
United Arab Emirates, have chosen to have several aircraft furnished for aerobatic displays. Emirates
aerobatics display team, Al Fursan, operates 7 MB-339A of which 6 were modified to MB-339NAT since
2010.[20] According to a report by Forecast International published in 2014, the later-built MB-339CD
model has remained viable as a training platform for various newer fighter aircraft, such as the Panavia
Tornado and the Eurofighter Typhoon; however, the type's appeal is waning and shall largely be confined
after the 2010s to those nations with weaker economies or facing little military pressure.[2]

Combat use

Argentina
The Argentine Naval Aviation (Comando de Aviación Naval or
COAN) was the first foreign user of the forerunner MB-326GB,
purchasing a batch of eight aircraft during 1969.

During 1980, the COAN ordered ten MB-339As advanced trainer

and light attack aircraft. These were delivered in 1981 and were
operated by the III Escuadra Naval's 1 Escuadrilla de Ataque.[21]
During the Falklands War, late in April 1982, six of them were
located at Port Stanley Airport, renamed Base Aérea Militar (BAM)
Malvinas.[21] They were the only attack jets to operate from the Argentine Naval Aviation MB-339A
Falklands, along with four Beech T-34 Turbo-Mentor light attack
and trainer aircraft, and twenty-four turboprop FMA IA 58 Pucará
attack aircraft of Grupo 3 de Ataque.[22] Other Aermacchis were operated from three mainland bases, these
being Almirante Zar, Bahía Blanca, and Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego naval air stations.[23]

On 3 May 1982, Lieutenant Benitez crashed into high ground while approaching the airport at Port Stanley,
and was killed. On 21 May an MB-339A flown by Lieutenant Owen Crippa on a reconnaissance flight
attacked the Royal Navy amphibious force. The Aermacchi hit the frigate HMS Argonaut, causing light
damage.[24][25] On 27 May, an MB-339A (4-A-114) was shot down by a Blowpipe missile during the
Battle for Goose Green, while attempting to attack British ships and landed troops. The pilot, Lieutenant
Miguel, was killed.[26][27] Three MB-339 airframes were captured by the British,[28] with one of these
preserved at the South Yorkshire Aircraft Museum, Doncaster.[29]

Eritrea

During tensions between Eritrea and Ethiopia in the late 1990s, Eritrea started to rebuild its air force.
During 1996, the Eritreans ordered six Aermacchi MB-339CEs, with which the first combat unit of the
ERAF was founded in 1997.[30] They have proved their worth as training aircraft and even during the
early fighting in 1998.

Their initial deployment occurred on 5 June 1998, the same day in which the Ethiopian Air Force (ETAF)
also started its operations. During the same afternoon, the Ethiopians reported two attacks of Eritrean MB-
339FDs on the city of Mekelle, the capital of the Ethiopian region of Tigray. Reportedly, as many as 44
civilians were killed and 135 injured.

However, on 6 June one of the MB-339s was shot down north of Mekelle. The pilot ejected and was either
rescued by a Mi-8 of the ERAF or was captured by local militia.[31] The surviving Eritrean Aermacchis
were deployed again on the next day during the fighting around Erde Mattios.

On the morning of 12 June 1998, a pair of Eritrean Mil Mi-8 appeared in low level over Addis
Pharmaceutical works, in Adigrat, attempting to bomb it. Their weapons, however, fell a few yards from
the plant and caused only minor damage. Only a couple of hours later, four MB-339s rocketed and cluster-
bombed against several targets in the city as well. According to Ethiopian sources, four people died and 30
other were injured during those attacks.
On 5 February 1999, the Ethiopian government claimed that a pair of Eritrean MB-339FDs had attacked a
fuel depot in Adigrat, some 48 kilometres inside the Ethiopian border, which was important for supplying
fuel to the Ethiopian Army.

Variants
MB-339X
Three prototypes.[2]
MB-339A
Original production variant for Italy. 107 were delivered
in three batches 1979–1995 (including MB-339PANs
and MB-339RMs).[32][33] In addition, four delivered to
Ghana and five to UAE.[34][2]
MB-339PAN

Variant for Frecce Tricolori aerobatic team, Italian Air Force Boeing 707
adding smoke generator but removing tip tanks; refuelling MB-339s
21 newly built or converted from MB-339A.[35][36]
MB-339RM
Radio and radar calibration variant for Italian Air
Force. Three built in 1981 but later converted to
MB-339A standard.[35]
MB-339AM
MB-339A version built for Malaysia. 13 built, with
deliveries from 1983.[34]
MB-339AN
MB-339A version built for Nigeria. Twelve built
from June 1984.[34] A MB-339PAN
MB-339AP
MB-339A version built for Peru. Sixteen built and
delivered from November 1981.[34]

MB-339K Veltro II
Single-seat dedicated attack version, first flew 30 May
1980.[37] One built.[38]
MB-339B
Trainer with more powerful (4,400 lbf (19.57 kN)) Viper
680-43 engine. One example built.[35]
MB-339C
Revised trainer version with new, digital avionics.[39]
MB-339CB
The single-seat MB-339K prototype
New Zealand trainer and weapons training
version of MB-339C, powered by Viper 680-43
engine and equipped with laser rangefinder, radar detection, AIM-9L Sidewinder and
AGM-65 Maverick capability. Eighteen built and delivered from March
1991.[32][40][41] – 16 survivors – 8 airworthy with SDTS in France, the remainder on
museum display in New Zealand
MB-339CD
MB-339C for Italy, with modernised flight controls and avionics, but retaining original
4,000 lbf (17.79 kW) Viper 632-43 of MB-339A. 30 built.[42]
MB-339FD ("Full Digital")
Export version of the MB-339CD[39]
 MB-339CE
MB-339C version built for Eritrea powered by Viper 680-43. Six built.[32]
MB-339CM
MB-339C version being built for Malaysia.

MB-339 T-Bird II (Lockheed T-Bird II)

Version for U.S. JPATS competition, with 4,000 lbf Viper 680-582.[39]

Operators
Eritrea

Eritrean Air Force operates 5 MB-339CE.

Italy

Italian Air Force operates 72 MB-339A MLU, 30 MB-

339CD, 21 MB-339PAN and 3 MB-339RM.

Malaysia Frecce Tricolori at RIAT 2005 in their

anniversary year
Royal Malaysian Air Force operates 7 MB-339CM

United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates Air Force operates 10 MB-339NAT (inc. 4 ex-Italian).

France

SDTS operates 8 MB-339CB, 9 purchased from Draken International. 1 crashed at Nîmes-

Garons Airport 10 of October 2023

Former operators
Argentina

Argentine Naval Aviation 10 originally delivered, withdrawn in the 1990s

Ghana

Ghana Air Force operated 4 MB-339A

Peru

Peruvian Air Force operated 14 MB-339AP, now stored.

New Zealand

Royal New Zealand Air Force received 18 MB-339CB used by No. 14 Squadron RNZAF
between 1991 and 2002.

Nigeria
 Nigerian Air Force operated 12 MB-339AN, now stored.

USA

Draken International a private defense contractor purchased 9 MB-339CB from the Royal
New Zealand Air Force

Specifications (MB-339A)
Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1980–81[43]

General characteristics
Crew: 2
Length: 10.97 m (36 ft 0 in)
Wingspan: 10.86 m (35 ft 8 in)
Height: 3.60 m (11 ft 10 in)
Wing area: 19.3 m2 (208 sq ft)
Aspect ratio: 5.26:1
Airfoil: root: NACA 64A-114 (mod); tip: NACA 64A-212 (mod)
Empty weight: 3,075 kg (6,779 lb)
Gross weight: 4,400 kg (9,700 lb) (clean)
Max takeoff weight: 5,897 kg (13,001 lb) (with external stores)
Fuel capacity: 1,413 L (311 imp gal; 373 US gal) internal fuel
Powerplant: 1 × Rolls-Royce Viper Mk. 632 turbojet engine, 17.8 kN (4,000 lbf) thrust

Performance
Maximum speed: 898 km/h (558 mph, 485 kn) at sea level
Stall speed: 148.5 km/h (92.3 mph, 80.2 kn)
Never exceed speed: 926 km/h (575 mph, 500 kn) (EAS: Mach 0.82)
Range: 1,760 km (1,090 mi, 950 nmi) (internal fuel)
Ferry range: 2,110 km (1,310 mi, 1,140 nmi) (with two drop tanks)
Service ceiling: 14,630 m (48,000 ft)
g limits: +8.0, -4.0
Rate of climb: 33.50 m/s (6,595 ft/min)

Armament
Guns: Provision for two 12.7 mm M2 Browning or two 30mm DEFA cannon in under wing
pods
Hardpoints: 6 with a capacity of Up to 1,815 kg (4,001 lb) of weapons
Rockets: pods for Zuni or SNEB unguided rockets.
Missiles: AIM-9 Sidewinder or R.550 Magic air-to-air missiles
Bombs: general-purpose bombs

See also
Related development

Aermacchi MB-326

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Aero L-39 Albatros

Aero L-159 ALCA
BAE Systems Hawk
Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet
IAR 99
Soko G-4 Super Galeb

References

Citations
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2. "Aermacchi MB-339 Series." (https://www.forecastinternational.com/archive/disp_pdf.cfm?D
ACH_RECNO=1050) Forecast International, November 2014.
3. Air International June 1978, p. 276.
4. Taylor 1980, p. 119.
5. "Aermacchi refuelling tests of MB-339 nearly complete." (https://www.flightglobal.com/news/
articles/aermacchi-refuelling-tests-of-mb-339-nearly-complet-17406/) Flight International, 10
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6. "FARNBOROUGH 2008: Trainers keep on running." (https://www.flightglobal.com/news/artic
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7. Trimble, Stephen. "Italians re-discover America." (https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/
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22. Chant 2001, pp. 35–36.
23. Chant 2001, p. 92.
24. Chant 2001, p. 62.
25. Ethell and Price 1983, p. 108.
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www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/eritrea-orders-six-mb-339-trainers-17528/) 14 January
2014 at the Wayback Machine Flight Global, 27 March 1996. Retrieved: 14 January 2014.
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32. Jackson 2003, pp. 276–278.
33. "MB-339A" (http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/mezzi/mlinea/Pagine/MB339AMLU.aspx).
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onautica.difesa.it/mezzi/mlinea/Pagine/MB339AMLU.aspx) from the original on 3 June
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MacchiMB339PAN.aspx). Aeronautica Militare. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190
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41. Wright 1992, p. 251.
42. Jackson 2003, pp. 277–278.
43. Taylor 1980, pp. 119–120.

Bibliography
Braybrook, Roy. "Aermacchi MB-339C". Air International, September 1992, Vol. 43, No. 3.
pp. 137–144.
Chant, Christopher. Air War in the Falklands 1982. Oxford, UK, Osprey Combat Aircraft 28,
2001. ISBN 978-1-84176-293-7.
Ethell, Jeffrey and Alfred Price. Air War South Atlantic.London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1983.
ISBN 978-0-283-99035-9.
"Initial Malaysian MB-339CMs Delivered". Air International, April 2009, Vol.76, No. 4. p. 7.
Jackson, Paul. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information
Group, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7106-2537-3.
"Mentor with a Pedigree: Aeronautica Macchi's MB-339". Air International, June 1978, Vol.
14 no. 6. pp. 267–276, 310–311.
Taylor, John W.R. (ed.) Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1980–81. London: Jane's Publishing.
ISBN 978-0-7106-0705-8.
Wright, Matthew. "Not all black for the winged Kiwis". Air International, May 1992, Vol. 42,
No. 5. pp. 249–257.

External links
Official website (http://www.aermacchi.it/commercial/mb-339/)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aermacchi_MB-339&oldid=1180371227"