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Civil Marriage
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History[edit]
Every country maintaining a population registry of its residents keeps track of marital
status,[2] and all UN Member countries except Iran, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan,
and Tonga have signed or ratified either the United Nations Convention on Consent to
Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage, and Registration of Marriages (1962)[3] or the
United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against
Women (1979) which carry a responsibility to register marriages.[4] Most countries define
the conditions of civil marriage separately from religious requirements. Certain
countries, such as Israel, allow couples to register only on the condition that they have
first been married in a religious ceremony recognized by the state, or were married in a
different country.
In England[edit]
In medieval Europe, marriage was governed by canon law, which recognized as valid
only those marriages where the parties stated they took one another as husband and
wife, regardless of the presence or absence of witnesses. It was not necessary,
however, to be married by any official or cleric. This institution was canceled in England
with the enactment of "Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act" of 1753, which required that, in
order to be valid and registered, all marriages were to be performed in an official
ceremony in a religious setting recognized by the state, i.e. Church of England, the
Quakers, or in a Jewish ceremony. Any other form of marriage was abolished. Children
born into unions that were not valid under the Act would not automatically inherit the
property or titles of their parents. For historical reasons, the Act did not apply in
Scotland. Consequently, until 1940, it continued to be enough in Scotland for a man and
a woman to pledge their commitment to each other in front of witnesses to legalize their
marriage. This led to an industry of "fast marriages" in Scottish towns on the border with
England; the town of Gretna Green was particularly well known for this. In 1836, the
requirement that the ceremony takes place in a religious forum was removed,
and registrars have given the authority to register marriages not conducted by a
religious official.
In other European countries[edit]
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Costa Rica
Colombia
Cuba
Denmark
Ecuador
Finland
France
Germany
Iceland
Ireland
Luxembourg
Malta
Mexico[b]
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Taiwan
United Kingdom[16]
United States
Uruguay
Israel recognizes same-sex marriage performed abroad[17]
Armenia recognizes same-sex marriage performed abroad
In 22 countries worldwide and in several jurisdictions within Mexico, a same-sex couple
can be legally partnered in a civil union, domestic partnership or registered partnership.
Couples in these unions or partnerships are afforded rights and obligations similar to,
but not identical to, those of a married couple.
See also[edit]
Civil union
Common-law marriage
Domestic partnership
Same-sex marriage
Notes[edit]
1. ^ During the Mandate for Syria and Lebanon, French High Commissioner of the Levant Damien de
Martel enacted Law no. 60/LR (Lois et Réglements) on 13 March 1936, which would give different
religious communities the right to form their family laws in their own religious courts. However,
Muslims rejected the notion which would make them equal to non-Muslims and lose the privileged
status made by the Ottoman Millet system. The Muslims also rejected Law no. 146/LR on 18
November 1938 enacted by High Commissioner Gabriel Puaux, which would recognize civil marriages
contracted abroad, and require citizens to follow civil laws which are not explicitly regulated within
one's religious community.[13]
2. ^ Mexico City and other 27 states
References[edit]
1. ^ "Civil Marriage Definition". Marriage.about.com. 2012-04-10. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
2. ^ "Demographic and Social Statistics: Marriage and divorce". unstats.un.org.
3. ^ "OHCHR | Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage".
4. ^ "Child Marriage - Consent to Marriage - CEDAW - UN Convention on Marriage". Archived from the
original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
5. ^ Julius Schoeps, "Emanzipation der Herzen – oder: Der Fall Ferdinand Falkson",
in: PreußenJahrBuch: Ein Alamanch [published on the occasion of the Projekt Preussen 2001],
Museumspädagogischer Dienst Berlin (MD Berlin) in collaboration with the Landesverband der
Museen zu Berlin and Museumsverband des Landes Brandenburg (ed.), Berlin: MD Berlin, 2000, pp.
52–56, here p. 56. ISBN 3-930929-12-0.
6. ^ "England and Wales", Legal (article), Wedding Guide UK, archived from the original on 2013-02-09
7. ^ "England and Wales", Music Not Allowed at Civil Ceremonies (article), Wedding Music Designer
(Simon Jordan), 30 August 2015
8. ^ "Legal wedding in Turkey". 2022-10-29.
9. ^ Syria: Social repercussions of a marriage between a male Druze and a Muslim woman, UNHCR
10. ^ Marriage in Jordan, USA: Jordan embassy, archived from the original on 2011-10-06
11. ^ Marriage in Indonesia, BCC Visa Law, archived from the original on 2011-11-03, retrieved 2011-08-
31
12. ^ Hassan, Ali Wadea' (13 May 2017). "Between Church and State: Civil Marriage in the Arab World".
13. ^ van Eijk 2016, pp. 29–30.
14. ^ "Marriage". The Official Portal of the UAE Government. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
15. ^ Marriage in Afghanistan, USA: Kabul embassy, archived from the original on 2011-09-06
16. ^ "Archived copy". dysk.onet.pl. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 22
May 2022.
17. ^ Israel's Supreme Court approves same-sex marriages performed abroad Archived September 30,
2011, at the Wayback Machine Israel Insider, November 21, 2006
Bibliography[edit]
van Eijk, Esther (2016). Family Law in Syria: Patriarchy, Pluralism and Personal
Status Laws. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781786730190