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Readings in Philippine History Chapter1
Readings in Philippine History Chapter1
HISTORY
➔ TRADITIONAL UNDERSTANDING :
● Study of the past
● Chronological record of significant events often including an explanation of their causes
➔ MODERN UNDERSTANDING :
● Came from greek word “historia” that means knowledge acquired through inquiry or
investigation”
● Sources are oral traditions in forms of epics, songs, artifacts, architecture, memory etc.
1. PRE-HISTORY
● period where no written records exist or when the writings of people were not
preserved
● Analyzed through fossils and artifacts by archeologists and anthropologists
2. HISTORY
● Period when man started to write and record events using a system of writing
● Analyzed through wood carves, engraved metals, written papyrus, written
papers.
It is studied by “HISTORIANS’’
ROLE OF HISTORIANS:
● To look at the available sources and select the most relevant for history and subject of
study
● To organize the past that is being created
● To seek for the meaning of recovering the past to let the people see the continuing
relevance of memories (Historical Understanding)
HISTORIOGRAPHY
● “Writings of History” (Historical Writing)
● Based on critical examination of sources, selection of particular details from authentic
materials in those sources and the synthesis of those details into a narrative
● Done through “Historical Research” with the aid of “Historical Methodology”
1. Choosing a topic.
2. Looking for data through Historical Sources.
3. Determining the data as a Primary or Secondary source.
4. Analyze the data through historical criticisms.
5. Writing the entire narrative.
IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY
● To unite a nation
● To legitimize regime and forge a sense of collective identity through collective memory
● To make sense of the present
● To not repeat mistakes of the past
● To inspire people to keep their good practices to move forward
B. DISTINCTION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES; EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL
CRITICISM
1. HISTORICAL SOURCES
● Produced at the same time as the event being studied (Contemporary Accounts)
● Include documents or artifacts created by a witness or partici[pant of the event
● “Firsthand Testimony”, “Eyewitness accounts”
● It may include diaries, letters, interviews, photographs, newspapers
PRIMARY SOURCES
WRITTEN SOURCES
UNWRITTEN SOURCES
2. SECONDARY SOURCES
● Produced by authors who used and interpreted primary sources
● Analyzed a scholarly question and often use primary source as evidence
● Include books, thesis, dissertations, journals, magazines, knowledge of historians
● Written few years after the exact time of the event
SECONDARY SOURCES
PRIMARY and SECONDARY SOURCES should be evaluated its validity and credibility by
asking these questions:
1. How did the author know about the given details? Was the author present at the event?
2. Where did the information come from? Is it a personal experience, an eyewitness
account etc?
3. Did the author conclude based on a single or multiple source?
PRIMARY SOURCE:
● The closer the date of creation, the more reliable one.
SECONDARY SOURCE:
● The more recent, the more reliable one.
HISTORICAL CRITICISM
1. External Criticism
● Verification of authenticity by examining physical characteristics; consistency with
the historical characteristics of the time when it was produced, and the materials
used.
● We can ask the following questions:
- When was it written?
- Where was it written?
- Who was the author?
- Why did it survive?
- What were the materials used?
- Where the words used were being used those times?
2. Internal Criticism
● Looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking at the author of
the source, its context, the agenda behind its creation
● It looks at the content of the source and examines the circumstance of its
production
● We can ask the following questions:
- Was it written by an eyewitness or not?
- Why was it written?
- Is there consistency?
- What are the connotations?
- What is the literal meaning?
- What is the meaning of the context?
Source of
document:https://www.slideshare.net/YosefEricHipolito/readings-in-philippine-history-chapter-1-
meaning-and-relevance-of-history