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Concrete and Steel

Properties/Specifications
AS3 - Architectural Structures : Module 01

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Outline
 Material Comparison
 What is Reinforced Concrete?
 Why use Reinforced Concrete?
 Advantages and Disadvantages of RC
 Material Properties of Reinforced Concrete
 Material Properties of Reinforcing Steel
 Basic Structural Members
 Design Codes

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 Material Comparison
Timber Steel R.C.
Homogeneous Homogeneous Non-homogeneous
Least expensive Most expensive Average

Same durability with

concrete provided proper
Least durable Most durable
detailing and protection is
done during construction
Renewable yet
Readily available Most accessible
limited supply

Easiest to construct
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What is Reinforced Concrete?

 A construction material
combining Concrete and
Reinforcing Steel.

 It is used for almost all

structures in one form or
another.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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What is Reinforced Concrete?
CONCRETE

Mixture of sand, gravel and crushed rock (aggregate) held together in

a rock like mass with a paste of cement and water

Basically, an artificial stone

Very high compressive strength

Very low tensile strength

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Components of Concrete
Aggregates

Cement

Water

Admixtures
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Types of Concrete

Normal -Weight
Concrete
• 2400 kg/m3

Lightweight
• <1800 kg/m3
Concrete

Heavyweight
Concrete
• >3200 kg/m3
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Types of Concrete

Low-strength • Less than 20 MPa (3000 psi)

Concrete compressive strength

Moderate- • 20 to 40 MPa (3000 to 6000 psi)

strength Concrete compressive strength

High-strength • More than 40 MPa (3000 psi)

Concrete compressive strength

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Types of Reinforcing Steel
May be in the form of :

 bars (plain or
deformed)

 welded wire fabric

(wire mesh)

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Types of Reinforcing Steel
Steel Grades
 Follows ASTM A615 standards
 Originates from plain billet steel

ASTM vs PNS Codes Popular Nomenclature Typical Application

Grade 33/PNS 230 Low-rise buildings and Low Loading

Structural Grade
– 230 Mpa (33000psi) Conditions

Grade 40/PNS 275 Medium-rise structures/Infrastructure

Intermediate Grade
– 275 MPa (40000psi) Work

Grade 60/PNS 415 Medium & High Rise

High-Tensile Grade
– 414 MPa (60000psi) Structures/Infrastructure
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Types of Reinforcing Steel
Class PNS Grade ASTM Grade Color Code
230 33 White
Non-weldable
Deformed Bars 275 40 Yellow
Same color on both ends
415 60 Greeen
230 33 White/Red
Weldable Deformed
Bars 275 40 Yellow/Red
Different color on each end
415 60 Greeen/Red
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Types of Reinforcing Steel
Locally-used Bar Sizes
Number Sizing SI Sizing
3 10mm
4 12mm
5 16mm
6 20mm
8 25mm
9 28mm
10 32mm
11 36mm
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Why use Reinforced Concrete?
W in KN/m

Section will survive relatively unscathed

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Why use Reinforced Concrete?
W in KN/m

T T

Cracks will appear at midspan starting from the bottom of the section 15
Why use Reinforced Concrete?

 Early builders used simple

engineering solutions to
compensate for the lack of
tensile strength of stone.

Using CONTINUOUS ARCHES

eliminates tension at
midspans of beams.

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Why use Reinforced Concrete?
 Arches on old bridges

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Why use Reinforced Concrete?
 FBD of an arch

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Why use Reinforced Concrete?
 FBD of an arch version 2.0

Using BUTTRESSES also

eliminates tension in
ancient structures.

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Why use Reinforced Concrete?

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Why use Reinforced Concrete?
 Conclusion in using concrete/stone only:
 Supporting structures like abutments and buttresses
tend to be MASSIVE!

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Why use Reinforced Concrete?
 Providing Reinforcing Steel will compensate the low tensile strength of
concrete.
 Because of steel’s high tensile resistance, this will result in more
slender structural members of the structure

 Will result in a material with a HIGH COMPRESSIVE AND CONSIDERABLE

TENSILE STRENGTH.

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Why use Reinforced Concrete?

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Why use Reinforced Concrete?

T T

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Why use Reinforced Concrete?

TT T

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Why use Reinforced Concrete?
CONCRETE FAILURE
Compression = Crushing
Tension = Fracture

• Failure is instantaneous
• Does not show physical signs
as warning

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Why use Reinforced Concrete?
STEEL FAILURE
Yielding
• Failure is not instantaneous
• Yielding causes concrete to
deform and serve as a failure
warning

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Advantages of Reinforced Concrete

Considerable compressive strength as compared to other materials,

making it ideal for foundations.
Has great resistance to water – best structural material for underwater
and off-shore applications.
Has great resistance to fire – during fires of average intensity, RC members
suffer only surface damages without failure.

RC structures are very rigid.

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Advantages of Reinforced Concrete

Low maintenance material and has a very long service life.

Can be casted into an extraordinary variety of shapes.

Lower grade of skilled labor is required for construction.

Does not require protective coating and does not corrode

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Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete
Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens
sufficiently.

28 days for full concrete curing

An option is to use pre-cast concrete

Another option is using admixtures and produce high-strength, early

setting concrete (High-Early Concrete)

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Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete
Low strength per unit weight of concrete leads to heavy members as
compared to structural steel.

Recent Solutions/Advancements:
 Pre-stressed concrete greatly reduces member sizes.
 Development of high-strength concrete:
 Compressive strength (f’c) ranging from 8000psi to as high as
20000psi (55 MPa to 140 MPa)

Properties of concrete vary widely due to variations in its proportioning

and mixing.
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Material Properties: Reinforced Concrete
Compressive Strength (f’c)
 Determined by testing to failure
28-day old 6”x12” concrete
cylinders at a specified rate of
loading
 21 MPa(3000psi)
Ordinary applications
 28 MPa(4000psi)
 35 MPa(5000psi)
Pre-stressed construction
 41 MPa(6000psi)
 55 MPa(8000psi) Specialized
to 70 Mpa(10000psi) Applications
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Material Properties: Reinforced Concrete
Compressive Strength (f’c)
 Concrete continues to gain
strength with age
 About 40% increase in
compressive strength over
the 28-day strength is
expected in the next 5
months

Strength-time relationship of concrete

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Material Properties: Reinforced Concrete
Compressive Strength (f’c)
 Higher strength concrete is
more brittle
 Lower strength concrete is
more ductile

Concrete with differing compressive

strengths
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Material Properties: Reinforced Concrete
Modulus of Elasticity (E)
 is a ratio of normal stress to
corresponding strain for tensile σu
or compressive stresses below

Stress,σ
proportional limit of material. σy
 Hooke’s Law
Slope, Ec

Strain, ϵ

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Material Properties: Reinforced Concrete
Static Modulus of Elasticity (Ec)
 For values of wc between 1440 &
2560 kg/m3
.
E w 0.043 f c
where:
f’c = compressive strength (MPa)
wc = unit weight of concrete
(kg/m3)
 For normal weight concrete
E 4700 f c
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Material Properties: Reinforced Concrete
Static Modulus of Elasticity (Ec)
 For High-strength Concrete(f’c > 41 MPa):

E 3.32 f c 6895 w /2320 .

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Material Properties: Reinforced Concrete
Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity
 Corresponds to very small instantaneous strains obtained by sonic
tests
 Generally 20% to 40% higher than the static E
 Used when structures are being analyzed for dynamic loading
(seismic, vibrations, etc.)

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Material Properties: Reinforcing Steel
Static Modulus of Elasticity (Es)
 For reinforcing steel

E 200,000

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Material Properties: Reinforced Concrete
Poisson’s Ratio
 Ratio of lateral expansion to longitudinal shortening.
 Ranges from 0.11 to 0.21 (average of 0.16).

Shrinkage
 Occurs during concrete curing and is
heavily dependent on the exposure type.
 Manifests as cracking of the concrete
surface when water in the concrete
evaporates.

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Material Properties: Reinforced Concrete
Ways of Preventing Shrinkage

Keep the amount of water to a minimum

Practice proper curing techniques

Place concrete in sections

Use construction joints to control the position of cracks

Use dense and non-porous aggregates

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Material Properties: Reinforced Concrete
Creep
 Long term deformation under
sustained loads
 Usually occurs on long span
structures with slender
dimensions and sustained
loads.

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END OF LECTURE
QUESTIONS?

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