Unit 1: Internet of things
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> IoT:
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of
interrelated, internet-connected objects that are able
to collect and transfer data over a wireless network
without human intervention.
The Internet of things describes the network of
physical objects—“things”—that are embedded with
sensors, software, and other technologies for the
purpose of connecting and exchanging data with
other devices and systems over the Internet. It
enables devices to interact, collaborate and, learn
from each other’s experiences just like humans do.
> IoT: How it works?
An IoT system consists of sensors/devices which
“talk” to the cloud through some kind of connectivity.
Once the data gets to the cloud, software processes it
and then might decide to perform an action, such as
sending an alert or automatically adjusting the
sensors/devices without the need for the user.
> Top IoT Examples:
 Smart Home security systems
 Smart Wearables health monitors
 IoT in agriculture
 Smart Speakers (Amazon Echo Dot: Alexa,
Google Assistant)
 Smart Smoke Detectors
 Air Quality Sensors
 Smart Fire Extinguishers
 Flood Alert Sensors
 Smart Cities
 Smart Door Locks
 Soil monitoring
 Smart Farming equipment
 Smart factory equipment
> Advantages of IoT
 Minimize human effort: As the devices of IoT
interact and communicate with each other and do
lot of task for us, then they minimize the human
effort.
 Save time: As it reduces the human effort then it
definitely saves out time. Time is the primary
factor which can save through IoT platform.
 Improve security: Now, if we have a system that
all these things are interconnected then we can
make the system more secure and efficient.
 Money: The financial aspect is the best
advantage. This technology could replace
humans who are in charge of monitoring and
maintaining supplies.
> Disadvantages of IoT
× Complexity: The designing, developing, and
maintaining and enabling the large technology to
IoT system is quite complicated.
× Privacy: Privacy is a big issue with IoT. All the
data must be encrypted. Even without the active
participation on the user, the IoT system provides
substantial personal data in maximum detail.
× Security: There is a chance that the software
can be hacked and your personal information
misused. It can be lead the various kinds of
network attacks.Data breaches are extremely
stressful
× Compatibility: As of now, there is no standard
for tagging and monitoring with sensors. A
uniform concept like the USB or Bluetooth is
required which should not be that difficult to do.
> IoT Sensor is a device that captures real-world
data and translates it into a piece of information that
could be interpreted by other instruments. As the
name suggests, sensors react to stimuli — be it a
change in sound, temperature, electric current, or a
different property. Hence a sensor in an IoT system
senses the desired physical quantity and converts it
into an electrical signal transmitted to the central
cloud-based server directly or via an on-site micro-
controller.
> Types: All types of sensors are basically classified
into Analog and Digital Sensors but below sensors
are used frequently in IoT Devices.
 Temperature Sensors
 Humidity Sensors
 Pressure Sensors
 Proximity Sensors
 Level Sensors
 Accelerometers
 Gyroscope
 Gas Sensors
 Infrared Sensors
 Optical Sensors
> Features of Sensors
1. Range: It is the minimum and maximum value
of physical variable that the sensor can sense
or measure.
2. Accuracy: It shows how close the output of the
sensor is to the expected value.
3. Sensitivity: It is the ratio of change in output to
change in input.
4. Resolution: It is the minimum change in input
that can be sensed by the sensor.
5. Repeatability: It is defined as the ability of
sensor to produce the same output every time
when the same input is applied and all the
physical and measurement conditions kept the
same.
6. Response Time: It is generally expressed as
the time at which the output reaches a certain
percentage (for instance, 95%) of its final
value, in response to a step change of the
input.
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> Layers Of IoT
> Major Component of IoT

1. Sensors/Devices: The main components that

complete connectivity layer are sensors and devices.
Sensors collect the information from the surrounding
environment and send it off to the next layer where it
is being processed.

2. Gateway: Gateway enables easy management of

data traffic flowing between protocols and networks.
On the other hand, it also translates the network
protocols and makes sure that the devices and
Layer 1: The Things Layer
sensors are connected properly.
This layer of IoT comprises of devices, sensors and
It can also work to pre-process the data from sensors
controllers. Connected devices are what enable the
and send them off to next level if it is configured
IoT environment. These devices include mobile
accordingly.
devices such as smart phones or tablets, micro
it gives proper encryption with the network flow and
controller units and single-board computers. The
data transmission. The data flowed through it is in the
connected devices are the real endpoint for IoT.
higher order that is protected by using latest
encryption techniques. You can assume it like an Layer 2: Connectivity/Edge Computing Layer
extra layer between the cloud and devices that filter Layer 2 is the connectivity/ edge computing layer,
away the attack and illegal network access.
which defines the various communication protocols
3. Cloud: With the help of internet of things and networks used for connectivity and edge
ecosystem, companies are able to collect bulk data computing. It is a distributed architecture where IoT
from the devices and applications. There are various data is processed at the edge of the network.
tools that are used for the purpose of data collection
that can collect, process, handle and store the data Layer 3: Global Infrastructure Layer
efficiently in real time. They can also access their Layer 3 is the global infrastructure layer, which is
data remotely. typically implemented in cloud infrastructure. Most of
the IoT solutions integrate with cloud services. A
4. Analytics: The analog data of devices and comprehensive set of integrated services, IoT cloud
sensors are converted into a format that is easy to
can provide businesses with useful insights and
read and analyze. The big companies collect the data
perspective on customers.
in bulk and analyze it to see the future opportunity so
that they can easily develop more business Layer 4: Data Ingestion Layer
advancement and gain something out of it. Data may
Layer 4 is the data ingestion layer, which includes
be a small word but it holds the power to make or
bigdata, cleansing, streaming and storage of data.
break the business if used correctly.
Layer 5: Data Analysis Layer
5. User Interface: The user interface is the visible
Layer 5 is the data analysis layer and relates to data
component that is easily accessible and in control of
reporting, mining, machine learning etc.
the IoT user. This is where a user can control the
system and set their preferences. It is important for Layer 6: The Application Layer
the developer to create a user-friendly interface that Layer 6 is the application layer, which comprises of
could be accessed without putting any extra efforts in
the custom applications that is actually making use of
it and that can help in easy interaction.
the things data.

Layer 7: People and Process Layer

Layer 7 is the people and process layer. This includes
people, businesses, collaboration and decision
making based on the information derived from IoT
computing.

> Smart Cities
In general, a smart city is a city that uses technology
to provide services and solve city problems. A smart
city does things like improve transportation and
accessibility, improve social services, promote
sustainability, and give its citizens a voice.
The main goals of a smart city are to improve:
Public Transportation
IT-connectivity
Water Management
Power Supply
Sanitation
Waste management
Urban mobility
E-governance
Citizen participation
How a smart city works
Smart cities use a combination of the internet of
things (IoT) devices, software solutions, user
interfaces (UI) and communication networks.
However, they rely first and foremost on the IoT.
Smart cities utilize their web of connected IoT devices
and other technologies to achieve their goals of
improving the quality of life and achieving economic
growth. Successful smart cities follow four steps:
1. Collection - Smart sensors throughout the city
gather data in real time.
2. Analysis - Data collected by the smart sensors
is assessed in order to draw meaningful insights.
3. Communication - The insights that have been
found in the analysis phase are communicated
with decision makers through strong
communication networks.
4. Action - Cities use the insights pulled from the
data to create solutions, optimize operations and
asset management and improve the quality of life
for residents.
Cities uses tool to collect data in real time about all
kinds of things, including traffic, air and water quality,
and solar radiation. With this information, the
government can act immediately to solve nearly
any problem.
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Smart City technologies:
 Application programming interfaces (APIs)
 Artificial intelligence (AI)
 Cloud computing
 Dashboards
 Machine learning (ML)
 Machine to machine (M2M)
 Mesh network
Top Examples of Smart Cities
 New York City, New York
 Singapore
 Barcelona, Spain
 Tokyo, Japan
 London, England
 Dubai, United Arab Emirates
 Hong Kong, China
> IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things)
The industrial internet of things (IIoT) refers to the
extension and use of the internet of things (IoT) in
industrial sectors and applications. With a strong
focus on machine-to-machine (M2M) communication,
big data, and machine learning, the IIoT enables
industries and enterprises to have better efficiency
and reliability in their operations. The IIoT
encompasses industrial applications, including
robotics, medical devices, and software-defined
production processes.
> How does Industrial IoT works?
Industrial IoT is a system includes smart sensors,
machines, tools, software platforms, cloud servers
and applications. Smart sensors are deployed at
every stages of manufacturing floor for specific
applications. These sensor networks continuously
send data to the IoT gateway (act as a hub between
IoT devices and cloud) which receive and transmit the
data to the cloud application server for processing
and analysis.

> Applications of Industrial Internet of Things
1. Industrial Automation: Automation of machines
and tools enables companies to operate in an
efficient way and improves accuracy, efficiency;
reduces errors, easy to control and remotely
accessible via applications. Machines can operate at
harsh environments than humans; automation of
machines and tools reduces man power requirements
for specific tasks.
2. Smart Robotics: Many companies are developing
intelligent robotics system for IoT-enabled factories.
Smart robotics ensures smooth handling of tools and
materials in the manufacturing line with precise
accuracy and efficiency.
Robots can be programmed to perform complex tasks
with high end embedded sensors for real-time
analysis. These robotics networks are connected to a
secure cloud for monitoring and controlling.
Engineering team can access and analyze this data
to take quick actions for product improvements or
preventing an unexpected failure due to machine
fault.
3. Predictive Maintenance: Modern industrial
machines equipped with smart sensors continuously
monitoring the status of each major components and
it can detect any critical issues before the system is
completely down. Smart sensors will trigger
maintenance warning to the centralized system and
the alert messages will be delivered to responsible
persons/groups.
4. Integration of Smart Tools / Wearables:
Integration of smart sensors to tools and machines
enables the workforce to perform the task with
improved accuracy and efficiency. Specially designed
wearables and smart glass helps employees to
reduce error and improve safety at the working
environments.
Smart wearables can trigger instant warning
messages to employees during emergency situations
like gas leak or fire. Wearables can monitor health
condition of individuals continuously and feedback if
not fit for particular task.
5. Smart Logistics Management: Retail giants like
Amazon using drones to deliver goods to their
customers. Advanced technologies like drones offer
better efficiency; accessibility, speed and it require
less manpower.
Airline is another major industry, which uses IoT for
its daily operations at the production and predictive
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maintenance of airplanes in service. Smart sensors
continuously monitor airplane’s machineries, the data
is collected real-time and send to the airplane
manufacturer. Maintenance of any part of an airplane
will be triggered, concerned team will be informed and
maintenance will be carried out once the plane is
landed without any delay.
6. Smart Package Management: Package
management using IoT technology gives lot of
convenience and efficiency for manufacturing units.
Smart sensors can monitor each stages of packing
and update status in real-time manner. Embedded
sensors can detect vibrations, atmospheric conditions
like temperature and humidity etc… and feedback if
something goes wrong during transit or storage.
7. Enhanced Quality and Security: Introduction of
IoT technology in to manufacturing offers enhanced
product quality. Continuous monitoring and analysis
of each stages ensure better quality by improving
process steps for optimum quality.
8. Power Management: IoT can offer better solutions
for power management in industries. Specific sensors
can detect environment and trigger to turn on/off
control of lights, air conditioners, humidity controls,
liquid flow etc… for efficient power management.
> Key Benefits/Advantages of IIoT
 Increased efficiency
 Cost savings
 Time savings
 Enhanced industrial safety
 Improved and intelligent connectivity between
devices or machines
 Improved accuracy
 Product and process optimization
 Predictive maintenance and analysis
 Remote accessibility and monitoring
 Enhanced security
 Scalability of network
 Reduced down time for machines and process
 Power savings
 UNIT 2: CLOUD COMPUTING
# Cloud computing
Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system
resources, especially data storage (cloud storage) and computing
power, without direct active management by the user. The term is
generally used to describe data centers available to many users over
the Internet.
Cloud computing is an application-based software infrastructure
that stores data on remote serves, which can be accessed through
the internet. The front end enables a user to access data stored in
the cloud using an internet browser or a cloud computing software.
# Cloud Computing Classification
Cloud computing is usually classified on the basis of location, or on
the service that the cloud is offering.
(I) Cloud Types: Private, Public and Hybrid, Community
There are three main types of cloud environment, also known as
cloud deployment models. Businesses can choose to run
applications on public, private or hybrid clouds – depending on their
specific requirements.
1. Public Cloud – Whole computing infrastructure is located on the
premises (sites) of a cloud computing company that offers
the cloud service. It is accessible to many businesses through
the internet on a pay-per-use model.
2. Private Cloud – Hosting all your computing infrastructure
yourself and is not shared. The security and control level is
highest while using a private network.
3. Hybrid Cloud – using both private and public clouds, depending
on their purpose. You host your most important applications on
your own servers to keep them more secure and secondary
applications elsewhere.
4. Community Cloud – A community cloud is shared between
organizations with a common goal or that fit into a specific
community (professional community, geographic community,
etc.).
(II) Types of cloud services: IaaS, PaaS, SaaS, FaaS
These are sometimes called the cloud computing stack, because
they build on top of one another.
1. Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS)
IaaS is the most basic category of cloud computing services that
allows you rent IT infrastructure (servers, network, operating
systems data storage drives or VM’s) from a cloud provider on a
pay-as-you-go basis.
Examples - Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google
Cloud Platform, Dropbox, etc.
2. Platform as a service (PaaS)
Platform-as-a-service (PaaS) refers to the supply an on-demand
environment for developing, testing, delivering and managing
software applications. It is designed to quickly create web or mobile
apps, without worrying about setting up or managing the underlying
infrastructure of servers, storage, network and databases needed
for development.
Examples- AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Google App Engine, Microsoft
Azure.
3. Software as a service (SaaS)
Software-as-a-service (SaaS) is a method for delivering software
applications over the Internet as per the demand and on a
subscription basis. SaaS helps you host and manage the software
application and underlying infrastructure and handle any
maintenance (software upgrades and security patching).
Examples - Microsoft Office 365, Google Drive, Adobe Creative
Cloud, Gmail, Google Apps.etc.
4. FaaS (functions as a service)
FaaS adds another layer of abstraction to PaaS, so that developers
are completely insulated from everything in the stack below their
code. Instead of handling the hassles of virtual servers, containers,
and application runtimes, they upload narrowly functional blocks of
code, and set them to be triggered by a certain event. FaaS
applications consume no IaaS resources until an event occurs,
reducing pay-per-use fees.
Examples - AWS Lambdas, Azure Functions.
# Uses of Cloud Computing
Although you do not realize you are probably using cloud
computing right now, most of us use an online service to send email,
edit documents, watch movies, etc. It is likely that cloud computing
is making it all possible behind the scenes. Today a variety of
organisations ranging from tiny startups to government agencies are
embracing this technology for the following:
 Create new apps and services as well as store, back up and
recover data
 Host websites and blogs
 Stream audio and video
 Deliver on demand software services
 Analyze data for patterns
 Make predictions
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# Advantages of Cloud Computing 4) Security
Although cloud service providers implement the best security
1) Back-up and restore data standards to store important information. But, before adopting
Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get back-up and cloud technology, you should be aware that you will be sending all
restore that data using the cloud. your organization's sensitive information to a third party, i.e., a
cloud computing service provider. While sending the data on the
2) No Hardware Requred cloud, there may be a chance that your organization's information is
Since everything will be hosted in the cloud, a physical storage hacked by Hackers.
center is no longer needed. 5) Bandwidth issues
3) Improved collaboration For ideal performance, clients have to plan accordingly and not pack
Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing groups of large amounts of servers and storage devices into a small set of data
people to quickly and easily share information in the cloud via centers.
shared storage.
# VENDORS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
4) Excellent accessibility
Cloud Service providers are vendors which provide Information
Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access store information Technology (IT) as a service over the Internet. Cloud computing is a
anywhere, anytime in the whole world, using an internet term which is used for storing and accessing data over the internet.
connection. Cloud companies helps you to access your data from a remote
server.
5) Low maintenance cost
Cloud computing reduces both hardware and software maintenance There are many Cloud Service providers in the market:
costs for organizations. 1) Amazon Web Service (AWS)
6) Mobility 2) Google Cloud Platform
3) Microsoft Azure
Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via mobile. 4) IBM Cloud Services
7) Services in the pay-per-use model 5) Dropbox
6) Oracle Clouds
Cloud computing offers Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) 7) Adobe Creative Cloud
to the users for access services on the cloud and pays the charges as
per the usage of service.
Services Provided by Cloud Providers
8) Unlimited storage capacity
Cloud offers us a huge amount of storing capacity for storing our Name of
IaaS Paas SaaS
important data such as documents, images, audio, video, etc. in one Company
place.
Amazon Web
AWS Amazon EC2 Amazon Web Services
9) Data security Services

Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud computing. Microsoft Private Microsoft Office
Cloud offers many advanced features related to security and Microsoft Microsoft Azure
Cloud 365
ensures that data is securely stored and handled.
Google App Engine Google
Google –
(Python, Java and many) Applications

# Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

Smart Cloud Smart Cloud Application
IBM SaaS Products
Enterprise Services
1) Internet Connectivity
As you know, in cloud computing, every data (image, audio, video,
etc.) is stored on the cloud, and we access these data through the 1. AWS (Amazon Web Services)
cloud by using the internet connection. If you do not have good AWS is Amazon's cloud web hosting platform which offers fast,
internet connectivity, you cannot access these data. However, we flexible, reliable and cost-effective solutions. It is one of the top
have no any other way to access data from the cloud. cloud service providers which offers a service in the form of building
block which can be used to create and deploy any kind of
2) Vendor lock-in application in the cloud. It is the most popular as it was the first to
Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud computing. enter the cloud computing space.
Organizations may face problems when transferring their services
from one vendor to another. As different vendors provide different Features:
platforms, that can cause difficulty moving from one cloud to  Easy sign-up process
another.
 Fast Deployments
3) Limited Control  Allows easy management of add or remove capacity
As we know, cloud infrastructure is completely owned, managed,  Access to effectively limitless capacity
and monitored by the service provider, so the cloud users have less  Centralized Billing and management
control over the function and execution of services within a cloud  It is one of the cloud companies that offers Hybrid
infrastructure. Capabilities and per hour billing

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Companies using AWS AWS Services
 Instagram
Here are some of AWS's essential offerings:
 Pinterest
 Netflix
 Dropbox 1. Amazon S3
This tool is used for internet back up, and it's the cheapest storage
Applications of AWS services
Amazon Web services are widely used for various computing option in the object-storage category. The best part: you can
purposes like: retrieve stored data from almost anywhere whenever you need it.
 Web site hosting
 Application hosting/SaaS hosting
2. AWS Data Transfer Products
 Media Sharing (Image/ Video)
As the name suggests, these are migration, data collection, and data
 Mobile and Social Applications
 Content delivery and Media Distribution transfer products that help you collect data seamlessly. They also
 Storage, backup, and disaster recovery enable you to monitor and analyze data in real-time.
 Development and test environments
 Academic Computing 3. Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud)
 Search Engines
EC2 is a virtual machine in the cloud on which you have OS level
 Social Networking
control. You can run this cloud server whenever you want.
Advantages of AWS
Following are the pros of using AWS services:
4. Amazon SNS (Simple Notification Services)
 AWS allows organizations to use the already familiar
programming models, operating systems, databases, and This is a notification tool that delivers messages to a large number
architectures. of subscribers through email or SMS. You can send alarms, service
 It is a cost-effective service that allows you to pay only for
notifications, and other messages intended to call attention to
what you use, without any up-front or long-term
commitments. important information.
 You will not require to spend money on running and
maintaining data centers.
5. Amazon KMS (Key Management System)
 Offers fast deployments
This is a security tool that uses 256-bit encryption for your data. It
 You can easily add or remove capacity.
 You are allowed cloud access quickly with limitless also safeguards it from hackers and cyber attacks.
capacity.
 Total Cost of Ownership is very low compared to any 6. Amazon Lambda
private/dedicated servers.
This service runs your code depending on specific events and
 Offers Centralized Billing and management
 Offers Hybrid Capabilities manages the dependent resources. You need neither managing nor
 Allows you to deploy your application in multiple regions provisioning servers, and how much you pay depends on how long it
around the world with just a few clicks takes to execute your code. It saves a lot of money compared with
Disadvantages of AWS services that charge hourly rates.
 If you need more immediate or intensive assistance, you'll
have to opt for paid support packages.
7. Route 53
 Amazon Web Services may have some common cloud
computing issues when you move to a cloud. For example, This is a DNS service in the cloud that doesn't require you to
downtime, limited control, and backup protection. maintain a separate DNS account. It's designed to provide
 AWS sets default limits on resources which differ from
businesses with a reliable and cost-effective method to route users
region to region. These resources consist of images,
volumes, and snapshots. to internet applications.
 Hardware-level changes happen to your application which
may not offer the best performance and usage of your
applications. 2. Google Clould Platform
Google Cloud is a set of solution and products which includes GCP &
G suite. It is one of the top cloud service providers which helps you
to solve all kind of business challenges with ease.

Google Cloud Services

 Compute Services
 Storage Services

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  Networking
 Big Data Services
 Security and Identity Management
 Management Tools
 Cloud AI
 IoT
Features:
 It is one of the cloud companies that allows you to scale
with open, flexible technology
 Solve issues with accessible AI & data analytics
 Eliminate the need for installing costly servers
 Allows you to transform your business with a full suite of
cloud-based services.
Services:
1. Google Compute Engine, which is an infrastructure-as-a-service
(IaaS) offering that provides users with virtual
machine instances for workload hosting.
2. Google App Engine, which is a platform-as-a-service (PaaS)
offering that gives software developers access to Google's
scalable hosting. Developers can also use a software
developer kit (SDK) to develop software products that run on
App Engine.
3. Google Cloud Storage, which is a cloud storage platform
designed to store large, unstructured data sets. Google also
offers database storage options, including Cloud Datastore
for NoSQL nonrelational storage, Cloud SQL for MySQL fully
relational storage and Google's native Cloud Bigtable
database.
4. Google Container Engine, which is a management and
orchestration system for Docker containers that runs within
Google's public cloud. Google Container Engine is based on
the Google Kubernetes container orchestration engine.
3. Microsoft Azure
Azure is a cloud platform which is launched by Microsoft in February
2010. This open source and flexible cloud platform which helps in
development, data storage, service management & hosting
solutions.
Features:
 Windows Azure offers the most effective solution for your
data needs
 Provides scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness
 Offers consistency across clouds with familiar tools and
resources
 Allow you to scale your IT resources up and down
according to your business needs
Services:
• Cloud Services: PaaS (Platform as a Service) can be utilised
to build applications and services.
• Websites: Azure allows its users to develop sites on
ASP.NET, Node.js, PHP, or Python.
• Virtual Machines: Primarily a migration tool, allowing
developers to migrate apps and infrastructure without
altering code.
• Data: SQL Database extends applications into the cloud,
utilising SQL Server.
• Media: This is a Platform as a Service feature that can be
utilised for protecting content, streaming media, and
more.
4. IBM Cloud
IBM cloud is a full stack cloud platform which spans public, private
and hybrid environments. It is one of the best cloud providers which
is built with a robust suite of advanced and AI tools.
Features:
 IBM cloud offers infrastructure as a service (IaaS),
software as a service (SaaS) and platform as a service
(PaaS)
 IBM Cloud is used to build pioneering which helps you to
gain value for your businesses
 It offers high performing cloud communications and
services into your IT environment
Services:
 Compute Infrastructure — includes its bare metal servers
(single-tenant servers that are highly customizable), virtual
servers, GPU computing, POWER servers (based on IBM's
POWER architecture) and server software
 Compute Services — includes OpenWhisk serverless
computing, containers and Cloud Foundry runtimes
 Storage — includes object, block and file storage, as well
as server-backup capabilities
 Network — includes load balancing, Direct Link private
secure connections, network appliances, content delivery
network and domain services
 Mobile — includes IBM's Swift tools for creating iOS apps,
its MobileFirst Starter package for getting a mobile app up
and running, and its Mobile Foundation app back-end
services
 Data and analytics — includes data services, analytics
services, big data hosting, Cloudera hosting, MongoDB
hosting and Riak hosting
 Internet of Things — includes IBM's IoT platform and its
IoT starter packages
 Security — includes tools for securing cloud environments,
such as a firewall, hardware security modules (physical
devices with key management capabilities), Intel Trusted
Execution Technology, security software and SSL
certificates
 Application services — includes Blockchain, Message hub
and business rules, among others
 Integration — includes tools for building virtual bridges for
hybrid cloud and multi-cloud environments, such as API
Connect and Secure Gateway
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 UNIT 3: Blockchain
# Blockchain
A blockchain is a peer-to-peer distributed ledger technology.
Which is an immutable, decentralized, encrypted, distributed
ledger technology.
The name comes from its structure, in which individual
records, called blocks, are linked together in single list, called
a chain. Blockchains are used for recording transactions
made with cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, and have many
other applications.
Each transaction added to a blockchain is validated by
multiple computers on the Internet (Miners). These systems
form a peer-to-peer network.
Key Characteristics / Benefits of Blockchain Technology:
 Open: Anyone can access blockchain.
 Distributed or Decentralised: Not under the
control of any single authority.
 Efficient: Fast and Scalable.
 Permanent: Once a transaction is done, it is
persistent and can’t be altered.
 Time-saving: No central Authority verification
needed for settlements making the process
faster and cheaper.
 Cost-saving: A Blockchain network reduces
expenses in several ways. No need for
third-party verification. Participants can share
assets directly. Intermediaries are reduced.
 Tighter security: No one can temper with
Blockchain Data as it shared among millions of
Participant. The system is safe against
cybercrimes and Fraud.
 Secure: There is no unauthorized access to
Blockchain made possible through Permissions
and Cryptography.
 Transparent: Because every node or participant
in Blockchain has a copy of the Blockchain data,
they have access to all transaction data.
Contents of a Block.
Blockchain starts with a block. Each block stores the
following information in it:
1. Index: Position of the block in blockchain. Index
of genesis block is 0.
2. Time stamp: The time when that particular block
was created.
3. Hash: Numeric value that uniquely identifies
data just like our fingerprints.
4. Previous hash: Hash value of the previous block.
For genesis block, this value is 0.
5. Data: Data stored on the node. For example,
transactions.
6. Nonce: It is a number used to find a valid hash.
To generate this number, the processing power
is used.
3 Pillars of Blockchain Technology
The three main properties of Blockchain Technology are:
 Decentralization: In a decentralized system, the
information is not stored by one single entity. In fact,
everyone in the network owns the information.
 Transparency: Because every node or participant in
Blockchain has a copy of the Blockchain data, they
have access to all transaction data.
 Immutability: It means that once something has been
entered into the blockchain, it cannot be tampered
with.
Disadvantages of current transaction system:
 Cash can only be used in low amount transaction
locally.
 Huge waiting time in the processing of transactions.
 Need to third party for verification and execution of
Transaction make the process complex.
 If the Central Server like Banks is compromised, whole
System is affected including the participants.
 Organization doing validation charge high process thus
making the process expensive.
# Cryptocurrency
A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that is
secured by cryptography, which is immutable. Many
cryptocurrencies are decentralized networks based on
blockchain technology. Cryptocurrencies are electronic
peer-to-peer currencies. They don't physically exist.
Examples of cryptocurrency
The first blockchain-based cryptocurrency was Bitcoin,
which still remains the most popular and most valuable.
Other are:
1. Bitcoin
2. Ripple
3. Litecoin
4. Libra
5. Bitcoin Cash
6. Chainlink
# Bitcoin
 Bitcoin is a completely decentralised,
peer-to-peer, permissionless cryptocurrency
put forth in 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto.
 Bitcoin is the first blockchain application.
 It is permissionless , i.e. open to anyone.
 Bitcoin blockchain size is growing
exponentially.
Why Bitcoins ?
Bitcoins can be used to buy merchandise
anonymously. In addition, international payments
are easy and cheap because bitcoins are not tied to
any country or subject to regulation. Small
businesses may like them because there are no
credit card fees. Some people just buy bitcoins as an
investment, hoping that they’ll go up in value.
# Smart Contract
The term was coined by Nick Szabo, a computer
scientist and cryptographer, in 1996.
A smart contract, also known as a cryptocontract
A smart contract is a self-executing contract with the
terms of the agreement between buyer and seller
being directly written into lines of code. The code
and the agreements contained therein exist across a
distributed, decentralized blockchain network. The
code controls the execution, and transactions are
trackable and irreversible.
Smart contracts permit trusted transactions and
agreements to be carried out among disparate,
anonymous parties without the need for a central
authority, legal system, or external enforcement
mechanism.
Advantages of Smart Contracts:
 Immutable: No one can change it once it is
deployed on blockchain.
 Distributed: All the steps of the contract can be
validated by every participating party — no one
can claim later that the contract was not
validated.
 Saves money: Since there is no need of
third-party to run or maintain the contract, the
cost is saved.
Popular Smart Contract Platforms:
 Ethereum
 Hyperledger
Ripple

 Rootstock
# Applications of Blockchains
Blockchain can be used in practically all those scenarios
where middlemen are involved. Here are some of the
use-cases.
1. Cryptocurrency: this is the most well-known use of
Blockchain. By implementing Blockchain, parties are able to
transact with each other without the involvement of any
bank. For instance, a person sitting in the United States can
transfer bitcoins to one based out of India without
intervention from any bank. This lead to the creation of a lot
of cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin being the most popular one.
Blockchain, such middlemen can be eliminated to save the
cost. Basically, instead of relying on centralized
advertising/listing portals, a Blockchain can be used where
the producers (advertisers or real-estate sellers) can provide
their ads/listings and consumers can see them directly
without any middlemen.
4. Healthcare: The health records of patients can be securely
stored in a Blockchain so that when the patient visits another
doctor, he/she can directly share those records with the new
doctor. The best part about using Blockchain here is that
there is no need for a centralized portal where these records
are stored. Therefore, the cost can be lowered significantly.
Health records could include a lot of things like:
 Diagnostic by doctor
 Medical History
 Lab reports
5. Voting: Online voting has been resisted by many due to
concerns such as security and fraud. Blockchain can
successfully eliminate these concerns as it will present a clear
record of the votes that have been cast. The tamper-proof
feature of a blockchain makes it difficult to hack a
blockchain-enabled voting system. With blockchain, the
voting process can be carried out comfortably from the
confines of the voter’s homes. This may result in a significant
rise in voter turnout.
6. Insurance: Arguably the greatest blockchain application
for insurance is through smart contracts. These contracts
allow customers and insurers to manage claims in a
transparent and secure manner. All contracts and claims can
be recorded on the blockchain and validated by the network,
which would eliminate invalid claims, since the blockchain
would reject multiple claims on the same accident.
7. Media: Media companies have already started to adopt
blockchain technology to eliminate fraud, reduce costs, and
even protect Intellectual Property (IP) rights of content - like
music records.
8. Taxes: Blockchain tech could make the cumbersome
process of filing taxes, which is prone to human error, much
more efficient with enough information stored on the
blockchain.

2. Advertising: Currently, companies like Google and

Facebook control almost all of the digital advertising traffic of
the world. However, Blockchain can potentially eliminate that.
Here, Google and Facebook are essentially middlemen that
control the advertising ecosystem. Using Blockchain the
producers and the consumers can be connected directly
through a decentralized system.

3. Real Estate: In the Real Estate industry, there are

middlemen in the form of brokers who often charge
exorbitant fees for pairing the buyer with the sellers. Using

UNIT IV - Digital Manufacturing : 3D Printing & Drones
# 3D Printing
3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of
making three dimensional solid objects from a digital
file.
The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using
additive processe in which an object is created by laying
down successive layers of material until the object is
created.
3D printing is the opposite of subtractive manufacturing
which is cutting out / hollowing out a piece of metal or
plastic with for instance a milling machine.
3D printing enables you to produce complex shapes
using less material than traditional manufacturing
methods.
3D Printing Limitations:
× Surface texture is generally too rough.
× Materials generally have low strengths.
× Material prices are too high.
× Parts are generally not so dense.
× Color is only possible with Mcor and Zcorp and
these do not provide for functional parts.
× The software tool-chain is too complex.
× It is difficult to make 3D model.
× Manufacturing complex parts or organic parts
needs a lot of 3D modeling training.
× 3D scanners are not good enough and create holes
in final files.
× Printers are not large enough.
× Printers are not fast enough.
× Build quality and up-time on desktop systems is
terrible.
× Machines are too expensive.
× Very little R&D is done in 3D printing.
× There is too much manual labor in manufacturing
with 3D printing, 30% of costs.
3D Printing Advantages:
 It Is Affordable.
 Rapid Prototyping.
 Strong and Lightweight Parts.
 3D Printing Technology Is Environmentally Friendly.
 Easy to Access.
 Fast Design and Production.
 Reduced Waste.
 Print on Demand.
 Flexible Design.
1
# The History of 3D Printing
1. The earliest record of 3D printing through the
additive process was the Japanese inventor Hideo
Kodama in 1981. He created a product that used
ultraviolet lights to harden polymers and create solid
objects. This is a stepping stone to stereolithography
(SLA).
2. Charles Hull invented stereolithography, a process
similar to 3D printing that uses technology to create
smaller versions of objects so they can be tested before
spending time and money on creating the actual
product. The object is printed layer by layer, rinsed
with a solvent, and hardened with an ultraviolet light.
The process uses computer-aided designs (CAD) to
create the 3D models.
3. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is another, more
advanced, form of 3D printing. It uses additive
manufacturing and a powder polymer—typically
nylon—to create objects. SLS uses a laser to fuse the
powder together, layer by layer, into more complex
shapes than SLA is capable of creating.
4. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), developed by
Scott Crump, is the most common form of 3D printing
today. It is known as the “desktop 3D printers” because
it is the most commonly used form of the technology.
To form an object, the printer heats a cable of
thermoplastic into liquid form and extrudes it layer by
layer.
Overall 3D printing has changed and improved over the
past thirty years. SLA, SLS, and FDM show the history of
3D printing, and thus how it became a vital tool for
manufacturing. It allows you to make virtually anything
simply by creating a computer file.
# Principles of 3D Printing
1. Reduction Of Costs Associated With 3D Printing
In traditional manufacturing, the more complicated an
object’s shape is, the more it costs to make. To produce
an object of equal complexity, 3D printing can remove
the overhead costs associated with retraining human
machinists or retooling factory machines.
2. No Assembly Is Required
By making objects in layers, a 3D printer could print a
door with its attached interlocking hinges at the same
time, with no assembly required. Supply chains will be
shortened, while saving money on labor and
transportation costs at the same time.

3. Ability To Print On-Demand
A 3D printer can print on-demand when an object is
required. The capacity for on-the-spot manufacturing
reduces the need for companies to stockpile physical
inventory. New types of business services become
possible as 3D printers enable businesses to make
specialty or customized objects on-demand in response
to customers’ orders. This could also minimize the costs
of long-distance shipping since the object required can
be printed as long as a 3D printer is present.
4. Portable Manufacturing
Since 3D printers are generally lighter in weight and
smaller in scale compared to traditional machines,
users can freely move them around anywhere to print
3D objects.
5. Recise Physical Replication
A digital music file can be copied endlessly without
losing its audio quality. In the future, 3D printing will
extend this digital precision to the world of physical
objects. Scanning technology and 3D printing will work
together to introduce high-resolution shape shifting
between the physical and digital worlds. We will scan,
edit, and duplicate physical objects to create exact
replicas or even improve upon the originals.
6. Variety is free
A single 3D printer can make many shapes. Like a
human artisan, a 3D printer can fabricate a different
shape each time. Traditional manufacturing machines
are much less versatile and can only make things in a
limited spectrum of shapes. 3D printing removes the
over- head costs associated with re-training human
machinists or re-tooling factory machines. A single 3D
printer needs only a different digital blueprint and a
fresh batch of raw material.
7. Less waste by-product
3D printers that work in metal create less waste by-
product than do traditional metal manufacturing
techniques. Machining metal is highly wasteful as an
estimated 90 percent of the original metal gets ground off
and ends up on the factory floor. 3D printing is more
wasteless for metal manufacturing. As printing materials
improve, "Net shape" manufacturing could be a greener
way to make things.
# Use Cases/Applications of 3D Printing
1. Replacement Parts: Many times for older or rare
equipment replacement parts are simply not available.
Some things can never be fully repaired unless you have
the replacement part it needs. When you own a 3D
printer, you can use the machine to produce suitable
replacement parts for any number of things.
2
2. Jewelry: Nowadays jewelry designers now prefer to
3D model and print their designs over traditional
handcrafted methods.
Jewelry 3D printers create pieces from resin or wax,
based on the 3D model of the jeweler's design. Digital
models can be easily edited, which makes prototyping
jewelry with 3D printing incredibly cheap and
convenient.
3. Shoes: Until today, most shoes were made
exclusively in factories, molded with expensive tooling
and then stitched together with various materials. Now
it’s possible to use a 3D printer to produce comfortable,
stylish & custom designed shoes.
4. Miniature Models: Using 3D printing software and
machinery, you can print out miniature models (a small
copy of larger things) and specialty replicas to add to
your miniature model collection. From buildings to
power lines a 3D Printer can virtually recreate a whole
cityscape in miniatur.
5. Functional Organs: Yes, it is possibile to make 3D
printed organs. These aren’t just models mind you,
scientists are looking into the possibilities of using 3D
printing software to actually produce functional
replacement organs.
6. Model making: Model making is another niche
practice to which the 3D workflow is ideally suited.
Where realistic reproductions were once inordinately
expensive or impossible to model, the quality of
detailing and finish possible through 3D printing
methods has made the production of realistic, detailed
miniatures and scale models more affordable & easier.
7. Forensics: 3D printing has as much potential utility
in reconstruction as it does in production. The work of a
forensic artist is often made difficult by incomplete
evidence. 3D printers can use in legal investigations and
can augment the abilities of forensic artists to
reconstruct accurate models of persons of interest or
victims.
8. Glasses and Eyewear: According to face shapes,
customized eyewears can be made by 3D Printing.
Which will lower in cost and at greater convenience to
the customer. These Eyewears are lighter, more
comfortable, made with minimal waste.
9. Recreating History
10. Housing and Construction
11. Musical Instruments
12. Movies and Visual Effects
13. Architecture
14. Dental Products
 3

# Introduction to Drones: Pros (Advanatges) Cons

Safe Environment Privacy Issue
1. Drone is the common name for an unmanned aerial Cost Saving Technology Spying
vehicles (UAVs). UAVs are vehicles that do not carry Quality Of Aerial Imaging Easily Hacked
humans inside of them. They can be controlled by Flexibility For Quick Weather Dependent
either a human or by a computer. Inspections
2. UAVs were originally used in the military to carry out Easy Controllable Knowledge And Skill
tasks that were either too difficult or too dangerous Minimizes Obvious Danger Software issues or
for humans to perform. Some other military and Health Risks Malfunction
applications include drone surveillanceand drone Reach Hazardous Area Not good for Wild animals
attacks.
3. Nowadays UAVs have become more and more Secure Data Transfer speed is
popular. Some recreational drone activities include slow
photography, product deland racing. UAVs have also
been used to smuggle drugs and other types of
contraband. Many companies are now pushing for # Technology, features and components
drone delivery services.
Drones contain a large number of technological
# Types of Drones: components, including:
They are of three types:
 Electronic Speed Controllers (ESC), an electronic
1. Single Rotor Helicopters circuit that controls a motor’s speed and direction.
Single rotor helicopters look exactly like tiny helicopters
 Flight controller
and can be gas or electric powered. The single blade
and ability to run on gas helps its stability and fly for  GPS module
longer distances. These UAVs are usually used to  Battery
transport heavier objects, including LIDAR systems, that
can be used to survey land, research storms and map  Antenna
erosion caused by global warming.  Receiver

2. Multi-Rotor Drones  Cameras

Multi-rotor drones are usually some of the smallest and
lightest drones on the market. They have limited
distance, speed and height, but make the perfect flying
vehicle for enthusiasts and aerial photographers. These
drones can usually spend 20-30 minutes in the air
carrying a lightweight payload, such as a camera.
 Sensors, including ultrasonic sensors and collision
avoidance sensors.
 Accelerometer, which measures speed.
 Altimeter, which measures altitude.

3. Fixed Wing Drones # Multirotor Assembly Course:

Fixed wing drones look like normal airplanes, where the
wings provide the lift instead of rotors- making them
very efficient. These drones usually use fuel instead of
electricity, allowing them to glide in the air for more
than 16 hours. Since these drones are usually much
larger, and because of their design, they need to take
off and land on runways just as airplanes do. Fixed wing
UAVs are used by the military to carry out strikes, by
scientists to carry large amounts of equipment and
even by nonprofits to deliver food and other goods to
areas that are hard to reach.
 The multirotor drone engineering course will help
you to enhance your technical knowledge and skills
which will help you to get jobs in
the drone industry.
 You will learn to assemble Multirotor Drones and
get trained from expert instructors. It gives in-
depth knowledge about working of a Multirotor
drone. Get hands-on experience of assembly and
troubleshooting.
 Get Certified by Ex - UAV Military Instructors.
Learn to fly UAVs (Drones) with India's only drone
training institute, i.e., (IID) Indian Institute of
Drones, which is registered with Government.
 They provides the nation’s highest quality drone
training with a simple yet comprehensive model
for enterprise clients, government agencies, public
safety departments, and individuals.
 4

# Drone Regulations in India: # Procedures for becoming a drone Pilot in India

 Foreigners are currently not allowed to fly drones According to the rules and regulations introduced by
in India. For commercial purposes, they need to the DCGA, an ideal drone pilot must satisfy the
lease the drone to an Indian entity. following requirements:
 All drones except those in the Nano category must
be registered and obtain Unique Identification  Must be at least 18 years old.
 Should have passed 10th Standard.
Number (UIN).
 Should be trained at a DGCA recognised and
 A separate permission is required for commercial
approved flying training organisation (FTO).
drone operations (except for those in the Nano
Example - (IID) Indian Institute of Drones.
category flown below 50 feet and those in the
Micro category flown below 200 feet).
Also, drone pilots need to understand the basics of flying.
 Drone pilots must maintain a direct visual line of
They must be able to assess the weather, wind speed, and
sight at all times while flying. other mechanics.
 Drones cannot be flown more than 400 feet
vertically. There is one Institute in India i.e., (IID) Indian Institute
 Drones cannot be flown in areas specified as “No of Drones . Which conduct course for Drone Pilot
Fly Zones”, which include areas near airports, Training, which offers a total of four courses (1, 3, 5 and
international borders, Vijay Chowk in Delhi, State 7-day courses) in 6 cities across India and 2 more
Secretariat Complex in State Capitals, strategic abroad.
locations, and military installations. The time duration for multirotor drone pilot course is
 Permission to fly in controlled airspace can be seven days and the fixed wing drone pilot course is ten
obtained by filing a flight plan and obtaining a days.
unique Air Defense Clearance (ADC)/Flight
Information Center (FIC) number.
 You can't fly in or capture footage of other
people's property.
 Don't drink and drone.

# Drone Categories in India

Registration is required for all but not for Nano
category.
1. Nano: Less than or equal to 250 grams.
2. Micro: From 250 grams to 2kg.
3. Small: From 2kg to 25kg.
4. Medium: From 25kg to 150kg.
5. Large: Greater than 150kg.

# Required Drone Equipment in India

India has specific requirements regarding the types of
features a drone must have to be flown in India
(excluding those in the Nano category). These
mandatory requirements include:
 GPS
 Return-to-home (RTH)
 Anti-collision light
 ID plate
 A flight controller with flight data logging capability
 RF ID and SIM/No Permission No Takeoff (NPNT)

UnitV:FuteTrends
# Augmented reality (AR)
AR is an interactive experience of a real-world
environment where AR combines the physical
world with computer-generated virtual
elements overlay. These 2D or 3D virtual content are
projected in reality within people’s field of view
(through smartphone camera or smartglasses.
Augmented reality is a technology that virtually places a
2D/3D visual into a “real-world” experience. This gives
the user the appearance that the virtual object is co-
existing with them in the physical world.
In a few words, AR is the real world with an added
layer of virtual content (2D/3D).
Applications or Use Cases for AR
1. Medical Training
From operating MRI equipment to performing complex
surgeries, AR tech holds the potential to boost the
depth and effectiveness of medical training in many
areas: for example, will now learn anatomy utilizing an
AR headset allowing them to delve into the human
body in an interactive 3D format.
2. Retail
In today's physical retail environment, shoppers are
using their smartphones more than ever to compare
prices or look up additional information on products
they're browsing. Users can view a motorcycle they
might be interesting in buying in the showroom, and
customize it using the app to see which colors and
features they might like.
3. Repair & Maintenance
One of the biggest industrial use cases of AR is for
repair and maintenance of complex equipment.
Whether it's a car motor or an MRI machine, repair and
maintenance staff are beginning to use AR headsets
and glasses while they perform their jobs to provide
them with useful information on the spot, suggest
potential fixes, and point out potential trouble areas.
4. Design & Modeling
From interior design to architecture and construction,
AR is helping professionals visualize their final products
during the creative process. Use of headsets enables
architects, engineers, and design professionals step
directly into their buildings and spaces to see how their
designs might look, and even make virtual on the spot
changes.
5. Business Logistics
Some Shipping company had already implemented
smart AR glasses in some of its warehouses, where
1
lenses display to workers the shortest route within a
warehouse to locate and pick a certain item that needs
to be shipping.
6. Tourism Industry
AR presents a huge opportunity for travel brands and
agents to give potential tourists an even more
immersive experience before they travel. Imagine
taking a virtual "Walkabout" Australia before on AR
glasses before booking a ticket to Sydney, or a leisurely
stroll around Paris to see what museums or cafes you
might like to visit. AR promises to make selling trips,
travel, and vacations a whole lot easier in the future.
7. Classroom Education
For Example, Students can learn about astronomy ny
using AR glasses to see a full map of the solar system, or
those in a music class might be able to see musical
notes in real time as they learn to play an instrument.
8. Field Service
Today, the technicians can arrive on-site with AR
glasses or headsets and view whatever they're repairing
to more quickly diagnose - and fix - the problem. And
instead of having to thumb through a repair manual,
technicians can go about their business hands-free to
get in and out faster than ever.
9. Entertainment Properties
In the entertainment industry, it's all about building a
strong relationship with your branded characters and
the audience. "Pokemon Go!" still has its die-hard fans.
But the main part of this game's appeal was the way it
combined the real world with favorite Pokemon
characters.
Disadvantages of AR
1. It is very expensive to implemented and
develop AR technology based projects and to
maintain it.
2. It is very costly to develop AR enabled devices.
3. Lack of privacy is major drawback of AR.
4. Low performance level of AR devices is a major
drawback which can be arise during testing phase.
# Virtual Reality (VR)
Virtual reality (VR) refers to a computer-generated
simulation in which a person can interact within an
artificial 3Dl environment using electronic devices, such
as special goggles with a screen or gloves fitted with
sensors. In this simulated artificial environment, the
user is able to have a realistic-feeling experience.
It uses software to produce images, sounds, and
other sensations to create a different place so that a
user feels like he or she is really part of this other place.
1
 2
Applications or Use Cases for VR 5. VR in Education
1. VR in Military Students are able to interact with each other and within
a 3D environment. They can also be taken on virtual
The military in the UK and the US have both adopted
field trips, for example, to museums, taking tours of the
the use of virtual reality in their training as it allows
solar system and going back in time to different eras.
them to undertake a huge range of simulations. VR can
Technology company, Floreo, has developed virtual
transport a trainee into a number of different situations,
reality scenarios that allow children to learn and
places and environments for a range of training
practice skills such as pointing, making eye contact and
purposes. The military uses it for flight simulations,
building social connections. Parents can also follow
battlefield simulations, medic training, vehicle
along and interact by using a linked tablet.
simulation and virtual boot camp, among other things.
6. VR in Fashion
2. VR in Sport
For example, virtual simulations of store environments
Virtual reality can be used by coaches and players to
can be extremely useful for retailers to design their
train more efficiently across a range of sports, as they
signage and product displays without fully committing
are able to watch and experience certain situations
to the build like you would in the real world. In the
repeatedly and can improve each time. Essentially, it’s
same way, appropriate time and resources can be
used as a training aid to help measure athletic
allocated for the build of the store layout.
performance and analyse technique.
7. Virtual tours and real-time product demos
3. VR in Mental Health
One of the most useful ways to convince a customer to
For example, some patients with anxiety find
buy a product is to allow them to use it in real-time to
meditating using VR to be an effective method to
experience using it – see how it looks and works.
manage stress reactivity and boost coping mechanisms.
Virtual reality technology can provide a safe From manufacturing and packaging to interior design,
environment for patients to come into contact with businesses can use VR to give consumers a demo of the
things they fear, whilst remaining in a controlled and product, to understand better what goes into making it.
safe environment. This is just one of the ways virtual
reality can have a real positive impact on society.
Disadvantages of VR
4. VR in Medical Training
1. Lack Of Flexibility.
Due to its interactive nature, medical and dental
students have begun using VR to practice surgeries and 2. Functionality Issues.
procedures, allowing for a consequence free learning 3. Addiction To The Virtual World.
environment; the risk of inflicting harm or making a 4. Quite Expensive.
mistake while practicing on real patients is eliminated. 5. Reduces connections with humans.
Virtual patients are used to allow students to develop
skills which can later be applied in the real world.

AR VR

The system augments the real-world scene Completely immersive virtual environment

In AR User always have a sense of presence in the real In VR, visual senses are under control of the system
world

AR is 25% virtual and 75% real VR is 75% virtual and 25% real

AR requires upwards of 100 Mbps bandwidth VR requires at least a 50 Mbps connection

No AR headset is needed. Some VR headset device is needed.

With AR, end-users are still in touch with the real world By using VR technology, VR user is isolated from the real
while interacting with virtual objects nearer to them. world and immerses himself in a completely fictional world.

It is used to enhance both real and virtual worlds. It is used to enhance fictional reality for the gaming world.

2
 3
# Mixed Reality (MR) # 5G: Fifth Generation, History & Objectives
MR is the merging of real and virtual worlds to produce History: On April 3, 2019, South Korea became the first
new environments and visualizations, where physical country to adopt 5G.
and digital objects co-exist and interact in real time.
Mixed reality is a hybrid of reality and virtual Just hours later, Verizon launched its 5G services in the
reality. There are many practical applications of mixed United States.
reality, including entertainment, military training, and South Korea's 5G service was launched initially for just
remote working. six South Korean celebrities.
In June 2019, the Philippines became the first country
# 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G & 5G in Southeast Asia to roll out a 5G network.
1G: First Generation Objectives of 5G:
These are the analog telecommunications standards
 Improve bandwidth
that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until
being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The  Enhance download and upload speeds
maximum speed of 1G is 2.4 Kbps .  Efficiency and lower levels of latency
2G: Second Generation  Opportunity for other technologies to penetrate
It is based on GSM. The radio signals used by the 1G the market.
network were analog, while 2G networks were digital.  Better connectivity between IoTs.
During 2G, Cellular phones were used for data along with
 More Reliability
voice.
 Massive network capacity
▫ Data speeds of up to 64 kbps
 Higher performance
▫ Use of digital signals instead of analog.
▫ Enabled services such as SMS and MMS
# 5G technology and how is it different?
▫ Provided better quality voice calls
5G is the latest upgrade in the long-term evolution (LTE)
▫ It used a bandwidth of 30 to 200 KHz mobile broadband networks. 5G mainly works in 3
bands.
3G: Third Generation
3G network combines aspects of the 2G network with 1. Low band spectrum: It has shown great promise in
new technologies and protocols to deliver a significantly terms of coverage and speed of internet and data
faster data rate. By using packet switching, the original exchange, the maximum speed is limited to 100 Mbps.
technology was improved to allow speeds up to 14 Mbps. 2. Mid band spectrum: It offers higher speeds
It operates at a range of 2100MHz and has a bandwidth compared to the low band, but has limitations in terms
of 15-20MHz. Some of the main features of 3G are: of coverage area. This spectrum doesn’t penetrate
▫ Speed of up to 2 Mbps buildings very well, but it does deliver speeds around 1
Gbps.
▫ Increased bandwidth and data transfer rates
3. High band spectrum: It offers the highest speed of all
▫ Send/receive large email messages the three bands, but has extremely limited coverage
▫ Large capacities and broadband capabilities and signal penetration strength. Internet speeds in the
high-band spectrum of 5G has been tested to be as high
4G: Fourth Generation as 20 Gbps. While in most cases, the maximum internet
The main difference between 3G and 4G is the data rate. data speed in 4G has been recorded at 1 Gbps.
There is also a huge difference between 3G and 4G
technology. The key technologies that have made 4G
possible are MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) and # Global scenario of 5G Telecom?
OFDM. The most important 4G standards are WiMAX and Global telecom companies have started building 5G
LTE. While 4G LTE is a major improvement over 3G speeds, networks and rolling it out to their customers on a trial
it is technically not 4G. 4G designed to provide IP-based
voice, data and multimedia streaming at speeds of at basis.
least 100 Mbps and up to as fast as 1 Gbps. 1. US: companies such as AT&T, T-mobile, and Verizon
have taken the lead when it comes to rolling out
commercial 5G for their users.
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While some such as AT&T had started testing and
deploying the technology as early as 2018, other
companies such as Verizon have followed suit,
expanding their 5G ultra-wide broadband services to as
many as 60 cities by the end of 2020.
2. China: Some of the telcos such as China Unicom had
started 5G trials as early as 2018, and have since rolled
out the commercial services for users.
3. South Korea: On April 3, 2019, South Korea became
the first country to adopt 5G. The country has rolled out
5G to 85 cities as of Jan. 2020. Government officials
estimate 90% of Korea's mobile users will be on a 5G
network by 2026.
South Korean company Samsung, which had started
researching on 5G technology way back in 2011. On the
other hand, taken the lead when it comes to building
the hardware for 5G networks for several companies.
# 5G in India
In 2018, India had planned to start 5G services as soon as
possible.
All the three private telecom players, Jio, Airtel and Vi,
have been urging the DoT to lay out a clear road map of
spectrum allocation and 5G frequency bands, so that they
would be able to plan the roll out of their 5G services.
The telecom department will conduct a spectrum
auction in March. Spectrum in the 700MHz, 800MHz,
900MHz, 1,800MHz, 2,100MHz, 2,300MHz and
2,500MHz bands will be on sale, while the 3,300-3,600
bands, which were suggested by the telecom regulator
for 5G, are not included in the upcoming sale.
Reliance Jio: It is the only profitable telco in India, plans to
launch 5G services in the second half of 2021 with its
home-grown solution, announced by Mukesh Ambani
announced during India Mobile Congress (IMC).
Bharti Airtel: Airtel confirmed that its network is fully
5G ready and that it has become the country’s first
telco to successfully demonstrate live 5G service over a
commercial network in Hyderabad city with exsisting
1800 MHz mid spectrum band through the NSA (non
stand alone) network technology.
# 5G Applications and Use cases
1. Agriculture
Farms of the future will use more data and fewer
chemicals. Taking data from sensors located directly in
the fields with fast 5G connectivity, farmers can identify
with pinpoint precision which areas need water, have a
disease, or require pest management.
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2. Smart City Applications
Smart Cities with 5G could minimize traffic congestion,
improve safety, and make public services more efficient.
Smart IoT sensors could potentially transmit data
quickly over 5G networks to alert city officials of
problems, notify commuters of traffic conditions, or
even notify people of open parking spaces.
3. Healthcare
5G healthcare use cases will enable doctors and
patients to stay more connected than ever. Wearable
devices could alert healthcare providers when a patient
is experiencing some serious symptoms. Devices with
fast 5G connectivity will automatically alerts the team
to be ready for an incoming patient, with a complete
record of data collected by the device.
4. Logistics
In shipping and logistics, keeping track of inventory is
expensive, slow, and difficult. 5G offers the potential for
greater communication among vehicles, as well as
between vehicles and infrastructure itself.
5. Manufacturing
Factories will be totally transformed by the convergence
of 5G, AI, and IoT. Beyond predictive maintenance that
helps control costs and minimize downtime, factories will
also use 5G to control and analyze industrial processes
with an unprecedented degree of precision.
6. Autonomous Vehicles
Autonomous vehicles are one of the most anticipated
5G applications. 5G will reduce latency, as vehicles will
be able to respond 10-100 times faster than over
current cellular networks. 5G will also make fast remote
diagnostics and OTA updates, predictive maintenance,
usage-based auto insurance and more.
7. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR)
The low latency of 5G will make AR and VR applications
both immersive and far more interactive. In industrial
applications, for example, a technician wearing 5G AR
goggles could see an overlay of a machine that would
identify parts, provide repair instructions, or show parts
that are not safe to touch.
8. 5G IoT Applications for Drones
Drones have a vast and growing set of use cases today
beyond the consumer use for filming and photography.
For example, utilities are using drones today for
equipment inspection. Logistics and retail companies
are looking at drone delivery of goods. The trend will
continue, and together with 5G we will be able to push
limits of drones that exist today, especially in range and
interactivity.
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# Brain Computer Interface
A brain computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a
neural control interface (NCI), mind machine interface
(MMI), direct neural interface (DNI), or brain–machine
interface (BMI).
BCIs acquire brain signals, analyze them, and translate
them into commands that are relayed to output devices
that carry out desired actions.
BCIs measure brain activity, extract features from that
activity, and convert those features into outputs that
replace, restore, enhance, supplement, or improve
human functions.
 BCIs may replace lost functions, such as speaking
or moving.
 They may restore the ability to control the body,
such as by stimulating nerves or muscles that move
the hand.
 BCIs have also been used to improve functions,
such as training users to improve the remaining
function of damaged pathways required to grasp.
 BCIs can also enhance function, like warning
a sleepy driver to wake up.
 BCIs might supplement the body’s natural outputs,
such as through a third hand.
# BCI System: Block Diagram
A BCI system consists of three components
1. Signal or Data Acquisition
2. Signal Processing (Feature Extraction & Translation)
3. Output Device.
1. Signal Acquisition
Signal acquisition in a BCI helps in the measurement of
brain signals using a sensor modality. The sensor is
basically a device implanted in the brain that records
the signals. After amplification and filtering process, the
signals can be digitized and transmitted to a computer.
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2. Feature Extraction
Feature extraction in Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is
the process of analyzing the digital signals to distinguish
signal characteristics and represent them in a compact
form suitable for translation into output commands.
3. Feature Translation
Resulting signal features are passed to the feature
translation algorithm, which converts the features into
the commands for the output device (i.e., commands
that accomplish the users need).
4. Output Device
The commands from the feature translation algorithm
operate the external device of the Brain Computer
Interface (BCI), providing functions such as cursor control,
letter selection, robotic arm operation etc. The device
operation then provides feedback to the user finally, thus
completing the closed loop of Brain Computer
Interface(BCI).
Advantages of Brain Computer Interface:
 It allows paralyzed people to control the prosthetic
limbs with their mind.
 Transmit visual images to the mind of a blind person
which allows them to see.
 Transmit auditory data to the mind of a deaf person
which allows them to hear.
 It allows gamers to control the video games with
their minds.
 It allows a mute person to have their thoughts to be
displayed and spoken by computer.
Disadvantages of Brain Computer Interface:
× BCI research is still at initial stages and not at
matured stage.
× BCIs are currently fairly inaccurate in terms of
classifying neural activity.
× BCIs placed outside of the skull have a limited
ability to read brain signals.
× They can be placed under the skull, but this
requires pretty drastic surgery.
× Reading people's inner thoughts comes with a
massive amount of ethical issues.
# BCI Applications
1. Gaming: In this field BCIs could be used in video
games. For instance, players could control their avatar
using only a BCI.
2. Lie detection, Brain Fingerprinting, Trust assessment.
3. They may restore the ability to control the body, such
as by stimulating nerves or muscles that move the hand.
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4. BCIs can also enhance function, like warning a sleepy
driver to wake up.
5. BCIs might supplement the body’s natural outputs,
such as through a third hand.
6. Communication & Spelling Devices: Spelling devices
allow severely disabled users to communicate with
their environment by sequentially selecting symbols
from the alphabet.
7. Environment Control: Environment control systems
allow to control electrical appliances with a BCI.
8. Wheelchair Control: A BCI can potentially be used to
steer a wheelchair. Because steering a wheelchair is a
complex task and because wheelchair control has to be
extremely reliable.
9. Replace lost functions: We can use BCI for
controlling movement of limbs and to restore motor
function. BCIs may replace lost functions, such as
speaking or moving.