Fundamentals in Criminal Investigation and Intelligence Reviewer

Criminal Investigation - is the collection of facts to accomplish a three-fold aim: to

identify the suspect; to locate the suspect; and to provide evidence of his guilt.
6 CARDINAL POINTS OF INVESTIGATION:
1. WHAT specific offense has been committed?
2. HOW the offense was committed?
3. WHO committed it?
4. WHERE the offense was committed?
5. WHEN it was committed?
6. WHY it was committed?

EUROPEAN ORIGIN
FRANK PLEDGE SYSTEM – control of fellow human beings on the shoulder of each
individual (mutual protection)
TITHING – communities subdivided to smaller groups consisting of 10 family responsible
for detecting and controlling any negative behavior on the part of the group member.
PARLIAMENTARY REWARD SYSTEM – this concept attached financial rewards to various
felony crimes, the reward was paid to those officials who were responsible for the
apprehension and prosecution of the offender.
THIEF TAKING – As a direct result of London’s crime problems came the rather
disappointing origin of modern criminal investigation, a concept known in Europe as thief
catching or thief taking, become widely accepted in the early 1700s.
JONATHAN WILD – a master criminal, became London’s most effective criminal
investigator in the 1720’s. His actions made popular the logic of employing one who was a
thief to catch a thief.
EUGENE VIDOCG – a notorious thief-catcher and former convict, based his operation in
Paris and was active some 80 years after the death of Jonathan Wild. For many years, while
posing as an active criminal, he supplied the Paris Police with information.
HENRY FIELDING – In the time of 1748, the English author of the novel “Tom Jones” was
appointed magistrate for the areas of West Minister and Middlesex. Shortly after he took
his office, the London population saw a group of police officer attached to the Bow Street
Court, and not in uniform.
SIR JOHN FIELDING – in 1753, he took the responsibility the early investigators known as
“Bow Street Runners” and their practices became quite effective such as developing paid
informants, printing wanted notices, using criminal raids and bearing firearms and
handcuffs.
PATRICK COLQUHOM – a prominent London resident in order to remedy the public
outcry, proposed the unique idea of a sizeable uniformed force to police in the city. His
proposal was considered too radical and was dismissed.
SIR ROBERT PEEL – in 1829, reiterated the idea in the house of commons, the eventual
passage of his recommendations, known as Metropolitan Police Act, was to have
tremendous impact in the history of Criminal Justice in general and development of
criminal investigation specifically.
RATTLE WATCH – the first New York City Patrol in 1656, consisted of mere six men
sounding rattles, yelling such phrases as “By the grace of God, 2 o’clock in peace.”
FRANCIS TUKEY – was appointed by Mayor Josiah Quincy of Boston as the new marshal in
1846. He used many of the investigative methods pioneered by Quincy such as the surprise
police raid and soon hired 3 officers to serve as Boston’s first detectives.
ALLAN PINKERTON – in 1849, he was appointed by Chicago Mayor Levi D Boone, due to
very alarming situation over the lack of police effort in the recovery of stolen property. He
was the city’s first detective.

PPT 2
Critical thinking – superior reasoning ability; it is the ability to think clearly and rationally
about what to do or what to believe.
FACT – a statement or observation that can be other verifiable points of information or
nothing that is known or proved to be true.
FACTUAL DATA – will generally guide the course and direction of the cause.
OPINION – merely one’s impression or personal belief; serves only as secondary; less
valuable function.
CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP – is when something happens that makes something
else happen. This often serves as a directional purpose during the investigative process as
one or more facts generate further related insights.
IMAGINATION – forming mental images of what is not present in the crime scene or
creating new ideas by combining previous experiences is indispensable in many
investigations that are not completed.
CURIOSITY – is a desire to learn by being inquisitive or a strong desire to know or learn
something.
INTUITION – is defined as the immediate apprehension or quick cognition and ready
insight without the conscious use of reasoning.
OBSERVATION SKILL – the act of observing, noting and recording of facts
ORGANIZATIONAL ABILITY – ability that lets the investigator stay focused on different
tasks and use his time, energy, strength mental capacity, physical space and processing
various types of information.
SUBSTANTIAL LEGAL KNOWLEDGE – today’s investigator must possess a solid ground in
criminal law and to a lesser degree in civil law.
PERSISTENCE – continuing in the face of opposition or refusing to give up when faced with
an adverse situation.

PPT 3
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR - Is a public safety officer who is tasked to conduct the
investigation of all criminal cases as provided for and embodied under the Revised Penal
Code / Criminal Laws and Special Laws which are criminal in nature.
POLICE INVESTIGATOR - Is a law enforcement officer working toward the resolution of
the criminal matters through investigative action
PRIVATE INVESTIGATOR - Are utilized in three areas to gather information of a criminal
and non-criminal nature and to aid private industries.
STARTING POINT OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
i. STATE THE PROBLEM
a. Identify the suspect/s
b. Locate the suspect/s
c. Effect arrest
d. Recover stolen property
ii. FORM THE HYPOTHESIS
a. MOTIVE – which causes the person to act in a certain manner for every criminal
activity.
b. KNOWLEDGE – is needed in some criminal offenses to commit the crime.
c. MEANS – involves the necessary to perpetrate the crime because majority of
crimes can be committed with means available to nearly every one.
iii. OBSERVE AND EXPERIMENT
a. Evaluate the results of the hypothesis
b. Reject Theory if necessary
c. Experiment with another theory.

iv. INTERPRET THE DATA - interpret the results of final observations and
experimentation.

v. DRAW CONCLUSIONS
a. Has the stated problem been answered?
b. Does evidence support the theory?
c. Has each stage of investigation method been conducted in a totally legal manner?

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION - an inquiry or proceeding to determine whether there is

sufficient ground to engender a well-founded belief that a crime has been committed and
the respondent is probably guilty thereof, and should be held for trial
EVIDENCE - is anything properly admissible in a Court that will aid the function of criminal
proceeding in establishing guilt or innocence.
1. INCULPATORY EVIDENCE – is incriminating for it tends to establish guilt.
2. EXCULPATORY EVIDENCE – exonerates or clears a person of blame or legal guilt.

TYPES OF EVIDENCE
DIRECT EVIDENCE – is relatively important in a criminal trial and will normally prove a
fact without support.
CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE – does not directly prove a fact at issue but may establish a
strong inference as to the truth of that fact.
PHYSICAL OR REAL EVIDENCE – can be any kind of object associated with the
investigation but it must be physical, tangible item, unlike other forms of evidence that may
result from sensory observations or inferences.
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE – includes forensic laboratory reports, photographic or video
pictures, judicial transcripts and various investigation reports.
TEST OF SUITABILITY OF EVIDENCE:
1. Evidence must be competent.
2. Relevant
3. Material to be held admissible.
COMPETENT EVIDENCE – is responsible evidence sufficient to prove a fact, has a bearing
on the case; this pertains to physical items, documents and people.
RELEVANT EVIDENCE – is pertinent and relates directly to the matter under
consideration.
BURDEN OF PROOF – is the duty of a party to present evidence on the facts in issue
necessary to establish his claim or defense by the amount of evidence required by law.
PPT 4
PROCEDURES IN INVESTIGATION
PROTOCOL 1: Jurisdictional Investigation by the Territorial Unit Concerned
PROTOCOL 2: Official Police Blotter - A police blotter is an 18” x 12” logbook.
PROTOCOL 3: Investigation Team: Organization and Equipment
All investigators in any police unit must be a graduate of prescribed investigation course
with a rank of at least Police Corporal.
Composition:
1. Team Leader 2. Investigator/Recorder
3. Photographer 4. Evidence Custodian
5. Composite Illustrator / Artist
C. Equipment of the Investigator:
1. Police line 8. Fingerprint kit
2. Video camera 9. Evidence bag
3. Voice recorder 10. Evidence tag
4. Camera 11. Evidence bottles / vials
5. Measuring device 12. Investigator’s tickler (contains the following:)
6. Gloves
a. Investigator’s checklist
7. Flashlight
b. Anatomical diagram form
PROTOCOL 4: Duties of thec.First
Evidence checklist
Responder
d. Turn-over receipt