Lecture 1: Globalization

Globalization
- Multi dimensional and uneven intensification of social relations and consciousness
across world-time and world space
- Major driver of development, but also the need for development arises because of
Globalization
- Spatial concept signifying a matrix of social processes that is transforming our present
social condition of conventional nationality into one of globality
- Expanding social connections
- Stolen iPhone story
- Intensifying planetary interconnectivity
- Ideological dimension filled with potent narratives about the phenomenon itself whether
it is good or bad

Aspiration -> Development

- Creation of conditions that address objective and subjective deprivations with the aim of
realizing human well being and attaining substantive freedoms

Globality
- Social condition characterized by tight global interconnections and flows challenging
existing borders and boundaries
- Based on primarily on values of individualism and competition or more communal norms
and cooperative values

Global Imaginary
- Consciousness of a single whole

Globalism
- Widespread belief among powerful people that global integration is beneficial for
everyone since it facilitates the spread of values and ideas across the world

Forms of Globalization
1. Embodied
a. Movement of people across our planet
b. Oldest form of Globalization
2. Disembodied
a. Extension if social relations through the movement of immaterial things and
processes, including words, images and text
b. Social media
3. Object-extended
a. Global movement of objects
b. Trade, products from other countries and deliveries
4. Organization-extended
 a. Global extension of social and political institutions such as states, empires and
corporations

Qualities of Globalization
1. Creation of new social networks and multiplication of existing connections
2. Expansion/stretching of social relations and activities
3. Intensification and acceleration
4. Subjectiveness - human consciousness/awareness

Challenges of Globalization
1. We all have our own experience and perception of it
2. Obsession with unidirectional benefits/detriments, leading to discord and
misunderstanding
3. Overlooking its uneven impacts/effects

Development and its ambiguities

- Poverty and economic growth
- Economic development equate to growth
- Absolute vs relative deprivations (inequality)
- Paul Streeten - provide all human beings with opportunity for a full life
- Dudley Seers - conditions for the realization of human possibility
- Amartya Sen - capabilities or substantive freedoms people have reasons to value

Development
- Creation of conditions that address objective and subjective deprivations with the aim of
realizing human well being and attaining substantive freedoms

Implications of contemporary world

- Globalization and development have an uneven impact across societies and people,
which becomes more evident when we focus on the individual.
- While it has enjoyed some level of success in certain dimensions of human well-being,
the persistence and even widening gap of inequality that can be seen in many sectors
challenges us to both widen our understanding and narrow/target our interventions.
- Where you sit determines where you stand - consciousness of our own being and social
context informs us about the challenges we face and what tools we can use to confront
them. - cultural and identity sensitivity, diversity,

Globalization and development

- Ideological Confrontations over Globalization
- Market globalism
- Promotion of neoliberal ideas, preserve and stabilize existing power relations
- Dominant ideology that seeks to endow Globalization with free market norms and
neoliberal meanings
- Justice globalism
 - Construction of a new world order based on global redistribution of wealth and
power - Globalization and local well being
- Constructs an alternative vision of Globalization based on egalitarian ideals of
global solidarity and distributive justice
- Political ideas and values associated with the social alliances and political actors
knows as global justice movement
- Religious Globalism
- Antiglobalization forces - romanticize the past national imaginary populism and
economic protectionism
- Struggles against hoth market globalism and justice globalism

The five claims of market globalism

1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets
a. It's only realizable through political project of engineering free markets.
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible
a. Establishes historical inevitability and irreversibility of Globalization understood
as the liberalization and global integration of markets.
3. Nobody is in charge of Globalization
a. Right only in a formal sense
4. It benefits everyone
a. Lies at the very core of market globalism since it provides an affirmative answer
to the crucial normative question of whether Globalization is good than bad
5. Spread of democracy in the world
a. Rooted in the neoliberal assertion that free markets and democracy are
synonymous terms.

Global new deal: five demands

1. Global Marshall plan that includes a blanket forgiveness of all Third World Debt
2. Levying the Tobin Tax, a international financial transaction that would benefit the global
south
3. Abolition of offshore financial centre's that offer tax havens for wealthy individuals and
corporations
4. Implementation of more equitable global development agenda
5. Stringent environmental agreements

Five central claims of justice globalism

1. Neoliberalism produces global crisis
2. Market driven Globalization has increased worldwide disparities in wealth and wellbeing
3. Democratic participation is essential in solving global problems
4. Another world is possible and urgently needed
5. People power not corporate power

3 claimes of Trump antiglobalist

- pp22 in ppt
Ideologies
- Systems of widely shared ideas and patterned beliefs that are accepted as truth by
significant groups in society.

Lecture 2: Evolution of Our Contemporary World

Historical Context of Contemporary International Relations

- China vs Japan (pp21 – 22)

o December 12, 1937, Nanking, China

§ Japan surrounded china and tortured them

§ Rape, murder, and humiliation

§ Killed 300K noncombatants

§ Is is called today “Massacre” or “Rape of Nanking

o Japanese officials still visit and honor their dead which makes the Chinese
angry

- Westphalian System (p23)

o 1648 Treaties of Westphalia

§ Ended the thirty years war

§ End of rule by religious authority in Europe and the emergence of

secular authorities

§ With secular authorities, came the principle that provided the

foundation for international relations

· Notion of territorial integrity of states – legally equal and

sovereign participants in an international system

o Sovereignty (p23)

§ One of the most important intellectual developments

§ Wiritngs of French philosopher Jean Bodin (1530 – 96)

§ “absolute and perpetual power vested in commonwealth”

 § Resides not in an individual but in a state, thus perpetual

§ It is absolute, but it is not without limits

o War (p23 - 25)

§ Religious dispute between Catholic and Protestants, ended due to

exhaustion

§ 3 impacts that the treaties had to end the conflict

· Sovereignty

· Leaders have seen the devastation

o Centralized control

· Establish a core group of states that dominated the world until

19th century

o Austria

o Russia

o Prussia

o England

o France

o U.S

o Adam Smith (p25)

§ most important social theorist of the time was the Scottish economist
Adam Smith

§ In An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,

Smith argued that the notion of a market should apply to all social
orders. Individuals— laborers, owners, investors, consumers—should
be permitted to pursue their own interests, unfettered by all but the
most modest state regulations.

§ each individual acts rationally to maximize her or his own interests.

· Economic efficiency enhanced

 · Products and services were highly produced

· Wealth os state enhanced

§ Invisible hand of the market

· Individual pursue interest, the system/maret operates in a way

to benefit all.

· competing units enable market capitalism to ensure economic

vitality has had a profound efect on states’ economic policies
and political choices

· But other ideas of the period would also dramatically alter

governance in the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-frst
centuries

- Europe in 19th Century (pp26 – 38)

o Two revolutions happened (p26)

§ American Revolution (1773 – 1785)

· Against British rule

§ French Revolution (1789)

· Against absolutist rule

o Both revolutions were a product of enlightenment thinking as well as

social-contract theory

o Aftermath of Revolutions (p26)

§ 2 core principles emerged

· Absolutist rule is subject to limits imposed by man

o John Locke

§ Attacked absolute power

§ State is a beneficial institution created by rational

men to product their natural rights

§ Political power rest with the people

 § Monarch derives legitimacy from the consent of
the governed

· Nationalism

o People comes to identify with a common past, language,

customs and territory

o People who share interest participate as a nation

§ For example, during the French Revolution, a

patriotic appeal was made to the French
masses to defend the French nation and its
new ideals. Tis appeal forged an emotional link
between the people and the state, regardless of
social class. These two principles— legitimacy
and nationalism—arose out of the American
and French revolutions to provide the
foundation for politics in the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries

o Napoleonic Wars (pp26 – 28)

o Peace after Napoleonic war (pp28-30)

§ Industrialization

§ No major war happened due to

· Political elites were united in the fear of revolution among

masses

· two of the major conficts of interest confronting the core

European states took place within, rather than between,
culturally close territories

· supporting peace in Europe was the complex and crucial

phenomenon of imperialism-colonialism.

o Imperialism and Colonialism in the European System before 1870

§ Discovery of the new world

· Communication between America and Europe

§ Industrial revolution
 · Provided them with the capacity to expand territory

· Seeking new manufactured goods and resources

- Interwar Years and World War 2 (pp38 – 44)

o Major distribution of power

o United states and Soviet Union emerged as the new world powers

o Yet what the USSR lacked in economic power, it gained from geopolitical
proximity to the two places where the future of the international system would
be decided: Western Europe and East Asia. The war also changed political
boundaries.

o The Soviet Union virtually annexed the Baltic states (Latvia, Lithuania, and
Estonia) and portions of Austria, Finland, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and
Romania; Germany and Korea were divided; and Japan was ousted from
much of Asia.

o Each of these changes contributed to the new international conflict: the Cold
War

- Cold War (p44-56)

o This happened due to how WW2 ended with the two superpowers U.S and
Soviet Union as primary actors of the international system, which resulted in
the decline of Western Europe as the epicenter of international politics.

- Post Cold War (pp56 – 60)

- New Millennium First 2 Decades (pp60 – 67)

Bipolar

- Systems are those in which the distribution of the power to conquer is concentrated in
two states or coalitions of states

Unipolar

- Systems is one in which the power to conquer all other states in the system combined
resides within a single state
Multilateralism

- Based on core principles, one of which is the collective security system. Idea that peace
is indivisible: a war against one is war against all,
- International community is obligated to respond

Stratification

- Uneven and relatively fixed division of valued resources among different groups of states

Lecture 3: International Relations Theory

Theory

- Set of propositions and concepts that combine to explain phenomena by specifying the
relationships among propositions
- Uktimate goal: predict phenomena

Hypothesis

- Specific falsifiable statements questioning particular relationship among two or more

variables
- Like darwins theory of evolution

Realism

- Product of a long historical and philosophical tradition, even though it's direct application
to international affairs is more recent.
- Reflects a view of the individual as primarily fearful and power seeking
- Each states act in unitary way in pursuit of its own national interest, terms of power.
- Power is the material resources necessary to physically harm ot coerce other
states, in other words win fights and wars
- These states exist in anarchic international system
- Rely only on themselves
- Do so by war or balance
- 4 assumptions In Thucydides History of the Pelopinnesian War
- State is the principal actor in war and in politics in general
- State is assumed to be a unitary actor
- Decision makers acting on the name of the state are assumed to be rational
actors
- Wishful thinking, national interest, confusing intentions
 - Security Issues - state needs to protect itself from enemies both foreign and
domestic.
- States, which behave similarly regardless of their type of government (key actors in
international relations)
- Military power and state diplomacy (main instrument)
- Blind spot: doesn't account for progress and change in international relations since
legitimacy can be a source of power.

Neorealism

- Emphasizes the role of power politics in international relations, sees competition and
conflict enduring features and sees limited potential for cooperation

Liberalism

- Human nature is basically good and that people can improve their moral and material
conditions, thus making societal progress including lasting peace.
- Bad things are misunderstandings
- Idea of humans as rational beings, able to understand universal laws both nature and
human society
- Spread of democracy, global economic ties and international organization will strengthen
peace
- International institutions and global commerce
- Blind spot: fails to understand Democratic Regimes service only if they safeguard power

Neoliberalism

- Prisoner dilemma
- Free market policies
- Cooperation but it varies

Radicalism

- Offers a third theoretical perspective

- Agreement is widespread concerning the appropriate assignment of the liberal and
realist labels
- A sharp departure from the norm
- The states is the problem
Social constructivism

- onstructivism is the theory that individuals create meaning through social

interaction. In the eyes of a constructivist, no object has one true meaning.

Instead, its meaning is constructed by each individual and their own interactions.

Therefore, different cultures and beliefs are created. People share experiences

while they influence and learn from each other.

- Politics is shaoed by persuasive ideas, values and cultures

- Ideas and values

- Does not explain which power structures and social conditions allow for changes

in values