UNIT -I

6
05
1.1 DETERMINANTS: Definition and expansion of determinants of order 2 and 3. Properties of
determinants (nor for examination). Solution of simultaneous equations using Cramer's rule (in 2 and
3 unknowns)-Simple Problems

70
1.2 MATRICES: Definition - Singular Matrix, Non-singular Matrix, Ad joint of a matrix and inverse of
a matrix up to 3 x 3 only. Simple problems. Definition – Rank of a matrix. Finding rank of a matrix by

6-
determinant method (matrix of order 3 x 4)
1.3 BINOMIAL THEOREM: Definition of Factorial notation - Definition of Permutation and

66
Combinations - values of nP, and nC, (results only) (not for examination). Binomial theorem for
positive integral index (statement only) - Expansion - Finding of general term, coefficient of Xn and
term independent of x. Simple Problems. Binomial Theorem for rational index up to - 3 (statement

94
only). Expansion only for - 1, - 2 and - 3.

ir,
1.1 DETERMINANTS
g
an

Definition:
Determinant is a square arrangement of numbers (real or complex) within two vertical lines.
J

a, b,
Example:
a, b,
al

Order:
a, b,
uL

,
A= consisting of two rows and two columns is called a determinant of second order. The
a, b,
value of
the determinant is A =a,b, - a,b,.
2 -5|
Example: Let A =
b

3
Ba

|A|= (2) (3)-(1) (-

5)

5
|A|=6+
i.e A = 11
r.

Determinant of third order.

a, b, C
D

The expression a, b c, consisting of three rows and three columns is called a determinant of

third order.
The value of the determinant is obtained by expanding the determinant through any row or column
with proper sign attached starting from a,, the first row first column elements, we will have positive and
negative sign alternately.
 2• Engineering Mathematics-I

Example:0 4 2 expand thorugh first row.

+
11 5 3

6
05
4 2 4
=+1 -3
|11

70
=1(-12- 10) + 1
(0– 22) +3 (0– 44)

=-22 - 22 - 132

6-
=-176
Minor of an element:

66
Minor of an element is a determinant obtained by deleting the row and column in which that element
0Ccurs.
Example:

94
|1 -1
0 4 2 ir,
|11 5 -3|

Minor of
-1="0-22--22
g
11 -3
an

=
3
Minor of 0 =3-15=-12
5 -3
J

Co-factor of an element:
Minor of an element with proper sign attached is called co-factor of that element.
al

Example:
3 -2 1
uL

2 -3
4 5

-- 2
b

Co-factor of-2
=

H(22)+ 12)
Ba

4
=-34
3
0
Co-factor of
r.

4 11|

=+ (33–4)
D

=+ 29
Note: The sign for the element a, is (-1)*
 Algebra • 3

Properties of determinant:
Property ():
The value of the determinant is unaltered by changing rows into columns and vice versa.
a, b, C, a, a, a,

6
(ie)la, b b,
a,

05
b, C

Property (2):

70
If any two rows or columns of a determinant are interchanged then the value of the determinant is
changed in its sign only.
a,

6-
C
b, |a b, C

(ie)l a, b, C,= a, b
a,

66
b, C, b, C,
|a,
By notation R, R,
[Generally the rows and columns are denoted by R,, R, ....andC, C, ...espectively]

94
Property (3):
If any two rows or columns of a determinant are identical or same, then the value of the determinant
is zero.
ir,
a, b, C

(ie) a, b, c,=0 R=R,

g
an

Property (4):
If each element ofa row or column of a determinant is multiplied by any constant k 0, then the
J

value of the determinant is multiplied by same constant k.

Property (5):
al

If each element of a row or column is expressed as the sum of two elements then the determinant can
be expressed as the sum of two determinant of the same order.
uL

c,
|a, + d, b + d, +d,
ie. b,
a,
a b C. d, d,
b

=|a, b
C,+a, b, C,
Ba

a b a, b, C,

Property (6):
Any determinant is unaltered when each elements of any row or column is added by the
equimultiples of any parallel row or column.
r.

a, + ka, b, + kb, c, + ke,

D

i.e. a, b,
b C

a, b, C | ka, kb, ke,

=a, b, C, +| a, b.
C
|a, b, b,
a, b.
b, C,+ k(0)
C
|a, b,
 4 • Engineering Mathematics-I

Property ():
In a given determinant if two rows or column are identical for a =b, then (a – b) is a factor of the
determinant.
1 1

6
b for a = b
i.e
a b? c

05
1

70
=| b b C

=0

6-
.". (a – b) is a factor.

66
Solution of simultaneous equations using Cramer's rule:
Consider the linear equations

94
= C,
a,rtb,y
ayr +
b,y =C,
a, b,
b,
;
Ar=
let A=
a, b,
ir,
and

a
, Ax Ay
Ay:= then
g
y=
A
an

Provided A#0.
x, y are unique solutions of the given equations. This method of solving the line cquations is called
J

Cramer's rule.
Similarly for a set of three simultancous lincar equations in x, y and z.
a,x+ b,yt cz=d,
al

a,x +
b,y tc,z=d,
uL

ax + b,y t c,z = d,, the solution of the system of equations by Cramer's rule is given by
Ax Ay Az
X= y= ;and z =
A A

provided A0. Where A, Ax, Ay and Az are the determinents formed in the same way as defined
b

above.
Ba

WORKED EXAMPLES
PART -A
4
1. Solve
-0.
r.

Solution:
D

4
0 By expanding we have
9

x-36 =0
i.e x'=36
x=±6
 Algebra 5

x 2
2. Solve =0
Solution:

6
x 3x

05
expand 3r-2x= 0
x (3x–2) =0

70
X=0; 3.x
-2 =0 3x =2

6-
or = 2
=0 3

66
1
2 0
3. Find the co-factor of 3
in the determinant-1 4
5 6 7|

94
Solution:
1
0
Cofactor of 3 = A,, =(-1* 5 7
=(-1) [7 -0]
ir,
=+7
1
-2 -1
g
4. Write down the minor 3 in the determinant3 4 -4| = 0.
an

Solution:
5 0 2
J

The minor of 3 = =-4-0

=–4
al

PART –B
m 2 1
uL

1 Find the value of

'm'when 3 4 2
=0.
Solution: -7 3 0

m 2 1|
b

Given 3 4 2
=0
Ba

-7 3 0

expand along R,, we have

m (0-6)-2 (0+ 14) + 1(9+ 28) = 0
6m -28 + 37 = 0
r.

-
6m +9=0
D

6m =–9
6m = 9
9 3
m=
6 2
 Engineering Mathematics-I
6•
=
2. Using Cramer's rule solve 2x-3y 5;x-4y 8.

Solution:
2r-3y =5
x-4y = 8.

6
where A=

05
=-8+3 =-5

70
5 -3
Ax= = 4
|8
-4=-20 + 24

6-
2 5
Ay= = 16– 5 = 11
|1 8

66
By Cramer's rule
Ax 4 Ay 11 -11
X= ; y=
-5 -5 5

94
3
6
3. Find the values of 'x' when1
x
ir,
Solution: 2 4
3
6
g
1 1| =0
an

2
4

x (-4)
-6(r+ 2) +3 (4 + 2r) = 0
J

x-4x- 6x-12+ 12+ 6x =0

al

x-4x =0
x
(r'–4) =0
uL

X=0, -4= 0 x=4

X=0, X=t2

PART C
b

1. Using Cramer's rule. Solve the following simultaneous equations,

Ba

*ty+z=2
2r-y- 2z =-1
x-2y-z=1
r.

Solution:
D

1 1
|1
Let + +
A
=2 -1 -2=1(14)- (-2+2) 1(-4 1)
I 2 -1
+ 1
=1-3)-1(0) (-3)
=-3-3
A =-60
 Algebra • 7

2 1 1

Ar=-1 1 -2= 2 (1 –4)-1(1+ 2)+ 1(2+ 1)

-2 -1|I
=2(-3)-1(3)+ 1(3)

6
=-6-3+3

05
Ax= -6

|1 2 1

70
Ay= |2 -1 -2=1 (1+ 2)-2 (-2+2)+1 (2+1)
|1 1 -1

6-
=1(3)-2 (0)+ 1(3)
=3+3

66
Ay= 6
1
2

94
Az
=2 -1 -=l(-1-2)-1 (2+ 1)+ 2 (- 4+ 1)
|1 -2
=l(-3)–-1 (3)+ 2(-3)
ir,
=-3-3-6
Az= -12
g
Ax
-==
-6
an
1

-6
Ay 6 Az -12 =
y= -=-1: Z= 2
J

A -6 -6
al
uL
b
Ba
r.
D
 8• Engineering Mathematics-I

1.2 MATRICES
Introduction:
The ternm matrix was first introduced by a French mathematician CAYLEY in the year l1857. The
theory of matrices is one of the powerful tools of mathematics not only in the field of higher math
ematics but also in other branches such as applied sciences, nuclear physics, statistics, economics and

6
eletrical circuits.

05
Definition:
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in delete rows and columns enclosed by brackets.

70
Example:
(2

6-
2
I)
A-: 2) B
5 6
0
7
8)

66
Order of a matrix:
If there are 'm' rows and 'n' columns in a matrix, then the order of the matrix is m xn (read as m

94
by n).

Example: A=
(b, b, b,)
ir,
The above matrix A has two rows and three columns. We say that A is a matrix of order 2 × 3.
g
Types of matrices:
an

() Row matrix:
A matrix having only one row and any number of columns is called a row matrix.
J

Example:A= (1 -3)
(2) Column matrix:
A matrix having only one column and any number of rows is called a column matrix.
al

(3)
Example: B= -1
uL

(3) Square matrix: 5,

A matrix which has equal number of rows and columns is called a square nmatrix.

(2 -1 0
b

Example: C=3 4 -2| is a square matrix of order 3.

Ba

1
5 6

(4) Null matrix (or) Zero matrix:

If all the elements of a matrix are zero, the matrix is called zero or null matrix.
r.

(0 0 0)
0
D

0
Example: 0=0
0 0 0)
 Algebra• 9

(5) Diagonal matrix:

A square matrix with all the elements equal to zero except those in the leading diagonal is called a
diagonal matrix.
(-1 0 0)

6
Example: D= 0 3 0
0 0 2)

05
(6) Unit matrix:

70
Unit matrix is a square matrix in which the diagonal elements are all ones and all the other elements
are zeros.
(1 0 0)

6-
1
Example: I=0

66
0 0 1)

(7) Determinant ofa matrix:

94
Let 'A' be a square matrix. The determinant formed by the elements ofA is said to be the determinant
of matrix A. This is denoted by |A|.

(8) Singular and Non-Singular matrix:

A square matrix “A' is called a singular matrix if JA| =0.
ir,
If
|A|#0, then the matrix A
is called a
non-singular matrix.
(9) Transpose of a matrix:
g
an

If the rows and columns of a matrix are interchanged, then the resultant matrix is called the transpose
of the given matrix. It is denoted by A".
Algebra of Matrices:
J

() Addition and Subtraction of matrices:

IfA andB are any two matrices of the same order, then their sum or difference i.e A+ B or A – B is
al

of the same order, and is obtained by adding or subtracting the corresponding elements of and B. A

Example:
uL

3
then

4+2 3+1) 4
b

A+B= and
(-1–3 0-4) -4 -4)
Ba

-2 -1
A–B=A+(-B) -B=
4
r.

(2) Multiplication of matrices:

D

Two matrices A and B are conformable for multiplication if and only if the number of columns in A
is equal to the number of rows in B.
Note IfA is of order m xn and B is of order n x p matrices, then AB exists and is of order m x p.
:
 10 •
Engineering Mathematics-I

Example:
(-1 2)
2 3
IfA and B =
3 4 then
3 0 2)
4 -3)

6
1 2 3

05
AB = 3 4
3 0 2
4 3

70
(1 2 3| 2 3| 2

3 4

6-
4 -3

3 0 2 3 0 2|| 2

66
3 4
4 -3

94
(-1+6+12 2+8-9)
-3+0+8 6+0-6) ir,
AB=

Generally AB # BA
g
Co-factor matrix:
an

In a matrix, if all the elements are replaced by the corresponding co-factors of the elements, then the
matrix obtained is called the co-factor matrix.
J

4
Example: IfA =
3
al

Co-factor of 1
is +3 Co-factor of- 4 is - 8

Co-factor of 8 is 4 Co-factor of 3 is 1
uL

.. Co-factor matrix is 3

4
Adjoint (or) Adjugate matrix:
The transpose of the co-factor matrix is called the adjoint matrix or adjugate matrix. It is denoted
b

by Adj.A
Ba

Exmaple: From the above matrix and the co-factor matrix of A is

the adjoint
3
ofAis 3
r.

Inverse of a matrix:
Let A be a non-singular square matrix. If there exists a square matrix B, such that AB = BA = 1,
D

where I is the unit matrix of the same order as that of A, then B is called the inverse ofA and it is denoted
by A-. This can be determined by using the formula.

A=(adj A)
|A|
 Algebra • 11

Note:
1. If |A|=0, then there is no inverse for the matrixA.
2. A-A = AA-! =I
3. (AB)=B'A1

6
4. (Ay= (A-)"

05
Rank of a matrix:
Let A' be any m xn matrix. It has square sub-matrices of different orders. The order of the largest
square submtrix of A whose determinant has a non-zero value is known as the rank of the matrix A.

70
Generally the rank is denoted by p(A), p(A) is always minimum of m and n.
Note:

6-
The rank of a matrix is said to be r if
1) It has atleast one non zero minor of order r.

66
2) Every minor ofA of order higher than r is zero.
Example:

94
1 6
1. Find the rank of the matrix 2 3 4|. ir,
Solution: -1 2 2
1
5 6
g
Let A
=|2 3 4
an

-1 2 2|

|A|=1 (6- 8)- 5(4 4) + 6 (4 +3)

+
J

+ 6
=1(-2)-5 (8) (7)
=-2-40 + 42
|A|=0
al

consider the determinant of the second order

5
uL

|
=-70
Hence the rank of A is 2.
i.e p(A) =2
b

WORKED EXAMPLES
Ba

PART -A
1. If A= find A + B.
r.

Solution:
D

(0+7 2+6 3+ 3)
2+1 1+ 4 4+ 5)
8
A+ B=
l3 5 9,
 12 • Engineering Mathematics-I

2. "A-B-( find A
–B.
Solution:

6
05
3-2)
-
(3-4 4-3)

70
A-B=

6-
(2
3. Prove that the matrix is singular.

66
Solution:

Let A =

94
|2 -1|
IA=
4 -2
ir,
=-4+4
g
|A|=0
.. A is singular.
an

3
4. Find the rank of
J

(-6
Solution:

Let A =
al
uL

3 -4|
Now, | A|= = 24- 24 = 0. i.p (A) #2
6 8
Since each element of A is non zero,
p (A) =1.
b

5. Find the rank of|

Ba

4
5 6)
Solution:
1
2|
Let A = =B=
A
and let the sub matrix of
4
r.

|B|= -5-8=-340
D

.. p (A)
=2
 Algebra 13

PART -B
2 3 3 -1 4)
- 2B.
1. find 3A
Solution:

6
- 2B= (3 -1 4

3A

05
7
6 -2

70
15 6

9+2 0-8
1s–4 6-12 -3-14)

6-
11 -8
3A-2B=

66
11 -6 -17)
=
-1)
2.
If f(x) 4x +
2 and A= find f(A).

94
0
Solution:
f(A) = 4A + 2
= 4A+ 21
ir,
-
g
J an

(A)-(10 4\
4)
al

(1 2 0)
3. Find the value of 'a' so that the matrix 2 4| is singular.
uL

Solution: 2 1 1

(1 -2 0)
Let A
=|2 a 4. The matrix is singular, then | A|=0.
b

2
Ba

-2 0
1

1.e2 a 4=0
1
|2
r.

expanding through first row

(a– 4) +2 (2-8) + 0=0
D

a-4+2(-6) =0
= 0
a–4- 12

a- 16=0
a = 16
 14 •
Engineering Mathematics-I

0 3
4. and B= find AB.
2 4)
Solution:

AB=|

6
05
0+0 3+ 0)
AB=| -
(0+2 6+ 4) 2 10)

70
Find the inverse of 2
5
4
Solution:

6-
2 3|
Let = 10– 12 =-20

66
4 5|

5
Adj
A=4

94
-3
A-!. Adj
A=l-4 2)
|A|
ir,
(5 -15)
6. Find the rank of -6
g
18
7 -21)
an

Solution:
-15)
J

Let A
=|-6 18

l7 -21)
|5 -15
al

=
90-90= 0
–6 18
uL

|-6 -15 =
-105+ 105= 0
7 -21
6 18
2
7 21
=126–126= 0 ..p(A)
b
Ba

PART -C
|2 -1 0 [-2 1
-1|
1.
IfA=|0 -2 |0 1
and B= 1 2 -2 show that AB = BA.
r.

0 |2 -1 -4|
D

Solution:
[2 -1 01[-2 1
-1]
AB=0 -2 1 1
2 -2
1 0 1|| 2 -1 -4
 Algebra• 15

-4-1+0 2-2+0 -2+ 2+01

0-2+2 0-4-1 0+4-4
2
-2+0+ 1+0-1 -1+0-4
-5 0 0

6
-5

05
0-5

-2 1
-1||22 -1 0

70
BA= 1
2 0
-2
1

6-
-4+0-1 2-2+ 0 0+1-1
2+0-2 -1–4+ 0 0+2-2

66
4+0-4 -2+ 2+ 0 0-1-4
5 0

94
BA= 0 -5 0
0 0 -5|
..
AB= BA
ir,
2 |3 2
2. Show that AB BA if A=| and B=
4
g
Solution:
an

AB -
J

3+ 2 2-2
AB=
-3+4 -2-4|
al

1
2| [3-2 6+8
BA =
41+1 2-4
uL

14| 1 147
BA=
2 |2 -2
..
AB# BA
b

1 2

and if f() =
IfA = + 4 find f(A).
Ba

3.
3 1 3r-2x
Solution:
If f() = 3x-2x + 4
f(A) = 3A?– 2A + 41 (I unit matrix of order 2 x 2)
r.

A'= xA A
D

1+6 2+27
3+3 6+1|
4
 Engineering Mathematics-I
16•
.". f(A) =3A?– 2A+ 4I

21 12] [-2 44 0

6
[21-2+4 12-4+0] (23

05
8
f(A)=
18-6+0 21-2+4 12 23|

70
4. Find the inverse of the matrix 2 1
0

2 3
|-1

6-
Solution:
1
-1|

66
Let
=2
A
1

2 3

1
11

94
|A|=|2 1
0
-1 2 3 ir,
= 1(3 -0) (6–0) –
– 1 –1
1 (4 + l)= 1(3) -1 (6) (5)
=3–6-5 =-8#0 A-' exists
g
Co-factors
an
1 0

3–0=3
J

-(6-0)=-6

=
al

(4+1)= 5
uL

1
=
(3+2) -5

A
=+| =(3-1)= 2
b

-
Ba

2+1) = -3

A,-+-0+)=1
r.

A = =-(0+ 2)
=
-2
2 0
D

Ay =+

|3 5
A
Co-factor matrix =-5 -3
|1 -2 -1|
 Algebra• 17

3 -5
Adj.
=-6
A
2 -2
5 -3-1
3 -5 1

Adj A

6
..A= |A| 8
6 2 -2
°ls

05
5 -3 -1

IfA=2 3: B=sho = B'A-!,

70
5 that (AB)
Solution:

6-
2
AB=
-1 0

66
77
AB-

94
7
|AB-7 -30

(AB) exists
ir,
Adj (tAB)=
i
g
(AB)'=
an

7
(AB) =
......(i)
J

-1 2

-1+0
al

1
b uL
Ba

2
r.

B'A"=
D

B'A=

.....i)

From (i) and (ii) (AB) = BA1