Professional Documents
Culture Documents
План рассказа EN
План рассказа EN
Slide 10 - Explanation of the effect of overestimating the mass fraction of tin (Generation Intensity)
Figure 5 shows the process of characteristic radiation detection.
The intensity of the characteristic radiation is calculated by the microscope software using formula three.
The multiplier φ (h) is usually called generation density of the characteristic radiation and the exponential
multiplier is responsible for absorption of the characteristic radiation according to the Bouguer-Lambert-
Bera law or the A correction. (Booger-Lambert-Bera law)
Slide 11 - Explanation of the effect of overestimating the mass fraction of tin (Generation density function)
The generation density function shown in figure six is calculated using the Monte Carlo method in
the CASINO simulator using the physical models presented on the slide. It is the one in formula three that
represents the multiplier φ (h).
(φ (h) - the number of photons generated by a single electron in a layer of unit thickness at a
certain depth).
Slide 12 - Explanation of the effect of overestimating the mass fraction of tin (Absorption coefficients)
Table three shows the mass absorption coefficients. These coefficients are used in the exponential
multiplier of formula 3 when calculating the intensity of the characteristic X-ray radiation.
For these coefficients the following regularity is noticeable: the increase of the lead share in the
samples affects the absorption of characteristic photons of L-lines of tin and lead, as a consequence of which
the mass absorption coefficients of these lines in the investigated material grow.
(This fact is a consequence of lead being an active absorber.)
(K - first inner shell, closest to the nucleus, includes 1s subshell;
L - second inner shell, includes 2s and 2p subshells)
Slide 13 - Explanation of the effect of overestimating the mass fraction of tin. (Intensities).
All previous theoretical calculations are a guide to the modelling of the intensities of the characteristic X-ray
radiation of the L lines of tin in the samples shown in
Fig. 7.
From this figure it can be seen that the intensity of the registered tin characteristic emission in the samples
decreases as the amount of lead in these samples increases. The reasons for the decrease of the intensities are
the generation factors of the characteristic tin emission and the absorption.
As a result of the generation factor (which in the Three Corrections method is responsible for
as the amount of lead in the sample increases the amount of electrons absorbed by the probe increases,
which in turn reduces the amount of characteristic X-rays generated by the sample elements.
As a result of the absorption factor (for which Correction A is responsible in the Three Corrections method),
the number of characteristic tin photons emitted from the sample decreases as the amount of lead in the
sample increases.
The EDAX Genesis software determines the absorbance ratios of the sample being analysed, assuming that
the sample is homogeneous, which in fact is not the case. When it obtains an incorrect absorbance
coefficient, the software analyzes the resulting tin line intensity. Due to the fact that the obtained tin
absorption coefficient is too high, the software assumes that the calculated intensity is only possible with
more than the actual amount of tin in the sample. The software therefore overestimates the mass fraction of
tin in the samples.
Slide 14 - Adjusting the results
Based on the above, a decision was made to adjust the mass fraction values of the elements obtained
by the software. For this purpose, the graph shown in Figure 8 was constructed.
The mass fraction of lead in the solder was plotted on the abscissa axis and the ordinate axis was
plotted by energy dispersive analysis. The red lines indicate the tolerance limits of the trace element content
of the solder according to GOST 21930-76.
The previously obtained data on the amount of lead in the samples were approximated, which made
it possible to determine the difference in the real composition of the samples from the calculated PO. This
difference was 4.5 mass %. (+ 4.5 % for lead, - 4.5 % for tin)
Slide 15 - Conclusion
So, let's recap:
Quantitative energy dispersive elemental analysis of samples with inhomogeneous element
distributions by the EDAX Genesis microscope software is incorrect.
Inaccuracies in the calculation of the composition of the samples are due to absorption and
generation of characteristic photons.
A correction for the quantitative elemental analysis of lead-tin solders was experimentally
established.
Questions:
1) Solder marking
(Samples were marked with three, or less often four, letters: P for solder, O for tin, S for lead, K for
cadmium; also a number indicating the mass fraction of tin, and, if available, a number indicating the
mass fraction of the last element in the name, as in POSK50-18, where 18% is the mass fraction of
cadmium in solder.)
2) Why were the L lines of lead and tin analysed?
(The analysis was carried out for the L lines of lead and tin, as the theoretical apparatus for the M lines is
less well developed)
3) I don't think that question will come up. Why didn't they use amendment F?
(The correction F in our case has no influence on the final calculations, as the analysed characteristic
lines are very different in energy.)
4) Booger-Lambert-Bera law
This law describes the attenuation of radiation, in our case characteristic X-rays, when this radiation
propagates in an absorbing medium. Presented in the formula for calculating the intensity of the
characteristic radiation as an exponential multiplier.
5) Why is there a sine in the exponential multiplier?
(φ (h) - the number of photons generated by a single electron in a layer of unit thickness at a certain
depth).
7) The shells in the atom?
(K - first inner shell, closest to the nucleus, includes 1s subshell;
L - second inner shell, includes 2s and 2p subshells. The subshells depend on the orbital quantum
number l (from 0 to n-1), which for the s subshell is 0, the shells depend on the principal quantum
number n (from 1 to infinity), which for the L shell is 2. n also sets the number of subshells in the shell.
The magnetic quantum number m (from -l to l through 0) specifies the number of orbitals in the shell.
The spin quantum number s (-1/2 and +1/2 Dirac constants for electrons, for fermions others may be
different, for bosons, n-r photons, an integer) sets the number of electrons able to be in one orbital)
8) Additional questions on the slides