BENLAC REVIEWER
Understanding the machines
21st Century skills categories
Learning skills (the four C’s) – teaches students about the
mental processes required to adapt and improve upon a
modern work environment.
*The four C’s are by far the most popular 21st century skills.
These skills are also called learning skills.
1. CRITICAL THINKING: Applying higher order
thinking to new problems and issues, using
appropriate reasoning to effectively analyze the
problem and make decisions about the most effective
ways to solve problem. Finding solutions to
problems.
2. CREATIVITY: Creativity is equally important as a
means of adaptation. This skill empowers students to
see concepts in a different light, which leads to
innovation. Thinking outside the box.
3. COLLABORATION: Collaboration means getting
students to work together, achieve compromises, and
get the best possible results from solving a problem.
Working with others.
4. COMMUNICATION: Communicating effectively
in a wide variety of forms and contexts for a wide
range of purposes and using multiple media and
technologies. Talking to others.
Literacy skills are the next category of 21st century skills.
They’re sometimes called IMT skills and they’re each
concerned about with a different element in digital
comprehension.
1. INFORMATION LITERACY: Understanding
facts, figures, statistics, and data. Information literacy
is the ability to find, evaluate organize, use, and
communicate information in all its various formats,
most notably in situations requiring decision-making,
problem solving or the acquisition of knowledge.
2. MEDIA LITERACY: Media literacy is the practice
of identifying publishing methods, outlets, and
sources while distinguishing between the ones that
are credible and the ones that aren’t. Understanding
the methods and outlets in which information is
published.
3. TECHNOLOGY LITERACY: technology literacy
is the ability to safely, responsibly, creatively, and
effectively use appropriate technology to
communicate, access, collect, manage, integrate, and
evaluate information.
that make the Information Age possible.
Life skills is the final category. Also called FLIPS, these
skills all pertain to someone’s personal life, but they also bleed
into professional settings.
1. FLEXIBILITY: flexibility is the expression of
someone’s ability to adapt to challenging
circumstances. Deviating from plans as needed.
2. LEADERSHIP: Leadership is someone’s penchant
for setting goals, walking a team through the steps
required, and achieving those goals collaboratively.
Motivating a team to accomplish a goal.
3. INITIATIVE: Initiative often means working on
projects outside of regular working hours. Starting
projects, strategies, and plans on one’s own.
4. PRODUCTIVITY: Maintaining efficiency in an age
of distractions. It is the ability to complete work in an
appropriate amount of time.
5. SOCIAL SKILLS: Meeting and networking with
others for mutual benefit. It is ability to communicate
to others to form a connection or a relationship.
GLOBALIZATION AND MULTICULTURAL
LITERACY
The OECD GLOBAL Competence framework
 Globalization
 Multiculturalism
 Intercultural communication
GLOBALIZATION AND MULTICULTURAL
LITERACY
- The OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development) GLOBAL Competence
framework.
GLOBALIZATION AND MULTICULTURAL
LITERACY
- Global Competence is a multi-dimensional construct
that requires a combination of knowledge, skills,
attitudes, and values successfully applied to global
issues or intercultural situations.
GLOBALIZATION
- Globalization is a term used to describe how trade
and technology have made the world into a more
connected and interdependent place.
- Globalization also captures in its scope the economic
and social changes that have come about as a result.
- The term "globalization" began to be used more
commonly in the 1980s, reflecting technological
advances that made it easier and quicker to complete
 international transactions—both trade and financial
flows.
- It refers to an extension beyond national borders of
the same market forces that have operated for
centuries at all levels of human economic activity—
village markets, urban industries, or financial centers.
GLOBAL LITERACY
- Global literacy aims to address issues of
globalization, racism, diversity, and social justice
(Guo, 2014). It requires awareness, action, consistent
with a broad understanding of humanity, the planet,
and the impact of a human decision on both.”
- A global citizen should possess the following
characteristics:
- respect for humans
- respect for diversity and various perspectives
- promote sustainable patterns of living, consumption,
and production
- appreciate the natural world and demonstrate
respect on the rights of all living things.
MULTICULTURALISM
- Multiculturalism describes the manner in which a
given society deals with cultural diversity.
- Multiculturalism is the way in which a society deals
with cultural diversity, both at the national and at the
community level.
MULTICULTURALISM THEORY
- The two primary theories or models of
multiculturalism as the manner in which different
cultures are integrated into a single society are best
defined by the metaphors commonly used to describe
them—the “melting pot” and the “salad bowl”
theories.
THE MELTING POT THEORY
- The melting pot theory of multiculturalism assumes
that various immigrant groups will tend to “melt
together,” abandoning their individual cultures and
eventually becoming fully assimilated into the
predominant society.
THE SALAD BOWL THEORY
- A more liberal theory of multiculturalism than the
melting pot, the salad bowl theory describes a
heterogeneous society in which people coexist but
retain at least some of the unique characteristics of
their traditional culture. Like a salad’s ingredients,
different cultures are brought together, but rather than
coalescing into a single homogeneous culture, retain
their own distinct flavors.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A MULTICULTURAL
SOCIETY
- Multicultural societies are characterized by people of
different races, ethnicities, and nationalities living
together in the same community.
- In multicultural communities, people retain, pass
down, celebrate, and share their unique cultural ways
of life, languages, art, traditions, and behaviors.
- The characteristics of multiculturalism often spread
into the community’s public schools, where curricula
are crafted to introduce young people to the qualities
and benefits of cultural diversity.
- Though sometimes criticized as a form of “political
correctness,” educational systems in multicultural
societies stress the histories and traditions of
minorities in classrooms and textbooks.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
- Intercultural communication refers to the
communication between people from two different
cultures.
- Intercultural communication is a symbolic,
interpretive, transactional, contextual process in
which people from different cultures create shared
meanings.
- In intercultural communication, people of one culture
try to know the information conveyed to them by
other cultures.
- For example, in a hotel establishment, the hoteliers
assess their customers' requirements, tastes, and
provide services accordingly. The customers also
inform the hoteliers of their needs.
SOCIAL LITERACY
- Social cognition and social skills
- Emotional intelligence
- People skills
SOCIAL COGNITION AND SOCIAL SKILLS
- Social cognition is a sub-topic of social psychology
that focuses on how people process, store, and apply
information about other people and social situations.
- It focuses on the role that cognitive processes play in
our social interactions.
- The way we think about others plays a major role in
how we think, feel, and interact with the world
around us.
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
- Emotional intelligence or EI/EQ is the ability to
“understand and manage your own emotions, and
those of the people around you”, according to Daniel
Goleman an American Psychologist renowned as the
Godfather of EQ.
PEOPLE SKILLS
- People skills, also known as interpersonal skills or
social skills, refer to the ability to effectively interact
and communicate with others.
 - It involves understanding and responding
appropriately to the needs, emotions, and motivations
of individuals and groups. People skills are essential
in various aspects of life, including personal
relationships, professional environments, and social
interactions.
MEDIA LITERACY
LITERACY: It is the ability to identify, understand, interpret,
create, communicate and compute using printed and written
materials associated with varying contexts.
MEDIA: It is the physical objects used to communicate with,
or the mass communication through physical objects such as
radio, television, computers, film, etc.
MEDIA LITERACY: It is the ability to access, analyze,
evaluate, and create media in a variety of forms.
INFORMATION: It is a broad term that covers processed
data, knowledge derived from study, experience, instruction,
signals, or symbols.
INFORMATION LITERACY: It is the ability to recognize
when information is needed, and locate, evaluate, and
communicate information in its various formats.
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY: Refers to
essential skills and competencies that allow individuals to
engage with media and other information providers
effectively, as well as develop critical thinking and life-long
learning skills to socialize and become active citizens.
- MIL is defined as set of competencies that empowers
citizens to access, retrieve, understand, evaluate, and
use, to create as well as share information and media
content in all formats, using various tools, in a
critical, ethical, and effective way, in order to
participate and engage in personal, professional and
societal activities – UNESCO.
HOW IS MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
DEFINED TODAY?
- Like digital citizenship, media and information
literacy has been explained by a range of definitions
and different terminologies. Whether we use digital
media literacy, information literacy, internet literacy
or any of the other different expressions, the main
idea is that literacy encompasses the ability to engage
meaningfully with media and information channels.
DIMENSIONS OF MIL
1. TEXT INFORMATION AND MEDIA: Are data or
information sources which exist as references in
textual, numeric, or similar formats. These include
various types of publications as well as unpublished
manuscripts, databases, and documents. Text
information can be found in books, newspapers, and
magazines. Classifications of Text: fiction and non-
fiction.
2. Visual Information and Media: Use of one or more
of the various visual media with or without sound.
Generally, visual information includes still
photography, motion picture photography, video or
audio recording, graphic arts, visual aids, models,
display, visual presentation services, and the support
processes. Types of Visual Information: painting,
photo/images, sculpture, cartoon/comic strip,
graphs/charts, billboards, and posters.
3. Audio Information and Media: Media
communication that uses audio or recordings to
deliver and transfer information through the means of
sound. Types of Audio Information:
dialogue/information, lecture/talk, news, podcast,
audio book, and music.
4. Motion Information and Media: A form of media
that has the appearance of moving text and graphics
on a display. Its purpose is to communicate
information in multiple ways. Motion media in
essence is visual media that gives the appearance of
movement. Types of Motion Information and media:
Comedy/humor, Drama, Suspense, Horror,
Romance / Love Story, Sci-Fi / Fantasy,
Documentary, Religious / Spiritual, Action, Musical,
Adventure, Inspirational, Historical.
5. Manipulative Information and Media:
Manipulatives media are tools that are used to aid in
hands-on learning. They can be physical objects or
computer programs which learners can manipulate in
order to grasp an idea, and gain understanding or
mastery of given concepts. Two Types of
Manipulative Media: Digital Manipulatives - Are
computationally enhanced versions of physical
objects, created in an effort to expand the range of
concepts that children can explore through direct
manipulation. Virtual Manipulatives - These are
“computer-based simulations of physical
manipulatives that are accessed via the internet or
computer software”. Under this category, video
games, applications, and other virtual reality
simulations are included.
6. Multimedia Information and Media: Multimedia
means that computer information can be represented
through audio, video, and animation in addition to
traditional media. A field concerned with the
computer-controlled integration of text, graphics,
drawings, still and moving images (video),
animation, audio, and any other media where every
type of information can be represented, stored,
 transmitted, and processed digitally. Examples of
Multimedia: LCD projector / PowerPoint
presentation and Pre – recorded lecture

Advantages and Disadvantages of Media and Information

ADVANTAGES
- It educates people.
- People get the latest news in a very short time.
- People get to bring out their hidden talents.
- Children’s knowledge increases
- Great in promoting mass consumer products.
- Serves as a good source of entertainment.
- Television allows electronic duplication of
information.
- Media leads to diffusion of different cultures.
- It helps people around the world to understand each
other and embrace their differences.

DISADVANTAGES
- It leads to individualism.
- Some media contents are not suitable for children.
- The increase in advertisements on television and
radio is making them less attractive.
- Internet as a form of media opens possibilities of
imposters, fraud, and hacking.
- Media can be addictive, e.g., some television
programs and the internet. This can lead to a decrease
in people’s productivity.
- Health problems. Prolonged watching of television
can lead to eyesight problems and radio listening
using earphones exposes one to possible hearing
defects.
- It can lead to ruin of reputation. It is possible for one
to create an anonymous account. Such accounts can
be used for malicious reasons such as spreading
rumors. This can lead to ruin of the reputation of an
individual or a company.