A study of rehabilitation policies employed for women residing in

Gujarat
1. The Preliminaries-

Research paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of
Bachelor of Laws (BSW LLB)

SUBMITTED TO:
DR. HARDIK PARIKH
GUJARAT NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

SUBMITTED BY:
YAJUSH TRIPATHI
19B170

Gujarat National Law University

Attalika Avenue, Knowledge Corridor
Koba, Gandhinagar, Gujarat–382426
2023
 DECLARATION

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the research paper titled “A study on rehabilitation policies employed
for women residing in Gujarat” is an original work of mine and no part of the research
paper has been submitted for award of any degree or for any publication.

Signature: yajush

Name of the Candidate: Yajush Tripathi

Date: 10/10/2023
 The Supervisor(s) Certificate

(Dr. Hardik Parikh)

Assistant Professor of Law
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Tripathi Yajush Prabhat has pursued and prepared the research paper
for Elective Course (Seminar Paper)-4 (Law relating to woman and child) titled ‘A study of
rehabilitation policies employed for women residing in Gujarat’ in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Laws (BSW LLB) under my
supervision. To the best of my knowledge, the research paper is the outcome of his/her own
research.

Signature

(Dr. Hardik Parikh)

 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my immense gratitude to Dr. Hardik Parikh, Assistant Professor of Law
for his constant guidance and support. The resources at the library of Gujarat National Law
University were of great help to me. I am grateful to the university and Professor Tarun Singh
for preparing the curriculum in such a manner that students get an opportunity to research into
their area of interest and garner further understanding on the same. I am also thankful to my
batch mates at the university who have been constantly supportive in my quest for knowledge.
This knowledge will guide me in my future professional career and has enhanced my
knowledge and skills.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter-I- Introduction Page No- 8-9

Chapter-II- Rehabilitation Policies: State, Page No- 11-17

National and International
Chapter-III- Gender-specific training and Page No- 11
mitigation strategies in Gujarat
Chapter-IV- Data Analysis/Findings Page No- 18-23
Chapter-V- Conclusion and Page No- 24-27
Recommendations
Chapter-VI- Annexures Page No- 32-34
- -
- -
- -
 List of Abbreviations

KMVS Kutch Mahila Vikas Sanghathan

NGO Non-Governmental Organisations
SSP Swayam Shikshan Prayog
KEDV Kadin Emegini Degerlendirme Vakfi
UN United Nations
UNIC United nations Information Centres
SEWA Self-Employed Women's Association
UNDP United Nations Development programme
ILO International Labour Organisation
UNICPR United nations international centre for
policy research
 List of Cases

In this seminar paper, owing to the nature of the topic and the subject, there has not been a
discussion of any case laws of any jurisdiction in the world.
 2. The Text-

Chapter I: Introduction

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH

1. Firstly, it is evident that the researchers could not find any significant relevant research
studies from the state of Gujarat context from the reviewed literature pertaining to training and
mitigation strategies regarding women and children residing in the state of Gujarat. Therefore,
any data collected with the help of this research will formulate a basis for further research in
disaster techniques for women and children in Gujarat.

2. Secondly, the present study seeks to identify various disaster techniques adopted by the State
of Gujarat towards disaster techniques for women and children and also aims to determine the
effectiveness of the techniques adopted.

3. Thirdly, this research would help the women and children protect themselves during
disaster, ultimately making them co-independent.

4. Further, the research will be beneficial to women and children, as once they get protected
and co-independent, this would, in turn, make them empowered and thereby, they would come
up with more innovative techniques to preserve themselves and other marginalised
communities during the times of disasters.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

To study and analyse the disaster management techniques in Gujarat for women and children
emphasizing majorly on the rehabilitation mechanisms deployed in the state of Gujarat for
women and children in rehabilitation camps formed post-disasters, and find their shortcomings
and thereby come up with new disaster techniques and mitigating strategies in Gujarat, India
and gauge their effectiveness.

HYPOTHESIS

H1: The existing framework of disaster techniques in the state of Gujarat is not very well-
developed and hence requires improvement.

H2: It does not lay as much emphasis on developing disaster techniques for women and
children as is required.
H3: The women and children of the state of Gujarat themselves do not have involvement in
developing disaster techniques.

H4: A kind of conscious effort is required by the state of Gujarat and other stakeholders to
develop disaster techniques for women and children of the state of Gujarat and improve the
state of women and children in terms of their safety and sanitation in the relief camps
established post-disasters.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

a) How is the existing framework of disaster techniques in Gujarat?

b) Has special emphasis been given in Gujarat regarding disaster techniques for women and
children?

c) How does the government of Gujarat ensure protection of women and children in
rehabilitation camps formed post-disaster in an area?

d) Does a conscious effort is required to be put into developing more disaster

techniques/mitigation strategies for women and children in relief camps for women and
children to ensure safety and sanitation facilities for them?

e) What are the ways through which viable disaster techniques could be developed in the state
of Gujarat for women and children?

SCOPE OF STUDY

This research study primarily aims to study the issue of lack of safety and sanitation facilities
for women and children in relief camps established post-disaster in the areas of the state of
Gujarat. Furthermore, this study also seeks to develop disaster techniques for women and
children to assist them in relief and rehabilitation from the issues brought about by disasters.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research methodology refers to “the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the
different components of the study coherently and logically, thereby ensuring you will
effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection,
measurement, and analysis of data.” (R.B. Labaree, 2009) The present study is an exploratory
study utilising both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Exploratory research is a
preliminary study of an unfamiliar proposition with little or no data available. This research is
an initial investigation of a relatively new development, i.e., disaster techniques of women and
children in Gujarat. The researchers have chosen to adopt this research design as a straight-
jacket research strategy shall not be devised for the research problem herein, as the
development of disaster techniques for women and children in the state of Gujarat shall be
devised based on a kind of purposive and snowball research, as that would help us to devise a
research plan which would be conducive to women and children in the state. Thus, this
exploratory research is an appropriate way to go about for this research study as to devise a
model that contains disaster techniques for women and children in the state of Gujarat; there
needs to be research on the ground level, data collection from respondents, including women
and children, which shall be the base for further research and thereby a straight-jacket research
framework shall not be adhered to, and a kind of snowball and purposive research shall be
applied in the form of an exploratory research framework.

SCHEMES OF CHAPTERISATION

Chapter I- Introduction

Chapter II- Rehabilitation Policies: State, National and International

Chapter III- Gender-specific training and mitigation strategies in Gujarat

Chapter IV- Data Analysis/Findings

Chapter V- Conclusion and Recommendations

Chapter VI- Annexures

 Chapter II- Rehabilitation Policies: State, National and International

There are numerous rehabilitation policies that are deployed by states in order to deal with
disasters. Earthquakes and floods are among the most common disasters that are faced by these
states. Their rehabilitation policies are varied in nature and involve many stakeholders and
resources. There are policies operating within regions and for the nation as a whole as well. A
study of these policies becomes important in order to understand the involvement of
marginalized communities, especially women and children, in the structure of policies and to
what extent they are subjected to such policies. So, such policies functioning in the state of
Gujarat is discussed below-

(A) State-Based Policies-

1. The Kutch Navnirman Abhiyan-based approach-1 This approach is said to be the

kind of policy that had been propounded in Kutch aftermath the cyclone that had hit it
in 1998.The Kutch Navnirman Abhiyan, which literally translates to "the Kutch
rebuilding campaign," is a coalition of 22 Kutch-based non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) that joined together in the aftermath of the cyclone to coordinate the relief and
rehabilitation efforts. Abhiyan has continued to provide mutual support and learning, as
well as building people-centered development of the district. Furthermore, the
organization mobilized swiftly in the aftermath of the earthquake to once again
coordinate the relief effort. Moreover, as far as this policy/approach is concerned, the
case study that illustrates examples of best practice based on these principles is ‘Kutch
Mahila Vikas Sangathan’, KMVS is "an action-oriented grass roots movement and
support NGO committed to reinforcing the process of women's empowerment through
mobilization and struggle"2. KMVS played a leading role in the creation of the network.

2. Discussion & Deliberations based approach-3 A disaster-affected area goes through

restoration even after primary restoration, since this affected area requires work even
1
V.Ramachandran & A.Saihjee, Flying with the Crane: Recapturing KMVS’ Ten Year Journey. Gujarat: KMVS,
2000.
2
Id.
3
John Seaman and Sarah Maguire, Abc Of Conflict And Disaster: The Special Needs Of Children And Women,
British Medical Journal , Jul. 2, 2005, Vol. 331, No. 7507 (Jul. 2, 2005), pp. 34-36.
after restoration to fully get the affected area back to its normal functioning. This
approach talks about that. This approach constructs a prototype for a town or city that
has successfully undergone restoration. The researchers that were involved in the case
study herein discovered this approach/policy by conducting in-depth case studies and
one-on-one consultations with participants. The evolving model was evaluated based on
a variety of characteristics, including (a) the need of the community, (b) community
ownership and participation, (c) inter-disciplinary and multi-stakeholder collaboration,
(d) concerns pertaining to livelihood, and (e) issues pertaining to sustainability.
Herein, it was discussed that after the earthquake that rocked Gujarat, the first thing that
was brought up when discussing the need of the community was the emphasis placed
on the fact that people were in despe

rate need of sources of potable water for drinking, as the recent drought that had been
going on for three years had left them without any water at all. In addition to this, there
was a general lack of water, which the monsoon was unable to make up for because the
demand was so high. Because the majority of the people living in the villages are also
dependent on livestock, the acquisition of food grains became one of the most
important goals. As a result of the devastating earthquake that had occurred, many
homes were destroyed and had to be reconstructed from the ground up, which placed an
increased emphasis on the education of construction best practices. Now, it is of the
utmost importance to comprehend that these people are from the Village, and in
contrast to people who live in the city, they do not contain any masons or other people
who have various low-profile jobs within their ranks. These are the individuals who
hold jobs as masons or in other low-profile professions; hence, it is incumbent upon
them to study the quality and obtain it for themselves. The appointment of the leader of
the modern village as the chairman of the committee that oversees activities at the
village level was one of the next things to be carried out and put into effect. The process
of making informed decisions was significantly aided by the regular meetings that took
place at the municipal and village levels. The actual ownership of the technique or
methods by which people were you saying in building their house is returned thanks to
the participation of local masons and other homeowners in this process. When it comes
to residents of the village, it is generally agreed that rehabilitation is a very challenging
course of action to take. In addition to their strong attachment to the land their ancestors
owned, they also have a significant attachment to even the walls and the brakes. The
 case study herein included a variety of inventive people, people with expertise in
architecture, and diverse social scientists. The early meetings amongst the various
parties involved were of utmost importance. It was vital to have clarity on each other's
strategy and involvement since the beginning of the program because there were a large
number of stakeholders in organisations that were involved in the design of the
rehabilitation process. Both of the case study communities suffered from a lack of
economic development and, as a result, required resources to make it through the
months. The villages in Gujarat presented a more accurate image of rural India as a
whole. Farming, herding, manual labour, and other types of work related to agriculture
were the primary sources of money for supporting daily life. The developers of this
rehabilitation program place a significant amount of focus on being environmentally
responsible. They came to the conclusion that it should be considered from the very
beginning of the program's development. They strongly emphasised the roles that non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) and other institutions play as the primary factor
contributing to concerns of sustainability and other topics.
The research activity, in this case study through which this approach/policy was
discovered, consisted of a field experiment that attempted to demonstrate how disaster-
prone areas might be rehabilitated following the occurrence of a catastrophe.
Regrettably, the article does not appear to contain any discussion on when the
appropriate time is following a catastrophe to begin the process of restoration.
3. Middle-way approach-4 When individuals are often expected to cope with disasters in
the present time, traditional techniques of dealing with disasters are frequently looked
down upon. There are many different reasons for this, but one of the utmost importance
is the fact that even traditional knowledge systems can contribute to the rebuilding
process after a disaster. This approach/policy was propounded through the report
produced from the point of view of a developed nation, with the earthquakes that
occurred in Gujarat being kept in mind throughout its creation. This case study talks
about a mixed or a middle-way approach which includes the traditional and the newer
approach as well, as that would include all the people in the society, which would act as
a reconstruction strategy post-disaster. The research is pertinent because it investigates
the effects of earthquakes and investigates the reasons why structures have fallen in

4
Mary Myers, 'Women and Children First': Introducing a Gender Strategy into Disaster Preparedness, Focus on
Gender , Feb., 1994, Vol. 2, No. 1, Women and Emergencies (Feb., 1994), pp. 14-16.
 places that both of these natural calamities have hit. The other component described
herein is the reservoir of conventional knowledge systems, with its distinct subheading.
The study also includes a section that serves as a connecting link and discusses the
nature and extent of traditional knowledge as it relates to catastrophe prevention and
mitigation. This concept of "replacing, restoring, or evolving" is emphasized in the final
sentence of the case study.

(B) National based policies-

1. Collaboration with NGOs approach-5 This approach/policy had been propounded

in the case study of women's participation in post-disaster aid and recovery methods,
described herein. The poorest women and their communities face an increasingly
difficult obstacle to growth in the form of natural disasters. In this case study, the
researchers address ways in which disaster relief may be reorganized in order to create
more chances for women and the community as a whole. This would allow to help the
most vulnerable people possible. The case study also addresses two creative
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in India and Turkey that talk about aiding
affected women during times of earthquake recovery. These NGOs are located in India
and Turkey. This case study goes into great detail regarding the regions of India that are
prone to natural disasters. Gujarat is also brought to light, and its earthquake in 2001 is
not far behind in terms of the number of disasters that have had the most devastating
impact on India and its inhabitants. There has been a parallel drawn to the recovery
programs that the state government of Maharashtra implemented in the Marathwada
region after the devastating earthquake that occurred in 1993. There is also talk about
the non-governmental organization known as as Swayam Shikshan Prayog (SSP). The
objective of this group is to provide training opportunities for rural women so that they
can play a more significant part in the development of their communities. In the study,
both the manner in which this non-governmental organization (NGO) has been taken
into full consideration and the specifics of its targeted campaign toward women in their
entirety have been highlighted.
The other section of the case study focuses on the earthquakes that struck the Marmara
region of Turkey on August 17th and November 12th, 1999 (in the cities of Kocaeli and

5
Tyagi, P. and Pande, R.K., Gender Discriminations in Disaster Management: A Case Study from Rudraprayag
District, Uttarakhand.
 Adapazari, respectively). This is a brief overview on the response and rehabilitation
plans that have been implemented by the Turkish government that acted as a major
constituent to form this approach. This also shines a spotlight on the women's
organization and the relief efforts they undertook in the tent city in Marmara, which is
the location of the earthquake. This case study also discussed the non-governmental
organisation known as Kadin Emegini Degerlendirme Vakfi (KEDV), which partnered
with other organisations to construct shelters for women and children that women
solely run.
The emphasis of this case study was placed on how women's organisations that have
dealt with recovery and relief activities in the aftermath of catastrophes can greatly
contribute to teaching women who live in other places that are prone to hazardous
situations and disasters so that these women can learn from their experiences and share
their expertise, which formed the ‘Collaborative NGOs Approach’. This will also lead
to the adaptation of techniques for empowerment, which will be to the cultural and
socioeconomic conditions to the nation's advantage.

2. Group-specific approach-6 This approach was propounded and discovered in the

Rudraprayag district of the state of Uttarakhand. Herein, Household interviews were
conducted in the hamlet of Ukhimath block, which is located, in order to obtain data for
this study. The communities that were chosen were those that had suffered the most
damage as a result of the avalanche and landslide disaster that occurred in 2013. The
idea that "it is indeed high time to make a focus on group-specific approach to disaster
management rather than a neutral approach" is brought up several times over the course
of this case study. The case study researchers who constituted this approach/policy
emphasized that the neutral approach used in the past does not meet the requirements of
the people living in the modern era of technology and globalization. They have also
pointed out in a significant way that in order to remove the threat of gender gap from
disaster management, there is a great need to focus upon the pre-disaster activities.
Furthermore, taking into consideration how effective the pre-disaster activities were,
there could be a certain effective measure in the post-disaster response, which would
help in lessening the gender gap in disaster management. In the case study, it is
mentioned that crisis management can work in a number of various ways, such as

6
Id.
 astonishment, realization, estimation, accusation, and climax. All of these elements, in
some way or another, were detected in the data that were collected, and they indicated
to the overall discrimination against women, even in the circumstances of calamity.

(C) International based policies-

1. Sendai framework as a rehabilitation policy- 7 The approach considered to be

constituted herein is a framework known as Sendai framework, made during the Third
United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction. It was established in
2015. It acknowledges the vital role that women play in disaster preparedness,
response, and recovery (UN 2015). The framework places an emphasis on the necessity
of improving women's leadership in order to promote ways that are universally
accessible to disaster response, recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction.

2. Women’s participation constituting as a rehabilitation policy- 8 This approach had

been propounded aftermath the earthquake that occurred in Yogyakarta in 2006 and
developed after the volcanic eruption that occurred in Merapi in 2010, which brought
attention to the capabilities of women in disaster risk mitigation and emergency
response in Indonesia. According to this approach, when it came to providing aid in the
evacuation shelters, among food providers, and with post-traumatic stress disorder
therapy, women revealed themselves to be a vital resource. During the phases of
restoration and recovery, Indonesian women were instrumental in proposing ideas for
more earthquake-resistant house construction and conducting risk assessment maps to
identify livelihood vulnerabilities. These suggestions were offered by Indonesian
women who were also instrumental in offering ideas for more earthquake-resistant
housing construction. At one point in time, women made up approximately one third of
the members of the Community Based Housing Reconstruction Project committee, and
they continued to provide assistance with the program's implementation. Women in
Indonesia have shown that they are excellent "agents of change" and "pioneers or
initiators in their environment" by their responses to the natural disasters that have

7
Corrarino, J.E., 2008. Disaster-related mental health needs of women and children. MCN: The American
Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 33(4), pp.242-248.
8
G.Sandhu, ‘Practical Problems in the Management of Casualties during the Gujarat Earthquake,’
http://w3.whosea.org/gujarat/finalreport2.htm 26\6\02: 14:20.
 befallen their country. Among their many efforts, they have functioned as
policymakers.

3. Productive safety net program approach-9 This approach was developed in

Ethiopia. According to this approach, it establishes community assets like water points
to help alleviate the time burden placed on women and to encourage women's
engagement by providing more flexibility and community day care facilities Through
the case study attributable to which this approach/policy was constituted, therein, both
participants and non-participants benefit from the development of infrastructure as well
as land rehabilitation projects that are intended to alleviate the effects of drought or
flooding and to promote natural resource management.

9
Hausler, E.A., 2004, August. Housing reconstruction and retrofitting after the 2001 Kachchh, Gujarat
Earthquake. In Vancouver, Canada: 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (August 1-6).
 Chapter-III- Gender-specific training and mitigation strategies in Gujarat

The effect of disasters puts umpteen people in a given area in a precarious position and to get
them out of that position, disaster mitigation strategies is required. Herein, a two-pronged
approach is required; firstly, mitigation strategies shall be devised specifically to help women
rehabilitate and get back to normalcy. Secondly, this strategy shall have the involvement of
women in its structure and mechanism. In regard to that, gender-specific training is deployed to
women so that they could effectively contribute themselves to help people get out of disasters.
Moreover, there are also gender-specific mitigation strategies, which are subjected only to
women. Both these training and mitigation strategies in regard to women are there in Gujarat.
Below are some of the strategies discussed-

1. Masonry Training-10 Masonry training is one of the sorts of training that are available
through these reconstruction programs, which are prevalent in the state of Gujarat. This
training contains three strategies. The first strategy was an owner-driven strategy, in
which around 70% of homeowners decided to seek advice and suggestions on floor
plans and layout from state-appointed engineers or architects, but they chose to build
their houses on their own. This strategy was referred to as the "owner driven approach."
The owners of the house were provided half of the government's cash assistance
package through the donor-assisted approach, and the non-profit organization facilitated
the construction of the house by using its own don't have funds. In comparison to other
ways, this method allowed non-profit organizations to play a role that was both more
competitive and more advantageous. In a hybrid of the two, there was an approach that
was considered do not driven approach, wherein there is an attempt to bring forth the
best of both worlds, and dwellings were built in Marseille by the government or by non-
profit organizations, typically at relocation sites.

This strategy also discusses the preferences in architecture and sustainable construction
practices, which leads us back to the idea that the home is the award for everyone. But
in more rural places, it is the women and the children who are dependent on the man of

10
Elaine Enarson, "We Want Work": Rural Women in the Gujarat Drought and Earthquake, Natural Hazards
Research and Applications Information Center University of Colorado 482 UCB Boulder, CO 80309-0482.
 the house who tend to spend more time at home. The construction of a home that is
suited to their requirements would highlight and bring in additional and improved
solutions to them and their requirements.

The study through which this training was recognised, had failed to see the participation
of a lower number of women in masonry and other training in a Venice that is intended
for building activity. This is due to the negative stigma and prejudices that are
connected with working in the building and masonry industries.

Therefore, this is one of the gender training and mitigation strategy deployed in the
state of Gujarat.

2. Gender-aware response and reconstruction-based training strategies- 11 Indian

women have a long history of self-organization, professional achievement, and
leadership in their communities, particularly in matters pertaining to preserving the
natural environment and promoting sustainable development. This historical
background, along with the experience gained by women after the Latur earthquake and
other natural catastrophes,12 generated seismic responses that were more gender-aware
in vision (and probably in reality) than is typically the case. The response and
reconstruction-based strategies deployed herein gave birth to a new and known kind of
response and reconstruction training strategy.

The Gujarat government's outreach to women includes plans for 200 child care centers,
50 short stay homes for women and girls without social support systems, 20 temporary
working women hostels, training programs for poor women, and support to women's
groups working toward the development of women and children. While these proposals
need to be monitored over time, the Gujarat government's outreach to women also
includes plans for temporary working women hostels. Soon after, 15 organizations with
gender and development programs in the region targeted women and children for
services ranging from mobile health vans and food supplements to vocational training,
with a formal commitment to ensuring that "gender issues are addressed in designing

11
Bandyopadhyay, N., Bhuiyan, C. and Saha, A.K., 2020. Drought mitigation: Critical analysis and proposal for a
new drought policy with special reference to Gujarat (India). Progress in Disaster Science, 5, p.100049.
12
R.Parker, ‘Single Family Housing: The Window of Opportunity for Mitigation Following Natural Disaster,’ In
A.Kreimer and M.Arnold (eds.) Managing Disaster Risk in Emerging Economies, Washington: World Bank,
2000.
 entitlements - grants, houses, land titles, and livelihood(UN)". 13 This commitment was
made to ensure that "gender issues are addressed in designing entitlements - grants,
houses, land titles, and livelihood(UN)".14 The real and dramatic losses of over 20,000
women craftsmen from the Kutch region, whose meticulous work in mirrored
embroidery is highly esteemed, received instant attention on both the national and
international levels.

Fundraising events were held all over the country, including in Ahmedabad, with the
goal of preserving this cultural inheritance and the development of livelihoods for the
aforementioned women. Many people were able to reclaim some sense of control over
their lives and earn the much-needed revenue by using craft kits that were donated by
women's organizations to craftworkers who were sheltered in tents. 15 The International
Labor Organization has made it a priority in the public sector to assist in the
reconstruction of these women's houses and their means of subsistence. Women's
grassroots organizations, in contrast to the dominant victim narrative, played critical
roles in the reaction to the disaster.

This training methodology has been followed in other jurisdictions as well, which is
indicated by the following; according to a report published by the United Nations
Information Center on April 10, the Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA) and
the Kutch Mahila Vikas Sanghathan (KMVS) will collaborate with the United Nations
Development Program (UNDP) to rebuild the markets and assets of Kutch craftworkers
and their families. According to a press release issued by the UNDP on April 21, the
organization is also in the process of creating an innovative radio program that will be
created and broadcast by local women's groups in an effort to improve contact with
women during the reconstruction process.

These alliances are made possible by the high level of self-organization that women
maintain on a local level. SEWA is a good example because it is a labor union that has
been around since 1972 and has been registered to represent low-income women
13
Id.
14
Jigyasu, R., 2013. Using Traditional Knowledge Systems for Post-disaster Reconstruction–Issues and
Challenges following Gujarat and Kashmir Earthquakes. Creative Space, 1(1), pp.1-17.
15
B.Pijnenburg & I.Nhantumbo, ‘Participatory Development Interventions in Mozambique,’ Development in
Practice, 12(2): pp192-199, 2002.
 workers in India's enormous informal sector. SEWA played a crucial role in ensuring
that relief supplies reached women and quickly conducted needs assessments with its
members at the village level. Rebuilding child care centers, health clinics, and other
facilities that increase women's social security is currently receiving funding and
network support. Participatory action planning that integrates earthquake response with
drought mitigation and the larger goals of gender-equitable sustainable development is
also receiving this support.16 Through the use of SEWA's local family data, a number of
other organizations committed to community-based mitigation, such as Seeds, were
able to give relief packs directly to women. 17 In addition, DMI and SEWA are working
together to educate women on earthquake-resistant masonry techniques.

Therefore, these examples mentioned herein discuss the gender-aware response and
reconstruction strategies training, which include the role of women at the local level,
i.e., on the ground level and on the administrative level, which has been followed at
many disaster-affected areas, mentioned above.

3. Training deployed for improvement of economic status of women owing to

disasters-18 It is vital to do a gender analysis of all relief, recovery, and reconstruction
initiatives in order to evaluate and monitor the direct and indirect effects that these
projects have on the amount of time and resources that women have available. Without
adopting this point of view about the economic recovery, gender-equitable
reconstruction is not going to be viable.

Economic planners working at the community level can benefit tremendously from the
local knowledge and historical perspective that women possess regarding employment
opportunities based on natural resources. Their job as guardians, users, and managers of
limited natural resources places them as experts in the decisions that will be made in the
near future regarding how to rebuild in a way that reduces the damage that could be
caused by future disasters. Women's "inside out" opinions on environments, disasters,

16
Saito, Y., 2014. Progress or repetition? Gender perspectives in disaster management in Japan. Disaster
prevention and management, 23(2), pp.98-111.
17
.Vaux, Self Employment Women’s Association (SEWA), Life, Livelihood and Gender –A better Model of
Disaster. Unpublished.
18
Nasreen, M. (2010). Rethinking Disaster Management. Violence against Women, 232-244.
 and development must be included when determining how to rebuild Gujarat's
economy. These perspectives must be taken into account regardless of age, caste, or
social class.

These occurrences caused women to lose money that they were unable to spare, putting
them and those who depend on their income at a greater danger in the event of future
crises and making it more difficult for them to move forward. Women's opportunities
for waged work shrank as their available time shrank along with it, despite the fact that
their economic necessity to work had increased. Because of this contradiction, the
persistent economic insecurity of low-income rural women is elevated to the level of an
acute condition, namely a way of life that needs to be addressed in the process of
formulating regional plans for economic recovery. It is vital to acknowledge the
economic vulnerability of workers with low status, such as women salt farmers or gum
harvesters. It is also important to highlight the economic vulnerability of workers
whose skills are more colorful and highly appreciated, such as women craftsmen.
Positively, women's paid job, working conditions, and worker associations may come
under investigation in communities, institutions, and relationships when normal habits
and expectations have been so fundamentally altered. This is something that could be
seen as a step in the right direction. To the extent that this "window of opportunity" is
taken advantage of, women may benefit (e.g., through ILO initiatives) from skills
training and alternative employment opportunities;19 from gender-equitable housing
design and ownership policies,20 from more women-friendly features in newly
constructed communities, and perhaps from finding new avenues of political and
cultural expression.21 In addition, women On the other hand, putting an inappropriate
amount of focus on economic losses that are centered on direct losses in the formal
sector will be detrimental to the economic recovery of women.

Therefore, this training deployed focuses on covering the economic loss that disasters
bring to women, The instances mentioned above discusses about the same.

19
UNDP, Gujarat Transition Recovery Team’s Initiatives. Gujarat: UNDP, 2002.
20
UNDP, UNDP’s Response to Gujarat Earthquake in Multi Hazard Environment. Gujarat: UNDP, 2001.
21
Id.
 4. Increased Community Work-22 This is a mitigation strategy that has been developed
in rural villages of Gujarat especially. The community work actually helps the women
and children in rehabilitation and restoration. The results of this strategy can be
understood through the analysis of the case study mentioned herein.

Herein, when asked how women were becoming involved in grassroots disaster
response, respondents in 21 villages (57%) noticed that women were already
participating in community meetings regarding the earthquake. Additionally,
respondents in 18 villages (49%) observed that women also meet with other villagers to
discuss drought difficulties. In addition to the 37 villages that took part in this study on
the aftereffects of earthquakes, there were 10 more villages in which female residents
reported having contributed information to earlier catastrophe studies (relating to
drought).

After the earthquake, women envisioned a variety of different ways in which the city
may be rebuilt. In 13 villages (35%), they wanted more earthquake-resistant homes
built from bricks rather than stones; in 13 villages (35%), more collective action to
increase ways for women to earn income; in 12 villages (32%), higher wages,
especially for salt farmers; and in 13 villages (35%), skills training in masonry. In 15
villages (41%), they wanted improved child care centers that could be rebuilt closer to
their workplaces and home villages. At the time of the survey, women in six villages
accounted for sixteen percent of those who had already received instruction in masonry.

Therefore, a type of training deployed in Gujarat to deal with disasters and rehabilitate
affected women and children is increased community work for women and children
affected and the community work done by women and children during tumultuous time
period such as disasters, can also be observed herein, through the above case study.

Chapter IV- Data Analysis/Findings-

22
Hausler, E.A., 2004, August. Housing reconstruction and retrofitting after the 2001 Kachchh, Gujarat
Earthquake. In Vancouver, Canada: 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (August 1-6).
The data collected by the researcher includes secondary data and primary data collected by the
All India Disaster Management Institute, Ahmedabad. The analysis of this data collected and
synthesis gives the much-needed understanding which is needed to understand the recognise
the importance of rehabilitation policies for women and which shall include the women. In
regard to that, the data has enumerated that women and children are affected more by the
disasters, especially through earthquakes and floods, in the state of Gujarat. This data shows
how they are affected more and the way have been discovered through a meticulous study of
the rehabilitation policies that are deployed by the state of Gujarat especially for the
marginalised communities. Thus, below contains the analysis of data findings-

1. Intersecting Vulnerabilities-23

During the rehabilitation and restoration of women and children, there are certain difficulties
that women and children face owing to their vulnerabilities, these challenges and difficulties
are highlighted below because of the research study conducted both through secondary and
primary data collection.

A pre-existing issue that was made acute by the earthquake and floods was the absence of paid
work, which was the first significant concern brought up by women; a second major concern
was the shortage of housing, particularly for children and those who were still sleeping outside
as the rainy season approached; and the third major concern was the lack of food. The women
noted a lack of water and resources related to water during rehabilitation. Finding food that is
healthy and satisfying can be challenging. Navigating the country roads was another source of
stress.

Despite the fact that no data were gathered on the subject, the researcher claimed that they had
a feeling that Women in Gujarat were "thinking positively" and were focused on the future, and
they recognized the need of close living relationships.

It looked that living quarters and mutual aid had enhanced solidarity across caste divides,
particularly between women and men, as well as extended families that were forced to come
together as a result of the earthquake.

Vulnerabilities that cross over one another in every community, there are those members who
are more susceptible to unforeseen events than others. The factors of age, class, and caste drew
23
Bandyopadhyay, N., Bhuiyan, C. and Saha, A.K., 2020. Drought mitigation: Critical analysis and proposal for a
new drought policy with special reference to Gujarat (India). Progress in Disaster Science, 5, p.100049.
a distinct line between women's experiences during the drought and the earthquake. In terms of
the social socioeconomic inequalities, which crossed beyond caste identities, were observed by
women from varied villages.

2. Housing and livestock losses-24

Women living in poverty were hit the hardest by the overlapping consequences of the multiple
calamities that occurred simultaneously. It seemed that the earthquake affected women in the
middle class more than the drought did.

The field of Scheduled and Backward Castes are traditionally associated with low-status jobs
in agriculture and animal husbandry were considered to have been struck the hardest due to
disasters such as earthquakes and floods. Women of the Koli, Bhervad, and Dalit castes were
considered to be women were found to be particularly affected in more than half of the villages
that were studied; these women were judged to bear the brunt of the problem. Regarding age,
young girls and old widows were considered to be those who were most heavily burdened in
some villages affected; it was thought that widows as a group were in desperate need of paid
job as well as assistance in rebuilding their homes, where they call home.

However, the majority of the people in Gujarat, who were most affected through disasters i.e.
Earthquakes and Floods were middle-aged women, likely as a reflection of their significant and
life-cycle-related roles as family earners and caregivers and those who care for others. The
destruction of homes and animals were there because of the disasters. The villages that faced
the brunt of the disasters had women report having been injured, and had women report having
lost a loved one; the majority of villages had women report having been injured. The residents
of their village had suffered the loss of personal belongings in addition to cattle.

3. Special impact of degraded natural resources on women-25

Due to the fact that rural women's labor is so heavily reliant on natural resources, when these
resources are depleted, they face both immediate unemployment and indirect loss as a result of
the ripple effects. The availability of water supplies is a good example of this. The earthquake
leave certain water supplies that were already unreliable completely worthless, while in other

24
Garima Singh, Rakshit Jakhar & Preeti Sachar, Impact on people's lives and livelihoods in Gujarat due to
Natural hazards, International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research, Volume 10 No. 4, April
2022.
25
UNDP, UNDP’s Response to Gujarat Earthquake in Multi Hazard Environment. Gujarat: UNDP, 2001.
 places it cause the quality of the water to worsen. When there are fewer available water
sources, women have less time to devote to activities that generate revenue because they are
the ones responsible for procuring water. Women also have less options to earn money through
hired labor on local farms because of a lack of access to water, which is clear. When changes in
hydrologic systems have an effect on salinized water, it is possible that women whose income
depends on water will lose a stable source of income, even if it is only a little amount.

Under the current circumstances, female salt farmers, who make up fifty percent of the
migratory labor force to the Little Rann, are at risk of experiencing long-lasting economic
hardship, which may drive them to leave their villages in search of informal employment in the
cities. Economic planners who operate at the community level might benefit tremendously
from the local knowledge and historical perspective that women possess regarding employment
opportunities based on natural resources. Their job as guardians, users, and managers of limited
natural resources places them as experts in the decisions that will be made in the near future
regarding how to rebuild in a way that reduces the damage that could be caused by future
disasters. Women's "inside out" opinions on environments, disasters, and development must be
taken into consideration when discussing how to rebuild Gujarat's economy. These
perspectives must be taken into account regardless of age, caste, or social class.

4. Special impact on women economically-26

These occurrences caused women to lose money that they could not afford to lose, putting
them and those who depend on their income in greater danger in the event of future disasters
and making it more difficult for them to move forward. Women's opportunities for waged work
shrank as their available time shrank along with it, despite their economic necessity to work
having increased. Because of this paradox, the persistent economic insecurity of low-income
rural women is elevated to the level of an acute condition; it is a way of life that needs to be
addressed as part of the process of building regional strategies for economic recovery. It is vital
to acknowledge the economic vulnerability of workers with low status, such as women salt
farmers or gum harvesters. It is also important to highlight the economic vulnerability of
workers whose skills are more colourful and highly appreciated, such as women craftsmen.
Positively, women's paid job, working conditions, and worker associations may come under the

26
GoI-UNDP Disaster Risk Management, Towards a Disaster Resilient Community in Gujarat, <
https://www.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/towards_a_disaster_resilient_community_in_gujrat.pdf > .
microscope in communities, institutions, and relationships when normal routines and
expectations have been so deeply upset.

This is a development that can be viewed as a positive step forward. To the extent that this
"window of opportunity" is exploited, women may benefit (e.g., through ILO initiatives) from
skills training and alternative employment opportunities; 27 from gender-equitable housing
design and ownership policies,28 from more women-friendly features in newly constructed
communities, and perhaps from discovering new avenues of political and cultural expression. 29
On the other hand, it will be detrimental to women's economic recovery to emphasise
economic losses centred on direct losses in the formal sector.

Therefore, it can be said that the work done by women and girls helps cushion the blows that
families receive due to the closure of schools, childcare facilities, and health centres. This can
occur due to rapid losses brought on by a catastrophic weather event or the gradual reduction of
state investment due to privatisation. The already packed schedules of women are made even
more so by the addition of political activity at the community level to address worsening living
conditions, such as the loss of health and nutrition services as a result of natural disasters like
earthquakes and droughts. Also, this means additional work for women, whose unpaid labour
in the community is a crucial resource for the community even in the best of times, and it is
very necessary in times of emergency. It is vital to do a gender analysis of all relief, recovery,
and reconstruction initiatives to analyse and monitor their direct and indirect impacts on the
amount of time and resources available to women. Without considering this aspect of the
economic recovery, gender-equitable reconstruction will not be viable. Moreover, this shows
that disasters have a special impact on women and hampers them more in comparison to non-
marginalised sections of the society. Thereby, rehabilitation policies are needed in such
manner, which should have all the above things in consideration and shall be formulated
effectively.

Chapter-V- Conclusion & Recommendations-

27
UNIC Press Release, ‘National Conference on Sustainable Recovery and Vulnerability Reduction,’
www.un.org.in/unicpr(c).htm, 2\8\02:11:45.
28
UNDP, Gujarat Transition Recovery Team’s Initiatives. Gujarat: UNDP, 2002.
29
Ganapati, N.E., 2013. Downsides of social capital for women during disaster recovery: toward a more critical
approach. Administration & Society, 45(1), pp.72-96.
In conclusion, the study opens the door for several overarching considerations. To begin,
gaining an understanding of the economic effects of natural disasters requires having a firm
grasp on the concept of economic vulnerability. This concept refers to the underlying factors
that lead to living conditions that leave the vast majority of people on the planet without
reliable sources of food, water, housing, or shelter, and frequently without the ability to protect
themselves or have a say in political matters. To do justice to the intricate and innovative ways
in which common people all over the world - not just in developing nations or in rural regions
in the state of Gujarat -combine and combine work with different meanings, structures, and
conditions, a historical perspective and a livelihoods analysis are required. This is necessary in
order to do justice to the complex and creative ways in which ordinary people around the globe
mix and mingle work with different meanings, structures, and conditions.

Second, the absence of gender analysis makes it possible to miss a significant amount of
information regarding the significance of disasters. When it comes to work, directing one's
attention solely to losses that are simple to quantify (such as GDP, the number of businesses
that close their doors, the amount of money paid out in insurance claims, and employment
rates), brings the focus on the formal economy and the private sector, and hence on men. This
creates a knowledge gap about natural disasters, which deprives planners of insight into
women's roles as food producers, their activities in the vibrant informal economy that generate
income, professional women's skills that are relevant to natural disasters, and the vulnerability
of women as contingent workers in national economies that are shaped by continued losses
from extreme events. The effort that women face over the course of time to cope with disasters
that are embedded cannot otherwise be understood.

Thirdly, the researcher has discovered that neighbourhood and community cohesion,
integration, and organization are key factors in the success of catastrophe mitigation, crisis
response, and long-term rehabilitation efforts. 30 In the aftermath of natural catastrophes,
grassroots organisations are increasingly acknowledged as resources in the crisis, planning
partners, and leaders in community-based mitigation. This is also the case in the planning and
organizing of development projects. We also need to appreciate their role in creating new
knowledge by, about, and for those who are most at risk and most active in reducing the effects
of extreme events and responding to them, like the rural women featured in this article. Only

30
Alam, K. and Rahman, M.H., 2018. The role of women in disaster resilience. In Handbook of Disaster Risk
Reduction & Management (pp. 697-719).
because DMI and SEWA had strong roots in the women's communities they investigated were
they able to conduct this research. Additionally, they had a knowledge of how actions taken or
not taken in the present can influence the vulnerability and resilience of communities in the
future.

Therefore, it is impossible to gain an understanding of the economic and social effects of

natural disasters if these catastrophes are conceptualized as discrete events rather than as the
social processes that they actually are. These catastrophes are triggered by naturally occurring
events, but they are caused by the social organization, history, culture, and physical
environment of the people and the place in which they occur. Every catastrophe has its own
unique past and always has an effect on the future.

Thus, the author of the dissertation has conducted research that has been both incredibly
enlightening and exhilarating as it has led them through the various stages of disaster
management as they are depicted in theory and in reality within the very real context of
Gujarat. To start, let's look at the response. According to the HPC, the pain and suffering
brought on by natural disasters permeates every facet of our lives, and "people sitting in their
homes can see live, through the media and information technology, as to how we respond to
and manage disasters." Expectations of people have, very rightly, increased to a high level, and
as a result, catastrophe management defines the agenda of good governance in today's world. 31
However, the response of the National and State Governments to the earthquake, while
astonishingly massive and rapid, was hindered by a lack of trained personnel to manage relief
works, was mediated by politics, and was susceptible to pressures from vested interests that led
to inequitable relief distribution and the siphoning off of relief funds. This is clearly not
acceptable, and not only should all levels of government work to reduce the response time and
ensure that there is a well-trained, properly equipped, well-coordinated, and rapid search and
rescue capability, but they should also work to ensure that there is no discrimination between
recipients, that minimum standards and norms are maintained, and that particular attention is
paid to vulnerable groups in society.

Important takeaways have emerged for members of the DEC, the most important of which
being the requirement to think about longer-term commitments. If the timeline had been more
reasonable, the following things might have been possible: the meaningful involvement of key

31
Shaw, R., Kobayashi, M., Kameda, H., Gupta, M., Sharma, A., Nakagawa, Y. and Banba, M., 2003.
International cooperation in a post-disaster scenario: A case study from Gujarat, India. Journal of natural disaster
science, 24(2), pp.73-84.
stakeholders in projects and programs; a more profound understanding of social and
environmental issues; the initiation of public awareness programs, particularly about seismic
safety; the adjustment of plans for village adoption; closer collaboration with the government;
and strategy that goes beyond issues of shelter and rebuilding. 32 The UNDP's approach to
transition and recovery can serve as a model for international aid organizations. So it is
basically a development effort with the goal of bridging the gap between short-term relief
assistance and long-term development activities. In the immediate aftermath of the disaster,
UNDP effectively grasped opportunities to support local recovery processes, and it is currently
factoring vulnerability considerations into recovery activities. As a result, the organization is
utilizing the earthquake as a point of inflection in Gujarat's development path to reverse the
downward spiral, rebuild sustainability, and close the gap between relief and reconstruction.

The non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the United Nations Development Program

(UNDP), and the state government of Gujarat are engaged in an innovative and cooperative
endeavor, which is perhaps the most hopeful news to come out of Gujarat. The United Nations
Development Program is acting as a conduit between non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
and the government in order to facilitate the work that Abhiyan is doing to assist its member
organizations in rehabilitating communities and rebuilding homes, dams, and livelihoods in
300 villages. "It is a new and creative experiment in socio-political organization after disasters
and a major step forward out of the political morass and NGO infighting that characterized the
work in Latur," said the author of the article. "It is a major step forward out of the political
morass and NGO infighting that characterised the work in Latur.33"

KMVS, one of Abhiyan's members, was one of the first non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) to begin working with rural women's collectives in 1989 using a process approach to
development.34 This method is distinguished by being field-focused, participatory, and
iterative.

32
Id.
33
Vaux, Self Employment Women’s Association (SEWA), Life, Livelihood and Gender –A better Model of
Disaster. Unpublished.
34
V.Ramachandran & A.Saihjee, Flying with the Crane: Recapturing KMVS’ Ten Year Journey. Gujarat: KMVS,
2000.
Advocacy-related learning and learning that creates new possibilities, experimentation,
adaptability, organic expansion, and a focus on livelihoods are all part of this plan. A core
belief in self-help, confidence-building, and the allowing of local villages to meet, organize,
and undertake their own needs assessment, and thereby turning over responsibility for the relief
operation to the "beneficiaries" with minimum monitoring, has allowed KMVS to fulfill its
goals. This has allowed KMVS to pass over responsibility for the relief operation to the
"beneficiaries" with minimal oversight.

The recommendations for the researcher have been varied and through future research, these
are the aspects which the researcher would like to work upon, so that the topic could be
covered more holistically. These recommendations have been made by the head of the All-
India Disaster Management Institute, Ahmedabad- Vishal Pathak. These recommendations are-

1. Operationalisation of the term gender- The gender-specific approach carried out in the
whole research and which is also reflected upon the findings of the research can be
questioned on its very approach, as it only focuses on women and does not cover within
it, the scope of the plight of the transgenders residing in the state of Gujarat, who had
been affected by earthquakes and floods.
2. The economic capacity, poverty and coping mechanisms of the marginalised
communities especially, women and children, should be considered as factors to
understand the post-disaster management effects on vulnerable people.

Chapter-VI- Annexures

1. A.Bhargawa, ‘Lessons from the Gujarat Experience of NGOs,’

http://w3.whosea.org/gujarat/finalreport2.htm, 28\6\02: 13:25.
2. Abhiyan, GSDMA, UNDP, Coming Together: A document on the Post-Earthquake,
Rehabilitation Efforts in Kutch. Gujarat: Abhiyan, GSDMA, UNDP, January 2002.
3. Alam, K. and Rahman, M.H., 2018. The role of women in disaster resilience.
In Handbook of Disaster Risk Reduction & Management (pp. 697-719).
4. B.Pijnenburg & I.Nhantumbo, ‘Participatory Development Interventions in
Mozambique,’ Development in Practice, 12(2): pp192-199, 2002.
5. Bandyopadhyay, N., Bhuiyan, C. and Saha, A.K., 2020. Drought mitigation: Critical
analysis and proposal for a new drought policy with special reference to Gujarat
(India). Progress in Disaster Science, 5, p.100049.
6. Corrarino, J.E., 2008. Disaster-related mental health needs of women and
children. MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 33(4), pp.242-248.
7. Elaine Enarson, "We Want Work": Rural Women in the Gujarat Drought and
Earthquake, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center University
of Colorado 482 UCB Boulder, CO 80309-0482.
8. G.Sandhu, ‘Practical Problems in the Management of Casualties during the Gujarat
Earthquake,’ http://w3.whosea.org/gujarat/finalreport2.htm 26\6\02: 14:20.
9. Ganapati, N.E., 2013. Downsides of social capital for women during disaster recovery:
toward a more critical approach. Administration & Society, 45(1), pp.72-96.
10. Garima Singh, Rakshit Jakhar & Preeti Sachar, Impact on people's lives and livelihoods
in Gujarat due to Natural hazards, International Journal of Emerging Trends in
Engineering Research, Volume 10 No. 4, April 2022.
11. GoI-UNDP Disaster Risk Management, Towards a Disaster Resilient Community in
Gujarat, <
https://www.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/towards_a_disaster_resilient_community
_in_gujrat.pdf >
12. Hausler, E.A., 2004, August. Housing reconstruction and retrofitting after the 2001
Kachchh, Gujarat Earthquake. In Vancouver, Canada: 13th World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering (August 1-6).
13. Jigyasu, R., 2013. Using Traditional Knowledge Systems for Post-disaster
Reconstruction–Issues and Challenges following Gujarat and Kashmir
Earthquakes. Creative Space, 1(1), pp.1-17.
14. John Seaman and Sarah Maguire, Abc Of Conflict And Disaster: The Special Needs Of
Children And Women, British Medical Journal , Jul. 2, 2005, Vol. 331, No. 7507 (Jul.
2, 2005), pp. 34-36.
15. Mary Myers, 'Women and Children First': Introducing a Gender Strategy into Disaster
Preparedness, Focus on Gender , Feb., 1994, Vol. 2, No. 1, Women and Emergencies
(Feb., 1994), pp. 14-16.
16. Nasreen, M. (2010). Rethinking Disaster Management. Violence against Women, 232-
244.
17. R.Parker, ‘Single Family Housing: The Window of Opportunity for Mitigation
Following Natural Disaster,’ In A.Kreimer and M.Arnold (eds.) Managing Disaster
Risk in Emerging Economies, Washington: World Bank, 2000
18. Saito, Y., 2014. Progress or repetition? Gender perspectives in disaster management in
Japan. Disaster prevention and management, 23(2), pp.98-111.
19. Shaw, R., Gupta, M., &amp; Sarma, A. (2003). Community recovery and its
sustainability: Lessons from Gujarat earthquake of India. Australian Journal of
Emergency Management, The, 18 (2), 28-34.
20. Shaw, R., Kobayashi, M., Kameda, H., Gupta, M., Sharma, A., Nakagawa, Y. and
Banba, M., 2003. International cooperation in a post-disaster scenario: A case study
from Gujarat, India. Journal of natural disaster science, 24(2), pp.73-84.
21. T.Vaux, Self Employment Women’s Association (SEWA), Life, Livelihood and
Gender –A better Model of Disaster. Unpublished.
22. Tyagi, P. and Pande, R.K., Gender Discriminations in Disaster Management: A Case
Study from Rudraprayag District, Uttarakhand.
23. Tyagi, P. and Pande, R.K., Gender Discriminations in Disaster Management: A Case
Study from Rudraprayag District, Uttarakhand.
24. UNDP, Gujarat Transition Recovery Team’s Initiatives. Gujarat: UNDP, 2002.
25. UNDP, Gujarat Transition Recovery Team’s Initiatives. Gujarat: UNDP, 2002
26. UNDP, UNDP’s Response to Gujarat Earthquake in Multi Hazard Environment.
Gujarat: UNDP, 2001.
27. UNIC Press Release, ‘National Conference on Sustainable Recovery and Vulnerability
Reduction,’ www.un.org.in/unicpr(c).htm, 2\8\02:11:45.
28. V.Ramachandran & A.Saihjee, Flying with the Crane: Recapturing KMVS’ Ten Year
Journey. Gujarat: KMVS, 2000.
29. V.Ramachandran & A.Saihjee, Flying with the Crane: Recapturing KMVS’ Ten Year
Journey. Gujarat: KMVS, 2000.
30. Yonder, A., Akcar, S. and Gopalan, P., 2005. Women's participation in disaster relief
and recovery.