CELLULAR CYCLE &

CELL DIVISION
JAYSON I. GULA, MAEd
Why must the cell
divide?

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• An integral part of the cell cycle
• Results in genetically identical
daughter cells
• Cells duplicate their genetic
material
• Before they divide, ensuring
that each daughter cell
receives an exact copy of the
genetic material, DNA

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Functions of Cell Division

GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
This micrograph shows an
embryo shortly after the
fertilized egg divided, forming
two cells.
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 Functions of Cell Division

CELL REPLACEMENT
These dividing bone
marrow cells (arrow) will
give rise to new blood cells.

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 Functions of Cell Division

REPRODUCTION
An amoeba, a single-celled eukaryote,
is dividing into two cells. Each new cell
will be an individual organism.
The offspring is genetically identical to
each other and to the single parent.

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 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Binary Fission – process of

bacteria to produce their own
kind.
• DNA circle makes a copy of itself.
• Cell must reach an appropriate size
• Splits into two equal halves

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 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Mitotic reproduction –
asexual reproduction of
higher forms of
organism.

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PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
Growth
Reproduction Development
Repair
Asexual Reproduction

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Chromosomes – an organized and
tightly coiled structure that
organizes cell’s genetic material.

Where do cells get the information

they need to function?
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• An average eukaryotic cell has about 1,000 times
more DNA than an average prokaryotic cell.
• The DNA in a eukaryotic cell is organized into
several linear chromosomes, whose organization
is much more complex than the single, circular
DNA molecule in a prokaryotic cell

DNA And Chromosomes

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• All eukaryotic cells store
genetic information in
chromosomes.
• Human cells have 46
chromosomes.
• 23 nearly-identical pairs

Chromosomes
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• Before cellular division, chromosomes are composed of a
complex of DNA and protein called chromatin that
condenses during cell division.
• These contain loose DNA, proteins and RNA.
• Responsible for packaging the DNA structure and sequence to…
• Prevent DNA damage
• Control gene expression and DNA replication
• Reinforce DNA molecule to allow mitosis and meiosis.

Structure of Chromosomes
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• Every 200 nucleotide pairs,
the DNA wraps twice around
a group of 8 histone proteins
to form a nucleosome.
• Histones are a family of
basic proteins that associate
with DNA in the nucleus and
help condense it into
chromatin.

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• Chromatid – each half of the
duplicated chromosomes.
• Together they are called
sister chromatids.
• Centromere – region of
condensed pinched
chromosomes that held the
sister chromatids together.

Structure of Chromosomes
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• Kinetochore – group of
proteins located in the
centromere.
• Telomeres – located at the ends
of the DNA molecule that
contain repeated nucleotides,
which do not form genetic
information that translate into
traits.

Structure of Chromosomes
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Interphase

G1 - primary growth

S - genome replicated

G2 - secondary growth

M - mitosis

C - cytokinesis
Phases of the Cell Cycle
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•Cells undergo majority of growth
•Cells perform its primary
functions
•Longest phase of cell cycle

Interphase - Gap 1
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• Each chromosome replicates (Synthesizes)
to produce sister chromatids.
• Production of microtubules that will later
help the cell organize its content.

Interphase - S phase
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•Cells continue to grow and perform
its functions.
•It’s a critical checkpoint before
transitioning to the next stage.

Interphase - Gap 2
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 Some haploid & diploid cells divide by mitosis.
Each new cell receives one copy of every chromosome that
was present in the original cell.
Produces 2 new cells that are both genetically identical to the
original cell.

Diploid Cell DNA duplication

during interphase
Mitosis

Mitosis
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 Mitotic Division of an Animal Cell

G2 OF INTERPHASE PROPHASE PROMETAPHASE

Centrosomes Fragments
Chromatin Early mitotic Aster Kinetochore
(with centriole pairs) Centromere of nuclear Nonkinetochore
(duplicated) spindle
envelope microtubules

Nucleolus Nuclear Plasma Chromosome, consisting Kinetochore

envelope membrane of two sister chromatids microtubule 23
 METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS
Metaphase
plate Cleavage Nucleolus
furrow forming

Nuclear
envelope
Spindle Centrosome at Daughter
forming
one spindle pole chromosomes
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G2 of Interphase

• A nuclear envelope bounds the nucleus.

• The nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
(singular, nucleolus). G2 OF INTERPHASE
Centrosomes
• Two centrosomes have formed by (with centriole pairs) Chromatin
replication of a single centrosome. (duplicated)
• In animal cells, each centrosome features
two centrioles.
• Chromosomes, duplicated during S phase,
cannot be seen individually because they
have not yet condensed.
Nucleolus Nuclear Plasma
envelope membrane
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Prophase
• The chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled,
condensing into discrete chromosomes.
• The nuclear envelope breaks down.
• Nucleolus disappears PROPHASE
•The mitotic spindle begins to form. It is composed of Early mitotic Aster
the centrosomes and the microtubules that extend spindle Centromere
from them. The radial arrays of shorter microtubules
that extend from the centrosomes are called asters
(“stars”).
• The centrosomes move away from each other,
apparently propelled by the lengthening
microtubules between them.
Chromosome, consisting
of two sister chromatids

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Metaphase
•The centrosomes are now at opposite ends of
the cell.
•The chromosomes convene on the metaphase METAPHASE

plate, an imaginary plane that is equidistant Metaphase

plate
between the spindle’s two poles.
•The chromosomes’ centromeres lie on the
metaphase plate.
• For each chromosome, the kinetochores of the
sister chromatids are attached to kinetochore
microtubules coming from opposite poles.
Spindle Centrosome at
one spindle pole

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Anaphase
• Anaphase is the shortest stage of mitosis, lasting only a
few minutes.
• Anaphase begins when the two sister chromatids of each
pair suddenly part. Each chromatid thus becomes a
ANAPHASE
full-fledged chromosome.
• The two liberated chromosomes begin moving toward
opposite ends of the cell, as their kinetochore
microtubules shorten.
•The cell elongates as the nonkinetochore microtubules
lengthen.
• By the end of anaphase, the two ends of the cell have
equivalent—and complete—collections of chromosomes.
Daughter
chromosomes

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Telophase
• Two daughter nuclei begin to form in the cell.
• Nuclear envelopes arise from the fragments TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

of the parent cell’s nuclear envelope and other Cleavage Nucleolus

portions of the endomembrane system. furrow forming

• The chromosomes become less condensed.

• Mitosis, the division of one nucleus into two
genetically identical nuclei, is now complete.
Nuclear
envelope
forming

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 MITOSIS IN A PLANT CELL
Nucleus Chromatine Chromosome
Nucleolus condensing

Prophase. Prometaphase. Metaphase. The Anaphase. The Telophase. Daughter

1 The chromatin 2 We now see discrete 3 spindle is complete, 4 chromatids of each 5 nuclei are forming.
is condensing. chromosomes; each and the chromosomes, chromosome have Meanwhile, cytokinesis
The nucleolus is consists of two attached to microtubules separated, and the has started: The cell
beginning to identical sister at their kinetochores, daughter chromosomes plate, which will
disappear. chromatids. Later are all at the metaphase are moving to the ends divided the cytoplasm
Although not in prometaphase, the plate. of cell as their in two, is growing
yet visible nuclear envelop will kinetochore toward the perimeter
in the micrograph, fragment. microtubles shorten. of the parent cell.
the mitotic spindle is
staring to from.
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– Animal cells
– Cleavage furrow

– Plant cells
– Cell plate

Cytokinesis
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 Cytokinesis In Animal And Plant Cells

100 µm
Cleavage furrow Vesicles Wall of 1 µm
forming patent cell Cell plate
cell plate New cell wall

Contractile ring of Daughter cells

microfilaments
Daughter cells
(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM) (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (SEM)
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