Electric Circuits 2

Complex frequency

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Content
 Complex frequency
 Damped sinusoidal

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Complex frequency

An exponentially damped sinusoid can be expressed as

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝜎𝑡 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
General function which includes

𝐷𝐶 𝐼𝑓 𝜎 = 𝜔 = 0 , 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 . cos 𝜃 = 𝑉𝑜

Ac sinusoidal if 𝜎 = 0 , 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 . cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)

Exponential if ω = 0 , 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 . cos(𝜃) . 𝑒 𝜎𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜 . 𝑒 𝜎𝑡

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Note : the complex representation of a sinusoid 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 is similar to the exponential

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑒 𝜎𝑡 in the form except that 𝜎𝑡 ∶ 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 , 𝑗𝜔𝑡 ∶ 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦

General function which includes

𝑁𝑝 𝑅𝑎𝑑
𝜎 ≜ 𝑛𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 & 𝜔 ≜ 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑆𝑒𝑐 𝑆𝑒𝑐

𝜎 can be considered the real part & ω 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
S=𝜎+𝑗𝜔

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A function can have a complex frequency S if it can be written as
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑘 𝑒 𝑆𝑡 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 & 𝑆 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠.

Example :
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜 DC function
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑒 0𝑡 , S=0 complex frequency is 0

Exponential case
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑒 𝜎𝑡 ,𝑆 = 𝜎+𝑗0 (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)

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Sinusoidal case
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
1 1 1
Recall , 𝑉𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) = 𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 . 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃 . 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑒𝑗 𝜔𝑡+ 𝜃
+ 𝑒 −𝑗 𝜔𝑡+ 𝜃
2 2 2 𝑚

1 1
= 𝑉𝑚 . 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 . 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 + 𝑉𝑚 . 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃 . 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑘1 . 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 + 𝑘2 . 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑘1 . 𝑒 𝑆1 𝑡 + 𝑘2 . 𝑒 𝑆2 𝑡
2 2
𝑘1 , 𝑘2 , 𝑆 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑣 𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙
The complex conjugate of any number can
be obtained by simply replacing all
Note : 𝑆1 = 𝑗𝜔 , 𝑆2 = − 𝑗𝜔 occurrences of ‘’ j ’’ with ” – j “ The concept
𝑘1 = 𝑘2 ∗ , 𝑆1 = 𝑆2 ∗ arises from our arbitrary choice of
𝑗 = + −1 , However, the negative root is
just as valid, which leads us to the definition
of a complex conjugate.
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Damped sinusoidal :
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 . 𝑒 𝜎𝑡 . cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
𝑣(𝑡) can be re-written as :

𝑉𝑚 𝜎𝑡 𝑗 𝜔𝑡+ 𝜃
𝑣(𝑡) = .𝑒 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑗 𝜔𝑡+ 𝜃
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𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚
= . 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 . 𝑒 (𝜎+𝑗𝜔)𝑡 + . 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃 . 𝑒 (𝜎−𝑗𝜔)𝑡 = 𝑘1 . 𝑒 (𝜎+𝑗𝜔)𝑡 + 𝑘2 . 𝑒 (𝜎−𝑗𝜔)𝑡 = 𝑘1 . 𝑒 𝑆1 𝑡 + 𝑘2 . 𝑒 𝑆2 𝑡
2 2

𝑆1 = 𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔 , 𝑆2 = 𝜎 − 𝑗𝜔
𝑆1 = 𝑆2 ∗ (2 complex frequencies both real & imaginary)

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Damped sinusoidal :
EX: 𝑣 𝑡 = 100 ⟹ 𝑣 𝑡 = 100 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 & 𝑠 = 0
𝑣 𝑡 = 5 . 𝑒 −2𝑡 ⟹ 𝑠 = −2 + 𝑗 0
𝑣 𝑡 = 2 sin 500𝑡 ⟹ 𝑠1 = 𝑗500 & 𝑠2 = −𝑗 500
𝑣 𝑡 = 4 . 𝑒 −3𝑡 sin(6𝑡 + 10) ⟹ 𝑠1 = −3 + 𝑗6 & 𝑠2 = −3 − 𝑗 6
Note : s= j 500 is meaningless unless it is paired with its conjugate for a sinusoidal function, The
same applies to s= -3+j6

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14.2 The damped sinusoidal for any function :
A general forcing function
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝜎𝑡 . cos (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝜎𝑡 . 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔𝑡+𝜃
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠

𝑜𝑟 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝜎𝑡 . 𝑒 𝑗 −𝜔𝑡−𝜃

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 . 𝑒 𝜎+𝑗𝜔 𝑡

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 {𝑉. 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 }
Note : a forcing function of the form 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝜎𝑡 . cos (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) will produce a response of a
similar form. 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 . 𝑒 𝜎𝑡 . cos(𝜔𝑡 + ϕ)

𝑉𝑚 . 𝑒 𝜎𝑡 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) = 𝑅𝑒 𝑉 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 ⟹ 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 ∠𝜃° & 𝑠 = 𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔

𝑉 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 ⟶ 𝐼 . 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 ⟹ 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑅𝑒 {𝐼 . 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 }
Produces

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Example: 𝑣 𝑡 = 60 𝑒 −2𝑡 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑡 + 10 , 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖 𝑡

𝑣(𝑡) can be re-written as :

𝑣 𝑡 = 60 𝑒 −2𝑡 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑡 + 10 = 𝑅𝑒 60 𝑒 𝑗10 𝑒 −2+𝑗4 𝑡 ≜ 𝑅𝑒{𝑉 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 }

𝑉 = 60 ∠10° , 𝑠 = −2 + 𝑗4
𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑅𝑒 ⟹ 𝑣 𝑡 = 60∠10° 𝑒 𝑠𝑡
Similarly , the response will have the form

𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑒 −2𝑡 cos(4𝑡 + ϕ) = 𝑅𝑒 𝐼𝑚 . 𝑒 𝑗ϕ . 𝑒 −2+𝑗4 𝑡

= 𝑅𝑒 𝐼 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 ∠ϕ° & 𝑠 = −2 + 𝑗4
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑚 & ϕ

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Example: 𝑣 𝑡 = 60 𝑒 −2𝑡 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑡 + 10 , 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖 𝑡

From KVL :

𝑑𝑖 1
−𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿 + 𝑖. 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝐶

𝑑𝑖 1
2𝑖 + 3 + 𝑖. 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡 0.1

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Example: 𝑣 𝑡 = 60 𝑒 −2𝑡 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑡 + 10 , 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖 𝑡

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 ∶

𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑡
3𝑑(𝐼 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 ) 1
60∠10° 𝑒 =2𝐼𝑒 + + 𝐼 . 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 . 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 0.1

10 𝐼 𝑠𝑡
60∠10° 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 = 2 𝐼 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 + 3 𝐼 𝑠 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 + 𝑒 ⟹ 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑒 𝑠𝑡
𝑠
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60∠10° = 2. 𝐼 + 3 𝐼. 𝑠 + .𝐼
𝑠

60∠10°
⟹𝐼= & 𝑠 = −2 + 𝑗4
10
2 + 3𝑠 +
𝑠
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Example: 𝑣 𝑡 = 60 𝑒 −2𝑡 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑡 + 10 , 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖 𝑡

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐼

60∠10°
𝐼= = 5.37 ∠ − 106.6°
10
2 + 3(−2 + 𝑗4) +
(−2 + 𝑗4)
𝑰𝒎 ϕ

𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 5.37 𝑒 −𝑗 106.6 . 𝑒 −2+𝑗4 𝑡

= 5.37 . 𝑒 −2𝑡 . cos(4𝑡 − 106.6°) 𝐴

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Example:
Another way of looking at it is

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𝑉 = 𝑅𝐼 + 𝑠𝐿𝐼 + 𝐼 , 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞. 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑠𝐶

𝑉
𝐼=
1
𝑅 + 𝑠𝐿 +
𝑠𝐶
(1) Impedance of basic elements
𝑅 → 𝑅 (Ω)
𝐿 → 𝑠𝐿 (Ω)

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𝐶 → (Ω)
𝑠𝐶

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(2) Knowing the type of source ,then s can be found :
𝐷𝐶 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 → 𝑠 = 0
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 → 𝑠 = 𝑗 𝜔
𝐷𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑑 → 𝑠 = 𝜎 + 𝑗 𝜔

(3)Solve is s-domain & convert to time domain

𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑒 𝜎𝑡 cos (𝜔𝑡 + ϕ)
Magnitude of circuit current

(4) All circuit laws & techniques & impedance combinations are applicable to circuits in the s-domain

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Example: 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑉 = 12 ∠35° & 𝑠 = −20 + 𝑗 5

𝑣 𝑡 = 12 . 𝑒 −20𝑡 . cos(5𝑡 + 35°) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

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Thank you

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