charge. For example, if an atom loses one or more electrons, it becomes positively charged (cation).

If it gains one or more electrons, it becomes negatively charged (anion). These ions are considered
unstable in their charged state.

- **Radioactive Decay:** Some atoms are inherently unstable due to an excess of protons or
neutrons in the nucleus. These unstable atoms undergo radioactive decay, emitting particles or
radiation in an attempt to achieve a more stable state. Common examples include radioactive
isotopes like uranium-235 and carbon-14.

- **Excited States:** Atoms can become temporarily unstable when their electrons absorb energy
and move to higher energy levels (excited states). They eventually return to lower energy levels by
emitting photons of light, returning to their stable ground state.

In summary, an atom is neutral and stable when it has an equal number of protons and electrons,
resulting in no net electrical charge. It becomes unstable when it has an unequal number of these
particles, leading to a net electrical charge or undergoing processes like ionization or radioactive
decay to achieve a more stable configuration.