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T3-Physical Layer
T3-Physical Layer
T3-Physical Layer
Physical Layer
20
Attenuation
21
Example
22
Example
23
Example
24
Example
Solution
We can calculate the power in the signal as
25
Example
Solution
The loss in the cable in decibels is 5 ×
( − 0.3) = − 1.5 dB. We can calculate the
power as
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Distortion
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Noise
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Example
Solution
The values of SNR and SNRdB can be
calculated as follows:
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Two cases of SNR: a high SNR and a low SNR
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Example
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PERFORMANCE
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Examples
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Example
Solution
We can calculate the throughput as
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Example
Solution
We can calculate the propagation time as
Solution
36
Example
Solution
37
Concept of bandwidth-delay product
39
Analog versus Digital
Digital
¯ Is less error prone
¯ Distortion of the signal between
the source and destination is
eliminated
Analog
¯ Little control over the signal
distortion
¯ Old technology
Analog versus Digital
tim
e tim
e
tim tim
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Original ReceivedRegenerated
Benefits of Digital
Transmission
Error detection and
correction
¯ Can correct errors in
transmission
RG-59 75 Cable TV
Thick
RG-11 50
Ethernet
BNC connectors
1)Bayone-Neill-Concelman
Connectors
2)Three popular types are BNC
connector, BNC T connector, BNC
Terminator.
3)BNC Connector is used to connect
the end of the cable to a device,
such as a TV set. The BNC T
connector is used in Ethernet
networks to branch out a cable for
connection to a computer or other
devices.
Bending of light ray
Fiber-optic cable is made of glass
or plastic and transmits signals in
the form of light.
Claddin
Core
Type g Mode
µm
µm
Multimode,
50/125 50 125
graded-index
62.5/1 Multimode,
62.5 125
25 graded-index
100/12 Multimode,
100 125
5 graded-index
Propaga
Band Range Application
tion
Long-range radio
VLF 3–30 KHz Ground
navigation
Radio beacons and
LF 30–300 KHz Ground
navigational locators
300 KHz–3
MF Sky AM radio
MHz
Citizens band (CB),
HF 3–30 MHz Sky ship/aircraft
communication
Sky and
VHF TV,
VHF 30–300 MHz line-of-
FM radio
sight
300 MHz–3 Line-of- UHF TV, cellular phones,
UHF
GHz sight paging, satellite
Line-of-
SHF 3–30 GHz Satellite communication
sight
Line-
EH 30–300 Long-range radio
of-
F GHz navigation
sight
Wireless transmission
waves
Omnidirectional antennas
Multiplexer Demultiplexer
Terminal#1 Device#1
Terminal#2 #3 #2 #1 Device#2
#3 #2 #1
Terminal#3 Device#3
Advantages
¯ guaranteed data rate
¯ once connected no channel
access delay
Disadvantages
¯ inefficient use of the
transmission media (idle time)
¯ long connection delays (first
time)
Message Switching
Advantages
¯ efficient traffic management
¯ reduces network congestion
¯ efficient use of network media
¯ messages can be sent when
receiver down
Disadvantages
¯ delay of storing and forwarding
¯ costly intermediate storage
Packet Switching
Disadvantages
¯ More RAM
¯ More complex protocols
¯ more processing power for
switching device
¯ Greater number of packets
greater chance for packet loss
or damage
Packet Switching