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Bibliography:

1. Letter of Pope Gregory VII to the Christians of Germany, 1076. Translated by H.E.J.
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2. Jordan, William Chester. Europe in the High Middle Ages. Penguin History of Europe.
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3. Cowdrey, H.E.J. Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.

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https://www.britannica.com/event/Investiture-Controversy (accessed October 12,
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Blumenthal, U.. "Investiture Controversy." Encyclopedia Britannica, June 13, 2016.


https://www.britannica.com/event/Investiture-Controversy.

5. Morris, Colin. The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250. Oxford:
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6. Robinson, I.S. Henry IV of Germany 1056–1106. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,


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7. Reuter, Timothy. "The End of Carolingian Military Expansion." In Charlemagne's Heir,


edited by Peter Godman and Roger Collins, 391-405. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.

8. Tellenbach, Gerd. Church, State, and Christian Society at the Time of the Investiture
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Tellenbach, Gerd. Church, State and Christian Society at the Time of the Investiture Contest Basil
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9. Ullmann, Walter. A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages. London: Methuen &
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