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Useful terminology:

(a) solvent as a substance that dissolves a solute

(b) solute as a substance that is dissolved in a solvent
(c) solution as a mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent
(d) saturated solution as a solution containing the maximum concentration of a
solute dissolved in the solvent at a specified temperature
(e) residue as a substance that remains after evaporation, distillation, filtration
or any similar process
(f) filtrate as a liquid or solution that has passed
through a filter

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 Making soluble salts
There are four general methods of preparing soluble salts. These
involve the reaction of an acid with:

» excess metal
» excess insoluble carbonate
» excess insoluble base
» an alkali by titration.

To make a NITRATE use NITRIC ACID

To make a SULPHATE use SULPHURIC ACID
To make a CHLORIDE use HYDROCHLORIC ACID
 Making soluble salts
Besides making a SALTS, other products are also made depending on what the
acid reacts with:

1. Acids react with bases to make a SALTS and WATER

ACID + BASE SALT + WATER HCl+MgO→MgCl2+H2O
2. Acids react with carbonates to make a SALTS , WATER & CO2
ACID + Carbonate SALT + WATER + CO2 HCl+Na2CO3→NaCl+H2O+CO2
3. Acids react with metals to make a SALTS & HYDROGEN
ACID + METAL SALT + HYDROGEN HCl+Mg→MgCl2+H2
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4. Acids react with alkalis to make a SALTS & WATER
ACID + Alkali SALT + WATER HCl+NaOH→NaCl+H2O

cases(1-3) the metal, base or carbonate will be INSOLUBLE

Soluble acid + insoluble base/metal→ Soluble salt +other products

Making soluble salts(Case 1-3)
——Why using excess insoluble metal/base/carbonate?
To make sure the acid is used up

Solids (INSOLUBLE) material can easily be removed by FILTRATION using a funnel and filter paper

Crystals can be obtained by EVAPORATING off some (or all) of a solvent

H2SO4+CuO→CuSO4+H2O

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 Preparing A Soluble Salt | 14–16 Practicals - YouTube

Dipping a cold glass rod into it. If salt

crystals form at the end of the rod,
the solution is ready to crystallise
and is left to cool.

dissolving (neutralisation) → filtration → evaporation → crystallisation

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 Making soluble salts-Acid with alkali（soluble base)

Case 4 acid + alkali → salt + water

Titration is generally used for preparing the salts of very reactive metals, such as potassium or
sodium. It would be too dangerous to add the metal directly to the acid.

The sodium chloride solution which is produced

can then be evaporated slowly to obtain the salt.

Soluble acid + Soluble base→ Soluble salt +other products 8

 Titration to find concentration of acid or base

number of moles of Sulfuric acid

= 1/2 number of moles of sodium hydroxide
 Making insoluble salts-Precipitation
Insoluble compounds CANNOT be made by reaction of an acid with
an INSOLUBLE BASE or CARBONATE

To make an insoluble compound TWO solutions must be mixed

The insoluble compound immediately forms. This is known as a PRECIPITATE

Soluble acid + Soluble base→ Insoluble salt +other products

Choosing the solutions

• Look at the NAME of the insoluble compound
• Look at the CATION (first part of the name)
• Choose a solution containing this ion
• Look at the ANION (second part of the name)
• Choose another solution containing this ion 11
 Making insoluble salts-Precipitation
EXAMPLE LEAD SULPHATE
• Look at the CATION (LEAD)
• Choose a solution containing this ion (LEAD nitrate)
Nitrates are ALWAYS soluble
• Look at the ANION (SULPHATE)
• Choose a solution containing this ion (sodium SULPHATE)
Sodium compounds are ALWAYS soluble
• Mix the solutions and observe the changes
A WHITE precipitate should be seen
• write a WORD EQUATION

LEAD nitrate + sodium SULPHATE LEAD SULPHATE + sodium nitrateate

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) → PbSO4 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)

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 Making insoluble salts-Precipitation

LEAD nitrate + potassium IODIDE

 Making insoluble salts-Separation and Purification
Insoluble compounds are prepared as precipitates

To obtain a pure dry sample you need to -

• filter the mixture, keeping the residue

• the residue will be wet and have soluble impurities

• keep the residue on the filter paper and rinse with distilled water

• scrape the residue onto a watch glass and place into an oven
to dry (50 C)
or squeeze between wads of filter paper

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 Summary of Making salts

1. Making soluble salts

a) Acid + insoluble base/metal→ Soluble salt +other products
Dissolving → filtration → evaporation (until saturation)
→ leave/cool to crystallisation → Dry (in a warm oven)

b) Acid + Soluble base→ Soluble salt +other products

Titration→ evaporation(until saturation)
→ leave/cool to crystallisation → Dry (in a warm oven)
2. Making insoluble salts(Precipitation)
Acid + Soluble base→ Insoluble salt +other products
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Precipitaion→ Filtration → Rinse the residue→ Dry (in a warm oven)
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0.31

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