Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Download
Download
Answer: c) Somatic Nervous System. Explanation: Peripheral Nervous System Disorders affect the
somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movements and sensory information.
c) Trauma response
d) Neuropathy
e) Myopathy
Answer: b) Efferent motor fiber. Explanation: The Anterior Root is responsible for carrying efferent
motor fibers from the spinal cord to the muscles.
Answer: c) A disease that affects the central nervous system. Explanation: Motor Neuron Disease is a
degenerative disease that affects the motor neurons in the cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord.
a) Trauma
b) Neuropathy
c) Myopathy
d) Mutations in the SOD1 gene
Answer: d) Mutations in the SOD1 gene. Explanation: Familial Motor Neuron Disease is caused by
mutations in the SOD1 gene on chromosome 21q22.11, which codes for the enzyme superoxide
dismutase.
Answer: b) To carry motor information from the spinal cord to the muscles. Explanation: The
Neuromuscular Junction is responsible for transmitting motor information from the spinal cord to the
muscles, allowing for voluntary movement.
b) Oxidative stress
c) Mitochondrial dysfunction
Answer: d) Mutation in the SOD1 gene on chromosome 21q22.11. This mutation leads to the
production of a faulty superoxide dismutase enzyme, which causes motor neuron degeneration.
a) Protein aggregation
b) Mitochondrial dysfunction
e) Neuronal apoptosis
Answer: d) Mutation in the SOD1 gene. Sporadic motor neuron disease does not have a genetic cause
and is not associated with mutations in the SOD1 gene.
3. What is the difference between primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) and progressive muscular atrophy
(PMA)?
a) PLS affects upper motor neurons while PMA affects lower motor neurons
b) PLS affects lower motor neurons while PMA affects upper motor neurons
Answer: a) PLS affects upper motor neurons while PMA affects lower motor neurons. PLS is a rare
disorder that affects only the upper motor neurons, while PMA affects only the lower motor neurons.
a) Bulbar palsy is a lower motor neuron disorder while pseudo-bulbar palsy is an upper motor neuron
disorder
e) Bulbar palsy is a distal limb disorder while pseudo-bulbar palsy is a bulbar disorder
Answer: a) Bulbar palsy is a lower motor neuron disorder while pseudo-bulbar palsy is an upper motor
neuron disorder. Bulbar palsy is caused by a lesion affecting the lower motor neurons that control the
muscles of the pharynx and larynx, while pseudo-bulbar palsy is caused by an upper motor neuron
disorder that leads to spastic paralysis of the same muscles.
1. What is the most common symptom of bulbar weakness in patients with ALS?
a) Difficulty in swallowing
e) Sensory dysfunction
Answer: c) Hypertonicity in the muscles. This is a sign of UMN involvement in ALS patients.
Answer: c) Progresif Muskular Atrophy. This type of ALS is characterized by LMN symptoms such as
atrophy and weakness in the muscles.
a) Difficulty in swallowing
Answer: e) Symmetrical forehead wrinkles. This symptom is followed by speech and swallowing
difficulties.
Answer: a) Pure UMN symptoms. This type of ALS is characterized by spasticity, hypertonicity, and
increased pathological reflexes.
pengaruh adalah usia saat onset, jenis MND, dan keparahan gejala pada saat diagnosis.
a) Weakness starting from the proximal muscles and progressing to the distal muscles
b) Weakness starting from the distal muscles and progressing to the proximal muscles
e) No weakness present
Answer: b) Weakness starting from the distal muscles and progressing to the proximal muscles
Explanation: "Kstremitas distal ke proksimal" means weakness that starts from the distal muscles
(farthest from the center of the body) and progresses to the proximal muscles (closest to the center of
the body).
c) Disartria progresif
d) Visual disturbances
Explanation: Progresif Bulbar Palsy is a type of Motor Neuron Disease (MND) that affects the bulbar
muscles (muscles responsible for speech, swallowing, and facial expressions). The symptoms include
disartria progresif (progressive difficulty in speaking), weakness in the bulbar muscles, and
asymmetrical facial expressions.
a) Curative treatment
b) Symptomatic treatment
c) Surgery
d) Radiation therapy
e) Chemotherapy
Explanation: There is no curative treatment for MND, so the tatalaksana is only symptomatic. This
means that the treatment focuses on managing the symptoms and improving the quality of life of the
patient. The treatment options include Riluzole, Edaravone, spastisitas management, pain
management, and sialorea management.
a) 1 year
b) 2 years
c) 3 years
d) 4 years
e) 5 years
Answer: c) 3 years
Explanation: The average survival time after the diagnosis of MND is around 3 years (24-50 months).
However, some patients may survive up to 5 years (19-25% of cases) or even 10 years (10% of cases).
The prognosis depends on various factors such as age at onset, type of MND, and severity of
symptoms at diagnosis.
a) Baklofen
b) Tizanidin
c) Amitriptilin
d) Toksin botulinum
Explanation: Sialorea (excessive drooling) is a common symptom in MND. The treatment options
include anti-cholinergic drugs (such as amitriptilin, glikopironium bromid, and oksibutinin) and injection
of tokisin botulinum into the salivary glands.
1. What is the age range for patients with a survival rate of up to 5 years in radiculopathy?
A. 24-50 months
B. 60-80 years
C. 10-15 years
D. 5-10 years
Explanation: The content states that 19-25% of patients have a survival rate of up to 5 years, which
falls within the age range of 24-50 months.
C. Female gender
Explanation: The content states that onset at an older age, female gender, and short time interval are
poor prognostic factors, but there is no mention of first onset involving the bulbar region.
A. Lhermitte's test
B. Spruling's test
D. Kernig's test
Explanation: The content lists Lhermitte's test, Spruling's test, and Laseque and Bragard's test as
physical examination tests for radiculopathy, but there is no mention of Kernig's test.
Explanation: The content states that prednisone is the recommended treatment for acute cervical
radiculopathy.
B. Refractory pain
D. Myelopathy
Explanation: The content states that surgical management is recommended for spinal cervical
disorders when there are definite neurological deficits, refractory pain, a structural lesion corresponding
to clinical symptoms, and myelopathy.
1. What is laminotomi?
Explanation: Laminotomi is a surgical procedure used to remove a portion of the vertebral bone called
the lamina to relieve pressure on the spinal cord.
2. What is pleksopati?
a) A type of nerve damage caused by a direct injury to the nerve tissue
Answer: a) A type of nerve damage caused by a direct injury to the nerve tissue
Explanation: Pleksopati is a condition caused by a direct injury to the nerve tissue, ranging from the
nerve roots to the terminal nerves. It can cause motor, sensory, and autonomic abnormalities in the
affected area.
a) Unilateral symptoms
b) Motor abnormalities
c) Sensory abnormalities
d) Autonomic abnormalities
Explanation: Pleksopati can cause a range of symptoms, including unilateral symptoms, motor
abnormalities, sensory abnormalities, and autonomic abnormalities. The specific symptoms depend on
the location and severity of the nerve damage.
a) A type of nerve damage caused by a direct injury to the nerve tissue in the upper extremities
Answer: a) A type of nerve damage caused by a direct injury to the nerve tissue in the upper extremities
Explanation: Pleksus brakialis is a network of nerves that originates from the spinal cord in the cervical
region and supplies the upper extremities. Damage to this network of nerves can cause a range of
symptoms, including muscle weakness and sensory abnormalities.
5. What is the deformitas waiters associated with pleksus brakialis?
Explanation: Deformitas waiters is a specific type of muscle weakness associated with pleksus
brakialis. It causes weakness in the extensor muscles of the arm, including the rotator cuff muscles and
the muscles that extend the arm and wrist.
b) Abduction of the arm, internal rotation of the shoulder, pronation, and wrist flexion
d) Flexion of the arm, external rotation of the shoulder, supination, and wrist extension
Answer: b) Abduction of the arm, internal rotation of the shoulder, pronation, and wrist flexion
Explanation: The Waiter's Tip position is a specific position of the arm that occurs due to a lesion in the
brachial plexus. It is characterized by abduction of the arm, internal rotation of the shoulder, pronation,
and wrist flexion.
Explanation: The Erb-Duchenne syndrome is a condition that affects the upper brachial plexus. It is
characterized by weakness in the upper arm muscles, which can lead to difficulty with arm and hand
movements.
Explanation: The Pleksopati Infraklavikular is a condition that affects the lower brachial plexus. It is
characterized by weakness in the upper arm muscles, which can lead to difficulty with arm and hand
movements.
b) Sensory disturbance in the lower abdomen, inguinal, medial, lateral, and anterior upper limbs, as
well as the medial lower limb
d) Weakness in hip extensor, hip abductor, knee flexor, plantar flexor, and ankle dorsiflexor
e) Sensory disturbance in the posterior upper limb, anterolateral and posterior lower limb, as well as
almost the entire foot
Answer: b) Sensory disturbance in the lower abdomen, inguinal, medial, lateral, and anterior upper
limbs, as well as the medial lower limb. Explanation: Pleksopati Infraklavikular is characterized by
sensory disturbance in the lower abdomen, inguinal, medial, lateral, and anterior upper limbs, as well
as the medial lower limb.
b) Sensory disturbance in the lower abdomen, inguinal, medial, lateral, and anterior upper limbs, as
well as the medial lower limb
d) Weakness in hip extensor, hip abductor, knee flexor, plantar flexor, and ankle dorsiflexor
e) Sensory disturbance in the posterior upper limb, anterolateral and posterior lower limb, as well as
almost the entire foot
Answer: a) Weakness in hip flexion, knee extension, and upper limb abduction. Explanation: Lesi
Fasikulus Lateral is characterized by weakness in hip flexion, knee extension, and upper limb
abduction.
Answer: d) Medications such as steroids, non-steroids, and neuropathic pain relievers. Explanation:
The acute phase of Pleksopati is treated with rest, cold compression, compression, elevation of the
extremities, and medication such as steroids, non-steroids, and neuropathic pain relievers. The
subacute or chronic phase is treated with medication and physiotherapy. Surgery is only performed to
restore the anatomy and function of the plexus, and the treatment should be tailored to the etiology of
the Pleksopati.
d) Multipleks demielinasi
e) Degenerasi aksonal
a) Mononeuropati
b) Polineuropati
c) Neuropati DM
d) GBS
e) Neuropati toksik
Answer: b) Polineuropati.
Explanation: Polineuropati affects all three types of nerves - motor, sensory, and autonomic.
b) Multipleks demielinasi
d) Degenerasi aksonal
e) Neuropati toksik
Explanation: Pleksopati akibat abses is treated with drainage of the abscess and antibiotics.
a) Mononeuropati
b) Polineuropati
c) Neuropati DM
d) GBS
e) Neuropati toksik
Answer: a) Mononeuropati.
Explanation: Mononeuropati affects only one type of nerve - either motor, sensory, or autonomic.
c) Neuropraxia involves complete nerve damage while Axonotmesis involves partial nerve damage.
b. Neuropati otonomik
c. Mononeuritis multipleks
d. Polineuropati
Explanation: Mononeuritis multipleks is a type of neuropathy that involves damage to two or more
nerves in a specific area of the body.
c. Neuropati otonomik
d. Acute neuropathy
e. Subacute neuropathy
Answer: d. Acute neuropathy
Explanation: Acute neuropathy is characterized by sudden onset of symptoms that develop rapidly and
recover slowly. Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is an example of acute neuropathy.
c. Neuropati otonomik
d. Neuropati medianus
e. Neuropati ulnar
Explanation: Neuropati motorik predominan is a type of neuropathy that involves weakness in distal
muscles. It is characterized by decreased or absent reflexes and fasciculations.
c. Neuropati otonomik
d. Polineuropati
e. Neuropati ulnar
Answer: d. Polineuropati
Explanation: Polineuropati is a type of neuropathy that involves damage to multiple nerves in all
extremities. It is characterized by a "glove and stocking" distribution of symptoms.
c. Neuropati otonomik
d. Neuropati multifokal
1. What is neuropathy?
Explanation: Neuropathy is a condition that affects the nerves, causing damage or dysfunction. It can
be caused by various factors such as metabolic and toxic factors, trauma, ischemia, and inflammation.
a) GBS
b) Trauma
c) Ischemia
d) Toxicity
e) Metabolic factors
Explanation: Sensory neuropathy can be caused by various factors such as GBS, trauma, ischemia,
toxicity, and metabolic factors. However, metabolic factors are the most common cause of sensory
neuropathy.
Explanation: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a condition that affects the median nerve in the hand, causing
numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and wrist. It is caused by compression of the median
nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel in the wrist.
a) Pain
b) Numbness
c) Weakness
d) Tingling
e) Itching
Answer: b) Numbness.
Explanation: The most common symptom of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is numbness in the hand and
wrist, especially at night. Other symptoms may include tingling, weakness, and pain.
b) To diagnose neuropathy
c) To diagnose vaskulitis
d) To diagnose DM
Explanation: The Tinel test is a diagnostic test used to diagnose Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. It involves
tapping on the median nerve in the wrist to see if it causes tingling or numbness in the hand and
fingers.
1. What is the main symptom of a radial nerve lesion at the spiral groove?
a) Claw hand
b) Drop hand
Answer: b) Drop hand. A radial nerve lesion at the spiral groove can cause weakness in wrist and finger
extension, leading to a drop hand.
a) Claw hand
b) Drop hand
Answer: d) Weakness in finger extension. A PIN lesion can cause weakness in finger extension,
leading to difficulty in performing tasks such as gripping and holding objects.
a) Radial nerve
b) Median nerve
c) Ulnar nerve
d) Brachial plexus
e) Femoral nerve
Answer: c) Ulnar nerve. A lesion of the ulnar nerve can cause a claw hand deformity, which is
characterized by hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion of the interphalangeal
joints.
4. What is the main symptom of a wrist drop above the spiral groove?
a) Claw hand
b) Drop hand
Answer: b) Drop hand. A wrist drop above the spiral groove can cause weakness in wrist and finger
extension, leading to a drop hand.
5. Which nerve is responsible for the symptoms of pain and paresthesia in the medial elbow and fourth
and fifth fingers?
a) Radial nerve
b) Median nerve
c) Ulnar nerve
d) Brachial plexus
e) Femoral nerve
Answer: c) Ulnar nerve. A lesion of the ulnar nerve can cause pain and paresthesia in the medial elbow
and fourth and fifth fingers, as well as weakness and atrophy of the muscles of the hand.
a) Froment's sign
b) Wartenberg's sign
c) Benediction sign
d) Jeanne's sign
Explanation: Claw hand is a deformity of the hand where the fingers are flexed at the MCP joint and
extended at the PIP and DIP joints. Froment's sign and Wartenberg's sign are both associated with
claw hand. Benediction sign is also associated with claw hand and is characterized by the inability to
flex the fingers at the MCP joint.
Explanation: Wartenberg's sign is a clinical sign where the fifth finger is abducted and cannot be
adducted due to paralysis of the dorsal interossei muscles. This sign is often seen in patients with ulnar
nerve palsy.
3. What is Froment's sign?
Explanation: Froment's sign is a clinical sign where the patient compensates for weakness of the
adductor pollicis muscle by flexing the IP joint of the thumb when asked to hold a piece of paper
between the thumb and index finger. This sign is often seen in patients with ulnar nerve palsy.