GROUP 15

3
ns pp
N 252ps
P 353ps
As
31 454ps Inert pair
Sb 4d 5 s 5ps
effect
Bi Ed 4ft 656ps

Due to the poor shielding effect of d

in and anti
and t subshell e
penultimate

penultimate shells As Sb Bi exhibits

inert pair effect

PERIODIC PROPERTIES

Atomic radius T down the

group
2
Ionization energy I il

Electronegativity 1
 MP Ps L Sb L As
4 H L BI
Metal
all 5 e in bond
Sb As can't involve

formation due to inert pair effect

N P nonmetals

Bi
metal

metalloids
As Sb

5 BP i In general increases down the group

OXIDATION STATE

Common oxidation States of group 15 elements

are 5 13 and 3

of 5 oxidation no decreases
stability
down the
group due to inert pair effect
 N P As Sb Bi
stable
13 f3
13
13 t

15 5 unstable

3 3
3 3 3

can exhibit all oxidation numbers from

3 to 5

3
MHz
2 hydrazine
ItzHq
Ho I hydroxylamine
µ htH2OH
all 0
H
Nz
I
H2O
2
NO
3
N 203
H 205
5
 3 and
All the oxidation States except for

5 can involve in disproportionation

P can 4 oxidation state in addition

give
to 15 13 and 3

Pq Og 4

5
Paolo Pz 05

P2 03 f 3
Paolo
PHz 3 phosphine

Intermediate oxidation no undergo

dispr portionation producing

5 and 3

As Sb Bi

5 is more stable oxidation no for As sb

 Bi has a stable a 3 oxidation state

3 oxidation
As the general stability of
State increases down the
group
the ease

of disproportionation decreases

5
30 3

x
Cr g x

CATENATION

of an atom to form self linkages

Ability
is called catenation In order to have a

catenation the atom must

good property
be
a intermediate EM value
a
having
bond strength
b high
In group 15 elements he has the least

ability to undergo catenation

xx xx
xx xx
N N x xp p x
x x
x x
lb
I
Small atoms bigger atoms
H
1
lone pairs are closer lone pairs are

1 faraway
blow 1
strong repulsions weak repulsions b w
N atoms
P atoms
I
1
Weak bond stronger bond
than H

MULTIPLE BOND FORMATION

the only atom in this to form

he is group
PIT PIT multiple bonds with itself

in N
As the size of P orbitals increases

lateral overlap to IT bond formation

leading
becomes very less and bond obtained would

be weaker
X c 39

EI ff

xt
P involves in dit pit bond
generally
formation 0 E
PE Ot pit d'T
o
de of Psp
Ex HzDog P
of OH
µ
OH

Fi d IT bond
 sp
bonds sp3 hybrid orbitals
4 o

COMMON COMPOUNDS

HYDRIDES

considered as Erich
Group 15 hydrides are

as
hydrides and are capable of acting

Lewis bases
lone pair of e on

Ex A central atom
H
11 H
H

PROPERTIES

Basic nature

Basic nature of hydrides decreases as

down the
we
go group

It Has PA AISH s Ib Hz 7 Bi Hs
 N is a smaller atom hence the conc of

Ye is higher on N So it can
charge
more strongly than remaining
attract a proton

hydrides

2 Bond angle
xx
xx p
N
TH
H
1 goma
H n
at f
less repulsions
strong repulsions Of
or

As EM of me is higher than the remaining

15 it can attract the
in
elements group
closer to itself causing
bond pair of e

more repulsions
 Melting point

point due to
MHz has maximum
melting
intermolecular H bonding
MP of BiH is also high due to its higher

H.IN

SbHz As Hz PHS
MHz Bitts 7

4
Boiling point
Based on the Mkt of compounds

Sb Hz 7MHz AS Hz 7 PH3
Biltz 7

H bonding
Intermolecular

Reducing nature
5

nature increases down the group as

Reducing
the ease of loss of H increases
 order of nature
reducing
BiH 37 Sb Hgs ASH PH 5 MHz

2 OXIDES

2 major type of oxides are formed

a Trioxides

b Pentoxides

TRIOXIDES PENTOXIDE S

Mz03 M 205

oxidation nos 5
Oki no 3
of 5
stability
Nz 03 oxidation state 1 down
Jacidic the
1303 Paolo group
Acidic nature also 1
As 203 Amphoteric down the group
Sb 203
order of acidic nature
Biz 03 Basic Mzog Pzog As2057510205
 I
Biz05
Acidic nature 1 from Pyon
N to p

3 HALIDES

Two halides
types of
a TRI HALIDES

All 15th elements can form trihalide

group
N
including
be prepared direct
Tri halides can by
15th and Xz
combination of group element
M

I M t 3
2 M Xz
2

s
sp
M
Pyramidal
x
f of x
x
Tri halides basic in nature
are
generally
as there are lone pairs on central atom

kids ti Br Is
jeez
t
most basic
µ

F t
I
most stable trihalide of
N
least basic

Ncd 3
NH Mfg

order of bond angles

3rdshell
o
m
g ot
titian f fife less rept
c

more repulsions bigger halogen

Of
more repulsions
Of
b w bonded al

atoms
 MFS
order of bond angle Mcb 3MHz

Trihalides of remaining group 15 elements

also act lewis acids by

after N can as

into their vacant orbitals

accepting e
pairs
Vacant 3d
orbitals
O
Ex Pfs y
l F
F
p

T 0
Z

PFS t 2E PFS
Lewis Lewis
acid base

HYDROLYSIS OF TRI HALIDES

it won't involve
As Nfs is
fairley stable
in
hydrolysis
t 3 Hood
MHz
Mcb 13 H2o
 c

Clewis base

th
H
I
Hood
stool
H
jef la Ce
H

Pc13 t 3 H2O 3 Hcl Hz P 03

Clewis acid
0 Cd
te
IPC 13 t p od i
i
H IH f
I
H
41 2h20
OH
I
P t 2 Had
Plot 3 HO 1
OH
 H
o

I pO
if a
t
i
p
l H
Ho l Ho 1
OH OH 1131703

b PENTA HALIDES

N cannot form pentahalides

does not have vacant orbitals in
any
the valence Shedd

Geometry Trigonal bi pyramidal

sp'd
Ce
Pas ff e equitorial 3

ce e

Tree
t.ae axial 2

Bond length of axial P cl bonds is higher

than P cd bonds because the
equitorial
the e
axial bonds face repulsions from

density the equitorial plane

P53 cl2
PF243
F F
T F
d ol P
ol P ch
ee b
t
F

more FH element axial position

Presence of

ensures that the repulsions are lesser for

the axial bonds More EM elements take the

E density away from equitorial plane to

reduce the repulsions

As the size of halogen atoms 9 the ease

of formation of Pentahalides decreases due

to steric repulsions

PFS Pclg PBrs PIX

Penta halides are more covalent than tri

the on the
halides as
positive charge
central atom is higher

As Ye charge on central atom 9 Polarizing

power also 1 increases

NITROGEN

shows certain different properties

Nitrogen
to the elements of the
compared remaining
group
M has smaller size
High EN

Mo od orbitals in the valence shell

 Remains as a diatomic molecules
can't show catenation

Nz stable inert

Maximum covalency 4

extend covalency
Remaining elements
can

to.ci S
A Formation of pit pit bonds is exclusive

to N in 15th
group

to 5
Higher range of oxidation States C
3

Than
remaining elements
he can't form Pentahalides
 PREPARATION OF M2

1 NHC Moa ammonium nitrite

Heating
NH4NOz t Mach
NHqcl g Manoa

A
MHC Moz Nz f t 2h20

2
Heating ammonium dichromate
16
3
a
NH 4 2C 8207 Nz Ct 203 f H2O

orange green
Na Ba
3
Decomposition of Azides of Oo

0 Do NEN
MI N µ µ N
N
A
2 Nang 2 Na t 3m29

Bach 3 2 Is Ba t 3m29
 Industrial be done
4 preparation of Nz can

distillation of liquid air

by fractional
base dehydrating agent
Air alkali cac.la fractional
Coa
H2o
distillation

Air No liquified Fractional distillati

Nz
77.2K

Oz 90K

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
in It
Nz is inert
gas
a
very
bond
Strong

In I Li can react with H2

group directly
to form nitrides N

A
6 Lit Nz 2 Liz N
All the
group
2 elements can
directly
combine with Nz to form nitrides

Li and
Hg have diagonal relationship
A
3
Mg Nz Mgs NZ

Nz combine with H2 forming

can
directly
ammonia
Nz 1 3h2 2MHz

He can react with Cacz C calcium carbide

to form calcium cyanamide

o
O
4
Ca Chez t C
Cacz t Nz
I
3

cuz cyanamide
xx
ft x
N C IN
x
NOTE Hydrolysis of carbides often give
hydrocarbons
Cac OH z Cz H2
a Ca Cz H2O
0
Ca
2
CIL
0 acetylene
TH Ht

b Bez C
H2O t CHg
4
2Becott
Bet c

Al4C3
H2O CHG
Alcott t
Aet3

c
MgzC3
4 Ect
Mgcottset CHS
Hgt Cg
0
Propyne
c c c
 Nz 4 Oz 2 NO

CzNz T H2
Hz t 2 N

cyanogen

CEN
NIC

COMPOUNDS OF Nz

1 AMMONIA NH 3

Preparation of ammonia

hydrolysis of
a urea

H2o NH4 zCO3

MHz MHz

Urea 1a
H2O 5 Oz
2MHz t

b Hydrolysis of metal nitrides

3 Mg OH z t 2MHz
Mg3 Mz t 6 H OH
 3
Mgr m
z

0
g I
OH H

c Haber's process
A Ile
M2 t 3 Hz 2MHz Hf
g g g exothermic

Feo
catalyst
Mo i promotor

Favourable conditions required for the

NH Haber's process
formation of using
is pressure high
Reaction shifts in FIND upon T in pressure

in Temperature low
For exothermic reactions KT as Tt

Haber's is zooatm
Optimum p for process
T 700 K
Optimum i i i i

slows the reaction down

Very less temp usually
talk 1
1k A e

NOTE
most of the above
Ammonia obtained in

reactions contains some water vapour as

To and pure form

impurity dehydrate get
can't use the common dehydro
of NH we

tiny agents

a
1305 cannot be used

NHS t 420 HzPoy f MHz

10205 t
t
 NH4 31304
base
x
NH 4 504 1 H2o
b HzSog t MHz z

acid
x
Cactz 8m43
c Cadge 8MHz

Cao is used as dehydrating agent

11
Hao cacoH z
bagic Cao t

Cao t MHz X

a
basic

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NHS

Lewis base hilt

11
z
Token's
2MHz fAgCMH3
Agt t
2

Cut'd t 4MHz cacMHz D Fehling's

 Metal MHz good reducing agent
t
alkali metals alkaline earth metals

M MHz t e MHz
M xx MHz
ammoniated
ammoniated
Alkali metal cation
E

H
Li 1MHz
Exit R c c R
Ric _cfp
anti hydrogenation

2 ts M
or

1,4 diene
MaletoH
Birch reduction

2 OXIDES OF NITROGEN

NITROUS OXIDE
a H2o
as
x µ m E
IN he
 A
N Hy Moz H2O t 2h20
g
Ammonium nitrate
A
Nz t 2h20
NH4m02

ammonium nitrite

No unpaired e diamagnetic

b NO NITRIC OXIDE

fi j
unpaired e

8 15 E
Paramagnetic
Codd no of e 7
2
cutEnos H2O
HII
t
Cao z IO
die

NOTE HMOs can act as good oxidising agent

Final oxidation state of HMOs depends on

the conc taken

 and H2O the
H2O NO CO are
only neutral
nonmetallic oxides

c Moz

to
µ J
unpaired EV paramagnetic
Oz
A Pbo t 102
Pbc10372
4
5
Reddish brown gas
Acidic oxide
d N 204

2 N 204
Moz

dinner of N 2 o O
o X H
11 N N
f t
µ
N
10 to 0
to 00
of
Nz04
 No unpaired e
Diamagnetic

e M2 03

Blue solid

iii
T m
tty Npt
xx
x oh Yo
No unpaired I diamagnetic

Moz NO Mz 03

N 205
f

White solid crystalline

t.ca iii
it µ I re
r
to
 hot
to ti pi
Q

14205 exists as most f NO

N 205
H
Ionic compound
in solid state

is
state N o su bridge
only in gaseous
observed in N2O5

Can form
Dehydration of HMOs using 13205

Nz05

M 205 HP03 n
Q HINO t 17205
meta phosphoric
acid
IINx
of o
o
 o on o
yO

n 31904 H POD
H2O
Ff
10205

meta
Phosphoric
phosphoric
acid
acid

If ie IioIoEoioE
f n H2O

I Yu il
P Yu F
P
l l g
OH OH bio T
H PO 3
n
 OXIDES OF M2

NIN O dia Neutral gas

1 H2O

0 Para l gas
L NO µ

Reddish
µ Para acidic gas
NOL o to brown
0
dia a Blue solid
4 N MIO
Nz03
o

on IP solid
14204 N N dia i
Ho
jlt
White crystallin
b Nz05 µMµ dia solid
of no quoi 11405

HYDROLYSIS OF OXIDES

NOT No HI 2 HMOs
1 14205
H H

n'i OH
It's
i'finite
2 HMOs
 y

2 N
204

Mixed anhydride H
µ

H go
A HIE µ t
lot
M
N 4 o
µ
ok o_O
o
fl N to
4h
OH
I
µ
Ho ii o
y o

HINZ CHIOD
13 to
bleak acid 5

strongacid
OXO ACIDS OF NITROGEN

I HNO2 Nitrous acid

Nitric acid
2 Halos OH
i
N N
3 HzNz0z hypo nitrous acid
 NITRIC ACID

1 PREPARATION
NAH 504 t HMOs
Hz Sog t Namoz

2 OSTWALD'S PROCESS
Pt
NO H2O
MHz 1 Oz
Cop

OV

2 NO
Nz 1 Oz

11205
Hoz Mdg
NO Oz
I
12 catalyst

Moz f H2O HIIOz t 10

5 2
14
disproportionation
Ob

N204 t H2O HMOs t HMOz

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
hv 1 2h20 t Oz
414m03 4m02
sunlight

yellow colour upon

Nitric acid usually acquires
to Sunglight
exposure

a
strong
acid it can
readily
Being
rxn
react with bases
giving neutralization

HMOs acts as a
good oxidising agent
The final oxidation no of HMOs depends on

the concentration of Hmong taken

15 4
a HMO I 102 2
12 Sn Sn
Conc Zn zn
2
12
ht 1 Fe Fe
Ag Agt
2
cu cat
12
Hg Hg
 HMOs NO

die
nb
f Ffg
c I
15
Nz0
HNIs
nf 4 dee 2n Fe

3
15
c
Hizb
IHI
very dilute
8
nf
Moz t H2O
CUCNOZ 1
Cu t HN 03
conc
1 H2O
Cuchloz z
f HMOs
deil
Moz t H2O
ZnCNOz z
Zn t HNoz
conc
t H2O
Zn Moz
HNoz
NOTE
conc
In the metals like Fe
presence of Hmong

Al Co Ni are rendered passive as they

form oxide on their surface

a
layer of
HMO
Feo

my Fe

conc Halo
Non metals
5 4
HN 03 NOL
14
O
c coz
6 2
So 504
c5
I I 03
15 3
p Poy
5 3
Sb 5104
5 3
As
Agog
HNOz NITROUS ACID

2 AMO
14203 t H2O

HNoz Mach
E Na Moz t Hcl

metal nitrite
f3
both oxidising and
can act as
Hyo
reducing agent

oxidising agent Reducing agent

2 3 f 5
HI'Oz H2O thot
0
Antos NII
T 2
I Iz Hn Hn
3
12 c 4
Sn Sn crib 203

1G Z
14
S S 25 H2O
2 o
s s N 2
IHcConfHz
13
Fet Fe
5
As As
PHOSPHOROUS

3
allotropic forms
1 WHITE PHOSPHOROUS

Py Xt
Px

p
of PE
3
if Ep
sp xx
109028

unstable due to significant angle

Very
strain in the molecule

reduction of Paolo
Pee can be obtained from

5 C 5 coz Pg
Paolo

combine with Oz to form

also can
Py
Paolo
 Py f 502 Paolo Pe 05

P 4tNaoHtHzo HstNaHz I
H sodium
Phosphine hypophosphite

H31702

acid
Hypo phosphorous

I
p
t 0 11 H
NO H

RED PHOSPHOROUS

IN her Pc units undergo polymerization

red phosphorous
we
get
 it n

p p
p p p p

Red phosphorous

BLACK PHOSPHOROUS
13 black
4 black
4 black
Pc h black Pc p
red White

structure
Exists as a hexagonal layer
 COMPOUNDS OF PHOSPHOROUS

I PHz PHOSPHINE

phosphides can generate PHz

Hydrolysis of
OH 2PH3
6 H OH 3 Ca z
Caz Pz
I
3
t Matt 2102
Pf t NaOH IH
White

I
p t H2
PHz 4
absence of H
r
air Red
A I
PH HI pay
acid
weak strong
bake 12 z
504
KUCH 3 4
Cusoy 4MHz
Fehling's solution
 Cuz P2 3142504
3 CU 504 2PHz
copperphosphide

MOI
2MHz TAG MHz 2
Agnos
1 3
HMB
t PHz Ag P 3AgN03
Agnos
1 H2o
3
t H3PO3
Agot HMOs

HALIDES OF PHOSPHOROUS
PX5
PX 3
X F ch Bo IX
F al Br I
X

ch Pcb
Pcl g Py t

Py t Clz
excess
limited

Put 5042 Py t 50242

 Pcl g t 502
502 HI
Pdz
O O
H
4 16 S
SE
al Id
d 11
Cl chloride
sulpharyl
Thionyl
chloride

xx e d al e
p
p
Nce ell f
al I
ch
e
ch a

trigonal bipyramidal
pyramidal
geometry
5
CHLORINATION
Pcl g t H2O
3
5
Pcl z t H2O
3
Hel t 43104
Had t Hz1203

ROH t Pclg
ROH t Pdz
Red t 10043 Had
Rch t
Hz Po
 RCOOH t Pel g
RCOOH Pcl
Pods t Hc
RCO Cl
RCoch HzP0z

i ii
TV

I R al
P
2 ROH
Ht 1
a

o T on
OH

2 Rcl

8 7
7
H
H o I of Pf
0 OH
H
H31003
 OXIDES OF PHOSPOROUS

TRIOXIDES
PENTOXIDES
104010
1305
19203 1040 6
91 5
3 P o
P
o
o
f
l l P
o p o

P
o
0
p o
Io 10 1
o
p
O 11
p
0

OXO ACIDS OF PHOSPHOROUS

H3P0z
H3P0z
HzP04
hypophospho
phosphorous acid
Phosphoric acid sous acid
o o
o
11 Il
p P p

ol OH 011TH 011TH
ok
 I t t
basicity

order of acidic nature

H3PO4
H3 Poor 7 Hz 1703

ii i

stability of conjugate base

resonance
As there is no competitive

in Hz 05 it is more stable conjugate

b axe

acid CHiPs Og
4 Pyrophosphoric
 o O
11 Il
p p
OH
0
OH
1
Olthoff
f H2O

0 O
Il Il
P P
o OH
Ho l 1
OH OH

Hype 07
5 HYPO PHOSPHORIC ACID 4410206

O
H Il
p P OH
Holl OH 1
OH

ACID
6 PYRO PHOSPHOROUS
0
19 11
IP1 o
P
1
OH
HO
H
 no no

p p
holt
Holl toff H
H

ACID HPO 3 n
7 META PHOSPHORIC

Polymeric

adf.it i9o.FEiIoIE
t

HP 03 n
H Poe 1 n
CYCLIC

F
e
o
0 toH
OH Ho
Pyo

APO 3
3