The Contemporary World

Prepared by:
Ms. Amyjean A. Mariano
Ms. Luisa L. Presores, LPT

Republic of the Philippines

MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
2 Mayor Chanyungco St., Sta. Elena, Marikina City 1800

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The Contemporary World
2018 Edition
SN 978-971-23-866-4
Classification: Texkbook (04-SC-00004-0)

Published,copyright 2018, and distributed by Rex Book Store,

Inc. (RBSl) with main office at 856 Nicanor Reyes Sr., St.,
Sampaloc, Metro Manila/Tel Nos.: 735-1364

Journeys Through Our Contemporary World

lSBN 978-971-07-4236-3
@2018 by Vibal Group, Inc. and David Michael M. San Juan

2
 Table of Contents
Foreword………………………………………………………………….V

Chapter 1: Introduction To Globalization

Introduction…………………………………………………………….5
Globalization……………………………………………………………6
Globalization theories…………………………………………..
……………………..7
Homogeneity………………………..
………………………………….7
Heterogeneity…………………………..……………………………..7
Dynamics of Local Culture…………………………….
…………………………………….8
Three Perspective……………..………………………………………8
The Globalization of
Religion………………………………………………………………….8
Origin and History of
Religion……………………………………………..……………………9
Global Demography………..…………………………………………9
Demographic Transition…….………………………………………9
Global Migration…………………………….
……………………………….10
Types of Globalization……………………….
………………………………..10
Financial Globalization……………………………………………10
Technological Globalization………………………………………10
Political Globalization……………………………………..………11
Cultural Globalization…………………………………………….11
Ecological Globalization…………………………………………..11
Activities ……………………………………………………………..12
Assessment ………………………………………………………….13
Criteria ……….……………………………………………………….14

Definition of
Terms…………………………………………………………….…..14

Chapter 2: The Structures of Globalization

Introduction…………………………………………………………15
The Global Economy…………………………………..
…………………………16
Economic Globalization and Sustainable Development… .17
Environmental Degradation…………………………………… 17
Food Security……………………………………………………….17
Economic Globalization, Poverty and
Inequality…………………………………………………………..18
Global Income Inequality…………………..
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………………………………………18
Market
Integration…………………………………………………………19
Capitalism and
Socialism…………………………………………………………..20
Global
Corporations……………………………………………………….21
International Financial
Institution………………………………………………………….21
The Bretton Woods
System……………………………………………………………..22
Activities ..…………………………………………………..…….23
Assessment ……………………………………………………….24
Criteria …………………………………………………………….25
Enrichment Exercise…………………………………………………….
…….25
Definitions of Terms …..………………………………….…..26

Chapter 3: A World of Regions

Introduction………………………………………………………27
Global Divides: The North and the South
First and Third
Worlds…………………………………………………….………28
Regionalization and Globalization in
Asia…………………………………………………….…………29
Latin America and the Phil.under
Globalization………………………………………….…………29
Activity ………………………..…………..……………………..30
Assessment …….……….……………………….……………..31
Criteria ..…………………………………….…………………..32
Definitions of Terms……………………………………………..
……………..33

Chapter 4: World of Ideas

Introduction……………………………………… …………..34.
Global Media and Global
Integration………………………………………………...……35
The Globalization of
Religion……………………………………………….…………36
Pop Song Lyrics Replacement/Parody Tackling .……..37
Globalization Culture and
Religion…………………………………………………….……38
Practice Activity………………….………………………………………
39
Assessment ..………………………………………………….39

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Enrichment Exercise ………………………………….……39
Definitions of
Terms…………………………………………………………..40

Chapter 5: Global Population and Mobility

Introduction…………………………….…………………...42
Global City……………………………………………..…….43
Its Colonial Roots and
Linkages…………………………………………………..….44
The Impact of Post-Colonialism on the Consolidation
Of Global Cities…………………………………………….45
Economic Globalization and the Birth of Mega Cities…50
The Global Cities/Negative Impact to Cosmopolitan
Pop…………………………………………………………..…54
The Global Cities As Engines of
Globalization…………………………………………..……57
Categorization of the Global
Cities………………………………………..……………….59
Global Migration and Labor
Export……………………………………….………………60

Exploitation of the Overseas Filipino

Workers…………………………………………………………60
Practice
Activity………………………………………………………….60
Assessment ..………………………………..………………..61
Enrichment Exercise ..………………………………………61
Definitions of
Terms………………………………………………………….61
References……………………………………………………64

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 Foreword

This instructional material was written as a source material

for the subject Contemporary World or GE5 for students and
teachers, a compliance which is a required core course under
the new General Education Curriculum developed by the
Commission on Higher Education (CHED).
The materials feature a good learning activities suited
with real-life experiences in a globalized world. Such activities
will give students knowledge and appreciate globalization, and
being aware of his/her community, experiences, country and
our culture.

6
Title of Lesson: Chapter 1 – Introduction to Globalization

Introduction:

According to modern researchers it is the modern

age which led to the origin of globalization. In this age wide
spread development took place in the field of infrastructure
and connectivity. As more and more people started travelling
to various countries across the world, it led to more
communication between people and intermingling of
language.

Objectives:
 Provide students with an overview and brief history of
how globalization as an intellectual topic is developing.
 Help students see the application of global structures
and processes in their everyday activities.
 Familiarize students with the principles and central
ideas of important globalization theories that they are
encounter in the social science discipline.
 Explain the positive and negative aspects of
globalization.

Discussion of the Lesson ( Info. Sheet 1-1)

7
What is Globalization?

 Process by which businesses or other

organization develop international influence or
start operating on an international scale.
the free movement of goods, services and people
across the world in a seamless and integrated
manner freeing up the unproductive sectors to
investment and the productive sectors to export
related activities resulting in a win-win
situation for the economies of the world.

 Globalization is a process of interaction and

integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a process
driven by international
trade and investment and aided by information
technology. This process has effects on
the environment, on culture, on political
systems, on economic development and
prosperity, and on human physical well-being
in societies around the world.

8
Globalization Theories

 Homogeneity – refers to the increasing sameness in

the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and
political orientations with common practices, same
economies and similar forms of government.

Homogeneity in culture is often linked to cultural

imperialism.

 Heterogeneity – refers to the differences because of

either lasting differences or of the hybrids or

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 combinations of cultures that can be produced through
the different transplanetary processes.

Contrary to cultural imperialism, heterogeneity in culture is

associated with cultural hybridization.

Dynamics of Local and Global Culture

10
Three Perspective:
1. Cultural differentialism - culture are essentially
different and are only affected by global flows
2. Cultural Hybridization – emphasizes the integration of
local and global cultures
3. The Cultural Convergence Approach – stresses
homogeneity introduced by globalization

The Globalization of Religion

Information technologies, transportation means, and the

media are deemed important means on which religionists
rely on the dissemination of their religious ideas. For
instance, countless websites that provide information about
religions have been created.

Origins and History of Globalization

11
  Where did it starts???

Global Demography

 Demographic transition is a singular historical period

during which mortality and fertility rates decline from
high to low levels in a particular country or region

Global Migration

Migration is traditionally governed either by push factors

such as:
 Political persecution
 Economic depression
 War
 Famine

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TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION

FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION:
 Interconnection of the world’s financial
 More of a connection between large cities than of
nations
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION:
 A worldwide economic system that permits easy
movement of goods, production, capital, and resources
 Spread of trade, transport, and communication
 Protectionism and Trade Liberation
TECHNOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION
 Technological developments are conceived as the
main facilitator and driving force of most of the
globalization processes. Technology can be defined as
the socialized knowledge of producing goods and
services.
POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
 countries are attempting to adopt similar political
policies and styles of government in order to facilitate
other forms of globalization
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION:
 Merging or “watering down” of the world’s cultures e.g.
food, entertainment, language, etc.

ECOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION:
 seeing the Earth as a single ecosystem rather than a
collection of separate ecological systems because so
many problems are global in nature
 e.g. International treaties to deal with environmental
issues like biodiversity, climate change or the ozone
layer, wildlife reserves that span several countries
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SOCIOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION:
 A growing belief that we are all global citizens and
should all be held to the same standards – and have
the same rights
 e.g. the growing international ideas that capital
punishment is immoral and that women should have
all the same rights as men.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF

GLOBALIZATION

ADVANTAGES
• Free flow of goods and services between countries due
to the reduction in trade barriers.
• Free flow of technology from one country to another.
• Increase in employment opportunities: As globalization
increases, more and more companies are setting up
businesses in other countries.
• Education: With the increase in globalization, it has
become easier for people to move across borders to
different parts of the world to acquire better education.
• Faster flow of Information: Information flows from one
part of the world to the other immediately, resulting in
the world being tied together.

DISADVANTAGES
• Unfair working conditions:Labor are provided
unhealthy working conditions leading to health
hazards.
• Rapid spread of deadly diseases: Deadly diseases such
as AIDS or other communicable diseases can spread at
very fast pace via travelers or due to other means as a
direct consequence of globalization.
• Ecological Problem: Like Climate Change

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 LEARNING EXPERIENCE / ACTIVITIES

Learning Activities Special Instruction

 Read Information Sheet  Essay

No. 1-1 on Introduction
to Globalization  You can ask the
assistance of your
teacher to explain further
 If you were not able to the topic you don’t
answer all the understand.
questions, go over again
the Information Sheet.
 Try to answer the
Assessment
 If you have answered all
the questions, you can Sheet 1-1
proceed to the next
learning outcome.

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 Assessment 1-1

Name:________________________

Answer the ff. questions: ( 3 points each )

a. Enumerate at least three of the most recent songs you
have listened. Where did they originate? Identify the
nationality of the writer and/ or artist for each music.
b. What gadgets or devices do you usually use to listen to
music.
c. Where were these gadgets or devices made? Where is the
company based ?
d. How did you access these music? Did you purchase them
online or listen to them through you tube, spotify, and
other music channels.

Essay ( 5 points each). Write your answer at least a

minimum of 20
words.
e. Are societies in the world becoming more similar
(homogenous) or more different (heterogenous)?

f. What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages

of homogenization of culture? How about
heterogenization?

Assessment Criteria 1.1

Score Descriptive Grade

22 Excellence

21-17 Very good

16-9 Good

8 Fair

7-0 Poor

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Enrichment Exercises

Answer the ff. questions: Your answer must be of minimum

of 20 words. ( 10 points each )

1. Why is globalization considered as a “complex

concept”?

2. What is the most evident aspect of globalization?

Explain your
answer with examples.

3. What is the most valid critique of globalization among

its negative aspects? Justify your answer.

Definition of Terms

free trade – exchange of goods or products between nations

without tariff or tax

Deregulation – loosening or lifting of government regulations,

usually to favor private corporation’s
flexibility of operations and profitability

free trade – exchange of goods or products between nations

without tariff or tax

Liberalization – process or policy of removal or reduction of

restrictions or barriers on the free trade
between nations

Privatization – process or policy of subjecting an industry or

service to private control and ownership

Social Movement – people and organizations advocating for

positive social change through a variety of
means and approaches

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Title of Lesson: Chapter 2 – The Structures of
Globalization

Introduction:

People’s day-to-day experiences in globalization-

buying imported products deciding whether or not to migrate
into a developed country, watching an independent Filipino
film or another Hollywood flick, learning a foreign language,
eating a Korean noodles or Japanese ramen-are certainly
guided and affected by economic factors. In this chapter you
are going to understand the factors which facilitate economic
globalization, market integration, global corporations, the
role of international financial institutions, and the global
interstate system and global governance.

Objectives:
 Help students to identify the actors that facilitate
economic globalization
 Relate students understanding on how does
market integration transform within a region,
bloc, or group of countries
 Provide students identify the attributes of global
corporations
 Relate students define the modern world system.

Discussion of the Lesson ( Info. Sheet 2-1)

The Global Economy

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 Two Different Types of Economic Globalization:

1. Protectionism – means a policy of systematic

government intervention in foreign trade with the
objective of encouraging domestic production.
2. Trade Liberazation – free trade agreements and
technological advances in transportation and
communication mean goods and services move around
the world more easily than ever.

Economic Globalization and Sustainable Development

Development has to be ensured in and for the future

generations. The continuous production of the world’s
natural resources, such as water and fossil fuel allows
humanity to discover and innovate many things. We were
able to utilize energy, discover new technologies, and make
advancement in transportation and communication. However
these positive effects of development put our environment at
a disadvantage. Climate change accelerated and global
inequality was not eradicated. This means that development ,
although beneficial at one hand, entails cost on the other.

Environmental Degradation

Development, especially economic development, was

hastened by the Industrial Revolution. This is the period in
human history that made possible the cycle of efficiency.
Efficiency means finding the quickest possible way of
producing large amounts of a particular product. This
process made buying of goods easier for the people. Then,
there is an increased demand. Ultimately, there was an
increased efficiency . This cycle harms the planet in a
number of ways.

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Food Security

Global food security means delivering sufficient food to

the entire world population. It is therefore, a priority of all
countries, whether developed or less developed. The security
of food also means the sustainability of society such as
population growth, climate change, water scarcity, and
agriculture. The demand for food will be 60% greater than it
is today and the challenge of food security requires the world
to feed 9 billion people by 2050 ( Breene, 2016).

Economic Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality

Economic and trade globalization is the result of

companies trying to out maneuver their competitors. While
you search for the cheapest place to buy shoes, companies
search for the cheapest place to make those shoes. They find
the cheapest sources of leather, dye, rubber, and of course
labor. The result is the labor –intensive products like shoes
are often produced in countries with the lowest wages and
the weakest regulations. This process creates winners and
losers. The winners include corporations and their
stockholders who earn more profit. The losers are high
wageworkers who used to make those shoes.

The Multiplier Effect means an increase in one economic

activity can lead to an increase in other economic activities.
20
For instance, investing in local businesses will lead to more
jobs and more income. According to the economist Paul
Krugman ( as cited in the New York Times, July 8, 2013.).

Opponents of economic globalization called the

outsourcing of jobs as exploitation and oppression, a form of
economic colonialism that puts profits before people. A few
call for protectionist policies like higher tariffs and
limitations on outsourcing . Others focus on the foreign
workers themselves by demanding they received higher
wages and more protection. Some developing countries have
no minimum wage laws. They do not have regulations that
provide safe work conditions or protect the environment.

Global Income Inequality

Two Types of Economic Inequality

1. Wealth Inequality - wealth refers to the net worth of a

country, all assets of a nation, natural, physical and
human. This means that wealth inequality speaks
about the distribution of assets. In order to measure
global economic inequality , economists usually look at
income using the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)- is the total monetary or

market value of all the finished goods and services
produced within a country’s borders in a specific time
period.

2. Income Inequality – income is the new earnings that are

constantly being added to the pile of a country’s wealth.
It means the new earnings are being distributed; it
values the flow of goods and services, not a stock of
assets.

MARKET INTEGRATION

 occurs when prices among different locations or

related goods follow similar patterns over a long
period of time. Groups of goods often move
proportionally to each other and when this
relation is very clear among different markets it
is said that the markets are integrated.

History of Global Market Integration

The Agricultural Revolution and The Industrial Revolution

When people learned how to domesticate plants and

21
animals, they realized that it was more productive than
hunter- gatherer societies. Farming helped societies build
surpluses, meaning not everyone had to spend their
producing foods. This, in turn, led to major developments
like permanent settlements, trade networks, and population
growth. The Agricultural Revolution was a period of
technological improvement and increased crop productivity
that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in
Europe. This is the first big economic change.

The second major economic revolution is the Industrial

Revolution of the 1800’s . With the rise of industry came new
economic tools, like stem engines , manufacturing, and mass
production. Factories popped up and changed how worked
functioned.

Capitalism and Socialism

Capitalism – is a system in which all natural resources

and means of production are privately owned. It emphasizes
profit maximization and competition as the main drivers of
22
efficiency. This means that when one owns a business, he
needs to outperform his competitors if he is going to succeed.

In a socialist system, the means of production are under

collective ownership. It rejects capitalism’s private property
and hands-off approaches. Instead in socialism, property is
owned by the government and allocated to all citizens , not
only those with the money to afford it. Socialism emphasizes
collective goals, expecting everyone to work for the common
good and placing a higher value on meeting everyone’s basic
needs than on individual profits.

Global Corporations

These companies that extend beyond the borders of one

country are called multinational or transnational
corporations (MNCs or TNCs). They are also referred to as
global corporations. They intentionally surpass national
borders and take advantage of opportunities in different
countries to manufacture, distribute, market and sell their
products.

International Financial Institution

23
 The ff. are the financial institutions and economic
organizations that made countries closer even together, at
least, when it comes to trade.

The Bretton Wood System

- the establishment of this system is to restructure the
world economy.

Has five key elements:

1. the expression of currency in terms of gold or gold

value to establish a par value (ex. 35 US dollars per
ounce of gold is the same as 175 Nicaraguan
cordovas per ounce of gold.

2. The official monetary authority in each country ( a

central bank or its equivalent) would agree to
exchange its own currency for those of other
countries at the established exchange rates.
3. The establishment of an overseer for these exchange
rates; thus the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
was founded.
4. Eliminating restrictions on the currencies of member
states in the International Trade
5. US dollar became the global currency.

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and

the World Trade Organization (WTO)

Established in 1947 from 23 members countries. It

focused on trade goods through multinational trade
agreements conducted in many rounds of negotiation.
WTO (World Trade Organization) – an independent

24
multilateral organization that became responsible for trade in
services , non-tariff-related barriers to trade, and other
broader areas of trade liberalization.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World

Bank

These institutions aimed to help the economic stability of

the world. Both of them are basically banks. IMF and the
World Bank were designed to complement each other. IMFs
main goal was to help countries which were in trouble at that
time and who could not obtain money by any means.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

A trade pact between the US, Mexico, and Canada.

NAFTA helps in developing and expanding world trade by
broadening international cooperation. It also aims to
increase cooperation for improving working conditions in
North America by reducing barriers to trade as its expands
the markets of the three countries.

The Global Interstate System and Contemporary Global

Governance

From previous discussions that globalization requires

some sort of global, or at least, international governance. The
very rules of globalization- specifically trade regulations- are
governed by global institutions such as WTO. Furthermore,
the WTO claims to be capable of doing ten specific things:

1. Cut living costs and raise living standard

2. Settle disputes and reduce trade tensions
3. Stimulate economic growth and employment
4. Cut the cost of doing business internationally
5. Encourage good governance
6. Help countries develop
7. Give the weak a stronger voice
8. support the environment and health
9. Contribute to peace and stability
10.be effective without hitting the headlines

There is mass migration of people and their entry, often

illegally, into various nation-states. If states are unable to
control this flow, then there is a need for some sort of global
governance to help deal with the problem. The flow of
criminal elements, as well as their products ( drugs,
laundered money, those bought and sold in sex trafficking,
etc.), is a strong factor in the call for global governance.

25
 LEARNING EXPERIENCE / ACTIVITIES

Learning Activities Special Instruction

 Read Information Sheet  Essay

No. 2-1 on Structures of
Globalization  You can ask the
assistance of your teacher
to explain further the
 If you were not able to topic you don’t
answer all the understand.
questions, go over again
the Information Sheet.
 Try to answer the
Assessment Sheet
 If you have answered all
the questions, you can
proceed to the next
learning outcome.

Assessment Sheet 2-1

Name:________________________

1. Listed below are the scenarios that have to do with the

economy. In pairs, discuss the major impacts of these
scenarios whether they are positive or negative ( for you, for
the country, or for the Filipinos). The “ Case-by-Case”
column can be used. Justify your answers.

Scenario Positive Negative Case-by-Case

Scenario A: Agriculture is the main source of employment in

26
 your home province. The government has recently decided to
develop the farmlands into real estate and exclusive
subdivisions in order to attract foreign investors to the
country.

Scenario B: You decided to purchase a new shirt through an

online shop based in London.

Scenario C: The Philippine government is being pressured

by the economic crisis to import rice from Taiwan and other
nearby countries in the region.

Scenario D: A multinational corporation decided to close.

Unfortunately, your father is one of its many employees
whose work has been terminated. However, he could still be
employed if he were to accept the offer to move or relocate to
another country.

Scenario E: The global financial crisis has affected the

investment funds of your mother that she can use for her
retirement.

2. How did you decide for each scenario? What are the pros and
cons that you list down before you came up with the final
judgment?

Assessment Criteria 2.1

Score Descriptive Grade

25 Excellence

24-19 Very good

18-13 Good

12 Fair

11-0 Poor

27
Enrichment Exercise

Film Critique

As a well-known film critic, you are asked by your creditor

to write a 300-word review of the documentary Inside Job by
Charles Ferguson following the format and answering the
guide questions on the next page. Write your article concisely
and coherently.

Components of the Questions

Review
1. Synopsis How can the documentary be described
in terms of its narrative arc, the
presented problem or plot, point
characters, and its ending?

2. Analysis How are the facts and data presented

in the documentary related to the
current issues of the country?
Does the documentary offer solutions
to address the issues presented in the
movie? Are they viable?, If yes, why? If
no, what other solutions can you
suggest?
How can the theme in this
documentary engage an average citizen
in the terms of economics and politics?
3. Reaction How do you react to the solutions
proposed by the documentary? How do
the problems in the narrative affect
your way of life?

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Global Corporation – a company that operates in a number

of countries in contrast with companies
that operate only in one or few countries

Lender of last resort – a financial institution that offers loans

to countries, banks, or other institutions
in times of crisis or that are in some sort
of financial difficulty and hence,
28
 considered highly risk
to be served by typical lenders

Market Integration - process of economic transformation

within a region, bloc, or group of
countries, aimed at pegging one price
for the same product, thereby directly
or indirectly merging previously
separate markets or economic
communities into one single market or
economic community

References:

Aldama, P.K. R. @2018, Rex Book Store. The

Contemporary World

San Juan, D.M.M @2018, Vibal Group Inc. Journeys

through Our Contemporary World

Title of Lesson: Chapter 3 – A World of Regions

29
Introduction:

As economic globalization-free trade-is essentially a

zero-sum game, global divides are observable under the
current setup where one side wins at the expense of another ;
a country’s gains ( for example , increased exports) is another
nation’s loss (such as in the form of increase imports). Indeed,
globalization failed to drastically bridge the gap between and
within countries. The promise of shared prosperity remains
unfulfilled for hundreds of millions of citizens in Third World
countries. In this chapter, students understand well the
differentiation of the Global South Countries from the Third
World countries and the factors leading to a greater
integration of the Asian region.

Objectives:

 Cite students define the global south countries

 Analyze how different Asian states confront the
challenges of globalization and regionalization
 Differentiate between regionalization and globalization
 Synthesis knowledge concerning globalization

Discussion of the Lesson ( Info. Sheet 3-1)

30
 The term Global North and Global South are
commonly used to refer to the two halves of the current global
system. The Global North countries such as the US, Canada,
Europe, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Australia, and New
Zealand; while the Global South refer to Africa, Latin America,
and developing countries of Asia ( including Southwest Asia
or Middle East). Hence, economically, the Global North refers
to the rich and developed parts of the world, while the Global
South covers the poor and developing half of it. The terms
Global North and Global South, and First World and Third
World are used interchangeably in common conversation.
Though these two sets of concepts are related, they are
actually different. The capitalist camp was dubbed as the
First World, while the Socialist side was labeled as the Second
World. The other countries of the world comprising much of
Asia,, Africa, and Latin America were called as the Third
World. These countries were mostly former colonies of
Western powers.

First World generally understood as referring to the

developed countries, in contrast with the underdeveloped and
developing countries which are collectively known as the
Third World.

Despite the promises of a so called borderless world under

globalization, significant gaps between the Global North and
the Global South are still observable , especially on
technological diffusion or the spread of technological
innovation through research and development, and debts.
They opined that the radical technological diffusion is largely
restricted to the North. In other words, present and future
innovations that improve production and promote efficiency
do little to change the status qou where the Global South is
condemned to economic dependency because the Global still
monopolizes such technological advances which give the latter
enormous advantages over the former.

31
Globalization and Regionalization in Asia

The processes of globalization and regionalization

reemerged during the 1980s and heightened after the end of
the Cold War in the 1990s. At first, it seems that these two
processes are contradicting – the very nature of globalization
is, by definition, global while regionalization is naturally
regional.

Philippines as part of Asia, finds it difficult to stray

away from this development framework as its part of Asia
now at the forefront of globalization and regionalization due to
several factors:

 First, Asia is home to China which in 2014,

surpassed the US as the world’s biggest economy in
terms of GDP
 Second, Southeast Asia is among the world’s most
vibrant economic zones with much potential for
further growth because of its young and more
educated workforce coupled with stable population
growth
 Third, Asia is still rich in essential natural
resources (from
petroleum and minerals to food crops and lumber).

The argument concerning the relationship between

regionalization and globalization is perfectly summarized in
this claim:

The age of economic globalization has also been the age of

32
regionalization, and much of the analysis of the new
regionalism has been devoted to the links between the two
tendencies. Thus, regionalism is seen as critical part of the
political economy of globalization and strategies that states
(and other actors) have adopted in the face of globalization…
The emergence of regionalism needs to be understood within
the global restructuring of power and production. The many
worlds are very closely intertwined with the character and fate
of the one. The core driving force is global even if the
manifestation is regional.

Latin America and the Philippines under Globalization

Partly, because of their inability to catch up with the

Global North’s twin policies of innovation and
industrialization, the Philippines and most countries in Latin
America and other regions formerly colonized by Western
powers are still relatively poorer than the countries are
colonized them.

Factors that worsen developing countries dependency on the

developed countries include:

1. Urban development, together with inadequate increase

in agricultural production of foodstuff, which make
necessary increasing imports of basic food products
( wheat, rice, etc.,);
2. Increase in administrative expenditure, out of
proportion with the possibilities of the local economy;
3. Change in the structures of income distribution, with
Europanization of the way of life and consumer habits
of privileged strata (demonstration effects);
4. Inadequate industrial development and disequilibrium
in the industrial structures ( excessive predominance
of consumer-goods industries), which necessitate
33
 imports of production goods and intermediate goods.

LEARNING EXPERIENCE / ACTIVITIES

Learning Activities Special Instruction

 Read Information Sheet  Quiz

No. 3-1 on A World of  Essay
Regions
 You can ask the
assistance of your teacher
 If you were not able to to explain further the topic
answer all the you don’t understand.
questions, go over again
the Information Sheet.
 Try to answer the
Assessment Sheet
 If you have answered all
the questions, you can
proceed to the next
learning outcome.

34
 ASSESSMENT 3-1

Name:__________________________________________

1.Answer the ff. questions:

1. Which countries refer to the rich and developed parts of

the world?
a. Global North c. Global West
b. Global South d. Global East

2. Which countries cover the poor and developing on it?

a. Global North c. Global West
b. Global South d. Global East

3. The terms Global North and Global South are used

interchangeably in common conversation, which is;
a. First World and Second World
b. First World and Third World
c. First World and Fourth World
d. First World and Fifth World

4. Which country surpassed the US as the world’s biggest

economy in terms of GDP on 2014?
a. Brunei c. Dubai
b. China d. Japan

5. Philippines, Latin America and other countries were

colonized by what power?
a. Northern power c. Western power
b. Southern power d. Eastern power

ll. Essay (15 points)

1. In this activity, look for and read three newspapers

opinion editorials ( op ed) discussing globalization. You
may use local or international op-eds. Write a 50-word
summary for each op-ed.

35
 Assessment Criteria 1.1

Score Descriptive Grade

20 Excellence

19-15 Very good

14-10 Good

9 Fair

8-0 Poor

Enrichment Exercise

Answer the following question: (10 points each )

1. What does the contrast between the slums of Metro

Manila and the capital’s posh villages signify?

2. Why are the terms First World and Third World, and
Global North and Global South used interchangeably?
IS it justifiable to use them as such?

3. In your opinion, what is the most pressing concern that

developing countries should address under
globalization? How should it be addressed?

Definition of Terms

Austerity – policy of cutting budget for social services, so as

to reduce a country’s budget deficit

First World – countries that are industrialized and developed

Neocolonialism – form of indirect colonialism in which a

neocolony is dominated economically ,
culturally, or politically by a more powerful
country

Regionalization – process of closer economic integration of

countries within a region oftentimes,
culturally, and geographically linked
countries

Third World – countries that are mostly developing , non-

industrialized or semi-industrialized
36
Title of Lesson: Chapter 4 – WORLD OF IDEAS

Introduction:

This chapter discusses how various media can

influence different forms of global media. It also attempts
to explain the effect of globalization of national identities,
languages, religious, beliefs and cultures. Finally it
examines the relevance of religion with global peace as
well as the former’s relationship with global conflict.

Objectives:
 Analyze how various media drive various forms at
global integration,
 Explain the dynamic between local and global
cultural production,
 Evaluate the impact of globalization on languages,
cultures and national identities,
 Explain how globalization affects religious practices
and beliefs;
 Analyze the relationship between religion and global
conflict and conversely global peace.

Discussion of the Lesson

37
Global Media and Global Integration

Media drive various forms of global integration through

promoting capitalist globalization, bringing countries
closer to Western way of life and promoting cultural
exchanges through mediated cultural experiences. Jack
Lule is explicit in revealing that:
The media foster the conditions for global capitalism.
They fill our days with invitations and exhortations for
consumptions, from ceaseless commercials on radio and
television, to product placement in films, to digital
billboards, to pop-up ads, to broadsheets in bathroom
stalls. The pack these channels with exhortations of
consumer, product, and market Advertisement, cover
magazine stories that fawn over CEO, minute-by-minute
reporting of the stock market, films that revel over
spectacular consumption and high-end product, endless
news paper ratings of top products and services – all these
and more make capitalism seem not only natural but
necessary to modern life.

Indeed, he concludes, there can be no globalization

without media, further describing them as:

Huge transitional global corporations that embody

globalization even as they celebrate globalization . . . The
epitome of economic globalization. Around the world once
small, local, and regional media companies – not only
newspapers, magazines, radio stations, but television and
cable channels, book publishers, music producers, movie
studios, Internet sites, and more – are being bought up by
a handful of huge global conglomerates and corporations,
who themselves were once small and local. It has all
happened incredibly fast, primarily in the last 25 years.
The result goes by various names – media oligopoly,
consolidation, concentration, and convergence.

38
 Six companies – in particular, Disney, Time Warner,
News Corporation, Viacom, Vivendi, and Bertelsmann –
are estimated to own and/ or control nearly 25% of the
global media. Media firms can thus be labeled collectively
as some sort of glue that holds the various nations under
the pro-globalization camp together.

Mainstream media channels from the western world as

CNN, Fox News, BBC, TV5Monde, Deutsche Welle and the
like along with some of their local subsidiaries and/ or
branches in major cities around the world, are at the
forefront of covertly ( and at times, even directly )
promoting the dominant discourse on globalization.

During the 2008 crisis, financial media reporting

compiled by the Columbia Journalism Review led some
observers to remark that such of the financial media have
been all too easily swayed by the arguments of the very
people and institutions they were supposed to watch.
Worse, despite the existence of “excellent reporting “that
explained the details of the crisis as it happened,
“forecasts were largely lacking “.

In major international upheavals like the US War on

Iraq, many mainstream channels in the US and Europe
shared the same views. For example, Steven Kull, director
of the Program on International Policy Attitudes (PIPA) at
the University of Mary Land “ study conducted in 2003 by
Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting ( FAIR ) tracking the
frequencies of pro-war and antiwar commentator network
on the major network . . . found that pro-war views were
overwhelmingly more frequent.

Majority of these mainstream pro-globalization

channels are broadcast in English-the language of the US,
globalizations most powerful player at this point-or a
European language such as German or French. Their
influence holds away even among elite cities of the Third
World countries like the Philippines, more especially that
only segments of the middle class and the elite can afford
subscription to cable television ( as free television features
mostly local channels ).

39
The world’s elite in fact think and act the same way. They
hold the same ideas dear, as they participate in the same
economicand politic conferences covered by mainstream
media channels. Scholte observes that “global elite circles
tend to congregate around a number of global associations
and conferences.

Parallel to what the mainstream news channel do,

Hollywood also did a good job-and still is doing a good
one-in fashioning the world according to the West’s image
and likeness. Mainstream America and Europe films and
TV series, mostly in English, dominate theaters
everywhere.

40
All these factors lead to a homogenized version of
globalization, a version that favors and seemingly
promotes the mainstream American-European way of life.
They all form the basis for the creation and expansion of
the global village which McLuhan only imagined in the
1960s. All media forms that Lule described-oral, script,
electronic, and digital-enabled people of the world.

What Benedict Anderson might have called as a global

“imagined community” is now a full-pledged global
community of cosmopolitan citizens who knows of the
world and actively participates in reshaping it, both
through actual and virtual experiences.

But there are challenges to Western dominance in the

global media. Outlet such as the Qatar-based Al Jazeera,
Venezuela-based TeleSUR, and China Central Television
(CCTV) has been providing alternative international
coverage to mainstream Western media channel.

41
 While most of the above mention observation apply to a
huge segment of today’s world, it must nevertheless be
noted that the current digital divide in many Third World
countries clearly means that a number of citizens are still
insulated from on at least not very much influenced by
the local media.

The Globalization of Religion

Globalization as a means of transporting cultural items
has also paved the way for the mobilization of religion
practices from the Global South to the North, from the
center to the peripheries, and vice versa. This phenomenal
has not only propelled the spread of the scope of vast
religious belief such as Catholicism and Islam, but it has
also hastened the emergence of religious amalgamation.

Despite the generally benign nature of current

missionary activities, clashes seem inevitable between the
increasingly conservative strains of Islam and the
relatively more liberal Christianity in some part of the
world.

Guiding Lights
1. How do local and global media interact in a country
like the Philippines?
2. How does the popularity of “Despacito” and Game of
Thrones mirror the success of cultural
globalization?
3. Can the majority of Filipino be considered part of
what McLuhan calls as the “global village”? Why or
Why not?
4. Is the global village still an imagined community?
Why or Why not?
5. How does the digital divide in some parts of the
world limit the success of globalization?

42
 6. How does globalization affect cultures and language
in general?
7. How can a religion be a force for peace in the world
increasingly ridden with religion friction?

Pop Song Lyrics Replacement/Parody Tackling

Globalization, Culture, and Religion

A recording label engaged in corporate social

responsibility program tapped you, a recording artist, to
perform with another artist under the same label in a
church-organized event. You are task to write lyrics on
how religion and understanding other culture can unite
the peoples of the world despite differences. The lyrics will
then be sung using the melody of a popular song. You are
given two minutes to perform.

Practice Activity

Pop Song Lyrics Replacement/Parody Tackling

Globalization, Culture, and Religion

A recording label engaged in corporate social

responsibility program tapped you, a recording artist, to
perform with another artist under the same label in a
church-organized event. You are task to write lyrics on
how religion and understanding other culture can unite
the peoples of the world despite differences. The lyrics will
then be sung using the melody of a popular song. You are
given two minutes to perform.

Assessment 1-1

Name:__________________________ Date:________________________

Section: _______________________

Answer the following questions: ( 5 points each )

1. How do local and global media interact in a
country like the Philippines?
2. How does the popularity of “Despacito” and
Game of Thrones mirror the success of cultural
globalization?
3. Can the majority of Filipino be considered part
of what McLuhan calls as the “global village”?
Why or Why not?
4. Is the global village still an imagined
community? Why or Why not?
43
 Assessment Criteria 1.1

Score Descriptive Grade

20 Excellence

20-16 Very good

15-8 Good

7 Fair

6-0 Poor

Enrichment Exercise

Answer the following questions: (10 points each)

1. How does globalization affect cultures and language
in general?
2. How can a religion be a force for peace in the world
increasingly ridden with religion friction?

Definition of Terms

Global media – corporations or entities globally engaged

in media production and/or distribution.
Global village – international community formed by the
constant interaction between citizens of various countries
and bound by shared cultural experiences transcending
geographical distance and actual physical contact.
Imagined community – a community formed by like-
minded individuals bound by common interests, shared
aspirations, collective identity and the like.
Digital divide – gap in technological skills between those
who have ready access to computers and other digital
devices and the internet; and those who do not.

44
Title of Lesson: Chapter 5 - GLOBAL POPULATION AND
MOBILITY

Introduction:

CITIES IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD ALTHOUGH

GLOBALIZATION CERTAINLY affects rural and peri urban
areas, global forces and centered in cities. It is in cities
and global operations are centralized and where we can
see most clearly the phenomena associated with their
activities, whether it be changes in the structure of
employment, the formation of powerful partnerships, the
development of monumental real state, the emergence of
new forms of local governance, the effects of organized
crime, the expansion of corruption, the fragmentation of
informal networks or the spatial and social exclusion of
certain population groups.

Objectives:
 Identify the attributes of a global city,
 Analyze how cities serve as engine of globalization,
 Explain the theory of demographic transition as it
affects global population,
 Analyze the political, economic, cultural and social
factors underlying the global movements of people,
 Display firsthand knowledge of experiences of
OFW’s;
 Explain the cost and benefits of the country labor
export policy.

Discussion of the Lesson

45
What is Global City?
Cosmopolitanism is a phenomenon mostly
associated with the global city. Large diverse cities
attracting people, material amd cultural products
from all over the word.

It usually evokes pleasant images of travel,

exploration and “wordly”pursuit by the “citizens of
the word.

A consumerist word of malls and supermarket, of

theme parks and leisure centers offerings, a cross-
cultural variety of food, fashion, entertainment and
various consumables and artifacts.

46
The Global City

Post-industrial character as another attribute

“the condition in which the production of goods has

ceased and switched to handling and shifting money and
ideas”

Val-Colic-Peisker

Example of Global Cities which transition as former

industrial and manufacturing center.

SINGAPORE
SHANGHAI

47
The Global City

Its Colonial Roots and Linkages

“Global cities transitioned from being colonial Ent repot

to become major financial hubs and destination centers.
The nodal points in the global city network have formed
themselves in places where networks existed”

Gregory Bracken

The Global City

The Impact of Post-Colonialism on the Consolidation of

Global Cities

 The politics of post-colonial survival became successful

48
 development policies that paved the way for the
emergence of tiger economies.

“Leader of post-colonial societies strived to industrialize

their countries, provide social services to their citizens,
and achieve a higher standard of living for their
residents… all these efforts to legitimize their leadership
after gaining independent from their colonial masters”

George Bracken

Economic Globalization and the Birth of Mega Cities

Saskia Sassen’s HYPOTHESIS:

1. The dispersal of globalization-related economic activities
such as Managing, coordinating, financing a firm’s
network of operation

2. The complexity of the central functions in the

headquarters of global companies leads to outsource
“accounting, legal, public relations’ programming,
telecommunication, and other such services.

49
50