Research philosophy and the

approach of information inquiry

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
DR. RADEN TINA DEWI JUDISTIANI, DR., SPOG
PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT
EMAIL : TINA.D.JUDISTIANI@UNPAD.AC.ID
Previously (in topic 1 and 2) :
► Research
► Clinical Decision Making
► Reasoning : Inductive and deductive
► Narrative of Research Problem
► Research Question
► Research plan : Researcher philosophical view on the research
process
 Specific learning objectives

► To relate inferences and coherence of narratives

► To relate research question and researcher philosophical view on the
research process
► To identify the main 4 philosophy in research design
► To identify the main 5 approach of data/information inquiry
► To identify selection of information inquiry method
Inference or coherence ?
Cambridge dictionary
Inference – approach of ‘reasoning’
a guess that you make or an opinion that you form
based on the information that you have

Example:
:

They were warned to expect a heavy air attack and by

inference many casualties.
Inference or coherence ?
Cambrige dictionary

Coherent - If an argument, set of ideas, or a plan is

coherent, it is clear and carefully considered, and each
part of it connects or follows in a natural or reasonable
way
Coherence - the situation when the parts of something fit
together in a natural or reasonable way
 How do you apply inference and
coherence in research methodology ?
Where do you start using it ?
Let us reflect and use 5W+1H
Examples of Qualitative research :
Creswell
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5e7kVzMIfs&t=12s
Sigmund Freud : Personality Development
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V73hdaSTzWg
Sigmund Freud : ID-EGO-SUPEREGO iceberg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOCt_-0EO5Y
conscious mind, preconscious mind, and unconscious mind
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHfYbjUjahs
Qualitative research : What is it ?
Qualitative research begins with assumptions and the use of
interpretive/theoretical frameworks
- that inform the study of research problems
- addressing the meaning individuals or groups, ascribe to a social
or human problem.
To correctly apply : understand the philosophy
Creswel, p.44
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1KaU7nMCVzcJEzkpVgLk2cB1yewXqc
b3p/view?usp=sharing
Philosophy
means the use of abstract ideas and beliefs that
inform our research.
Philosophical assumptions are typically the
first ideas in developing a study, but how they relate to
the overall process of research remains a mystery.
We need to adapt an overview of the process of
research
► Ontology : nature of reality
► Epistemology : what counts as knowledge
how knowledge claims are justified
► Axiology : the role of values in research
► Methodology : the process of research

For practice purposes only , we assess one example , the

use of 5 W and 1 H questions from Rudyard Kipling
1 What philosophical assumption?
As Isaac Newton first established his theory :
2 When ?

As Isaac Newton first established his theory,

Characteristics :
He began using inductive reasoning to make
sense of the phenomenon
Particulars :
Collecting details before generalization
Relating context , then revises /regenerate
questions
► Collecting “similar” evidence
► Variations of evidence

Generalization :
Is there a formula to prove premises?
What follows philosophical view

► Paradigm : a belief that researcher brings into process

(social)constructivism , post-positivism
transformation, postmodernism, pragmatism
► Theory or theoretical orientation :
a researcher brings into practice such as
social science, social justice
feminist theory , critical theory
disability, queer theory
Example of constructivism
The formulation of psychiatric disorders
- Collection of utterances
- Behavioural changes
- Cognitive function : memory

Every single observation -> coding -> theme -> Disorder

Case example of hypothetical
situation in the early days
Someone you know looked very quite . What’s wrong?
Start questioning or anamnesis
Collecting data : difficulty sleeping, waking ups at night
failing test, forgetful
2 Premises /theme
1) restlessness, 2) cognitive malfunction
Abstraction : what do you name it ?
Distress ? Depression? Neurosis ?
(ps: may not be appropriately diagnosed )
TODAY we can use the classification of mental disorder
🡪 match the data, the theme, to final diagnosis
Paradigm Goal Potential researcher Practice
Influences of research
Case example
How severe (is the depression) ?
There is already a theory on severity
Mild ? Moderate ? Severe ? WHY BOTHER ?
Classification has been proved : clinical significance
example appropriateness to perform duties
Perform “measurement”
🡪 Post positivism : test a theory , generalizability
summary
● philosophy

● paradigm

next : approach of inquiry

The five approaches to data inquiry ( Creswel )
commonly used in the social, behavioral, and health science literature.
1. Narrative :
2. Phenomenology :
3. Grounded theory :
4. Ethnography :
5. Case study :
The five approaches examples

1. Narrative : could have been applied in the previous example of

“distress” case
2. Phenomenology : structures of consciousness as experienced from
the first-person point of view
3. Grounded theory : generation of theory,1 which is 'grounded' in data
that has been systematically collected and analysed.
4. Ethnography : involves immersing yourself in a particular community
or organization to observe their behavior and interactions up close
🡪 performing ancient rituals in modern eras
5. Case study : intensive study about a person, a group of people or a
unit, which is aimed to generalize over several units
🡪 criminal profiles
Medical resarch is always about
quantitative ?

communication

ethics

leadership

literacy etc
Final summary