Effect of temperature

Effect of temperature on the percentage removal of methyl orange from NaOHAC@Fe 3O4 (orange

square) and HClAC@Fe3O4 (blue dot). Conditions: 25 mL MO, agitation time: 1 h, initial

concentration: 50 mg/L, agitation speed: 100 rpm, sorbent dosage: 0.1 g, temperature: 298–318 K, and

pH 6.0.

Table 1.1: Thermodynamic parameters values for the adsorption of methyl orange onto

NaOHAC@Fe3O4 and HClAC@Fe3O4.

Samples Temperature (K) ∆G° (kJ/mol) ∆H° (kJ/mol) ∆S° (J/ mol K)
NaOHAC@Fe3O4 298 6.211 11.91 19.34
308 5.861
318 5.015
328 5.607
HClAC@Fe3O4 298 6.800 11.70 16.96
308 8.123
318 5.744
328 6.5223
The effect of temperature on the percentage removal of methyl orange from aqueous solution for

NaOHAC@Fe3O4 and HClAC@Fe3O4 was studied at a range (298-318 K), 60 mins of contact time,

pH 6.0, and 150 rpm stirring speed. As seen in figure above, the thermodynamic parameters of the

percentage removal of methyl orange from NaOH and HCl were calculated using the experimental

data obtained at 298, 308, 318, and 328 K. The main three parameters must be determined in order to

conduct a thermodynamic study of the adsorption process. This is to determine the nature of the

adsorption process and its thermodynamic feasibility. These parameters were as follows: the standard

enthalpy (∆H°), the standard free energy (∆G°), and the standard entropy (∆S°) were estimated using

Equation.

Where K d is the distribution coefficient, q e is the amount of MO absorbed on NaOHAC@Fe3O4 and

HClAC@Fe3O4 at equilibrium (Mg/L). R is the universal gas constant (8.314 J/mol K). C e is the

equilibrium of MO in the liquid phase, and T is the absolute temperature (K). All the parameters’

values are presented in table 1.1. the values of ∆H° and ∆S° were determined from the slope and an

intercept of Van’t Hoff, which it expresses a relationship between equilibrium constant and

temperature. Plot ( In K d vs. 1/T) is shown in figure 1.1.

As the temperature increased from 298 to 318 K, the removal percentage of methyl orange from

NaOH and HCl increased. The percentage removal increases with temperature due to the increase in

the diffusion rate of adsorbate molecules across the external boundary layers and the internal pores of

the adsorbent particle. This behaviour may be due to the higher mobility of the molecules at higher

temperatures and the greater availability of molecules with enough energy to interact with the active

sites on the surface. In addition, the removal of the percentage of methyl orange from NaOH increases

from 24.61% to 37.53% with the increase in temperature from 298 to 318 K. In comparison, the
removal percentage of methyl orange from HCl decreased for a bit at 298 to 308 K which is the

removal percentage of methyl orange from HCl is 20.47% and 14.38% despite that the removal

percentage of methyl orange from HCl increase from 14.38% to 31.32% at 318 K.

However, the percentage removal of methyl orange from NaOHAC@Fe3O4 and HClAC@Fe3O4

decreases with the increase in temperature beyond 318 K. The temperature at 328 K, shown from the

value of K d decreases with the increasing temperature of the percentage removal of methyl orange

from NaOHAC@Fe3O4 and HClAC@Fe3O4. This indicates that the percentage removal orange from

NaOH and HCl decreases with the temperature rise. This implies that the adsorption process was

endothermic. The adsorption process was a spontaneous adsorption reaction, as evidenced by the

positive ∆G° values. The rise in ∆G° values as the temperature rose suggests that the percentage

removal of methyl orange from NaOH and HCl is better at higher temperatures.