Fibre

Optics/Mux
FoxNet
Digital Telecommunication
for Operational Networks
Optical & Multiplexer Principles
B 70 010 E (06.95)
ABB Utility Communication Systems
(1)
Optics/Mux
• Introduction – Utility
Communication
• Basics: Optics/ Mux
PDH/ SDH
• ABB & FO – FOX 515
Optical Networks
• NEA Project
B 70 010 E (06.95)
UCST
• Summary
(2)
Optics/Mux
BASICS

(3)
Evolution of Technology Optics/Mux
• 1st Generation: Copper was the transmission

medium
(1. Invention of Laser’s in 1960’s provided a powerful coherent light source together with the
possibility of modulation at high frequency
2. Optical communication via dielectric wave guide or optical fibers fabricated from glass to
avoid degradation of optical signals from atmospheric effects was proposed in 1966 by
Kao and Hockham. Such systems were viewed as replacement of co-axial cables)
• 2nd Generation: Optical Fiber (late 80s)

• Higher data rates; longer link lengths
• Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (DWDM,
1994)
• Fiber exhaust forced DWDM
• Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) lower DWDM transmission
cost
• 3rd Generation: Intelligent optical networking (1999)
• Routing and signaling for optical paths

(4)
Principles of Optical Transmission Optics/Mux
Main Elements:
Light Source Multiplexer
Light Receiver Framing Concept
Optical Cable Interfaces
SENDER
IF OTx ORx IF
MUX optical cable MUX
ORx OTx
B 70 020 E (06.95)
RECEIVER

(5)
Features Optics/Mux
• Quality of communications
• vastly improved Signal to Noise Ratio
• higher transmission speeds
• more bandwidth
• Flexibility of communications
• software programmable
• changes of parameters
• changes of channel routing
• New features in the communications arena

• new services such as LAN / WAN, Video, etc...
• EOC, Embedded Operations Channel (remote management)

(6)
Optical Fibre (multi mode) Optics/Mux
125 µm
Glas Optical Cladding
Plastic 50 µm Core 250 µm

Primary Coating
50 µm Core
B 70 030 E (06.95)
Guided Light Propagation

(7)
Optical Fibre: Physics Optics/Mux
Cladding
Core
γc n1
n2
n0 = 1
n1 : Refractive Index of CORE
B 70 040 E (06.95)
n2 : Refractive Index of CLADDING γc : Critical Angle
n0 : Refractive Index of Vacuum γa : Angle of Acceptance (≤ γc )

(8)
Light Propagation Optics/Mux
me
mf
Core
LED Optical Cladding mm
Laser Refractive
Index
mf
Lowest order mode pulse
t
mm
Middle order mode pulse
t
me
Highest order mode pulse
t
B 70 050 E (06.95)
Transmitted pulse
t
Propagation of light in a step index fibre

(9)
Propagation of Light: SM / MM Optics/Mux
Cross-section Refractive INPUT Propagation OUTPUT

Index Tx Rx
125µm
50µm
Graded index t Multi mode (graded index) t
Bandwidth: B x L < 100 MHz x km
125µm
(9) 10µm t
Single mode
B 70 060 E (06.95)
Single mode t
Bandwidth: B x L ~ 100 GHz x km

(10)
Propagation of Light: SM / MM Optics/Mux
Cross-section Refractive INPUT Propagation OUTPUT

Index Tx Rx
380µm
200µm Multi mode (step index)

Step Index t
t
125µm
50µm Multi mode (graded index)
Graded index t t
B 70 062 E (06.95)
125µm
Single mode
(9)10µm t
Single mode t

(11)
Frequency → Wavelength Optics/Mux
LW MW SW VHF UHF SHF EHF X - Rays

γ-
MHz GHz THz
0.1 1 10 100 1 10 100 1 10 102 103 104 105 106
INFRARED (IR) ultra violett (UV)
INFRA RED (IR) visible spectrum
700nm 400nm
B 70 080 E (06.95)
(430THz) (750THz)
1550nm 1300nm (850nm)
3rd 2nd (1st)
Optical Window

(12)
Optical Windows Optics/Mux
dB/km
850nm: 1st WINDOW 10
LAN networks
5
OH-Absorption
3
1300nm: 2nd WINDOW 2

MM
WAN up to 80km
1
SM
0.5
1550nm: 3rd WINDOW Rayleigh
0.3 scattering
Infrared
WAN up to 130km absorbation
0.2
with amplifier over 200km
B 70 090 E (06.95)
0.1
600 1000 1400 1800nm
wavelength

(13)
Light source: LED vs. Laser Optics/Mux
LED
up to 8 Mbit/s transmission speed
up to 0.1mW optical output
bandwidth typically 30 - 80nm
Laser Diode
more than10 Gbit/s transmission speed
up to 100mW optical output
B 70 100 E (06.95)
bandwidth typically (0.1 -) 5nm

(14)
Light Sources: LED vs. Laser Optics/Mux
LED Laser
5nm
∆λ ∆λ typ.
30 - 80 nm
λ0 λ λ0 λ
B 70 110 E (06.95)
Spectral distribution

(15)
Transmission Distances ... Optics/Mux
. . . for 2 and 8 Mbit/s signals

LED
single mode 1300nm
multi mode Laser

single mode 1300nm
single mode Laser

1550nm
single mode + optical Amplifier
B 70 150 E (06.95)
40 km 80 km 120 km 160 km 200 km

(16)
Transmission Distances ... Optics/Mux
. . . with Laser Diode 1300 or 1550nm
622 Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
2 or 8Mbit/s 1300 nm 1550 nm
B 70 160 E (06.95)
60 km 80 km 100 km 120 km

(17)
Optics/Mux
Long Distance Communication
0 ... +15dBm - 50dBm ... -35dBm
+3dBm
Tx Rx
Pre Amp
Booster
MUX MUX
Rx Tx
Pre Amp
Booster
200km and more
repeater-less
STATION A STATION B
B 70 170 E (11.95)
- available optical power: 50 - 65 dB (incl. equipment margin)
- cable attenuation: 0.22 dB/km (installed)
- attenuation per splice: 0.01 dB/km (1 splice every 5 km)
- lower limit of bit rate: 8 Mbit/s

(18)
FO and High Voltage Lines Optics/Mux
OPGW: 10 8 ... 10 9 VA
(1 GVA)
Optical Fibres integrated

in an Overhead Ground Wire
B 70 200 E (11.95)
10 -8 Watt
(- 50dBm)

(19)
Optics/Mux
MULTIPLEXING

(20)
Types Optics/Mux
TDM: Time Division Multiplexing

Synchronous TDM
Statistical TDM
FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Code Division Multiplexing
B 70 610 E (12.95)
(21)
Frequency Division Multiplexing Optics/Mux
• Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required

bandwidth of channel
• Each signal is modulated to a different carrier
frequency
• Carrier frequencies
separated, so signals
do not overlap
(guard bands)

(22)
FDM of Three Voiceband Signals Optics/Mux

(23)
Optics/Mux
FDM System: Transmitter/ Receiver

(24)
Time Division Multiplexing Optics/Mux
• Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of digital signal to

be transmitted
• Multiple digital signals interleaved in time
• Time slots pre-
assigned to sources
and fixed
• Time slots allocated
even if no data
• Time slots do not
have to be evenly
distributed amongst
sources

(25)
TDM System Optics/Mux

(26)
Optics/Mux
Example
Volts Speech Signal :0 - 4 KHz
Sampling rate = Speech freq. X 2

11 3V = 4000 x 2
= 8000 Samples/Sec
10 2V
Each Sample : 8 bits = 1 Byte
01 1V
0 - 4 KHz = 8000 x 8
00 0V = 64000 bits/sec
= 64 Kbps
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 Speech signal
t6 Time
1V 3V 1V 0V 1V 2V
01 11 01 00 01 10 Quantized signal
Levels = 2N (N= No. of bits)

28 = 256 Levels

(27)
Optics/Mux
Primary MUX and Secondary MUX
0 - 4 KHz 64 Kbps
CH1
CH0 CH1 CH31 CH0 Primary Multiplexing
CH2 32 x 64Kbps = 2048 Kbps

= 2 Mbps
1 frame
CH32
Byte interleaving
2 Mbps
1st 2MB
1 2 3 4
Secondary Multiplexing
2nd 2MB
2 Mbps x 4 = 8 Mbps
3rd 2MB
4th 2MB
Bit interleaving

(28)
Multiplexer Principle: TDM Optics/Mux
USER SIGNALS
(channels) INTERFACE MODULS MUX
A
voice D
data
A
D
modem
S S S
protection
1 frame
LAN
TIME SLOTS: ... 5 1 2 3 4 5
B 70 640 E (12.95)
digital 64 kbit/s 2.048 Mbit/s

(29)
Synchronous TDM
Statistical TDM
Optical Wavelength MUX (WDM) Optics/Mux
SENDER
OTx - 1 dB 1 fibre
IF
I ORx
IF
MUX > 50dB WDM WDM MUX
ORx I OTx
- 1 dB
RECEIVER max -16 dBm
• WDM possible for 850nm, 1300nm, 1550nm

or mixed ( = optical coupler)
• Multiple WDM also possible (up to 8 / 1)
B 70 220 E (05.96)
(32)
FDM, TDM and CDMA Optics/Mux
CDMA: Code division Multiple Access
• TDM and FDM work in either time or frequency space…
• CDMA is a combination of both- each user is given a unique
sequence (code) and transmits messages using that sequence
CDMA
FDM TDM
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Time Time Time
Time Time
(33)
PCM - Framing (G.704) Optics/Mux
MULTIFRAME: 2 ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time Slot
TS: 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
Syn
Channels 1 - 15 Channels 16 - 30
Si
3.9 µ s
= 8 bit FRAME: 125 µ s
B 70 660 E (12.95)
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 Signalling
e.g.: Channel 11 a b c d a b c d
Sampling Rate: 8kHz

(34)
FOX Safety Frame Concept Optics/Mux
8kHz clock parity

remote alarm control
Time Slot
TS: 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
D 10
D 11
D 12
D 13
D 14
D 15
D 16
D 17
D 18
D 19
D 20
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
S1
S2
S3
S4
0 1
S3
S4
Synch
0.49 µ s
Frame: 15.63 µ s = 1 bit
•• Synchronisation:
Synchronisation: 88bits
bitsdistributed
distributed
•• Control:
Control: 22bits
bits
“SFC” = •• Signalling:
Signalling: 22bits
bits
•• Data
DataD1D1 -- D20: 20
20bits
B 70 650 E (12.95)
D20: bits
Sampling
SamplingRate:
Rate: 64
64kHz
kHz
Transmission
TransmissionHDB3
HDB3 2048
2048kbit/s
kbit/s
(64k
(64kxx32
32xx1bit)
1bit)

(35)
Optics/Mux
Few facts about PDH and SDH…

(36)
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy Optics/Mux
• PDH: In the 1960’s and 1970’s PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
was developed as an international standard to transmit voice and data.
• PDH is mainly optimised for telephony
B 70 700 E (12.95)
64 kBit/s
Frame structure acc.. ITU-T: G.702, 7.703
(37)
PDH in brief Optics/Mux
Each level multiplexes lower level, almost synchronised signals,

the bit-rate of the signals is allowed to vary slightly.
All signal are read at a speed that guarantees transmission of the fastest
incoming bit-rate - bit-stuffing copes with slower bit-rates
Thus lower order signals float in the higher order data stream and require a
range of multiplexers to be accessed
34Mbit/s
34Mbit/s 34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s 8Mbit/s 140Mbit/s
OLTE MUX 34Mbit/s 34Mbit/s MUX OLTE
8Mbit/s 8Mbit/s
34Mbit/s 2Mbit/s 34Mbit/s
MUX 8Mbit/s 8Mbit/s MUX
2Mbit/s
8Mbit/s 8Mbit/s
MUX 2Mbit/s MUX
Example: 2Mbit/s
Accessing a 2Mbit/s signal of a 140Mbit/s stream requires 6 Multiplexers -

it cannot betaken out directly from a 140Mbit/s stream

(38)
Multiplexers - the history Optics/Mux
Multiplexers…
… are used to insert several
Voice,
2Mbit/s
signals into one line
Data, MUX
2Mbit/s
… are organised in several stages
Teleprotection
8Mbit/s to multiplex different bit rates.
2Mbit/s MUX
2Mbit/s
Multiplexers are connected to
OLTE to transmit the multiplexed
signals to distant locations.
OLTE:
2Mbit/s Optical Line Terminal Equipment
2Mbit/s
8Mbit/s
2Mbit/s MUX OLTE
2Mbit/s

(39)
Multiplexers - the history Optics/Mux
Multiplexers and transmission terminals were interconnected

- Using complicated cabling on Digital Distribution Frames (DDF)
2Mbit/s 2Mbit/s
2Mbit/s 2Mbit/s
8Mbit/s DDF 8Mbit/s
OLTE MUX 2Mbit/s (i.e. cabling) 2Mbit/s MUX OLTE
2Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
2Mbit/s 2Mbit/s
Various equipment
MUX
MUX
and the need to
Changing the change cabling
interconnection needs made network
Teleprotection supervision and
Teleprotection
Data,
Data,
Voice,
Voice,
staff on site change
error location a
cables on the DDF
painstaking task

(40)
Multiplexers - the evolution Optics/Mux
By the end of the 20th century,

OLTE
ITU-T introduced the SDH
technology.
2Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
DDF … but still, most of the SDH
(i.e. cabling) solution require
2Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
MUX - an SDH transmission device
MUX
- a PDH access device
- connected by means of a DDF

Teleprotection
Teleprotection
Voice,
Voice,
Data,
Data,

(41)
Multiplexers - the evolution Optics/Mux
2Mbit/s 2Mbit/s
FOX 515 was one of the first
products…
2Mbit/s 2Mbit/s
8Mbit/s DDF 8Mbit/s
OLTE MUX 2Mbit/s (i.e. cabling) 2Mbit/s MUX OLTE
2Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
2Mbit/s 2Mbit/s
MUX
MUX
Teleprotection
Teleprotection
Voice,
Data,
Voice,
Data,
SDH … integrating PDH and SDH
FOX-U … without the need of a DDF!
… providing tremendous capacity

to cope with new applications
such as
FOX 515
- IP traffic
- video surveillance
Teleproteciton
- commercial Internet access

2Mbit/s
Voice
Data

(42)
SDH introduced Optics/Mux
SDH defines various transport segments:

Lower Order Path
Higher Order Path
Multiplex Section
VC-3 Regen VC-3

C-3 Assembler Section Assembler C-3
VC-4 STM-N STM-N VC-4
Assembler Mux Regen Regen Mux Assembler
VC-12 VC-12
C-12 Assembler Assembler C-12
Traffic In Traffic Out
Insert Insert Insert Terminate Terminate Terminate Terminate Terminate

VC-12 POH VC-4 POH RSOH & RSOH RSOH RSOH & VC-4 POH VC-12 POH
MSOH Insert Insert MSOH
RSOH RSOH
Section Overhead Path overhead

Embedded Management Channel (ECC) End-to-end Performance Monitoring
EOW - Engineering Order Wire Traffic Identification (VC-4 Path Trace)
Synchronisation Status Messaging (SSM) Remote Alarm Indication
Performance Monitoring Indication of type of traffic
Signaling for Traffic Protection

(43)
SDH Multiplexing (ETSI) Optics/Mux
Reduced ITU-T G.709
STM-N xN AUG x1 AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140 Mbit/s
x3 TUG-3 x1 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 34 Mbit/s
x7 x1
TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 (6 Mbit/s)
Mapping
Adaption x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2 Mbit/s
B 70 720 E (10.96)
Multiplexer
Pointer
Activities
VC-11 C-11 1.5 Mbit/s
VC Virtual Container
TU Tributary Unit
AU Admin Unit
Frame structure acc.. ITU-T: G.707, G.708, G.709

(44)
Why still PDH? Optics/Mux
Why is PDH still needed?
The lowest bit-rate SDH defines is 2Mbit/s.
PDH provides widely accepted and implemented standards to

transport voice and data signals over 64kBit/s channels
Instead defining new standards for SDH, to encode voice and data,
G.703/G.704 together with a variety of other signals, PDH standards
are used
FOX 515 allows to insert access signals in accordance to the relevant

PDH standards into SDH because it integrates SDH and PDH in one
single equipment

(45)
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Optics/Mux
SONET SDH
(10 Gbit/s) STM-64 120’000 channels
x4
STS-48 2.5 Gbit/s STM-16 30’000 channels
x4 x4
STS-12 622 MBit/s STM-4 8’000 channels
x4 x4
STS-3 155 MBit/s STM-1 2’000 channels
x3
STS-1 51 MBit/s 2’000 channels
B 70 710 E (10.96)
1x 140 MBit/s
1x 45 MBit/s 3x 34 MBit/s 500 channels
7x 6 MBit/s
28x 1.5 MBit/s 63x 2 MBit/s 30 channels

(46)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode Optics/Mux
VBR
variable
bit rates BURST
Digital Transmission
VBR
(e.g.: 2 Mbit/s or 155 Mbit/s)
packet
switched
Idle
OA
Sig
M
34 Mbit/s
CBR constant bit rates
2 Mbit/s
B 70 740 E (10.96)
64 kbit/s
switch cell adress
53bytes 5 bytes

(47)
New Technologies Optics/Mux
???
ATM
SDH
PDH
1988 1992 1996
B 70 730 E (12.95)
(48)
Optics/Mux
Optical Networks...

(49)
Networks Optics/Mux
Fiber
• Provides the physical transport
medium
Optical networks: Create the pipes Optical Access
• PDH/SDH: Fast pipes for
voice/data IP
• Optical amplification: Long pipes
Routers- Fill the pipes
Operations Support System (OSS)
ATM
• Manage all aspects of the
network Optical Network
SONET/SDH
Higher Layer Networks

(50)
Network Architectures Optics/Mux
Ring
• Simplest topology with
redundant paths
Interconnected Rings
Mesh
• More efficient routes
Mesh with Switching
• Efficient routing
• Flexibility in demand
management

(51)
Optics/Mux
Networks: Voice and Data
LAN LE
Data
802.3, 10BaseT
Service
Node
V.35 PRA PBX

Network G.703 ab ab ab ab
Management PBX
4x2 Mbit/s 1 x PRA
FOX 515 OPTO 4x2
2 Mbit/s G703
or X.21/V.11
Router LAN
4x2 Mbit/s
LAN 802.3, 10 BaseT

V.24/V.35 / V.11
up to 128 kbit/s
2 pair HDSL 2 pair HDSL
HDSL FOX-515 NTU Router LAN
FOX
BA So
V.35 / V.11 NT-1
n x 64 kbit/s ISDN
POTS
DTE

(52)
Networks: SDH Access Optics/Mux
SDH Network
Backbone Management
STM 4/16
ADM
STM1
WAN
FOX 515
Analogue
Local Data Remote Data
N
ISD
Access Access
NT-1 DTE NTU HDSL OPTO

4x2
So V.24/V.35 / V.11
V.11/ V.35/ V.35 / V.11 / G.703
V.36/V.24 for up to 128 kbit/s amd PRA up to 2Mbit/s PRA / G.703 and
0 to n x 64 kbit/s or 802.3, 10BaseT V.11 , all 2 Mbit/s

(53)
Optics/Mux
Networks: Cross-Connect
Network Remote Data
1 x PRA and
Management 4 x G.703 or
OPTO 4x2 V.11, 2 Mbit/s
2
4X
TO
Public OP
E1
or 802.3, 10BaseT
Private
E1 E1
Network
FOX 515
(for instance SDH) 128x2 Mbit/s Public
DXC Capacity
E1 or
/
it/s 35 Private
kb / V.
64 1
n x r V. 1 Network
fo 36 SL
V. r HD (for instance SDH)
p ai
Remote 2
Data Remote Data
V.11/ V.35
NTU up to 12 kbit/s
HDSL E1
E1 or X.21 / V.35
for nx64 kbit/s
DTE V.11/ V.35
FOX-U/M V.36 for
DTE nx64 kbit/s

(54)
Optics/Mux
Networks: FOX 515 Link
nx2 Mbit/s
Carrier STM-1 (1+1)
Network t/s
FOX 515 Multiplex Section Protection FOX 515
bi
M
2
4X
4X2 Mbit/s
FOX Party Line

FOX
Party Line
PBX UNIDA PBX

ALARM Data nx64 kbit/s
ALARM
HDSL
UNIDA Video
Data nx64 kbit/s LECAR
10 BaseT
ISDN BA
Video
FOX-U/M LAN
NT-1
So
POTS

(55)
Optics/Mux
ABB & FIBRE OPTICS
- The FOX Platform…..

(56)
Introduction: History Optics/Mux
• FOX-U was introduced in 1994

• Since then
… more than 1071 FOX-U have been installed world-wide...

(57)
Introduction: Foreword & Features Optics/Mux
• FOX 515 was introduced in March 1999
• Telecommunication platform integrating PDH and SDH
• Capacity for LAN, video surveillance& ISDN
• Replaced FOX-U by end of Year 2000
• Handling 64kBit/s .. STM-1 in one shelf
• Distributed cross connect provides high reliability (no single point of failure)
• Redundant power supply
• supports SW Download & fulfils EMC and Y2K standards

(58)
Introduction: Interfaces in Brief Optics/Mux
• Transmission Interfaces:
STM-1 155 Mbit/s, PDH 8Mbit/s optical, HDSL 2Mbit/s
• Trunk interfaces
2Mbit/s G.703 / G.704
• Voice Interfaces
2-wire subscriber, 2-wire exchange, 2/4-wire VF interface
• Data Interfaces
10BaseT Ethernet, V.36, V.35, V.11, V.28/V24 (RS232),
G.703 Co-directional
• Tele-protection Interfaces
Optical, Commands
• Application
- Telecom Operators
- Power Utilities
- Pipeline Applications
- Railway Companies
- and more

(59)
Optics/Mux
FOX 515’s PDH transmission modules…

(60)
PDH: TUPON Optics/Mux
• 8 Mbit/s optical PDH interface

• 1 optical port
• 4 electrical ports E1, G.703
• Optical Power
• 1300 nm 26dB ~50km
• 1550 nm
Tx Port
• E2000 connectors
Rx Port

(61)
Concept: Control unit COBUX Optics/Mux
COBUX
• handles the synchronisation
• contains system system database
(software and configuration)
• provides the management interface (F, Qx)
• contains an IP router for the ECC
(embedded communication channel)
• connects UBUS PBUS
• integrates 4 alarms inputs & provides
alarm outputs
• comprises an integrated signal generator /
analyser for diagnostics allows redundant
configuration...

(62)
Concept: Software Download Optics/Mux
• In addition to Configuration Download Remote Software

Download for new cards is supported
• Software is stored in COBUX database and loaded into the unit-
flash-memory
Flash-Memory
Network
Data base
(ECC) Flash-Memory
Qx or F IF PCMCIA Card
UCST Control Unit Flash-Memory

COBUX
Flash-Memory Flash-Memory
Units Remote Unit

(63)
Concept: Power Supply Optics/Mux
• No dedicated slots for Power Units

• Controlled load sharing
• Power Bus distributed on several lines
• Powering units for AC voltages for FOX512 available
• Use of 2 different power sources via Dual Power Feeder
-48V/-60V Primary Voltage

(16A) Dual fed
TUPON POSUM POSUM
+ 5V / -5 V Secondary Power Bus

(64)
Modules: POSUM Optics/Mux
• -48 V Supply Voltage

• 50 W power
• No configuration parameters

(65)
Access: 4-Wire E&M-NEMCA Optics/Mux
• NEMCA 2/4 Wire E&M

• 8 AF interfaces 300 Hz ..3.4 kHz
• 2 signalling channels M → E and
M’ → E’ & in each channel 2-/4-wire
selectable with jumpers
• Input- and output level configurable

(66)
Access: 4-Wire E&M-NEMCA Optics/Mux
NEMCA cater for

• PABX 4-wire E&M trunk lines
• 2- wire connectivity
• or VF Modems
FOX 515 FOX 515

STM1
Optical Optical
VC 4
VC 4
VC 4
VC 4
SBUS SBUS
Modem Modem
PBUS PBUS
2/4 Wire E&M 2/4 Wire E&M

UBUS Connectivity UBUS
over SDH/PDH
64k
64k
PABX PABX
2/4 Wire E&M NEMCA NEMCA 2/4 Wire E&M

(67)
Access: Data-UNIDA (Types) Optics/Mux
UNIDA - Universal Data Interface
• UNIDA 431 (4 interfaces)

V.24/V.28, RS-232 0...0.3kbit/s transp
(V.110) 0.6kbit/s...38.4kbit/s sync/async
(V.110)
V.35 48, 56, nx64kbit/s (n=1-31) sync
0.6kbit/s...38.4kbit/s sync/async (V.110)
X.24/V.11 48, 56, nx64kbit/s (n=1-31) sync
0.6kbit/s..38.4kbit/s sync/async (X.30)
V.36 RS-449 48, 56, nx64kbit/s (n=1-31) sync
0.6kbit/s..38.4kbit/s sync/async (V.110)
V.36 RS-449 48, 56, nx64kbit/s (n=1-31) sync
(1) 0.6kbit/s...38.4kbit/s sync/async (V.110)

(68)
Access: Data-UNIDA (Configuration) Optics/Mux
Various configuration possibilities

• Options
- 1+1 path protection
- Subrate multiplexing acc. I.460
performance monitoring acc. G.826
- Point to multipoint master/slave
operation option using RTS/C
from slave DTEs
• 3 types of 1+1 path protection:

- Supervision
- 1+1
- 1+1 reversible

(69)
Access: Data-UNIDA (3) Optics/Mux
Subrate Multiplexer Option
• Up to four slow data signals mapped into one 64KBit/s timeslot

Assignment of the bits programmable
• Mapping acc to V.110
Port-1
Port-2
Port-3
Port-4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 * 64 kBit/s

(70)
Access: Data Optics/Mux
FOX 515 provides means for point-point data applications

Interconnections are permanent and can reach up to 2Mbit/s
Various interfaces are available, UNIDA is just one example
FOX 515 FOX 515

STM1
Optical Optical
VC 4
VC 4
VC 4
VC 4
SBUS SBUS
PBUS PBUS
UBUS Connectivity UBUS

over SDH/PDH
64k
64k
V.24/V.28 V.24/V.28
V.11/X.24 UNIDA UNIDA V.11/X.24
V.35 V.35
V.36 V.36
DTE DTE

(71)
Access: Data-GECOD Optics/Mux
GECOD
G.703 CODirectional interface
• 8 full-duplex 64 kbit/s channels.
• Conforms to G.703, Section 1.2.1,
Blue Book,
• Four test loops per channel
• No transmission of external control
signals

(72)
Optics/Mux
Managing FOX 515...

UCST

(73)
Element Management: UCST Optics/Mux
The Universal Configuration Software Tool (UCST) provides

• off-line configuration facilities
• inventory management
• diagnostics and fault
management
• reading the alarm log
• configuration download
• configuration upload
• software download
UCST R5 runs on Windows 98/ME and Windows NT4.0/2000

(74)
PDH: Performance Monitoring Optics/Mux
Supervising the link-quality (Errored Blocks, Errored

Seconds, Severely Errored Seconds etc.)
FOX 515 supports G.826, ITU-T M.2100 / M.2120, prETS

300 461-2)

(75)
FOX 515 - the Platform Optics/Mux
What makes FOX 515 a real

platform is…
8M … the integration of all kind of
SL
b it
HD
/s
Op transmission modules
/s
bit
t ic
2M
… crossconnect function
al
between transmission
modules
STM1 Optical FOX 515 FOX6+ compatible … a high degree of

(OTERM)
flexibility
… and a wide range of
access services and
T eleprotec iton
interface modules
2M bit/s
V oice
D ata

(76)
Optics/Mux
Concept: Distributed Cross-Connect
n*64 kBit/s, 2Mbit/s and VC21 signals over the PBUS.

Each PBUS unit contains a part of the cross connect.
Cards designed for live insertion
A failing unit does not affect the traffic of the other ones
Access to the full cross-connect capacity at every slot
COBUX TUPON TUPON TUPON

4x2 Mbit/s 4x2 Mbit/s 4x2 Mbit/s
128x2 Mbit/s PBUS

(77)
Concept: Built-in UBUS Optics/Mux
FOX 515 comprises a Bus structure to support modules

such as NEMCA, UNIDA etc.
8x2Mb/s UBUS
UNIDA GECOD NEMCA

(78)
Concept: Built-in UBUS Optics/Mux
PBUS provides 128*2Mbit/s capacity

All UBUS signals are connected to the PBUS
COBUx acts like a PBUS tributary unit feeding UBUS signals to the
A redundant COBUx is optionally available.
PBUS
COBUX
connection
8x2Mb/s UBUS
GECOD UNIDA NEMCA

(79)
Concept: Complete Bus-Structure Optics/Mux
2xVC-4 SBUS 2xVC-4 SBUS

Slot 2..9 Slot 15..20
SYNAC SYNIO TUPON SYNIO SYNAC
128x2Mb/s PBUS
COBUX
connection
8x2Mb/s UBUS
GECOD UNIDA NEMCA

(80)
Optics/Mux
FOX 515 summary...

(81)
Summary Optics/Mux
You should decide for a FOX 515 if you need
…different typs of information

-> 64 kbit/s, 2Mbit/s up to STM-1 in one single
-> wide range of interface cards
(telephony, ISDN, legacy data, Ethernet, protection)
… enough bandwidth for future growth and services

-> direct connectable to STM-4/16 equipment
… tools to manage your network

-> Signal generator/analyser for diagnostics
-> UCST

(82)
NEA PROJECT Optics/Mux
-The Project for the extension for the Extension & Reinforcement of Power
Transmission and Distribution in Kathmandu valley (Phase III)
Fibre Optic Transmission System
FOX 515
2003 ABB. All rights reserved.

(83)
Optics/Mux
Construction
• Stand alone system FOX515
integrated SDH/PDH Multiplexer
• 21 Slots for cards

• 19” version
• Reliability >50 years per board
• Earthing rail ensures proper
EMC protection
• Option: Wall mounted type……..

(84)
Optics/Mux
Specifications
front cover provides EMC protection

No dummy plates needed
• Safety:
EN60950 class V1
• Environment
ETS 300 019-1 class 3.2
• Electromagnetic Compatibility
EN50082-2,
EN55022 class B
EN50081-1 class B

(85)
SYSTEM LAYOUT Optics/Mux

(86)
CHANNEL PLAN Optics/Mux

(87)
CABINET LAYOUT Optics/Mux

(88)
CABINET LAYOUT Optics/Mux
Cabinet Layout for station k3
Krone’s for Krone’s for GECOD
NEMCA cable termination
cable
termination UNIDA431
V.24/28
Interfaces for EPABX Connector plate
-2W line for remote
subscribers
Krone’s for EPAX
termination
EPABX
External clock
interfaces:
Main & Standby
AC & DC
Terminations
Alarm
interface
module

(89)
CABLE TERMINATION LAYOUT Optics/Mux
Interface cabling diagram


(90)
CABLE TERMINATION LAYOUT Optics/Mux
Interface cabling diagram

(91)
RACK LAYOUT Optics/Mux

(92)
APPLICATION Optics/Mux
Power : 48 VDC Battery and Battery chargers at each station
Telecommunication facilities provided

• Protection relay between each stations – G.703 64 Kbps GECOD Interface
Data communication – V.24 data UNIDA Data Interface (RTU data)
Subscriber dialing facility:
Dialing facility for Speech and FAX- between each stations - by means of the
PAX Subscriber at K3 & 2W Remote subscribers at Siuchatar and Teku station
to the nearest attended station. This facility provided through EPABX at K3
Network from K3 to Siuchatar via Teku – 3 stations

• Path protected - ring structure for 1+1 path protection
One pair fibre each between K3 – TEKU and TEKU – SIUCHATAR (another one
pair spare)
One pair fibre K3 & Siuchatar (another one pair spare)

(93)
MODULES Optics/Mux
Brief Description of Units provided
NEMCA : Voice interface card. Hardware switchable from 2W/4W operation.

8 ports per card
UNIDA431 : V.24/V.28 RS-232 interface. Programmed for data rate of

19.2Kbps low speed RTU channels. 4 ports per card
GECOD : G.703 64Kbps data interface card- for Protection relay signals
TUPON : 4*2 Mbps Optical Interface card – 2 no.’s provided for 1+1
path protection
COBUX : Control unit and processor card. Provides functions of network

management and external synchronisation interfaces
POSUM : Power supply module – 2 no.’s for standby protection

INTERFACE : Management Interfaces: Qx (10 BaseT Ethernet) & F (via

standard null modem)

(94)
EXTENSION OF SUBSCRIBER (Remote station) Optics/Mux
N N
E E
M FOX-515 FOX-515 M
EPABX
C C
A A
202 201
N N
4W
E E
4W
M FOX-515 FOX-515 M
EPABX EPABX
C C
A A
2W 2W
22-201 23-201

(95)
Optics/Mux
EPAX
Application:
1. Remote subscriber
Via PAX subs & 2 Wint
2. 4- Wire trunk
3. Local subscribers
4. FAX

(96)
EPAX LAYOUT Optics/Mux

(97)
EPAX Optics/Mux
8S- contains 8 universal slots {slot no 00 to 07} for subscribers and

E&M trunk lines.
Power Supply : Connects the -/+ 48 VDC power supply to the power
supply terminal given on the power supply card.
MASTER : contains 02-communication ports. One is 9-pin port and

other one is 25-pin port. 9-pin port is used for communication and 25-
pin port used for printer.
E&M 8 : has eight- 2/4 wire E & M trunk ports - to get connected to the
remote EPAX
Trunk 8 : has eight 2 wire trunk ports - used to connect P&T trunks (2-
wire public trunks)

(98)
EPAX Optics/Mux
SWITCH - contains 02 ports. Bottom port can be used for

Public Addressing System. Top port can be used for
External music.
Programming - EPAX can be programmed using any

subscriber.
SLT 8 : to terminate the local 2-wire subscribers

(99)
RTU & SCADA Optics/Mux
RTU
RTU (remote terminal unit) is a device installed at a remote location
that collects data, codes the data into a format that is transmittable and
transmits the data back to a central station, or master. An RTU also
collects information from the master device and implements processes
that are directed by the master. RTUs are equipped with input channels
for sensing or metering, output channels for control, indication or
alarms and a communications port.
SCADA
Acronym for supervisory control and data
acquisition, a computer system for gathering
and analyzing real time data. A SCADA
system gathers information, and transfers
the information back to a central
site, carrying out necessary analysis
and control.
(100)
Teleprotection- GECOD Optics/Mux
G.703 provides the specifications for pulse code modulation

(PCM) at data rates from 64 Kbps to 2.048 Mbps. G.703 is
transported over balanced (120 ohm twisted pair) or unbalanced
(dual 75 ohm coax) cable.
At data rates of 64 kbps over balanced wire, there are three

ways of transmission: co-directional, central directional, and
contra-directional.
The bit coding is done in three steps.
Step1: A binary 1 is replaced by 1100 and a binary 0 by 1010

Step2: Conversion into a three-level signal (AMI) by alternating
the polarity of consecutive blocks
Step3: Conversion to Violated AMI. The alternation in polarity of
the blocks is violated every 8th block. The violation block marks
the last bit in an octet.

(101)
AMI Optics/Mux
• AMI - Alternate mark inversion is a bipolar signal conveying

binary digits in which each successive 1 (mark) is of the
opposite polarity. If the previous mark was a positive pulse, then
the next mark will be a negative pulse. Spaces have an
amplitude of zero (no pulse).
Examples
1. The pattern of bits " 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 “

• Encoded in AMI is " + 0 0 0 0 - + 0 “
2. The pattern of bits " 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 "

• Encoded in AMI is " + 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 + - 0 0 0 0 - + 0 0 0 0 0 0 "

(102)
Contra directional Optics/Mux
contra-directional is an eight-wire version that uses two wires each for
transmitting and receiving and two pairs for the clock signals. (Clock
signals originate at the Data Communications Equipment (DCE) and are
sent to the Data Terminal Equipment (DTE).)

(103)
Co directional Optics/Mux
Co-directional uses four twisted wires, two to transmit and two to

receive. The data and timing are sent in the same direction over the
same wires.

(104)
Central directional Optics/Mux
Central directional can use six or eight wires to send a

clock signal in both directions or in separate directions.
The six-wire version uses two for the clock signals and four
for the data signals, and the eight-wire version uses four
for clock signals and the other four for data- rarely used.

(105)
CABLE INTERFACING Optics/Mux

(106)
GENERAL LAYOUT Optics/Mux
Visual Alarm Indications

Alarm Relay Module V9VK
Extension of alarm contacts
Operation on –48VDC, +ve ground
LED Indication of COBUV ‘UA’ and ‘NA’ alarms
Terminals: 111-113 : NA
114-116 : UA
Indication of COBUV ‘UA’ alarm as cabinet LED


(107)
GENERAL LAYOUT Optics/Mux
Management through UCST
Sr.No Station Name Qx Interface IP Address F Interface IP Address

1 K3 S/S 192.168.2.1 10.1.1.2
2 TEKU S/S 192.168.3.1 10.1.1.3
3 SIUCHATAR S/S 192.168.4.1 10.1.1.4
K3 TEKU Siuchatar
C C C
O O O
B B B
U U U
X X X
FOX-515 FOX-515 FOX-515
RJ-45 cable
Windows PC Printer

(108)
PATH PROTECTION SCHEME Optics/Mux
Manmad SV18 SV21

Working Path
Protecting Path

(109)
FOX Access Solutions Optics/Mux
Finally...
… that’s it…
… Questions?
… thanks for your attention!

(110)

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Optics/Mux

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