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CHEM111 Week 3 - Atoms and The Periodic Table
CHEM111 Week 3 - Atoms and The Periodic Table
CHEM111 Week 3 - Atoms and The Periodic Table
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Subatomic Particles
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Atomic Number and Mass
Number
• The atomic number is the number of protons in the
nucleus of an atom (Z)
Z = number of protons = number of electrons
• The mass number is the number of protons and the
number of neutrons in the nucleus (A)
A = number of protons + number of neutrons
• Complete chemical symbol notation: atomic number is
placed as a superscript in front of the chemical symbol
and the mass number is placed as a superscript in front of
the chemical symbol
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Electrons and Chemical Properties
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Isotopes
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
• The atomic mass is the calculated average
mass for the isotopes of an element,
Atomic Mass expressed on a scale where 126C serves as
the reference point
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Periodic Law and Periodic Table
• The periodic law states that when elements are arranged in
order of increasing atomic number, elements with similar
chemical properties occur in periodic (regularly recurring)
intervals
• A periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the elements
in order of increasing atomic number such that elements
having similar chemical properties are positioned in vertical
columns
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Groups and
Periods
• A period is a horizontal row
of elements in the periodic
table
• A group is a vertical column
of elements in the periodic
table
• Four Groups of elements
have common (non-
numerical) names
• Alkali metal, Alkaline earth
metal, Halogen and Noble
Gas
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
• A metal is an element that has the characteristic properties of luster,
thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and malleability
Metals and • A nonmetal is an element characterized by the absence of properties of
Nonmetals luster, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and malleability
• The majority of the elements are metals
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
• Electrons are restricted to specific regions
within the extranuclear portion of the atom
• Electron energies are limited to certain values,
and a specific behavior is associated with each
allowed energy value
Electron
• The space in which electrons move rapidly
Arrangements about is divided into subspaces called shells,
within Atoms subshells and orbitals
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Electron Shells
• An electron shell is a region of space about
a nucleus that contains electrons that gave
approximate the same energy and that
spend most of their time approximately the
same distance from the nucleus
• Electron shells are numbered 1, 2, 3, and so
on, outward from the nucleus
• The higher shell number (n), the more
electrons can be present
• The lowest-energy shell (n = 1)
accommodates a maximum of 2 electrons.
In the second, third and fourth shells, 8, 18,
32 electrons, respectively, are allowed
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Electron Subshells
• An electron subshell is a region of space within an electron shell that contains
electrons that have the same energy
• The number of subshells within a shell is the same as the shell number
• Subshells differ in size, and each type is designated using the letters s, p, d and
f. Listed in this order, these letters denote subshells of increasing energy and
size
• An s subshell can accommodate a maximum of 2 electrons, p subshell 6
electrons, a d subshell 10 electrons, and an f subshell 14 electrons
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Electron Subshells
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Electron Orbitals
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Electron
Orbitals
• Orbitals have distinct shaped
related to the type of
subshell which they are found
• An s orbital, found in the s
subshell, is spherical in shape
• p orbitals, found in the p
subshell, have shaped similar
to the “figure 8”
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Electron
Configuration
• Electron subshells are filled in
order of increasing energy
• However, energies of
subshells in different shelf
often “overlap”
• For example, the 4s subshell
has lower energy than the 3d
subshell
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Writing Electron Configurations
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Writing Electron Configurations
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Electron
Configurations and
the Periodic Law
• Groups (columns) of
elements have similar
chemical properties because
of similarities in their
electron configuration
• Ex. The group IA of the
periodic table
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company