Classical Mechanics by Goldstein Solution Manual

✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✁☎☞✍✌✎✞✏✁✒✑✔✓✕✁✗✖✘✄☛✙✛✚✜✌✢✠✝☞✤✣✥✁✗✄☛✦✍✌✧✞✏✙✛✠✝☞✩★
✪✬✫✮✭✰✯✛✯✛✱✳✲✴✭✟✫✶✵ ✷✸✲✺✹✻✭✂✼✽✱✳✲✺✯ ★✾✂✙✸✿✸✁✗☞✘✦❁❀✔✦✍✠❂✞✡✠☛✁✗☞

❃ ❄❆❅✶❇❉❈✟❊✾❇❉❋❍●
✍
■✘❏▲❑❆❏▲▼✮◆✘❖P❖✡◗❘❖✳❙P❙P❙
❚❱❯❳❲✽❨❬❩❪❭✻❫ ❴
❵✬❛❝❜✰❞✻❡☛❢❤❣ ✐❦❥❧✐
♠♦♥q♣sr❧t✈✉✮♣s✇❧①✏②④③❂⑤⑦⑥④⑤⑦♥s⑧⑨t⑦t✈⑩❶⑧❸❷☎③❂✉✮✇❹❷✮①▲❺❻✉✮r✮⑧❼⑩q✇❪③❽⑧④❺❾⑤✈②❿⑧④r✝❷❂⑤✈➀❉✉❧t⑦⑩➂➁q⑩➃✉✮➄✰⑤✈❷❹❷❂⑤✈♥s⑥➃⑧⑨♥➅✉✮t✈✉➆r✝❷➇③❂②④♥➈②④➉✸➄➊②⑨➋
➄➊✉❧♥❿❷➇♣s➄➍➌❉➎➐➏⑨➑☎➒✻✉✮➓❪➔❸r④①❻⑧⑨♥s❺✂⑧⑨❷✛③❂⑤✈⑥❉→❉❷➣⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉t✈✉➆✇❝❷❂②☎❷➇→s✉↔❺❻⑤⑦③➇✉➆r✝❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✟②⑨➉✧❷❂→❾✉↔✉✮t✈✉➆r✝❷❂③➇②❉♥✟⑧☎♥❾✉✮♣❻❷➇③❂⑤✈♥s②
↕ ⑤✈❷➇→✂➄➊②④➄➊✉❧♥❿❷❂♣❾➄➙➌④➎ ➛④➛✗➒✻✉✮➓❪➔❸r④➎✸➜✡➝➣→❾✉❤➒✻✉✮➓➞➜➟➄✰⑤⑦t⑦t✈⑤⑦②④♥✂✉✮t✈✉➆r✝❷➇③❂②④♥✂➀❉②④t✈❷❽➠▲⑤➡✇❘⑧☎♣❾♥❾⑤✈❷❘②⑨➉✕✉✮♥❾✉❧③❂⑥④⑩❉①
♣s✇➇✉✮❺➅⑤⑦♥➢➄➊②❻❺❻✉❧③❂♥➢➤❾→q⑩❻✇➇⑤⑦r✮✇❧①▲✉✮➥❿♣s⑧④t❘❷❂②✩➌❉➎ ➦❉➛➨➧➩➌✮➛❻➫P➭✂✉❧③❂⑥s➎➅➯✛②④③❂③➇✉➆✇❹➤❆②④♥✳❺❻⑤✈♥s⑥④t⑦⑩④①▲➒✻✉❧➓✗➔❸r✟⑤➡✇✰⑧
♣❾♥❾⑤✈❷✛②④➉✧t✈⑤⑦♥❾✉✮⑧④③❘➄➊②④➄➊✉✮♥❉❷❂♣❾➄➲✉✮➥❿♣s⑧④t❾❷➇②✰➳❻➎ ➑⑨➵❪➧➨➌✮➛ ➫✕➸➻➺ ⑥④➄✰➋➼r❧➄✾➔❸✇➇✉✮r⑨➎➐➠✗➽➾♥ ↕ →s⑧❸❷✛❺❾⑤✈③❂✉✮r☛❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✟❺❻②q✉✮✇
❷➇→s✉❦♥q♣sr☛t⑦✉❧♣✳✇❤③❂✉✮r❧②④⑤⑦t➡➚✶➪➩→s⑧⑨❷↔⑤➡✇↔⑤✈❷❂✇↔➄➊②④➄➊✉❧♥❿❷❂♣❾➄➶⑤✈♥❶➒✻✉❧➓✗➔❸r✮➚✶➽➼➉✴❷❂→❾✉✰➄➊⑧❉✇➇✇❤②⑨➉✴❷❂→❾✉✰③➇✉➆✇❹⑤➡❺❻♣s⑧④t
♥q♣sr☛t⑦✉❧♣✳✇➣⑤⑦✇✺➑s➎ ➹❉➛❦➧❶➌✮➛ ➫P➘➇➘ ⑥❉➄✘① ↕ →✳⑧❸❷➴⑤➡✇✺⑤➷❷❽✇➣➬q⑤✈♥❾✉❧❷➇⑤➡r❪✉❧♥❾✉✮③➇⑥❉⑩④①❻⑤⑦♥➨✉❧t⑦✉✮r✝❷❂③➇②❉♥✾➀❉②④t✈❷❂✇❽➚
➮ t➡⑧④r❧✉☎❷➇→s✉✰♥q♣sr❧t✈✉✮♣s✇❪⑧❸❷➱❷➇→❾✉✰②④③❂⑤⑦⑥④⑤⑦♥✕①✧⑧⑨♥s❺❶✇❹♣❾➤s➤✳②❿✇❹✉✃❷➇→❾✉➊✉✮t✈✉➆r✝❷➇③❂②④♥➃⑤⑦✇➱✉❧➄➊⑤✈❷❹❷❂✉✮❺❶⑤✈♥❶❷➇→❾✉
➤❆②❉✇➇⑤➷❷❂⑤✈➀❉✉✘❐❒❺❻⑤⑦③➇✉➆r✝❷➇⑤⑦②④♥❮①✸⑧④♥s❺✶❷➇→❾✉✻♥❾✉✮♣❻❷➇③❂⑤⑦♥❾②➅⑤✈♥❒❷❂→❾✉✻➤✳②❿✇❹⑤✈❷➇⑤⑦➀④✉✻❰Ï❺❾⑤✈③❂✉✮r☛❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✕➎✔➝➣→s✉❧♥❒❷➇→❾✉
③❂✉✮✇➇♣❾t➷❷❽⑧⑨♥❿❷✺②⑨➉✡❷➇→❾✉✗✉✮t✈✉➆r✝❷➇③❂②④♥➨⑧⑨♥✳❺✾♥❾✉✮♣❻❷➇③❂⑤⑦♥❾②✂➄➊②④➄➊✉❧♥❿❷❂⑧✰→s⑧❉✇➣➄✂⑧⑨⑥④♥s⑤➷❷❂♣s❺❻✉
Ð Ñ✏Ò✝Ó❮ÔsÐ❉Õ×Ö ➜➻➌❉Ø➐➏⑨➑❉➠ ➘✴Ù ➌ ➘ ÕÛÚ ➒✻✉❧➓✗➔❸r⑨Ü
⑧⑨♥✳❺✾⑤✈❷❂✇➴❺❾⑤✈③❂✉✮r☛❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✘➄➊⑧④➬④✉➆✇✺⑧⑨♥➨⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉t✈✉
Ý Õ ❷❽⑧⑨♥ ➫✕➸ ➌④ØÞ➌ ➏❸➑ Õ ➦④➛❉ß
↕ ⑤✈❷➇→➅❷❂→❾✉✾❰❒⑧❸➧❻⑤⑦✇✮➎✻➝➣→❾✉✾♥q♣sr❧t✈✉✮♣s✇☎➄✃♣s✇❹❷✰⑧④r✮➥❿♣❾⑤✈③❂✉✟⑧✻➄➊②④➄➊✉✮♥❉❷❂♣❾➄à②⑨➉✺✉✮➥❿♣s⑧④t❘➄✂⑧⑨⑥❉♥❾⑤✈❷➇♣s❺❻✉
⑧⑨♥✳❺✍❺❻⑤⑦③❂✉✮r✝❷❂✉✮❺✘⑤⑦♥✍❷❂→❾✉❪②④➤❾➤❆②❉✇➇⑤✈❷➇✉☎❺❻⑤⑦③➇✉➆r✝❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✕➎❝➝➣→❾✉✗➬q⑤✈♥❾✉❧❷➇⑤➡r❪✉❧♥❾✉✮③➇⑥❉⑩✂②⑨➉✏❷➇→❾✉✗♥q♣sr❧t✈✉✮♣s✇➣⑤➡✇
á ÕãÚ⑨â ä ➘ Õ Ú➱å ➵✂➑❾Ø ➒✻➹ å✉❧➓➌✮➛ ➘ ➫❆r❸➘❂➫❆➘ ➘ ⑥❉➄ å ➌❉Ø➐➏⑨➌✗æ ➒✻å ➌✮✉❧➛❾➓×➫❆➘❂r ➺➱➫❆➘⑥④➄ Õ ➹❾Ø⑦➌❪✉❧➀
➝➣→❾⑤➡✇➱⑤⑦✇↔➄❦♣sr❽→✽✇❹➄✂⑧④t✈t⑦✉❧③↔❷➇→s⑧④♥➂❷❂→❾✉➊♥❿♣✳r☛t⑦✉❧♣s✇↔③➇✉➆✇➻❷❪✉❧♥s✉❧③❂⑥④⑩➨②⑨➉❘✇➇✉❧➀❉✉❧③❽⑧⑨t✏→❿♣s♥s❺❻③❂✉✮❺➃ç➱✉✮➓❦①✕✇➇②
❷➇→s✉✗♥❾②④♥❻➋➼③❂✉❧t➡⑧❸❷➇⑤⑦➀q⑤⑦✇❹❷➇⑤➡r➱⑧⑨➤❾➤❾③❂②❼➧❻⑤✈➄✂⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✾⑤➡✇✏è➻♣s✇❹❷➇⑤✈és✉✮❺✕➎
➌
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸ Ú
❵✬❛❝❜✰❞✻❡☛❢❤❣ ✐❦❥✟✺
➣➝ →❾✉✼✻✾✽✦✿❁❀✟❂✙✻❄❃☎✻✾❅❇❆❈✿✦❉✚❊✗✻ ❋ ②④➉❪⑧➈➤s⑧④③❹❷❂⑤⑦r❧t✈✉✻②❉♥❒❷➇→❾✉➂✉➆⑧⑨③➇❷➇→❒⑤⑦✇✂❷➇→❾✉➂➄➊⑤⑦♥❾⑤⑦➄❦♣❾➄ã➀④✉✮t✈②❻r☛⑤✈❷➻⑩✩③❂✉✮➥❿♣❾⑤⑦③❂✉✮❺
⑧❸❷✗❷❂→❾✉✾✇➇♣❾③➇➉➟⑧④r☛✉➊②④➉✛❷❂→❾✉✟✉✮⑧④③❹❷❂→➈⑤✈♥➅②❉③❂❺❻✉✮③❪❷➇→s⑧⑨❷✗❷➇→❾✉✾➤s⑧⑨③➇❷➇⑤➡r☛t⑦✉✟r❧⑧④♥✽✉➆✇➇r✮⑧⑨➤❆✉➊➉ ③➇②❉➄ ❷❂→❾✉✂✉✮⑧④③❹❷❂❍→ ● ✇
⑥④③❽⑧❼➀q⑤➷❷❽⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥s⑧⑨t✳és✉❧t➡❺✧➎✱■➴✉✮⑥④t⑦✉✮r✝❷❂⑤✈♥s⑥➊❷➇→❾✉☎③❂✉✮✇➇⑤➡✇➻❷❽⑧⑨♥sr❧✉➱②④➉✡❷❂→❾✉❦⑧⑨❷➇➄➊②❉✇➇➤❾→❾✉✮③➇✉❉①q❷➇→❾✉❦✇➇⑩❻✇➻❷❂✉❧➄ ⑤⑦✇➴r❧②④♥❻➋
✇➇✉❧③❂➀❼⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦➀④✉❉❑
➎ ❾❏ ③❂②④➄ ❷❂→❾✉✘r❧②④♥s✇➇✉❧③❂➀❸⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥➈❷➇→❾✉✮②④③❂✉❧➄ ➉ ②④③✃➤✳②④❷➇✉❧♥❿❷❂⑤⑦⑧④t✸➤st✈♣s✇✰➬q⑤⑦♥❾✉☛❷❂⑤⑦r✾✉❧♥❾✉✮③➇⑥❉⑩➈✇➇→❾② ↕
❷➇→✳⑧❸❷✗❷➇→s✉✟✉✮✇❂r❧⑧④➤✳✉➊➀④✉✮t✈②❻r❧⑤➷❷➻⑩✻➉ ②❉③✗❷➇→s✉✟✉✮⑧④③❹❷❂→✕①❮⑤⑦⑥④♥❾②❉③➇⑤⑦♥❾⑥✍❷➇→❾✉✾➤❾③➇✉➆✇❹✉✮♥sr☛✉➊②④➉✛❷❂→❾✉✟➄➊②q②④♥✕①✡⑤⑦✇☎➦s➎ ➹❿➳
➄➊⑤ ➔⑨✇❹✉➆r⑨➎
➽➼➉✛❷❂→❾✉➊➤s⑧⑨③➇❷➇⑤➡r☛t⑦✉➊✇➻❷❽⑧⑨③➇❷❂✇❪⑧❸❷❪❷➇→s✉✰✉➆⑧⑨③➇❷➇❍→ ● ✇❪✇❹♣s③❹➉➟⑧❉r☛✉ ↕ ⑤➷❷❂→❶❷❂→❾✉➊✉✮✇❂r❧⑧④➤✳✉✰➀④✉✮t✈②❻r☛⑤✈❷➻⑩④①❮⑤➷❷ ↕ ⑤⑦t✈t
è➻♣s✇❹❷➴➄✂⑧⑨♥s⑧④⑥④✉➱❷➇②➊➁❾③❂✉✮⑧④➬✂➉ ③➇✉✮✉❪②⑨➉✏❷➇→❾✉✗✉➆⑧⑨③➇❷➇→❍● ✇✸és✉❧t➡❺➨⑧⑨♥s❺✘→s⑧❼➀❉✉↔♥s②⑨❷➇→s⑤✈♥❾⑥✂t⑦✉☛➉ ❷➆➎❘➝➣→q♣s✇✺⑧❸➉ ❷❂✉❧③
⑤✈❷❪→✳⑧④✇➱✉✮✇❂r❧⑧④➤✳✉➆❺➂❷❂→❾✉➊✉✮⑧⑨③➇❷➇→▲● ✇↔és✉✮t⑦❺❶⑤➷❷ ↕ ⑤⑦t✈t❝→✳⑧❼➀④✉✰♥❾②➨➬❿⑤⑦♥❾✉❧❷➇⑤➡r✃✉✮♥❾✉❧③❂⑥④⑩➨t⑦✉☛➉ ❷➆①✡⑧⑨♥✳❺❶⑧④t⑦✇➇②✾♥❾②
➤❆②⑨❷➇✉✮♥❿❷➇⑤➡⑧⑨t❻✉❧♥s✉❧③❂⑥④⑩☎✇➇⑤✈♥sr❧✉✺⑤➷❈❷ ● ✇▲②❉♣❻❷✴②⑨➉✳❷➇→❾✉✺✉➆⑧⑨③➇❷➇→❍● ✇✡és✉❧t➡❺✧①❿✇❹②❪⑤✈❷❂✇✏❷➇②④❷❂⑧④t❻✉❧♥❾✉✮③➇⑥❉⑩ ↕ ⑤✈t⑦t❻➁❆◆✉ ▼❧✉❧③❂②s➎
❖ ⑤⑦♥sr☛✉☎❷➇→❾✉☎➤✳⑧⑨③➇❷➇⑤➡r☛t⑦P✉ ● ✇➣❷➇②④❷❂⑧⑨t❮✉❧♥❾✉✮③➇⑥❉⑩✾➄❦♣✳✇➻❷❤➁❆✉❦r❧②④♥s✇❹❷❂⑧④♥❉❷➆①❾⑤✈❷↔➄❦♣✳✇➻❷❤⑧④t⑦✇➇②✂→s⑧❼➀④✉✜✮▼ ✉❧③❂②✰❷➇②⑨❷❽⑧⑨t
✉❧♥s✉❧③❂⑥④⑩✂⑧❸❷✸❷➇→❾✉✗✇➇♣❾③➇➉➟⑧④r☛✉↔②⑨➉✕❷❂→❾✉❪✉✮⑧④③❹❷❂→✕➎❝➝➣→❾⑤⑦✇✸➄➊✉✮⑧④♥s✇✛❷➇→s⑧⑨❷✛❷❂→❾✉❪➬q⑤✈♥❾✉❧❷➇⑤➡r➱✉❧♥❾✉✮③➇⑥❉⑩✰⑤✈❷➣→s⑧④✇➣⑧❸❷
❷➇→s✉✃✇➇♣❾③❹➉➟⑧❉r☛✉☎②④➉❝❷➇→❾✉✃✉✮⑧④③❹❷❂→➂➄❦♣s✇❹❷↔✉❧➧❾⑧④r✝❷❂t✈⑩➨r❧⑧④♥sr☛✉✮t❮❷❂→❾✉❦⑥❉③❂⑧❼➀q⑤✈❷❂⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥s⑧④t✧➤✳②④❷➇✉❧♥❿❷❂⑤⑦⑧④t✡✉✮♥❾✉❧③❂⑥④⑩
⑤✈❷➴→s⑧④✇✸❷❂→❾✉❧③❂✉P◗
➌ ä❙❘ ➘ ä❨❳❬❩ Õ ➛
Ú ❚✤❯❲❱ ❭ ❩
✇➇②
❘✂Õ❫❪ ❴ Ú ❱ ❭ ❳❵❩ ❩ ❛ Õ❜❴ Ú➱å ➜ ➦❾Ø ➦❿➏ å ➌➆➛ ➸❂➸ ✭ ➄ ❝❪➬q⑥ ➫ ❝ ✇ ➫P➘ ➠ å ➜ ➳❻Ø ➹④æ å ➌➆➛ ❡➘ ❞ ➬❿⑥q➠ ❡➸ ❢❂➘
➦❾Ø ➑④æ å ➌➆➛ ➭ ➄ ❛
Õ ➌❉➌④Ø Ú ➬q➄✾➔❸✇ å ➌④Ø ➦❾➌❪➌➱➄ ➬q➄ Õ ➦❾Ø ➹❉➳❦➄✰⑤ ➔❸✇❧Ø
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸ ➑
❵✬❛❝❜✰❞✻❡☛❢❤❣ ✐❦❥✁
✂ ②❻r❽➬④✉❧❷❂✇✏⑧⑨③❂✉✛➤s③➇②❉➤✳✉✮t✈t⑦✉✮❺❦➁❿⑩❪❷❂→❾✉➣➄➊②④➄➊✉❧♥❿❷➇♣s➄×③➇✉➆⑧④r☛❷➇⑤⑦②④♥☎②④➉❾❷➇→❾✉➣✉❧➧q→✳⑧⑨♣s✇❹❷✏⑥❿⑧④✇➇✉✮✇✡✉☛➧❻➤❆✉❧t⑦t✈✉➆❺☎➉ ③❂②④➄
❷➇→s✉❪❷❂⑧⑨⑤⑦t❍➎ ❖ ⑤⑦♥sr❧✉❪❷➇→❾✉➆✇❹✉☎⑥❿⑧④✇➇✉✮✇✺⑧④③➇⑤➡✇❹✉➱➉ ③❂②④➄✢❷➇→❾✉☎③❂✉✮⑧❉r✝❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✍②④➉✏❷❂→❾✉✗➉ ♣❾✉✮t⑦✇❤r❧⑧⑨③❂③❂⑤✈✉➆❺✾⑤⑦♥➨❷➇→❾✉❦③➇②❻r❽➬④✉❧❷
❷➇→s✉↔➄✂⑧④✇❂✇✸②⑨➉✡❷➇→❾✉➱③➇②❻r❽➬❉✉☛❷➣⑤⑦✇✸♥❾②④❷➣r❧②④♥s✇❹❷❂⑧④♥❉❷➆①q➁❾♣❻❷➴❺❻✉✮r❧③➇✉➆⑧④✇➇✉✮✇✸⑧④✇✛❷➇→s✉↔➉ ♣s✉❧t✧⑤➡✇✛✉❧➧❻➤✳✉✮♥s❺❻✉✮❺✕➎ ❖ →❾② ↕
❷➇→✳⑧❸❷➱❷➇→❾✉✰✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➂②④➉❘➄➊②⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➃➉ ②④③❪⑧✟③❂②❻r❽➬④✉☛❷➱➤❾③❂②⑨è➻✉✮r☛❷➇✉➆❺✻➀④✉✮③❹❷❂⑤⑦r✮⑧⑨t⑦t✈⑩✘♣❾➤ ↕ ⑧④③❂❺➂⑤✈♥✽⑧✾♣❾♥s⑤➷➉ ②❉③➇➄
⑥④③❽⑧❼➀q⑤➷❷❽⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥s⑧⑨t✳és✉❧t➡❺✧①❾♥s✉❧⑥④t⑦✉✮r☛❷➇⑤⑦♥❾⑥✂⑧❸❷❂➄✰②❿✇❹➤s→❾✉❧③❂⑤⑦r↔③❂✉✮✇➇⑤⑦✇❹❷❂⑧④♥sr☛✉❉①❻⑤⑦✇
ä☎✄ ❘ Õ ❘✟✞✠✄ ä ä☞☛ Ü
❯ ❯
✄✝✆ ✄✡✆
↕ →❾✉✮③➇✉ ä ⑤⑦✇✡❷❂→❾✉✺➄✂⑧④✇❂✇✡②④➉s❷❂→❾✉➣③➇②❻r❽➬④✉❧❷✏⑧④♥s❺ ❘ ✞ ⑤➡✇✡❷➇→❾✉✺➀❉✉❧t⑦②qr❧⑤➷❷➻⑩✗②④➉❾❷➇→s✉✺✉✮✇❂r❧⑧⑨➤s⑤✈♥❾⑥↔⑥❉⑧❉✇❹✉➆✇✡③❂✉❧t➡⑧❸❷❂⑤✈➀❉✉
❷➇②✍❷➇→s✉✰③❂②❻r❽➬④✉❧❷✮➎☎➽➾♥❿❷➇✉✮⑥④③❽⑧❸❷❂✉☎❷➇→s⑤⑦✇❪✉➆➥❉♣✳⑧❸❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➃❷➇②➨②④➁❾❷❂⑧⑨⑤⑦♥ ❘ ⑧❉✇❪⑧✾➉ ♣s♥sr✝❷❂⑤✈②❉♥❶②④➉ ä ①✕⑧④✇❂✇❹♣❾➄➊⑤⑦♥❾⑥➨⑧
r☛②❉♥s✇❹❷❂⑧⑨♥❿❷↔❷➇⑤⑦➄✰✉➊③❽⑧❸❷❂✉✃②④➉✛t⑦②❉✇❂✇❤②④➉✛➄✂⑧④✇❂✇❧➎ ❖ →❾② ↕ ①P➉ ②④③✗⑧✍③➇②❻r❽➬❉✉☛❷➱✇❹❷❂⑧④③❹❷❂⑤✈♥s⑥✍⑤⑦♥❾⑤✈❷➇⑤➡⑧⑨t⑦t✈⑩✻➉ ③❂②④➄➶③❂✉✮✇❹❷✮①
↕ ⑤✈❷➇→ ❘ ✞ ✉✮➥❿♣s⑧④tq❷➇②☎➦④æ❉➛④➛❤➉ ❷✝➔⑨✇❹✉➆r✺⑧⑨♥s❺✰⑧❪➄✂⑧④✇❂✇▲t✈②❿✇➇✇▲➤❆✉❧③❘✇➇✉✮r❧②④♥s❺✃✉✮➥❿♣s⑧④t❻❷➇②✂➌❸➔❸➦❉➛❸❷➇→✃②⑨➉❆❷➇→❾✉✺⑤⑦♥❾⑤✈❷➇⑤➡⑧⑨t
➄✂⑧④✇❂✇❧①s❷➇→s⑧⑨❷↔⑤⑦♥➃②❉③❂❺❻✉✮③✺❷➇②✍③➇✉➆⑧④r❽→✘❷➇→s✉✃✉➆✇➇r✮⑧⑨➤❆✉☎➀④✉✮t✈②❻r☛⑤✈❷➻⑩✍❷➇→❾✉✃③❂⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②✟②⑨➉❝❷❂→❾✉ ↕ ✉❧⑤⑦⑥④→❿❷❤②④➉❝❷➇→❾✉❦➉ ♣❾✉❧t
❷➇②✰❷❂→❾✉ ↕ ✉✮⑤✈⑥❉→❿❷➣②④➉❮❷❂→❾✉✗✉❧➄➊➤❻❷➻⑩✍③➇②❻r❽➬④✉❧❷✸➄✃♣s✇❹❷➴➁✳✉☎⑧④t✈➄➊②❉✇❹❷➴➑④➛❉✍➛ ✌
❖ ♣❾➤❾➤❆②❉✇➇✉✂❷❂→s⑧❸❷➆①✏⑧⑨❷☎❷➇⑤⑦➄➊✉ ✆ ①❮❷❂→❾✉✟③❂②❻r❽➬④✉☛❷✗→s⑧❉✇✗➄✂⑧④✇❂✇ ä ➜ ✆ ➠✗⑧④♥s❺✽➀④✉❧t⑦②❻r☛⑤✈❷➻⑩ ❘ ➜ ✆ ➠☛➎✘➝➣→❾✉
❷➇②④❷❂⑧④t❉✉❧➧❿❷❂✉❧③❂♥s⑧⑨t❉➉ ②④③❽r☛✉✛②④♥✗❷❂→❾✉✸③➇②❻r❽➬④✉❧❷❮⑤➡✇✕❷❂→❾✉❧♥✏✎ ✑ Õ ☛❿ä ➜ ✆ ➠☛① ↕ ⑤➷❷❂→ ☛➊Õ ➑ Ú Ø✈➌❘➉ ❷✝➔❸✇ ➘ ①❸➤❆②④⑤⑦♥❿❷➇✉➆❺
❺❻② ↕ ♥ ↕ ⑧⑨③❽❺❾✇❧①q✇➇②✃❷❂→s⑧❸❷✺❷❂→❾✉❪❷➇②④❷❂⑧④t✕r❽→s⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉✉❪⑤✈♥➨➄➊②④➄➊✉❧♥❿❷❂♣❾➄✎➁❆✉☛❷ ↕ ✉❧✉❧♥ ✆ ⑧⑨♥s❺ ✆ Ù ✄✝✆ ⑤➡✇
✎
✄✝✆
Õ ❯ ☛qä ➜ ✆ ➠ ✄✝✆ Ø ➜➻➌➆➠
♠✸❷✺❷➇⑤⑦➄➊✉ ✆ ①❻❷➇→❾✉✗③❂②❻r❽➬④✉❧❷✸→s⑧❉✇➣➄➊②④➄➊✉❧♥❿❷➇♣s➄
â ➜ ✆ ➠ Õ ä ➜ ✆ ➠ ❘ ➜ ✆ ➠✝Ø ➜Ú ➠
✒ ♥✽❷➇→❾✉✟②④❷➇→❾✉✮③☎→s⑧④♥s❺✧①▲❺❻♣❾③❂⑤✈♥❾⑥➨❷❂→❾✉➊❷➇⑤⑦➄➊✉✟⑤⑦♥❉❷❂✉❧③❂➀❸⑧⑨t ❷❂→❾✉✟③❂②❻r❽➬④✉☛❷✗③❂✉❧t⑦✉✮⑧❉✇❹✉➆✇✗⑧➨➄➊⑧❉✇➇✇
✓ ä ②⑨➉▲⑥❉⑧❉✇✺⑧❸❷❤⑧➊➀❉✉❧t⑦②qr❧⑤➷❷➻⑩ ❘ ✞ ↕ ⑤➷❷❂→✻③➇✉➆✇❹➤❆✉✮r☛❷✺❷➇②➊❷➇→s✉✗③➇②❻r❽✄✝➬④✆ ✉❧❷✮➎❝➽➾♥➂✇➇②✂❺❻②④⑤⑦♥❾⑥s①❾❷➇→❾✉☎③❂②❻r❽➬④✉❧❷✯● ✇
➀④✉✮t✈②❻r❧⑤➷❷➻⑩✟⑤⑦♥sr❧③➇✉➆⑧④✇➇✉✮✇✸➁q⑩✍⑧⑨♥➨⑧⑨➄➊②❉♣❾♥❿❷ ✄ ❘ ➎❘➝➣→❾✉❪❷❂②⑨❷❂⑧④t✕➄➊②④➄➊✉❧♥❿❷❂♣❾➄ ⑧⑨❷✺❷➇⑤⑦➄✰✉ ✆ Ù ✄✡✆ ⑤➡✇➣❷➇→❾✉
✇➇♣❾➄✎②⑨➉✏❷➇→s✉✗➄✰②❉➄➊✉❧♥❿❷❂⑧✰②⑨➉✏❷➇→s✉✗③➇②❻r❽➬④✉❧❷➣⑧④♥s❺✍⑥❉⑧④✇✯◗
â ➜ ✆ Ù ✄✡✆ ➠ Õ â✕✔ Ù â✗✖ ✙ Õ ✘ä ➜ ✆ ➠ ❯ ✓ ☞ ä ✚✛✘ ❘ ➜ ✆ ➠ Ù ✄ ❘✡✚ Ù ✓ ✜ ä ✘❘ ➜ ✆ ➠ Ù ❘ ✞✚ ➜➟➑❉➠
❖ ♣❾➁❻❷❂③❂⑧❉r✝❷❂⑤✈♥❾⑥➈➜ Ú ➠✺➉ ③❂②④➄ ➜ ➑❉➠↔⑧⑨♥s❺➃✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦♥❾⑥✾❷❂→❾✉➊❺❻✣⑤ ✢P✉❧③❂✉❧♥✳r☛✉ ↕ ⑤➷❷❂→❒➜❹➌➆➠✝① ↕ ✉✰→s⑧❼➀④✉✘➜ ❷➇②
és③❽✇➻❷✺②❉③❂❺❻✉✮③➣⑤✈♥✻❺❻⑤✤✢❆✉✮③➇✉✮♥❿❷➇⑤➡⑧⑨t❮➥❿♣s⑧④♥❉❷❂⑤➷❷❂⑤✈✉➆✇❂➠
❯ q☛ ä ➜ ✆ ➠ ✄✝✆ Õ➩ä ➜ ✆ ➠ ✄ ❘ Ù ❘✥✞ ✓ ä

②④③
❘ Õ ☛ ❘✞ ✓ ä
✄
✄✡✆
❯ ❯ ä ➜ ✆ ➠ ✄✝✆
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸ ➵
↕ →❾⑤➡r❽→ ↕ ✉❪➄✂⑧❼⑩ ↕ ③➇⑤✈❷➇✉☎⑧❉✇

✄
❘ Õ ☛ ❘✞ ➜ ➵❿➠
✄✡✆
❯ ❯ ä ➜ ✆ ➠✁
↕ →❾✉✮③➇✉
Õ ✓ ä Õ ➦④➌ ➛ ✄ ä ✂✆☎ ➫✕➸ Ø
✄✝✆
➝➣→❾⑤➡✇❦⑤➡✇✰⑧➃❺❻⑤✤✢❆✉✮③➇✉✮♥❿❷➇⑤➡⑧⑨t✸✉✮➥❿♣s⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥➅➉ ②④③✃❷➇→s✉✾➉ ♣❾♥✳r✝❷➇⑤⑦②④♥ ❘ ➜ ✆ ➠❦⑥❉⑤✈➀q⑤⑦♥❾⑥✻❷❂→❾✉✍➀❉✉❧t⑦②❻r☛⑤✈❷➻⑩❶②④➉➴❷➇→❾✉
③❂②qr❽➬❉✉☛❷❤⑧❉✇➴⑧➊➉ ♣❾♥sr☛❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➂②④➉❝❷➇⑤⑦➄➊✉④➎✺➪✽✉ ↕ ②④♣❾t➡❺➨♥❾② ↕ t✈⑤⑦➬④✉☎❷➇②✟③❂✉✮r✮⑧④✇❹❷✺❷➇→❾⑤➡✇↔⑧❉✇➴⑧✟❺❻⑤✤✢P✉❧③❂✉❧♥❿❷➇⑤➡⑧⑨t
✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✻➉ ②❉③❤❷❂→❾✉✃➉ ♣❾♥sr✝❷❂⑤✈②❉♥ ❘ ➜ ä ➠❤⑥④⑤⑦➀❿⑤⑦♥❾⑥✾❷➇→❾✉✰③➇②❻r❽➬❉✉☛❷✯● ✇↔➀④✉❧t⑦②❻r☛⑤✈❷➻⑩✘⑧❉✇↔⑧✾➉ ♣❾♥sr☛❷➇⑤⑦②④♥❶②⑨➉❘⑤✈❷❂✇
➄✂⑧④✇❂✇❧➎✍➝❮②➂❺❻②➨❷❂→❾⑤➡✇❧① ↕ ✉➊é✳③❂✇❹❷☎②④➁s✇➇✉❧③❂➀④✉✃❷➇→✳⑧❸❷✃✇➇⑤✈♥✳r☛✉➊❷➇→s✉✟③➇②❻r❽➬❉✉☛❷❪⑤⑦✞ ✇ ✝❡✻✾❅✧✻❁❀☎✽✌❉✠✟☛✡➃❷➇→❾✉✾➄➊⑧❉✇➇✇
✓ ä ✉❧➀❉✉❧③❂⑩ ➇
✇ ✮
✉ ☛
r ❉
② s
♥ ❾
❺ ✮
✇ ❿
① ➇
❷ ❾
→ ❪
✉ ❂
❷ ✈
⑤ ➊
➄ ❦
✉ ❻
❺ ✮
✉ ➇
③ ⑦
⑤ ❸
➀ ❸
⑧ ❂
❷ ✈
⑤ ❉
➀ ↔
✉ ④
② ✡
➉ ❂
❷ ❾
→ ✗
✉ ➇
③ ❻
② ❽
r ❉
➬ ☛
✉ ❷
✯ ● ✸
✇ ✂
➄ ⑧④✇❂✇➣⑤⑦✇
✄✡✆
✄
ä Õ ✓ ä Õ Ø
✄✡✆
❯ ✄✡✆ ❯
➪✽✉❪❷➇→❾✉✮♥✘→✳⑧❼➀④✉ ❘ ❘ ä Õ ❘
✄ Õ ✄ ✄ ✄ Ø
ä ❯ ä
❖ ♣❾➁✳✇➻❷❂⑤➷❷❂♣❻❷➇⑤⑦♥❾⑥✂⑤⑦♥❉❷❂②➂➜ ➵q➠✝① ↕ ✉✗②④➁❻❷❽✄✡⑧⑨✆ ⑤⑦♥ ✄ ✄✝✆ ✄
❘ ❘✞
❯ ✄✄ ä Õ ❯ ☛ ❯ ä
②④③
❘✄ ➊Õ ☛ ✄ ä Ù ❘ ✞ ✄ ä ä Ø
➽➾♥❿❷➇✉✮⑥④③❽⑧❸❷➇⑤⑦♥❾⑥✳① ↕ ⑤✈❷➇→✘❷❂→❾✉☎r☛②❉♥s❺❻⑤✈❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✍❷➇→s⑧⑨❷ ❘ ➜ ä ✂ ➠ Õ ➛s①
❘ ➜ä ➠ Õ ☛ ➜ä ❯ ✄ ä ✂ ➠ Ù ❘ ✞ t⑦♥ ❴ ä ä ✂ ❛ Ø
■➴② ↕ ① Õ ➜➻➌✌☞❸➦❉➛❉➠ ä✄✂ ✇ ➫✕➸ ① ↕ →❾⑤⑦t✈✉ ❘ ✞ Õ ➋➾➦④æ❉➛④➛✗➉ ❷☛➔❸✇✮➎✴➝➣→❾✉❧♥
❘ ➜ ä ➠ Õ ➌➆➹④➑❉➛☎➉ ❷☛➔❸✇ å ❴ ä ä ✂✝❯ ➌ ❛ Ù ➦④æ❉➛④➛❦➉ ❷✝➔⑨✇ å t⑦♥✎✍ ä✎ä✑✂ ✏
❾❏ ②❉③ ä✄✂✓✒àä ↕ ✉☎r✮⑧⑨♥✻♥❾✉✮⑥④t⑦✉✮r☛❷✺❷➇→❾✉✗é✳③❂✇❹❷✺❷➇✉✮③➇➄➍⑤✈♥➨❷❂→❾✉☎➤s⑧④③➇✉✮♥❿❷➇→❾✉➆✇❹✉➆✇➣②⑨➉▲❷➇→❾✉☎és③❂✇❹❷✺❷➇✉✮③➇➄➨①
⑥④⑤⑦➀q⑤✈♥s⑥
❘ ➜ ä ➠ Õ ❯ ✮➌ ➹❉➑④➛❦➉ ❷✝➔❸✇ Ù ❉➦ æ④➛④➛❦➉ ❷✝➔⑨✇ å t⑦♥✎✍ ä✎ä✔✂ ✏ Ø
➝➣→❾✉✂✉➆✇➇r✮⑧⑨➤❆✉✰➀❉✉❧t⑦②❻r☛⑤✈❷➻⑩➂⑤⑦✇ ❶❘ Õ ➦❾Ø ➹❉➳❦➄➊⑤ ➔⑨✇ Õ ④➑ ➦sØ➐➏ å ➌✮➛ ❝↔➉ ❷✝➔❸✇❧➎ ➮ t⑦♣❾⑥❉⑥④⑤⑦♥❾⑥✘❷➇→❾⑤➡✇✗⑤⑦♥❉❷❂②➨❷➇→❾✉
✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✂⑧⑨➁❆②❸➀④✉➴⑧④♥s❺ ↕ ②④③❂➬❿⑤⑦♥❾⑥❪➁s⑧❉r❽➬ ↕ ⑧⑨③❽❺❾✇✮① ↕ ✉➴és♥s❺✰❷➇→✳⑧❸❷✛✉➆✇➇r✮⑧⑨➤❆✉✺➀④✉✮t✈②❻r☛⑤✈❷➻⑩❦⑤➡✇❘⑧❉r❽→❾⑤⑦✉❧➀④✉➆❺
↕ →❾✉✮♥ ä ✂ ☞ ä✻Õ❪Ú ➹④➑s➎
➝➣→s⑧⑨♥s➬q✇✏❷❂✖② ✕✛③❂⑤➡⑧⑨✘♥ ✗❤⑧⑨③➇❷▲➉ ②④③▲➤❆②④⑤⑦♥❉❷❂⑤✈♥s⑥➱②❉♣❻❷❘⑧⑨♥✰⑤⑦♥sr☛②❉♥s✇❹⑤➡✇❹❷➇✉❧♥✳r☛⑩☎⑤⑦♥✃➄✃⑩☎②④③❂⑤⑦⑥④⑤⑦♥s⑧⑨t❻r❽→❾②❉⑤⑦r❧✉
②⑨➉✏♥❾②⑨❷❽⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✾➉ ②❉③➣❷➇→❾⑤➡✇✺➤❾③❂②④➁❾t⑦✉❧➄➨➎
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸ ➳
❵✬❛❝❜✰❞✻❡☛❢❤❣ ✐❦❥✁
❖ →❾② ↕ ❷❂→s⑧❸❷➱➉ ②④③➱⑧✾✇➇⑤✈♥❾⑥❉t✈✉✃➤s⑧⑨③➇❷➇⑤➡r☛t⑦✉ ↕ ⑤✈❷➇→✽r☛②④♥✳✇➻❷❽⑧⑨♥❿❷↔➄✂⑧④✇❂✇✺❷❂→❾✉✰✉✮➥❿♣s⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✻②⑨➉✴➄➊②⑨❷❂⑤✈②❉♥➂⑤⑦➄✰➤st✈⑤⑦✉✮✇

❷➇→s✉❪➉ ②④t⑦t✈② ↕ ⑤⑦♥❾⑥➊❺❻✣⑤ ✢P✉❧③❂✉❧♥❿❷❂⑤⑦⑧④t✧✉✮➥❿♣s⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✾➉ ②❉③➣❷➇→❾✉✗➬q⑤⑦♥❾✉☛❷❂⑤⑦r❪✉✮♥❾✉❧③❂⑥④⑩ ◗
✄ á Õ✄✂❒å✆☎ Ü
✄✝✆
↕ →❾⑤⑦t✈✉❪⑤✈➉✡❷❂→❾✉✗➄✂⑧④✇❂✇➣➀❸⑧⑨③❂⑤✈✉➆✇ ↕ ⑤➷❷❂→✍❷❂⑤✈➄➊✉❪❷❂→❾✉☎r☛②❉③➇③❂✉✮✇➇➤✳②❉♥s❺❻⑤⑦♥❾⑥✰✉✮➥❿♣s⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✍⑤➡✇
✄ ➜ä á ➠ ✝ Õ ✂❒å☛Ñ Ø
✄✝✆
➪❶✉✗→✳⑧❼➀④✉
✂ Õ✟Ñ ✞ ➜ ➳④➠
➽➼➉ ä ⑤⑦✇➴r❧②④♥s✇❹❷❂⑧④♥❿❷✮①
✂ Õ➩✠
ä ☎✞
✡ ②⑨❷❹❷❂⑤✈♥s⑥ ☎ ⑤⑦♥❿❷➇②➊➁❆②⑨❷➇→✻✇➇⑤⑦❺❾✉✮✇✮①
✶å☛☎❶Õ➩☞
✂ ä ☎✻å✌☎❶✞ Õ Ú➌ ä ✄ Ð ✛Ð ➘ ☎
✄✝✆
Õ ✄á ➜➟➦❉➠
✄✡✆
✒ ♥✘❷➇→❾✉✗②④❷➇→❾✉✮③✺→s⑧⑨♥s❺✕①❻⑤➷➉ ä ⑤➡✇➣♥❾②⑨❷❤r❧②④♥s✇❹❷❂⑧④♥❉❷➆①❻⑤✈♥✳✇➻❷❂✉✮⑧④❺✍②⑨➉ ↕ ✉☎❺❾②⑨❷ Ñ ⑤⑦♥❉❷❂②✻➜ ➳④➠✾◗
☎
✶å❧Ñ➈Õ➩Ñ➂å✍Ñ ✞
✂
Õ➩✎ ä ☎✻å ✄ ➜ ä✎☎ ➠

✄✝✆
Õ➩ä✎☎✻å ❴ ☎ ✄ ä Ù ä☎✄ ☎ ❛
➌ ✄✡✆ ➌ ✄✡✆
Õ Ú❘ ✄ ä Ù Ú
➘ ➘ ä ✄ ➜❘ ➘ ➠
➘
✄✝✆ ✄✡✆
Õ Ú➌ ✄ ➜ ä ➘ ❘ ➘ ➠ Õ ✄ ➜ä á ➠ Ø
✄✝✆ ✄✝✆
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸ ➦
❵✬❛❝❜✰❞✻❡☛❢❤❣ ✐❦❥✁
➮ ❂③ ②❸➀④✉➱❷❂→s⑧❸❷➱❷➇→❾✉✃➄✂⑧⑨⑥④♥s⑤➷❷❂♣s❺❻✉ ❭ ②④➉❝❷➇→❾✉✰➤✳②❿✇❹⑤✈❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➃➀④✉✮r☛❷➇②❉③➴➉ ②④③❤❷➇→❾✉➊r☛✉✮♥❿❷➇✉❧③➱②⑨➉✴➄✂⑧❉✇➇✇➴➉ ③➇②❉➄➙⑧④♥

⑧⑨③❂➁❾⑤✈❷➇③❽⑧⑨③❂⑩➊②④③❂⑤✈⑥❉⑤✈♥✘⑤⑦✇➣⑥❉⑤✈➀❉✉❧♥✘➁q⑩✂❷➇→❾✉✗✉➆➥❿♣s⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥
➘ ❯ Ú➌ ✂✟☎✡✠➅ä ä ➘ Ø
☎✞✝ ☎ ☎ ✠☛✝ ☎☞✠
❳ ➘ ❭ ➘ Õ ❳✄✂✆➩ ☎ ä
➪❶✉✗→✳⑧❼➀④✉
❭✍✌ Õ ❳ ➌
☎ ☎
✂✆☎ ä ❰
✇➇②
❭ ✌➘ Õ ❳ ➌ ➘
✎✏ ☎ ☎ ☎ ✠ ☎ ✠✕✔✖
✂ ☎ ä ➘❰➘ Ù ✂ ☎✒✑ ✠ ä ä ❰ ❰
✓
⑧⑨♥✳❺✍✇➇⑤✈➄➊⑤⑦t⑦⑧④③➇t⑦⑩
❭ ✗➘ Õ ❳ ➌ ➘
✎✏ ☎ ☎ ☎ ✠ ☎ ✠ ✔✖
✂ ☎ ä ➘❐➘ Ù ✂ ☎✒✑ ✠ ä ä ❐ ❐
✓
❭ ✘➘ Õ ❳ ➌ ➘
✎✏
✂✆☎ ä➨➘☎☛✙ ☎ ✠ ✙ ☎ ✙ ✠✁✔✖
➘ Ù ✂ ☎✚✑ ✠ ä ä Ø
✓
♠❤❺s❺❻⑤✈♥s⑥s① ✎✏ ☎ ✝ ☎ ☎ ✠ ✔✖
➌❳ ➘ ✂ ☎ ä ➘ ➘ Ù ✂ ☎✚✑ ✠ ä ä ➜✞✛✢✜ å ✛✤✣❽➠ Ø ➜❍➏⑨➠
❭ ➘ Õ ✓
♥✍❷➇→❾✉✗②④❷➇→❾✉✮③✺→s⑧⑨♥s❺✕① ✝ ☎✡✠ ✝ ☎ ✝ ✠
➘ Õ ➘ Ù ➘ ❯ Ú✛✜ å✛✣
✒
✝ ☎✥☎
⑧⑨♥✳❺✧①❻⑤✈♥➨➤s⑧④③❹❷❂⑤⑦r❧♣❾t➡⑧⑨③➆① ➘ Õ s➛ ①❾✇❹②
☎ ✠☛✝ ☎✡✠ ☎ ✠☛✝ ☎ ☎ ✠☛✝ ✠ ☎ ✠ ✝✩☎ ✝✪✠
✂ ☎✧✦ ✠ ä ä ➘ ★Õ ✂ ☎✚✑ ✠ ä ä ✘
➘ Ù ä ä ➘ ❯ Ú⑨ä ä ➜ å ➠ ✚
✓ ☎ ✠☛✝ ☎ ☎ ✠ ✝✫☎ ✝✕✠

ÕÏÚ ✂ ☎✚✑ ✠ ä ä ➘ ❯ Ú ✂ ☎✚✑ ✠ ä ä ➜ å ➠✝Ø ➜➟æ❉➠
✓ ✓
■➴✉❧➧q❷✮①
☎✞✝ ☎ ✠✮✭ ☎✧✝ ☎✰✯ ☎ ✝ ☎ ☎ ✠☛✝ ☎
❳✄✂ ☎ ä ➘ Õ✬✂ ✠ ä ✂ ☎ ä ➘ Õ✱✂ ☎ ä ➘ ➘ Ù ✂ ☎✒✑ ✠ ä ä ➘Ø ➜➟➹❉➠
✓
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸ ➏
✝
✞
Ü✁ ✞
✝
Ü✁ ➜➟❰❮Ü❹❐❾➠
Ý
❏✏⑤✈⑥❉♣❾③❂✉✰➌ ◗❝➒✻⑩✍r❧②④♥sr❧✉❧➤❻❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✍②④➉❮❷➇→s✉☎✇❹⑤✈❷➇♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➨②⑨➉ ➮ ③❂②④➁❾t⑦✉❧➄✥➌④➎ æ
❖ ♣❾➁❾❷➇③❽⑧④r✝❷❂⑤✈♥s⑥✰→✳⑧⑨t✈➉✏②④➉✸➜➟æ❿➠✛➉ ③➇②❉➄✥➜➟➹❿➠✝① ↕ ✉❪→s⑧❼➀④✉

➘ ❯ Ú➌
☎✧✝ ☎ ☎ ✠☛✝ ☎✡✠ ☎ ✝ ☎ ☎ ✠
❳ ✂ ä ✂ ✂☎✄❉ä ä ➘ Õ✱✂✆☎ ä ➘ ➘ Ù ✂ ☎✒✑ ✠ ä ä ➜✞✛ ✜ å ✛ ✣ ➠
✓
⑧⑨♥✳❺✍r❧②④➄➊➤s⑧⑨③❂⑤⑦♥❾⑥❦❷❂→❾⑤➡✇ ↕ ⑤➷❷❂→➅➜❍➏⑨➠ ↕ ✗✉ ✇❹✉✮✉➱❷➇→s⑧⑨❷ ↕ ☎✉ ⑧④③➇✉❪❺❻②④♥s✉④➎
❵✬❛❝❜✰❞✻❡☛❢❤❣ ❦✐ ❥✁✆
➝ ↕ ② ↕ →❾✉❧✉✮t⑦✇✛②⑨➉✡③❂⑧❉❺❻⑤✈♣✳✇✞✝➊⑧⑨③❂✉➴➄➊②④♣s♥❉❷❂✉✮❺✾②④♥✂❷❂→❾✉↔✉✮♥s❺❾✇✛②⑨➉✡⑧✃r☛②❉➄✰➄➊②❉♥✾⑧❸➧❻t⑦✉❤②⑨➉✕t⑦✉❧♥s⑥⑨❷➇✠ → ✟✺✇➇♣sr❽→
❷➇→✳⑧❸❷❝❷➇→s✉ ↕ →❾✉❧✉✮t⑦✇❝③❂②⑨❷❽⑧❸❷❂✉✸⑤⑦♥s❺❻✉✮➤✳✉✮♥s❺❻✉✮♥❉❷❂t✈⑩❉➎❝➝➣→❾✉ ↕ →❾②④t⑦✉✺r☛②❉➄❦➁❾⑤⑦♥s⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✃③❂②④t⑦t➡✇ ↕ ⑤➷❷❂→❾②④♣❻❷✸✇❹t⑦⑤✈➤s➤❾⑤✈♥s⑥
②④♥➨⑧✰➤❾t➡⑧⑨♥❾✉❉➎ ❖ →❾② ↕ ❷❂→s⑧❸❷✺❷❂→❾✉❧③❂✉✗⑧⑨③❂✉➱❷ ↕ ②➊♥❾②❉♥❾→❾②④t⑦②④♥s②④➄➊⑤⑦r↔✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥s✇➣②④➉✏r❧②④♥s✇❹❷➇③❽⑧⑨⑤⑦♥❿❷✮①
r☛②❉✇ Ý ❰ Ù ✇➇⑤✈♥ Ý ❐ Õ ➛
✇➇⑤✈♥ Ý ❰ ❯ r☛②❉✇ Ý ❐ Õ ✝P➜ Ù ➠
✄ ✄
➜ ↕ →s✉❧③❂✉ Ý ✡① ❮①P⑧⑨♥✳❺☛ →s⑧❼➀❉✉✗➄✰✉➆⑧⑨♥❾⑤⑦♥❾⑥❿✇➴✇❹⑤⑦➄➊⑤✈t➡⑧⑨③❤❷➇②✂❷❂→❾✉☎➤❾③❂②④➁st✈✉✮➄ ②④➉❝⑧✾✇❹⑤⑦♥❾⑥④t⑦✉☎➀❉✉❧③➇❷➇⑤➡r❧⑧⑨t✡❺❻⑤⑦✇❂r⑨①

✄ ✄ ✄ ✄
⑧⑨♥✳❺✟➜ ❰✡Ü❹❐❾➠✕⑧④③➇✉❘❷➇→❾✉✸r☛②q②④③❽❺❻⑤⑦♥s⑧❸❷❂✉✮✇✕②④➉s⑧➴➤❆②④⑤⑦♥❿❷✡②④♥☎❷➇→❾✉➣⑧❸➧❻t⑦✉✴➄➊⑤⑦❺ ↕ ⑧❼⑩➱➁✳✉❧❷ ↕ ✉✮✉❧♥☎❷❂→❾✉✴❷ ↕ ② ↕ →s✉❧✉❧t➡✇❽➠

✞
⑧⑨♥✳❺✾②❉♥❾✉❪→❾②④t⑦②④♥❾②❉➄➊⑤⑦r➱✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✘②⑨➉▲r☛②④♥✳✇➻❷❂③❂⑧④⑤✈♥❿❷✮①
Ý ✌Õ ☞ ❯ ✝✟ ✍➜ ❯ ➠ ✞
↕ →❾✉✮③➇✉ ☞ ⑤⑦✇✺⑧➊r☛②❉♥s✇❹❷❂⑧⑨♥❿❷➆➎
➒✻⑩ r☛②④♥✳r☛✉❧➤❾❷➇⑤⑦②④♥ ②⑨➉❪❷➇→s✉➃✇❹⑤✈❷➇♣✳⑧❸❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➩⑤➡✇✂⑤⑦t✈t⑦♣s✇❹❷➇③❽⑧❸❷❂✉✮❺ ⑤⑦♥ ❏✡⑤⑦⑥④♣s③➇✉➅➌❉➎ Ý ⑤➡✇✂❷❂→❾✉➃⑧⑨♥s⑥④t⑦✉
➁❆✉☛❷ ↕ ✉❧✉❧♥❶❷➇→s✉✰❰➢⑧⑨➧❻⑤⑦✇❪⑧⑨♥✳❺➂❷❂→❾✉✟⑧❸➧❻⑤➡✇↔②④➉✛❷❂→❾✉✰❷ ↕ ② ↕ →❾✉✮✉❧t➡✇❧➎✎➅⑧④♥s✏ ❺ ⑧④③➇✉✰❷❂→❾✉➊③➇②④❷❂⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥
⑧⑨♥s⑥④t⑦✉✮✇➱②⑨➉✛❷➇→❾✉✰❷ ↕ ② ↕ →❾✉✮✉❧t➡✇❧①✡⑧⑨♥s❺ ✛✾⑧⑨♥✳❺ ✛ ⑧④③➇✉✃❷➇→❾✉➊t⑦②❻r❧⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥s✇➱②⑨➉✛❷➇→❾✉✮⑤✈③☎r❧✉❧♥❿❷➇✉✮③❂✇✮➎✃➝➣→❾✉
✞
r☛✉✮♥❿❷➇✉❧③✺②④➉❮❷❂→❾✉ ↕ →❾✉❧✉✮t❮⑧❸➧❻⑤➡✇➣⑤⑦✇✸❷❂→❾✉✗➤❆②④⑤⑦♥❉❷❝è➻♣✳✇➻❷➴➁❆✉☛❷ ↕ ✉❧✉✮♥ ✛✰⑧⑨♥s❺ ✛ ◗

✞
➜ ❰✡Ü❹❐❾➠ Õ Ú➌ ➜ ✌ Ù ✌ Ü ✗ Ù ✗ ➠✝Ø
✝ ✝ ✝ ✝
✞ ✞
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸ æ
➼➽ ➉P❷➇→❾✉ ↕ →❾✉✮✉❧t✳③➇②④❷❂⑧❸❷❂✉✮✇✏❷❂→❾③➇②❉♣❾⑥④→✂⑧④♥➊⑧④♥❾⑥④t⑦✉ ❮①❿❷❂→❾✉➴➀④✉➆r✝❷❂②④③✴❺❻⑤➡✇❹➤st⑦⑧❉r☛✉❧➄➊✉✮♥❉❷✴②④➉✧⑤➷❷❽✇❘r☛✉✮♥❿❷➇✉❧③

↕ ⑤⑦t✈t✡→s⑧❼➀④✉✗➄✂⑧⑨⑥❉♥❾⑤✈❷➇♣s❺❻✉ ✽⑧⑨♥s❺✻❺❾⑤✈③❂✉✮r☛❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➂❺❻✉❧❷➇✉❧③❂➄➊⑤✈♥s✉✮❺✻➁q⑩ Ý Ø✴s❏ ②④③❤✉❧➧❾⑧⑨➄➊➤❾t⑦✉④①s⑤✈➉ Ý Õ ➛
✄
❷➇→s✉❧♥➂❷❂→❾✉ ↕ →❾✉❧✉✮t▲⑧⑨➧❻⑤⑦✇↔⑤⑦✇↔➤s⑧④③❂⑧④t✈t⑦✉❧t✡❷➇②✾❷➇→❾✉➊❰➈⑧❸➧❻⑤⑦✇✮①P⑤✈♥ ↕ →❾⑤➡r❽→➃r❧⑧❉✇❹✉✃③➇②❉t✈t⑦⑤✈♥s⑥✟❷➇→s✉ ↕ →❾✉✮✉❧t

✝
r☛t⑦②❻r❽➬ ↕ ⑤⑦✇➇✉ ↕ ⑤⑦t✈t✕r✮⑧⑨♣s✇➇✉➱⑤➷❷➣❷➇②✰➄➊②❸➀④✉↔⑤✈♥✍❷➇→❾✉❪♥❾✉✮⑥❉⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦➀④✉❤❐✟❺❾⑤✈③❂✉✮r☛❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✕➎❝➽➾♥✍⑥④✉❧♥s✉❧③❽⑧⑨t❍①❿③❂✉☛➉ ✉✮③➇③❂⑤⑦♥❾⑥

❷➇②✰❷❂→❾✹✉ ❏✏⑤✈⑥❉♣❾③➇✉❉① ↕ ✉❪→s⑧❼➀❉✉
✁ Õ ✇❹⑤⑦♥ ✄Ý ✂☎ ❯ r☛②❉✇ ✆Ý ✝ ✂
✛ ✝ ➜❹➌✮➛❉➠ ✘ ✚
✁ ❆Õ ✇❹⑤⑦♥ Ý ✂☎ ❯ r❧②❉✇ Ý ✝ ✂ ➜❹➌④➌➆➠

✄
✛
✞ ✝
✞ ✘ ✚
✄
♠❤❺s❺❻⑤✈♥s⑥➊❷➇→❾✉➆✇❹✉✗r☛②❉➄➊➤✳②❉♥❾✉❧♥❿❷ ↕ ⑤➡✇❹✉ ↕ ✉➱→✳⑧❼➀④✉ ➸

❰ Õ Ú Ù
✄
✇❹⑤⑦♥ Ý ✝
✘
✄ ✄
✞ ✚
❐ Õ ❯ Ú Ù
✄
r☛②❿✇ Ý ✝
✘
✄ ✄
✞✣✚
➒✻♣❾t✈❷➇⑤⑦➤❾t⑦⑩q⑤✈♥❾⑥➊❷❂→❾✉✮✇➇✉❪➁q⑩✍✇➇⑤✈♥ Ý ②④③ ❯ r☛②❿✇ Ý ⑧⑨♥s❺➨⑧④❺s❺❻⑤✈♥s⑥✰②❉③➴✇❹♣s➁❻❷➇③❽⑧④r☛❷➇⑤⑦♥❾⑥s① ↕ ✉❪②④➁❻❷❽⑧⑨⑤⑦♥

✇➇⑤✈♥ Ý ❰ ❯ r☛②❿✇ Ý ❐ Õ Ù ✘ ✞ ✚
r❧②❉✇ Ý ❰ Ù ✇❹⑤⑦♥ Ý ❐ Õ ➛sØ

✝
✄ ✄ ✄ ✄
✄ ✄
■➴✉❧➧q❷✮①❾r☛②❉♥s✇➇⑤⑦❺❻✉✮③❘❷❂→❾✉❪➀④✉➆r✝❷➇②❉③ ➸❹➘ Õ ❯ ✧r❧②④♥❾♥❾✉➆r✝❷❂⑤✈♥❾⑥✃❷➇→s✉❪r❧✉❧♥❿❷➇✉✮③❂✇✛②⑨➉❮❷➇→❾✉➱❷ ↕ ② ↕ →❾✉✮✉❧t➡✇❧➎ ✞
➝➣→❾✉❦❺❾✉☛és♥❾⑤✈❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✻②④➉ Ý ⑤⑦✇↔✇❹♣✳r❽→➨❷➇→s⑧⑨❷❤⑤➷❷❽✇✺❷❽⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉✉❧♥❿❷❤➄❦♣✳✇➻❷✴è➻♣✳✇➻❷➱➁✳✉✗❷❂→❾✉❦③❽⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②✂②④➉▲❷➇→❾✉☎❐➨⑧⑨♥✳❺
✛ ✛ ✛
❰➂r☛②❉➄➊➤✳②❉♥❾✉❧♥❿❷❂✇➣②④➉❮❷❂→❾⑤⑦✇➴➀④✉✮r☛❷➇②❉③✯◗
❷❂⑧④♥ Ý Õ ❰❐ ➸➻➘
➸❹❐ ➘ ➌
✞ ➇
✇ ✮
✉ r ➘ Ý Ý Õ ➸➻➘
❯ ❰ ➘➸❹➘ ❰ ➸❹➘ Ù ❰ ➸❹➘ ❐ ➸➻➘ Ø ✄ ✄ ✄
❖ ♣❾➁❾❷➇③❽⑧④r✝❷❂⑤✈♥s⑥➨➜❹➌④➌❼➠✴➉ ③❂②④➄ ➜➻➌➆➛❉➠✝①

✇➇✉✮r ➘ Ý Ý Õ ❯ ✘ ✑❴ ❯ ❰ ❐ ➸❹➘ ➘ ✇➇⑤⑦♥ Ý ❯ ❰ ➌ r❧②❉✇ Ý ❛ ✞ ✚
➸❹➘ ➸❹➘
✝
✄ ✄ ✄
♠➴⑥❿⑧⑨⑤⑦♥✘✇➇♣❾➁s✇❹❷➇⑤✈❷➇♣❾❷➇⑤⑦♥❾⑥➊➉ ②④③✺❐ ➸❹➘ ❸❰ ➸❹➘ ⑤✈♥✘❷❂→❾✉❪és③❽✇➻❷➣❷➇✉✮③➇➄ ⑤✈♥➨➤s⑧④③➇✉✮♥❿❷➇→❾✉➆✇❹✉➆✇❧①

☞
✇➇✉✮r ➘ Ý Ý Õ ❯ ➌
✄ ❯ ✝
❰ ➸❹➘ ➜ ❷❂⑧④♥ Ý ✇❹⑤⑦♥ Ý Ù r☛②❉✇ Ý ➠

✘
✄ ✄
✞✣✚
②④③
➌
✄
Ý Õ ❯ ❯ ✝
❰ ➸❹➘ ➜➟✇➇⑤✈♥ ➘ Ý r☛②❿✇ Ý Ù r❧②❉✇ ❝ Ý ➠

✘
✄ ✄
✞✣✚
Õ ❯ ➌ r❧②❉✇ Ý Ø ➜❹➌ Ú ➠
❯ ✝
❰ ➸❹➘ ✘
✄ ✄
✞✣✚
✟✡✠☞☛✍✌✏✎✍✑✓✒✄✔✖✕✘✗✙✌✡✚✜✛✣✢✡✤✦✥✄✌✏✤★✧✡✛✩✌✫✪✬✕✭✤✆✮✯✕✭✛✣✎✙✔★✛✣✎✜✰✱✕✭✲✜✔✦✌✫✪✬✌✏✧✡✔✖✕✭✤✖✳✴✕✏✪✵✳✴✔✷✶✸✕✱✢✡✤★✤✖✕✭✤✄✛✣✎✹✔★☛✜✢✺✕✭✤★✛✣✰✭✛✣✎✻✌✏✼✽✚✙✢✡✤★✒✖✛✣✕✭✎✾✕✏✪
✔✖☛✍✢✡✒★✢✆✢✡✿✓✲✍✌❀✔★✛✣✕✭✎✍✒❂❁
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸ ➹
➴② ↕ ✉❧➀❉✉❧③➆①❿r❧②④♥s✇➇⑤➡❺❻✉❧③❂⑤✈♥s⑥✃❷❂→❾✉☎❺❻✉❧és♥❾⑤✈❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➨②⑨➉ Ý ① ↕ ✉❪r❧t✈✉➆⑧⑨③❂t✈⑩✾→s⑧❼➀④✉
r☛②❿✇ Ý Õ ➜➟❰ ➘ Ù ❰ ➸➻❐ ➘ ➘ ➠ ➸❡❢❂➘ Õ ❰ ➸➻➘
✗
➸❹➘ ➸➻➘ ✟
➁❆✉✮r❧⑧④♣s✇➇✉➴❷➇→s✉➱➄✂⑧④⑥④♥❾⑤✈❷➇♣s❺❾✉↔②④➉✕❷➇→❾✉❪❺❻⑤➡✇➻❷❽⑧⑨♥sr❧✉↔➁❆✉☛❷ ↕ ✉❧✉✮♥ ➸ ⑧④♥s❺ ➘ ⑤⑦✇➣r☛②❉♥s✇❹❷➇③❽⑧⑨⑤⑦♥❾✉✮❺➊❷❂②✃➁❆✉

✝ ✝
➁q⑩✂❷➇→s✉✗③➇⑤⑦⑥④⑤➡❺✍⑧⑨➧❻⑤⑦✇✮➎❝➝➣→❾✉❧♥➅➜➻➌ Ú ➠✛➁❆✉✮r☛②❉➄➊✉✮✇
✟
✄
Ý Õ ❯ ✘ ✄ ❯ ✄ ✞✤✚ ✝
↕ ⑤✈❷➇→➨⑤✈➄➊➄➊✉✮❺❾⑤⑦⑧⑨❷➇✉☎✇➇②④t⑦♣❻❷➇⑤⑦②④♥
✟
Ý Õ ❯ ✘ ❯ ✞✣✚ Ø ☞
✝
↕ ⑤✈❷➇→ ⑧➊r❧②④♥s✇❹❷❂⑧④♥❉❷✺②④➉✡⑤⑦♥❉❷❂✉❧⑥❉③❂⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✕➎
✟
❵✬❛❝❜✰❞✻❡☛❢❤❣ ✐❦❥✁
♠ ➤s⑧④③❹❷❂⑤⑦r❧t✈✉❪➄➊②❸➀④✉➆✇➣⑤✈♥✘❷➇→s✉✗❰ ❯ ❐✟➤❾t➡⑧⑨♥❾✉✗♣❾♥✳❺❻✉❧③✺❷❂→❾✉☎r☛②❉♥s✇❹❷➇③❽⑧⑨⑤⑦♥❉❷➣❷❂→s⑧❸❷➴⑤✈❷❂✇✺➀❉✉❧t⑦②❻r☛⑤✈❷➻⑩✟➀④✉➆r✝❷➇②❉③✺⑤⑦✇
❳
⑧⑨t ↕ ⑧❼⑩q✇❝❺❾⑤✈③❂✉✮r☛❷➇✉✮❺✰❷❂② ↕ ⑧④③❂❺s✇❝⑧✗➤✳②❉⑤✈♥❿❷❘②❉♥➊❷➇→❾✉↔❰✾⑧❸➧❻⑤➡✇ ↕ →❾②❿✇❹✉➴⑧④➁s✇❂r☛⑤➡✇➇✇❂⑧❪⑤⑦✇✛✇❹②❉➄➊✉➴⑥④⑤⑦➀④✉✮♥✃➉ ♣s♥sr✝❷❂⑤✈②❉♥
②⑨➉q❷❂⑤✈➄➊✄✉ ✂▲➜ ✆ ➠✝Ø ❖ →❾② ↕ ❷➇→s⑧⑨❷❮➉ ②❉③☎✂▲➜ ✆ ➠❮❺❻⑤✤❆✢ ✉✮③➇✉✮♥❉❷❂⑤⑦⑧④➁❾t⑦✉④①➆➁❾♣❻❷✡②④❷➇→❾✉✮③ ↕ ⑤➡✇➇✉❘⑧⑨③❂➁❾⑤✈❷➇③❽⑧⑨③❂⑩④①☛❷❂→❾✉✛r❧②④♥s✇❹❷➇③❽⑧⑨⑤⑦♥❿❷
⑤➡✇➣♥❾②④♥❾→s②④t⑦②④♥❾②❉➄✰⑤➡r⑨➎
➝➣→❾✉❪➤s⑧⑨③➇❷➇⑤➡r☛t⑦P✉ ● ✇✛➤✳②❿✇❹⑤✈❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✘⑤⑦✇❪➜➟❰✡➜ ➠☛Ü❹❐✧➜ ➠➇➠✝① ↕ →❾⑤✈t⑦✉↔❷➇→❾✉❪➤❆②❉✇➇⑤➷❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✾②⑨➉✡❷➇→❾✉➱➄➊②❸➀q⑤✈♥❾⑥✰➤❆②④⑤⑦♥❉❷
⑤➡✇✗✆➜ ✂▲➜ ✆ ➠☛Ü➇➛❿➠✝➎✴➝➣→❾✉✮♥✍❷❂→❾✉✗➀④✉➆r✝❷❂②④③ ➉ ③❂✆ ②④➄♦❷❂✆ →❾✉✗➤s⑧⑨③➇❷➇⑤➡r☛t⑦✉➱❷➇②➊❷❂→❾✉✗➤✳②❉⑤✈♥❿❷➴→s⑧❉✇✺r☛②❉➄✰➤❆②④♥s✉❧♥❿❷❂✇
✁
✄
Õ ❰✡➜ ✆ ➠ ❯ ✂▲➜ ✆ ➠ ✄ Õ ❐P➜ ✆ ➠✝Ø ➜❹➌✮➑❉➠
➝➣→❾✉❪➤s⑧④③❹❷❂⑤⑦r❧t✈✉ ● ✇➣➀❉✉❧t⑦②qr❧⑤➷❷➻⑩ →✳⑧④✇✺r☛②❉➄➊➤✳②❉♥❾✉❧♥❿❷❂✇
✗
✌
❘ Õ ✄❰ ❘ Õ ✄❐ ➜❹➌❧➵❿➠
✄✝✆ ✄✝✆
✗
⑧⑨♥✳❺✟➉ ②❉③➣❷➇→❾✉✗➀❉✉✮r✝❷❂②④③❽✇✸⑤✈♥➅➜➻➌➆➑❉➠✸⑧⑨♥✳❺✽➜✞✝✟✝➊❷❂②➊➁✳✉✗⑤⑦♥✘❷➇→❾✉☎✇❂⑧⑨➄➊✉✗❺❻⑤⑦③➇✉➆r✝❷➇⑤⑦②④♥❮① ↕ ✉❪③❂✉✮➥❿♣❾⑤⑦③➇✉

❘ Õ ✄
❘
✗ ✗
✄
②④③
✌ ✌
✄
❐ ✄✝✆ Õ ✄ ❐ Õ ❐✧➜ ✆ ➠
❰ ✄✝✆ ✄ ❰ ❰✏➜ ✆ ➠ ❯ ✂▲➜ ✆ ➠
☞
✇➇② ✄
☞
❐
✄ Õ
❰ ➜❹➌➆➳④➠
❐ ❰ ❯ ✄ ✂▲➜ ✆ ➠
❏❾②❉③✺✉☛➧❾⑧⑨➄➊➤❾t⑦✉④①❻⑤✈✠➉ ✂▲➜ ✆ ➠ ☛ Õ ✡ ✆ ①❻❷❂→❾✉❧♥ ↕ ✉❪➄➊⑧❼⑩✾⑤✈♥❿❷➇✉✮⑥④③❽⑧❸❷❂✉↔❷❂②✰és♥s❺
t✈♥✺❐✧➜ ✆ ➠ Õ t⑦♥ ✘ ❰✡➜ ✆ ➠ ❯ ✡ ➜ ✆ ➠ ✚ Ù ☞
②④③
❐P➜ ✆ ➠ Õ Û✡å ✘ ❰✡➜ ✆ ➠ ❯ ✡ ✆ ✚
☞
↕ →❾⑤➡r❽→❶⑤➡✇❪⑧✘→❾②④t⑦②④♥❾②❉➄➊⑤⑦r✰r☛②❉♥s✇➻❷❂③❂⑧④⑤✈♥❿❷➆➎ ✸♣❻❷✗➉ ②④③❪⑥④✉✮♥❾✉❧③❽⑧⑨t☞✂▲➜ ✆ ➠↔❷❂→❾✉➊③➇⑤⑦⑥④→❿❷✗✇❹⑤➡❺❻✉➊②⑨➉❪➜➻➌❼➳④➠❤⑤⑦✇

♥❾②④❷➣⑤⑦♥❿❷➇✉✮⑥④③❽⑧⑨➁❾t⑦✉④①❾✇➇②✰❷➇→❾✉☎r❧②④♥s✇❹❷➇③❽⑧⑨⑤⑦♥❿❷✸⑤➡✇✺♥❾②❉♥❾→❾②④t⑦②④♥s②④➄➊⑤⑦r④➎
✕
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸ ➌➆➛
Ý
✝
❏✏⑤✈⑥❉♣❾③➇✉ Ú ◗▲➒➂⑩✍r☛②❉♥sr☛✉✮➤❻❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✘②⑨➉✏❷➇→s✉☎✇❹⑤✈❷➇♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✘②⑨➉ ➮ ③❂②④➁❾t⑦✉❧➄➶➌❉➎✈➌➆➛
❵✬❛❝❜✰❞✻❡☛❢❤❣ ✐❦❥✮✐✂✁
➝ ↕ ②❦➤❆②④⑤⑦♥❉❷❽✇➣②⑨➉❮➄✂⑧❉✇➇✇ ä ⑧⑨③❂✉✴è➻②❉⑤✈♥❾✉➆❺✾➁q⑩✟⑧✃③➇⑤⑦⑥④⑤➡❺ ↕ ✉❧⑤⑦⑥④→❿❷❂t✈✉➆✇➇✇✛③➇②❻❺✾②⑨➉❮t⑦✉❧♥❾⑥④❷➇→ ①❿❷➇→s✉❪r❧✉❧♥❿❷➇✉✮③➣②⑨➉

↕ →❾⑤➡r❽→➂⑤➡✇➱r❧②④♥s✇❹❷➇③❽⑧⑨⑤⑦♥❾✉➆❺➨❷➇②✘➄➊②❸➀④✉❦②❉♥➃⑧✘r☛⑤⑦③❂r❧t✈✉✃②⑨➉❘③❽⑧④❺❻⑤⑦♣s✇ ✝❆➎ ❖ ✉☛❷❪♣❾➤➂❷❂→❾✉✰➬❿⑤⑦♥❾✉❧❷➇⑤➡r✃✉✮♥❾✉❧③❂⑥④⑩✘⑤⑦♥
⑥④✉✮♥❾✉❧③❽⑧⑨t⑦✧⑤ ▼❧✉✮❺✍r☛②q②④③❽❺❻⑤⑦♥s⑧❸❷❂✉✮✇✮➎
➒✻⑩➨r☛②④♥✳r☛✉❧➤❾❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➨②⑨➉▲❷➇→s⑤⑦✇❤②④♥❾✉☎⑤➡✇➴✇➇→❾② ↕ ♥➨⑤✈♥ ❏✏⑤⑦⑥④♣❾③❂✉ Ú ➎ Ý ⑤➡✇➣❷➇→s✉✃⑧⑨♥s⑥④t⑦✉✗③➇✉✮➤❾③➇✉➆✇❹✉✮♥❿❷➇⑤⑦♥❾⑥
→❾② ↕ ➉➟⑧④③❪⑧④③➇②❉♣❾♥s❺➂❷➇→❾✉✂r☛⑤⑦③❽r☛t⑦✉☎❷➇→s✉➊r❧✉❧♥❿❷➇✉✮③❪②⑨➉✴❷❂→❾✉➊③➇②❻❺➂→✳⑧④✇➱➄➊②❸➀④✉✮❺✕➎ ➈⑤⑦✇↔❷❂→❾✉✂⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉t✈✉✃❷➇→❾✉
③❂②q❺✍➄✂⑧⑨➬❉✉✮✇ ↕ ⑤➷❷❂→➨❷➇→❾✉❪❰➃⑧⑨➧❻⑤⑦✇✮➎
➝➣→❾✉➢➤❆②❉✇➇⑤➷❷❂⑤✈②❉♥ ②⑨➉➊❷➇→s✉✩r☛✉✮♥❉❷❂✉❧③❶②⑨➉✰❷➇→❾✉✶③➇②❻❺❬⑤⑦✇✶➜ ❰✡Ü❹❐❾➠ Õ ➜ ✝✛r❧②❉✇ Ý Ü ✝✸✇❹⑤⑦♥ Ý ➠✝➎ ➝➣→❾✉
➤❆②❉✇➇⑤➷❷❂⑤✈②❉♥s✇➂②④➉✂❷➇→❾✉✶➄➊⑧❉✇➇✇➇✉✮✇➃③➇✉✮t⑦⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦➀④✉➈❷❂②Ï❷➇→s✉✶r☛✉✮♥❿❷➇✉❧③❶②⑨➉✂❷❂→❾✉✩③❂②❻❺ ⑧⑨③❂✉✔➜ ❰ ❚☎✄ Ü❹❐ ❚☎✄ ➠ Õ
✆ ➜➻➌✌☞ Ú ➠☛➜ r❧②❉✇ ✡Ü ✇❹⑤⑦♥ ❆➠☛Ø✳➝➣→❾✉✮♥✘❷➇→❾✉☎⑧④➁s✇❹②❉t✈♣❾❷➇✉❪➤✳②❿✇❹⑤✈❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✳✇➣②⑨➉❮❷❂→❾✉✗➄✂⑧④✇❂✇❹✉➆✇✺⑧⑨③❂✉ ✔ ✔
➜ ❰✡Ü❹❐❾➠ Õ ➜ ✝✛r❧②❉✇ Ý ✆ Ú r☛②❿✇ ✡Ü ✝✸✇❹⑤⑦♥ Ý ✆ Ú ✇❹⑤⑦♥ ❆➠

⑧⑨♥✳❺✟❷❂→❾✉❧⑤⑦③➴➀④✉✮t✈②❻r❧⑤➷❷❂⑤✈✉➆✇✺⑧⑨③❂✉
➜ ❘ Ü ❘ ➠ Õ ➜ ❯ ✝✸✇➇⑤✈♥ Ý✞Ý✂✝ ✟
✌
Ú ✇❹⑤⑦♥ ✏Ü✝ ✁✝✛r❧②❉✇ ✞

Ý Ý ✝ ✆ Ú r☛②❿✇ ✧➠✝ ✝Ø
➝➣→❾✉❪➄✂⑧⑨⑥❉♥❾⑤➷❷❂♣s❺❻✉➆✇✺②⑨➉✡❷➇→❾✉➆✇❹✉☎⑧④③➇✉
Ð ❘✧Ð④Õ ✝ ➘ Ý ✝ ➘ Ù ➵ ➘ ✝ ➘ ✆ ✝
Ý ✝ ✏➜✝ ➟✇➇⑤✈♥ Ý ✇➇⑤⑦♥ Ù r☛②❿✇ Ý r☛②❿✇ P➠
Õ ✝ ➘ Ý✝➘ Ù ➵➘ ✝ ➘ ✆ ✝ Ý✠✝ ↔r✝ ☛②❉✇✮➜ Ý ❯ P➠
➪ →❾✉✮♥ ↕ ✉✍⑧④❺❾❺➈❷❂→❾✉✾➬q⑤⑦♥❾✉☛❷❂⑤⑦r✾✉❧♥❾✉✮③➇⑥❉⑤✈✉➆✇✗②⑨➉✺❷❂→❾✉✟❷ ↕ ②➂➄✂⑧④✇❂✇➇✉✮✇✮①❮❷❂→❾✉✟❷❂→❾⑤✈③❽❺➈❷❂✉❧③❂➄àr✮⑧⑨♥sr❧✉❧t➡✇❧①
➩
⑧⑨♥✳❺ ↕ ✉❪→s⑧❼➀④✉
á Õ Ú➌ ä❙❘ ➘ ÕÏä ➜ ✝ ➘ Ý ✝ ➘ Ù ➵ ➘ ✝ ➘ ➠✝Ø
✂
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸ ➌❉➌
❵✬❛❝❜✰❞✻❡☛❢❤❣ ✐❦❥✮✐❦✐
❖ →❾② ↕ ❷➇→s⑧⑨❷✁❮⑧④⑥④③❽⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉✉P● ✇✴✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥s✇➣⑤⑦♥✘❷➇→❾✉❪➉ ②❉③➇➄✢②⑨➉✄❘✂ ➥❆➎➣➌☛➋➻➳⑨➑✰r❧⑧⑨♥➨⑧⑨t➡✇➇②✰➁❆✉ ↕ ③❂⑤➷❷➇❷➇✉❧♥✻⑧❉✇

☎ á ✠ Ú ☎ á ✠ Õ✞✝ ✠ Ø
☎✆ ❯ ☎✆
✝
➝➣→❾✉➆✇❹✉✗⑧⑨③❂✉❪✇❹②❉➄✰✉❧❷➇⑤⑦➄➊✉✮✇✺➬q♥❾② ↕ ♥➨⑧④✇✛❷➇→s✉✠✟✜❉✎✻✦❅ ✽✦✻ ✂➉ ②❉③➇➄✢②⑨➉❮❷❂→❾✉✡❮⑧④⑥④③❽⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉✉❤✉➆➥❉♣✳⑧❸❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✳✇❧➎

✟
❵✬❛❝❜✰❞✻❡☛❢❤❣ ✐❦❥✮✐ ✺
♠➙➤❆②④⑤⑦♥❉❷✟➤✳⑧⑨③➇❷➇⑤➡r☛t⑦✉✻➄✰②❸➀❉✉✮✇➊⑤⑦♥➩✇❹➤s⑧❉r☛✉➨♣❾♥s❺❾✉❧③✂❷❂→❾✉➂⑤⑦☞♥ ☛s♣❾✉✮♥sr☛✉✻②④➉✗⑧❶➉ ②❉③❂r❧✉➂❺❻✉❧③❂⑤✈➀❸⑧④➁❾t✈✉✘➉ ③❂②④➄ã⑧

⑥④✉✮♥❾✉❧③❽⑧⑨t⑦✧⑤ ▼❧✉✮❺✾➤✳②④❷➇✉✮♥❉❷❂⑤⑦⑧④t✧②⑨➉✏❷➇→❾✉❪➉ ②❉③➇➄
✝
✌ ➜ ❿Ü ➠ ✎
✧✛ Õ ✍ ➜ ➠✑
☎
Ù ✏ ✓å ✒
↕ →❾✉✮③➇✉ ❦⑤➡✇➣❷❂→❾✉✗③❂⑧❉❺❻⑤⑦♣s✇➣➀④✉➆r✝❷➇②❉③➣➉ ③➇②❉➄✢⑧✰é❾➧❻✉✮❺✘➤❆②④⑤⑦♥❿❷✮① ✒ ⑤➡✇➣❷➇→s✉☎⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉♣❾t⑦⑧④③✺➄➊②④➄➊✉❧♥❿❷➇♣s➄ ⑧⑨➁❆②④♣❾❷
✛
❷➇→✳⑧❸❷✺➤✳②❉⑤✈♥❿❷➆①s⑧⑨♥s❺ ✏ ⑤⑦✇✺⑧✃é❾➧❻✉➆❺✍➀❉✉✮r☛❷➇②④③➣⑤⑦♥✻✇❹➤s⑧❉r☛✉❉➎
✔✖✕✘✗ ❏✏⑤⑦♥s❺❪❷❂→❾✉✛r❧②④➄➊➤✳②❉♥❾✉❧♥❿❷❽✇✕②⑨➉❻❷❂→❾✉✴➉ ②❉③❂r❧✉✴②④♥❪❷❂→❾✉❘➤✳⑧⑨③➇❷➇⑤➡r☛t⑦✉✴⑤✈♥❦➁✳②④❷➇→✰➯✸⑧④③❹❷❂✉✮✇➇⑤⑦⑧④♥❪⑧④♥s❺☎✇➇➤❾→❾✉✮③➇⑤➡r❧⑧④t
➤❆②④t➡⑧⑨③➴r❧②q②④③❽❺❻⑤✈♥✳⑧❸❷➇✉➆✇❧①q②❉♥✾❷❂→❾✉✗➁s⑧④✇➇⑤➡✇➣②⑨✄➉ ❘✂ ➥❆➎✺➜➻➌☛➋➻➳⑨æ❿➠✝➎
✔✚✙✛✗ ❖ →❾② ↕ ❷❂→s⑧❸❷➱❷➇→❾✉✂r❧②④➄➊➤✳②❉♥❾✉❧♥❿❷❽✇↔⑤⑦♥➂❷❂→❾✉✰❷ ↕ ②✘r☛②q②④③❽❺❻⑤⑦♥s⑧❸❷❂✉✃✇➇⑩❻✇➻❷❂✉❧➄✂✇❪⑧⑨③❂✉❦③❂✉❧t➡⑧❸❷➇✉➆❺➨❷➇②✘✉✮⑧❉r❽→
②④❷➇→❾✉✮③➴⑧④✇➣⑤⑦✜
♥ ✂❘➥❆➎✺➜➻➌☛➋➼➵❉➹❿➠✝➎
✔✖✢✣✗ ➁❻❷❂⑧④⑤✈♥✍❷➇→❾✉✗✉➆➥❿♣s⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥s✇➣②⑨➉✏➄✰②④❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➨⑤⑦♥➨✇➇➤❾→❾✉✮③➇⑤➡r❧⑧④tP➤✳②❉t⑦⑧④③➴r☛②q②④③❽❺❻⑤⑦♥s⑧❸❷❂✉✮✇✮➎
✒
❵✬❛❝❜✰❞✻❡☛❢❤❣ ✐❦❥✮✐
♠➞➤s⑧⑨③➇❷➇⑤➡r☛t⑦✉❦➄➊②❸➀④✉➆✇➴⑤⑦♥❶⑧✍➤❾t➡⑧⑨♥❾✉✃♣❾♥s❺❻✉✮③↔❷❂→❾✉✰⑤✈☞♥ ☛✳♣❾✉❧♥sr❧✉✃②④➉✛⑧✂➉ ②❉③❂r❧✉④①✧⑧④r☛❷➇⑤⑦♥❾⑥✍❷➇② ↕ ⑧⑨③❽❺✻⑧✾r☛✉✮♥❿❷➇✉❧③

②⑨➉✡➉ ②④③❽r☛✉❉① ↕ →❾②❉✇➇✉❪➄➊⑧④⑥④♥❾⑤✈❷➇♣✳❺❻✉❪⑤⑦✇
✝ ✝✰✝
Õ ➌ ➘ ❴ ➌ ❯ ➘ ❯ ➘ Ú✥✤ ❛ Ü
✝
✦
✝
↕ →❾✉✮③➇✉ ⑤➡✇❤❷➇→❾✉➊❺❻⑤➡✇➻❷❽⑧⑨♥sr❧✉❦②⑨➉❝❷❂→❾✉✰➤s⑧⑨③➇❷➇⑤➡r☛t⑦✉✗❷➇②✾❷➇→❾✉➊r☛✉✮♥❿❷➇✉❧③➱②⑨➉❝➉ ②❉③❂r❧✉④✂➎ ❏✡⑤⑦♥s❺➨❷❂→❾✉✰⑥④✉❧♥s✉❧③❽⑧⑨t⑦⑤❇▼✮✉✮❺

➤❆②⑨❷➇✉✮♥❿❷➇⑤➡⑧⑨t➣❷➇→✳⑧❸❷ ↕ ⑤⑦t✈t❤③➇✉➆✇❹♣❾t✈❷✂⑤✈♥➩✇➇♣sr❽→➩⑧❶➉ ②④③❽r☛✉④①➣⑧⑨♥✳❺✩➉ ③❂②④➄ ❷➇→s⑧⑨❷✂❷➇→❾✉✧✡⑧⑨⑥❉③❂⑧④♥❾⑥④⑤➡⑧⑨♥➅➉ ②❉③➊❷➇→❾✉
➄➊②⑨❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✍⑤⑦♥➂⑧➊➤❾t➡⑧⑨♥❾✉❉➎❤➜➟➝➣→❾✉❦✉☛➧❻➤❾③❂✉✮✇❂✇❹⑤⑦②④♥✾➉ ②④✤③ ❏✩③➇✉✮➤❾③➇✉➆✇❹✉✮♥❿❷❂✇✸❷➇→s✉✗➉ ②④③❽r☛✉❪➁❆✉☛❷ ↕ ✉❧✉❧♥✘❷ ↕ ②✟r❽→s⑧⑨③❂⑥④✉➆✇
⑤⑦♥✍➪✽✉❧➁❆✉❧❈③ ● ✇➴✉❧t⑦✉✮r✝❷❂③➇②❻❺❻⑩q♥s⑧④➄➊⑤⑦r✮✇❂➠☛➎
➽➼➉ ↕ ✉➱❷❂⑧④➬④✉ ✝
✌ ➜ ➠ Õ ➌ ❴ ➌ Ù ❘ ➘➘ ❛ Õ ➌ Ù ➜ ➘ ➠ ➘
✝
✝ ✝ ✝
✦ ✦
✝
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸ ➌Ú
❷➇→s✉❧♥ ✝
Õ ❯ ➘ ❯ ➘ ✝➘ ➘
☎ ✌ ✝ ✝➌
☎
✝
✦
⑧⑨♥✳❺ ✝Ú ✝ Ú ✝
☎ ✌✝ ✝ ✥✤ ✝
Ú ➜ ✝➠ ➘
✄
☎
Õ ✄ ❴
➘ ❛ ✦➘ ❯ ✦➘ ➘ Õ ✝ ✝
✄✝✆ ✦
✇➇② ✄✡✆ ✝
✝ ✝✤ ✝
☎ ✌✝ ☎ ✌✝ ✝ ➌ Ú ➜ ➠❹➘
✝ Õ Ù ✄ Õ ❴ ➌ Ù ❯
❯ ☎ ☎ ➘ ✦➘ ❛
✝
✔
✄✡✆
➣➝ →❾✉ ❮⑧④⑥④③❽⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉⑤⑦⑧④♥✂➉ ②④③✺➄➊②④❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➨⑤✈♥✻⑧✰➤❾t➡⑧⑨♥❾✉❪⑤➡✇
✝
✝ ✝ ✝ ✝✤ ✝
✁ Õ á ❯ ✍×Õ Ú ä ➘ Ù Ú ä ➘ Ý ➘ ❯ ✝ ➘ ❴ ➌ Ù
➌ ➌ ➌ Ú ❯ ➜ ➠➘ ❛ Ø
✦➘
✝
✝ ✝
❵✬❛❝❜✰❞✻❡☛❢❤❣ ✐❦❥✮✐
➽➼➉ ✁ ⑤➡✇✂⑧ ❮⑧④⑥④③❽⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉⑤⑦⑧④♥➈➉ ②④③✾⑧➈✇➇⑩❻✇➻❷❂✉❧➄ ②④➉✄❬ ✂ ❺❻✉❧⑥❉③➇✉✮✉✮✇➊②⑨➉↔➉ ③➇✉✮✉✮❺❻②❉➄ ✇❂⑧❸❷➇⑤➡✇❹➉ ⑩❿⑤⑦♥❾⑥ ❮⑧④⑥④③❽⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉✉P● ✇
✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥s✇✮①❻✇❹→s② ↕ ➁q⑩✾❺❻⑤⑦③➇✉➆r✝❷❤✇➇♣❾➁s✇❹❷➇⑤✈❷➇♣❻❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✘❷➇→s⑧⑨❷
✁ ✞ Õ ✁ Ù ✄ ✎✂➜ ✆ ➸ Ü❧Ø❧Ø✮Ø❧Ü ✆✆☎ Ü ✆ ➠
✄✝✆
⑧⑨t➡✇➇②➢✇➇⑧⑨❷➇⑤➡✇➻és✉➆✇ ✡⑧⑨⑥④③❽⑧⑨♥s⑥④P✉ ● ✇➊✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥s✇✮① ↕ →❾✉✮③➇✉ à
✎ ⑤➡✇✘⑧⑨♥q⑩❒⑧④③➇➁s⑤➷❷❂③❂⑧④③➇⑩❉①✛➁❾♣❾❷➨❺❻⑤✤✢P✉❧③❂✉❧♥❿❷➇⑤➡⑧⑨➁❾t⑦✉④①
➉ ♣❾♥sr☛❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➨②⑨➉✏⑤➷❷❽✇➴⑧⑨③❂⑥④♣s➄✰✉✮♥❿❷❂✇✮➎
➪❶✉✗→✳⑧❼➀④✉
☎ ✁ ☎✞ Õ ☎ ✁ ☎ Ù ☎ ✎
✄ ☎ ➜❹➌✮➦❉➠
☎ ✆ ☎ ✆ ☎ ✆
✡✄ ✆
⑧⑨♥✳❺
☎ ✁ ☎✞ Õ ☎ ✁ ☎ Ù ☎ ✎
✄ ☎ Ø ➜❹➌❼➏⑨➠
☎ ✆ ☎ ✆ ☎ ✆
✄✝✆
❏❾②❉③➣❷➇→❾✉❪➉ ♣s♥sr✝❷❂⑤✈②❉♥ ↕ ✉✗➄✂⑧❼⑩ ↕ ③❂⑤✈❷➇✉
✝ ✝ ✝
✄
✎
Õ✬✂ ☎ ☎ ✎
☎ ✆ ✆
☎ ☎Ù✝
☎ ✎
☎
✄✝✆ ✆
⑧⑨♥✳❺✟➉ ③❂②④➄♦❷❂→❾⑤➡✇ ↕ ✗✉ ➄✂⑧❼⑩✂③❂✉✮⑧❉❺✾②✡✢
☎
☎ ✆
☎✄✎ Õ ☎ ✎
☎ ✆
☎Ø
✝
✄✡✆
➝➣→❾✉✮♥✍❷❽⑧⑨➬q⑤⑦♥❾⑥✰❷➇→❾✉➱❷➇⑤⑦➄➊✉❦❺❻✉✮③➇⑤⑦➀❸⑧❸❷➇⑤⑦➀④✉➱②⑨➉✺➜➻➌❸➏⑨➠✛⑥④⑤⑦➀④✉➆✇
✄
☎ ✁ ☎✞ Õ ✄
☎ ✁☎ Ù ✄
☎ ✎ ☎
☎ ☎ ☎
✡✄ ✆ ✆ ✝
✄ ✆ ✆
✝ ✝
✡✄ ✆ ✆
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸ ➌➆➑
✇➇② ↕ ❪✉ →s⑧❼➀④✉
☎ ✞
✄ Ù ☎
☎ ✄✎ ✄
☎✎ Ø
✞
Õ ☎☎ ✄
☎
☎✆ ❯ ☎✆ ✆ ❯ ☎ ✆ ☎ ✆ ✄✡✆ ❯ ✄✝✆ ☎ ✆
✁ ✁ ✁ ✁
☎ ☎ ☎ ☎ ☎ ☎
✡✄ ✆ ✝
✄ ✆
✝ ✝
➝➣→❾✉❦és③❂✇❹❷❤❷ ↕ ②✟❷❂✉❧③❂➄✂✇❤②❉♥✻❷➇→❾✉ ✂ ❖ r❧⑧④♥sr☛✉✮t✡➁❆✉✮r✮⑧⑨♣s✇➇✉ ✇➇⑧⑨❷➇⑤➡✇➻és✉➆✇➴❷❂→❾✉ ✂✴♣❾t⑦✉❧③➇➋ ✡⑧⑨⑥❉③❂⑧④♥❾⑥④✉

✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥s✇✮① ↕ →s⑤✈t⑦✉➴❷❂→❾✉↔✇➇✉✮r❧②④♥s❺➊❷ ↕ ②✗❷❂✉❧③❂➄➊✇✛r❧⑧④♥sr☛✉✮ts➁❆✉✮r❧⑧④♣s✇➇✉ ✎❳⑤➡✇❘❺❻⑤✤✢❆✉✮③➇✉✮♥❿❷➇⑤➡⑧⑨➁❾t⑦✉④➎ ➴✉✮♥sr☛✉
✗
✞ ✇❂⑧❸❷❂⑤⑦✇❹és✉➆✇✸❷➇→❾✡
✉ ✂❘♣❾t✈✉✮③❹➋✚❮⑧④⑥④③❽⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉✉➴✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥s✇✮➎
✗
❵✬❛❝❜✰❞✻❡☛❢❤❣ ✐❦❥✮✁✐
♠ ❮⑧④⑥④③❽⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉⑤⑦⑧④♥✂➉ ②④③❤⑧✰➤s⑧④③❹❷❂⑤⑦r❧♣❾t➡⑧⑨③➣➤❾→q⑩❻✇❹⑤➡r❧⑧④t✕✇❹⑩❻✇❹❷➇✉❧➄ r❧⑧⑨♥✘➁❆✉ ↕ ③➇⑤✈❷❹❷❂✉❧♥✻⑧④✇

✞✳Õ
ä ➜ ✝ ❰ ➘ Ù Ú ✟ ❰ ❐ Ù ❐ ➘ ➠ ✂ ➜ ✝❿❰ ➘ Ù Ú ✟❽❰s❐ Ù ❐ ➘ ➠✝Ü
✁
Ú ✦ ❯ Ú ✝ ✦ ✝ ✝ ✝
↕ →❾✉✮③➇✉ ✝❆① ✟❼①❿⑧⑨♥s❺ ✦ ⑧⑨③❂✉➴⑧⑨③❂➁❾⑤✈❷➇③❽⑧⑨③❂⑩☎r☛②❉♥s✇➻❷❽⑧⑨♥❿❷❂✇▲➁s♣❻❷✛✇➇♣❾➁❻è➻✉✮r☛❷❝❷➇②❪❷❂→❾✉❤r☛②❉♥s❺❻⑤✈❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✰❷➇→✳⑧❸❷✞✟ ➘ ❯ ✝ ✦☎Õ ✄

➛❾➎✡➪➩→s⑧❸❷❘⑧④③➇✉✛❷➇→s✉✸✉➆➥❿♣s⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥s✇▲②⑨➉❆➄✰②④❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✳➚ ✂✴➧❻⑧④➄➊⑤✈♥❾✉✸➤s⑧④③❹❷❂⑤⑦r❧♣❾t⑦⑧④③➇t⑦⑩❪❷➇→s✉✛❷ ↕ ②✗r❧⑧❉✇❹✉➆✇ ✝ Õ ➛ Õ ✦
⑧⑨♥✳❺ ✟ Õ ➛sÜ ✦ Õ ❯ ✝❆➎✏➪➩→s⑧❸❷❝⑤➡✇❮❷❂→❾✉➣➤❾→q⑩❻✇❹⑤➡r❧⑧④tq✇➇⑩❻✇➻❷❂✉❧➄×❺❻✉➆✇➇r❧③➇⑤⑦➁❆✉✮❺✃➁❿⑩❪❷❂→❾✉✺⑧⑨➁❆②❸➀④✉ ❮⑧⑨⑥❉③❂⑧④♥❾⑥④⑤➡⑧⑨♥❆➚
❖ →❾② ↕ ❷➇→s⑧⑨❷✺❷➇→❾✉✗♣✳✇❹♣s⑧④t ❮⑧④⑥④③❽⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉⑤⑦⑧④♥✂➉ ②④③➣❷❂→❾⑤⑦✇❤✇❹⑩❻✇❹❷➇✉❧➄ ⑧④✇✺❺❻✉❧és♥❾✉✮❺✘➁q⑩ ✂✛➥❆➎➣➜❹➌☛➋➻➳⑨➦❿➠❘⑤➡✇➣③❂✉❧t➡⑧❸❷➇✉➆❺
❷➇② ✞✳➁❿⑩✂⑧❦➤✳②❉⑤✈♥❿❷❘❷❂③❂⑧④♥s✇❹➉ ②④③❂➄➊⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✻➜➟r☛➉➻✛➎ ✂❝➧❻✉❧③❽r☛⑤➡✇➇✉✗➌➆➳✗⑧④➁✳②❸➀❉✉➆➠✝➎✏➪➩→s⑧⑨❷✛⑤➡✇✴❷❂→❾✉➱✇➇⑤⑦⑥④♥❾⑤✈é✳r❧⑧④♥sr☛✉❤②⑨➉
❷➇→s✉☎r☛②④♥✳❺❻⑤➷❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✍②❉♥✾❷❂→❾✉✗➀❸⑧⑨t⑦♣❾✉✗②⑨➉ ✟ ➘ ❯ ✝ ✦ ➚
✁
➯✛t✈✉➆⑧⑨③❂t✈⑩ ↕ ✉❪→s⑧❼➀❉✉
☎ ☎
☎❆❰ Õ ❯ ✂ ✝❿❰ ❯ ✂ ✟❽❐ ☎ ❰ Õ➩ä ✝ ❰ Ù ä ✟ ❐
✁ ✁
✝ ✝
✇➇②✃❷❂→❾✉✡✂✴♣st✈✉✮③❹➋✚❮⑧④⑥④③❽⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉✉➴✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✍➉ ②④③✺❰✻⑤➡✇
✝
☎ ☎
☎❆❰ Õ ✄
☎❰ ä ➜ ✝ ❰ ✤ Ù ✟ ❐q✤ ➠ Õ ❯ ✂ ➜ ✝❉❰ Ù ✟❽❐❾➠✝Ø
✁ ✁
✡✄ ✆
❖ ⑤⑦➄➊⑤✈t➡⑧⑨③❂t✈⑩❉①q➉ ②④③✺❐ ↕ ✉✗②④➁❾❷❂⑧⑨⑤⑦♥
✝
ä ➜ ✟ ❐ ✤ Ù ✦ ❐❻✤ ➠ Õ ❯ ✂ ➜✍✟❽❰ Ù ✦ ❐❾➠✝Ø

➝➣→❾✉➆✇❹✉✰⑧⑨③❂✉☎❷➇→s✉✃✉➆➥❉♣✳⑧❸❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✳✇➴②⑨➉✛➄✰②④❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✻➉ ②❉③➱⑧✍➤s⑧④③❹❷❂⑤⑦r❧t✈✉✃②⑨➉✴➄✂⑧④✇❂✇ ä ♣❾♥✳❺❻✉❧③❂⑥④②❉⑤✈♥❾⑥✍✇❹⑤⑦➄➊➤❾t✈✉
→s⑧④③➇➄➊②④♥s⑤⑦r✗➄➊②④❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✻⑤⑦♥➂❷ ↕ ②✾❺❻⑤⑦➄✰✉✮♥s✇➇⑤✈②❉♥s✇❧①P⑧④✇❤⑤➷➉✛➁✳②❉♣❾♥s❺✻➁q⑩✘❷ ↕ ②✍✇❹➤❾③❂⑤⑦♥❾⑥❉✇❤②⑨➉❘✇➇➤❾③➇⑤⑦♥❾⑥✾r❧②④♥❻➋
✇❹❷❂⑧⑨♥❿❷ ✂ ➎✼❤■ ②④③❂➄✂⑧⑨t⑦t✈⑩ ↕ ✉ ↕ ②④♣st⑦❺✩✉☛➧❻➤❾③❂✉✮✇❂✇☎❷❂→❾✜ ✉ ❮⑧⑨⑥❉③❂⑧④♥❾⑥④⑤➡⑧⑨♥➅⑤⑦♥❒♣❾♥❾③❽⑧❼➀④✉❧t⑦t⑦✉✮❺➈➉ ②❉③➇➄➨①✴➁q⑩
❷➇③❽⑧⑨♥✳✇➻➉ ②❉③➇➄➊⑤⑦♥❾⑥❦❷❂②➊♥❾✉ ↕ r☛②q②④③❽❺❻⑤⑦♥s⑧❸❷❂✉✮✝✇ ✆ ➸ ⑧⑨♥s✞ ❺ ✆ ➘ ↕ ⑤✈❷➇→
✆ ➸ Õ ✝❿❰ Ù ✟✝❐ ✆ ➘ Õ ✟❽❰ Ù ✦ ❐❆Ø
➝➣→❾✉✰r☛②④♥✳❺❻⑤➷❷❂⑤✈②❉♥ ✟ ➘ ❯ ✝ ✦✟Õ ✄ ➛✟⑤⑦✇❤❷➇→❾✉➊r☛②❉♥s❺❻⑤✈❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✻❷❂→s⑧❸❷↔❷➇→❾✉➊r☛②q②❉③❂❺❻⑤⑦♥s⑧⑨❷➇✉✗❷❂③❂⑧④♥s✇➻➉ ②❉③➇➄✂⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥
♥❾②④❷✸➁❆✉✗❺❻✉❧⑥❉✉❧♥❾✉✮③❂⑧⑨❷➇✉④①❿⑤❍➎ ✉❉➎▲❷➇→s⑧⑨❷✸❷❂→❾✉❧③❂✉❪⑧⑨③❂✉↔⑧④r☛❷➇♣s⑧④t✈t⑦⑩➊❷ ↕ ②✃❺❻⑤➡✇➻❷❂⑤✈♥✳r✝❷➴❺❻⑤⑦➄✰✉✮♥s✇➇⑤✈②❉♥s✇✸⑤✈♥ ↕ →❾⑤➡r❽→
❷➇→s✉✰➤✳⑧⑨③➇❷➇⑤➡r☛t⑦✉❦✉☛➧❻➤❆✉❧③❂⑤✈✉✮♥sr☛✉➆✇❪⑧✾③❂✉✮✇❹❷➇②❉③➇⑤⑦♥❾⑥✟➉ ②❉③❂r❧✉④➎☎➽➼➉ ✟ ➘ Õ ✝ ✦ ❷❂→❾✉❧♥ ↕ ✉✰→s⑧❼➀❉✉❤è➻♣s✇❹❷☎⑧✾②❉♥❾✉☛➋
❺❻⑤⑦➄➊✉❧♥s✇➇⑤✈②❉♥s⑧⑨t✧➤s③➇②❉➁❾t✈✉✮➄➨➎
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸ ➌✮➵
❵✬❛❝❜✰❞✻❡☛❢❤❣ ✐❦❥✮✐✁
✒ ➁❻❷❽⑧⑨⑤⑦♥✻❷➇→❾✉ ✡⑧⑨⑥④③❽⑧⑨♥s⑥④⑤➡⑧⑨♥➨✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥s✇↔②⑨➉❘➄➊②④❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➂➉ ②❉③✗⑧✾✇➇➤❾→❾✉❧③❂⑤➡r❧⑧⑨t✏➤❆✉❧♥s❺❻♣st✈♣❾➄➨①✕⑤❍➎ ✉④➎❦⑧✾➄➊⑧❉✇➇✇

➤❆②④⑤⑦♥❉❷➴✇➇♣s✇➇➤✳✉✮♥s❺❻✉✮❺✘➁q⑩✍⑧✰③❂⑤✈⑥❉⑤⑦❺ ↕ ✉❧⑤⑦⑥④→❿❷➇t⑦✉✮✇❂✇✸③➇②❻❺✧➎
✉✮♥❾②⑨❷❂⑤✈♥s⑥➂❷➇→s✉✍➄✂⑧④✇❂✇☎②④➉➴❷➇→s✉✾➤s⑧④③❹❷❂⑤⑦r❧t✈✉✍➁❿⑩ ä ①▲❷➇→❾✉✍t✈✉✮♥❾⑥⑨❷❂→➢②⑨➉✺❷❂→❾✉✘③➇②❻❺➅➁q⑩ ①❝⑧⑨♥✳❺
❷➇→s✉➊⑧④♥❾⑥④t⑦✉➊➁✳✉❧❷ ↕ ✉✮✉❧♥❶❷➇→❾✉✂③❂②❻❺❶⑧④♥s❺➃❷➇→❾✉✂➀❉✉❧③➇❷➇⑤➡r❧⑧⑨t▲➁q⑩ Ý ① ↕ ✉➊→s⑧❼➀❉✉❦❷❂→❾✉✂➤s⑧④③❹❷❂⑤⑦r❧t✈✉ ● ✇❪t⑦⑤✈♥s✉✮⑧⑨③
✡ ✁
➀④✉✮t✈②❻r❧⑤➷❷➻⑩✟⑥❉⑤✈➀❉✉❧♥➨⑤⑦♥✻➄➊⑧④⑥④♥❾⑤✈❷➇♣✳❺❻✉✗➁q⑩ ❘✟Õ Ý ① ↕ →s⑤✈t⑦✉☎⑤✈❷❂✇✺→❾✉✮⑤✈⑥❉→❿❷❤⑤⑦✇✄✂ Õ r❧②❉✇ Ý ➜ ↕ →❾✉✮③➇✉

❷➇→s✉❪➉ ♣❾t⑦r❧③➇♣s➄✢②⑨➉✡❷➇→❾✉✗➤❆✉❧♥✳❺❻♣❾t⑦♣❾➄ ⑤➡✇✸❷❂⑧④➬④✉✮♥✘⑧❉✇✸❷➇→❾✉✗②❉③➇⑤⑦⑥④⑤⑦♥✍②④➉✏r❧②❿②❉③❂❺❾⑤✈♥s⑧⑨❷➇❯ ✉➆✇❂➠☛➎▲➝➣→s✉❧♥
✝
✁ ✁
Õ á ❯ ✍×Õ Ú➌ ä ➘ Ý ➘ Ù ä ☛ r☛②❿✇ Ý
✁ ✁
✝
✇➇②✃❷❂→❾✉✗✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✘②⑨➉✏➄✰②④❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➨⑤➡✇
☎ ☎ Ý✤ Ø
☎Ý Õ ✄
☎Ý ❯ ☛ ➇✇ ⑤✈♥ Ý Õ
✁ ✁
✝✄ ✆
✝
❵✬❛❝❜✰❞✻❡☛❢❤❣ ✐❦❥✮✐ ✆
♠❬➤s⑧⑨③➇❷➇⑤➡r☛t⑦✉✗②⑨➉✏➄✂⑧④✇❂✇ ä ➄➊②❸➀④✉✮✇✸⑤⑦♥➨②④♥❾✉✗❺❻⑤⑦➄➊✉❧♥s✇➇⑤✈②❉♥✘✇➇♣sr❽→✘❷➇→✳⑧❸❷✺⑤➷❷➴→✳⑧④✇➣❷❂→❾✡✉ ❮⑧④⑥④③❽⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉⑤⑦⑧④♥

Õ ä ➌ ➘ Ú ❰ ❞ Ù ä ❰ ➘ ✍ ➜➟❰❆➠ ❯ ✍ ➘ ➜ ❰P➠✝Ü
✁
✝
↕ →❾✉✮③➇✉ ✍ ⑤➡✇❤✇➇②④➄➊✉❦❺❾✣⑤ ✢P✉❧③❂✉❧♥❿❷➇⑤➡⑧⑨➁st✈✉✗➉ ♣s♥sr✝❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✻②⑨➉❝❰❮✡➎ ❏✏⑤⑦♥s❺➨❷➇→s✉❦✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➨②⑨➉❝➄➊②⑨❷❂⑤✈②❉♥➨➉ ②④③↔❰✡➜ ✆ ➠

⑧⑨♥✳❺✍❺❻✉➆✇➇r❧③➇⑤⑦➁❆✉↔❷❂→❾✉✗➤❾→q⑩❻✇❹⑤➡r❧⑧④t✧♥s⑧❸❷❂♣❾③❂✉➱②④➉✡❷❂→❾✉☎✇➇⑩q✇❹❷➇✉✮➄✎②④♥✍❷➇→s✉✗➁s⑧④✇➇⑤⑦✇➣②④➉✡❷❂→❾⑤➡✇✺✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✕➎
➪✽✉✗→s⑧❼➀④✉
☎ Ï
Õ ä ❰ ➘ ✕ ✄
✍ Ú ✍ ➜➟❰❆➠ ✄ ✍
✳☎ ❰ ❰ ❯ ❰
✁
☎ Õ ä ➘ ❰✴❝ ✄ Ù Ú❸ä ❰ ✍ ➜ ❰P➠ ✄

☎❰ ➑
✁
☎ ÕÏä ➘ ➜ ❰✧➠ ➘ ❰ ✤ Ù Ú⑨ä ❰ ✤ ✍ ➜➟❰❆➠ Ù ❸Ú ä ❰ ✍ ➜➟❰❆➠

✝
✄ ✄
☎ ❰
✁
✝ ✝
✄✝✆ ✄ ✆
✝
➽➾♥✘❷➇→❾✉❪t➡⑧④✇❹❷➴✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥ ↕ ✉✗r❧⑧④♥✍♣✳✇❹✉
✝
✄ ✍ ➜ ❰P➠ Õ ❰ ✄ ✍ ❰ Ø ✝
✄ ✆
✝ ✄
➝➣→❾✉✮♥✍❷❂→❾✉ ✂✴♣❾t⑦✉❧③➇✚➋ ❮⑧⑨⑥❉③❂⑧④♥❾⑥④✉❤✉✮➥❿♣s⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✍⑤➡✇
✄
☎ ✁
☎
☎ ❰ ❯ ❆☎ ❰ Õ ➛
✁
✞
ä ➘ ➜ ❰✧➠ ➘ ❰ ✤ Ù Ú⑨ä ❰ ✤ ✍ ➜ ❰P➠ Ù ä ❰ ➘ ✄ ✍ ❰ Ù Ú ✍ ➜➟❰❆➠ ✄ ✍ ❰
✝ ✝
✝✄ ✆ ✝
✄ ✄
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸ ➌❼➳
②④③ ✍
❴sä ❰ ✤ Ù ✄
❛ ä ❰ ➘ Ù Ú ✍ ➜➟❰❆✄➠ ✂ Õ ➛sØ
❰ ✁ ✄
✝
➽➼➉ ↕ ✉❪⑤➡❺❻✉❧♥❿❷➇⑤✈➉ ⑩☞✎ Õ ❯ ✄ ✍ ☞ ✄ ❰➂⑧⑨♥s❺ á Õ ä ❰ ➘ ☞ Ú ① ↕ ✉❪➄✂⑧❼⑩ ↕ ③➇⑤✈❷➇✉➱❷❂→❾⑤⑦✇❤⑧④✇

✝
➜ ✎ ❯ ä ❰✧✤ ➠☛➜ á Ù ✍ ➠ Õ ➛
✎ ⑧⑨♥s❺ ä ✘⑤⑦✇
❖ ②✳①s❷❂→❾⑤⑦✇↔⑤➡✇↔✇❂⑧❼⑩q⑤✈♥❾⑥✟❷➇→s⑧⑨❷✮①P⑧❸❷➱⑧④t✈t✡❷➇⑤⑦➄➊✉✮✇✮①P✉❧⑤✈❷➇→❾✉✮③❤❷❂→❾✉✃❺❻⑤✤✢P✉❧③❂✉❧♥sr❧✉❦➁❆✉☛❷ ↕ ✉❧✉❧♥ ♦
▼❧✉✮③➇②✳①❍❆✌✛✝ ❷➇→❾✉☎✇➇♣❾➄✢②④➉✏➬q⑤⑦♥❾✉☛❷❂⑤⑦r❪⑧④♥s❺✘➤✳②④❷➇✉❧♥❿❷❂⑤⑦⑧④t✧✉❧♥❾✉✮③➇⑥❉⑩✟⑤⑦✱✇ ✮▼ ✉❧③❂②s➎
✝
❵✬❛❝❜✰❞✻❡☛❢❤❣ ✐❦❥✮✐
➝ ↕ ②➂➄✂⑧④✇❂✇☎➤❆②④⑤⑦♥❉❷❽✇☎②④➉➴➄➊⑧❉✇➇✇ ä ➸ ⑧⑨♥s❺ ä ➘ ⑧④③➇✉✍r☛②④♥s♥❾✉✮r☛❷➇✉✮❺➢➁❿⑩➈⑧➃✇❹❷➇③❂⑤⑦♥❾⑥➂➤s⑧❉✇➇✇➇⑤✈♥s⑥➨❷➇→❾③❂②④♣❾⑥❉→

⑧✘→❾②④t⑦✉➊⑤✈♥➈⑧✻✇➇➄✰②q②④❷➇→❶❷❂⑧⑨➁st✈✉✂✇➇②✍❷❂→s⑧❸❷ ä ➸ ③➇✉➆✇➻❷❽✇❪②④♥❶❷➇→❾✉➊❷❽⑧⑨➁❾t⑦✉✟⑧⑨♥✳❺ ä ➘ →s⑧⑨♥s⑥❉✇❪✇❹♣✳✇❹➤❆✉❧♥s❺❾✉✮❺✧➎
♠❤✇❂✇➇♣❾➄➊⑤✈♥❾⑥ ä ➘ ➄➊②❸➀❉✉✮✇❪②④♥st✈⑩✽⑤✈♥➢⑧➂➀④✉❧③➇❷➇⑤➡r❧⑧④t❝t✈⑤⑦♥❾✉❉① ↕ →✳⑧❸❷✃⑧④③➇✉➊❷❂→❾✉✟⑥④✉✮♥❾✉❧③❽⑧⑨t⑦⑤✧❧▼ ✉✮❺➈r❧②❿②❉③❂❺❾⑤✈♥s⑧⑨❷➇✉➆✇
➉ ②④③❘❷➇→❾✉➱✇❹⑩❻✇❹❷➇✉✮➄✂➚✘➪✽③❂⑤➷❷❂✉↔❺❻② ↕ ♥➊❷❂→❾✉ ✡⑧⑨⑥❉③❂⑧④♥❾⑥④✉➣✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥s✇✴➉ ②④③❘❷➇→❾✉❪✇❹⑩❻✇❹❷➇✉✮➄ ⑧④♥s❺✧①q⑤➷➉✕➤❆②❉✇❂✇➇⑤✈➁❾t⑦✉④①
❺❻⑤➡✇➇r❧♣s✇❂✇❘❷❂→❾✉✗➤❾→q⑩❻✇❹⑤➡r❧⑧④t✧✇❹⑤⑦⑥④♥❾⑤✈é✳r✮⑧⑨♥sr❧✉❪⑧④♥q⑩✂②⑨➉❮❷❂→❾✉❧➄ ➄➊⑤✈⑥❉→❉❷✺→s⑧❼➀❉✉④➎ ✂ ✉➆❺❻♣sr☛✉➱❷❂→❾✉✗➤❾③❂②④➁❾t⑦✉❧➄♦❷❂②✂⑧
✇➇⑤✈♥❾⑥❉t✈✉❪✇➇✉✮r☛②❉♥s❺q➋➼②④③❽❺❻✉❧③➣❺❻⑤✤✢❆✉✮③➇✉✮♥❿❷➇⑤➡⑧⑨t✧✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✘⑧⑨♥s❺✍②④➁❻❷❽⑧⑨⑤⑦♥✘⑧✃és③❽✇❹❷➣⑤⑦♥❿❷➇✉✮⑥④③❽⑧⑨tP②⑨➉✡❷➇→❾✉❪✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✕➎
➪➩→s⑧⑨❷➴⑤⑦✇➣⑤✈❷❂✇✺➤s→❿⑩❻✇➇⑤⑦r✮⑧⑨t✕✇➇⑤✈⑥❉♥❾⑤✈é✳r❧⑧④♥sr☛✉❼➚➈➜❍➯✛②④♥✳✇❹⑤➡❺❻✉❧③➣❷❂→❾✉✗➄➊②⑨❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✘②❉♥❾t⑦⑩✾✇❹②➊t⑦②④♥❾⑥✂⑧❉✇➣♥❾✉❧⑤✈❷➇→❾✉✮③ ä ➸
♥❾②❉③ ä ➘ ➤s⑧❉✇➇✇➇✉✮✇✸❷❂→❾③➇②❉♣❾⑥④→✍❷➇→s✉➱→s②④t⑦✉➆➠✝➎
✕✉❧❷ ➁✳✉✍❷➇→❾✉✍→❾✉❧⑤⑦⑥④→❿❷✰②⑨➉ ä ⑧⑨➁❆②❸➀④✉✟⑤✈❷❂✇✃t⑦② ↕ ✉➆✇➻❷❦➤❆②❉✇❂✇➇⑤✈➁❾t⑦✉✟➤❆②❉✇➇⑤➷❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✕①✴✇➇②✻❷➇→s⑧⑨❷ Õ
➛ ↕ →❾✉✮♥✶✄ ❷❂→❾✉➃✇❹❷➇③❂⑤✈♥s⑥➅⑤⑦✇➊➉ ♣st✈t⑦⑩✶✉❧➧q➘ ❷➇✉❧♥✳❺❻✉✮❺❒➁❆✉❧♥❾✉➆⑧❸❷➇→ ❷❂→❾✉✻❷❽⑧⑨➁❾t⑦✉➂⑧⑨♥s❺ ä ➸ ⑤➡✇❪è➻♣s✇❹❷✍⑧⑨➁❆✄ ②④♣❻❷
❷➇②➃➉➟⑧⑨t⑦t❘❷❂→❾③❂②④♣❾⑥❉→➅❷➇→❾✉✍→❾②④t⑦✉④➎✽♠➴t➡✇❹②✳①❝t✈✉❧❷ Ý ➁✳✉✍❷➇→❾✉➨⑧⑨♥s⑥④♣❾t➡⑧⑨③❦r❧②q②④③❽❺❻⑤✈♥✳⑧❸❷➇✉✾②⑨➉ ä ➸ ②❉♥➅❷➇→❾✉
❷❂⑧④➁❾t⑦✉④➎❦➝➣→❾✉✮♥➂❷❂→❾✉➊➬❿⑤⑦♥❾✉❧❷➇⑤➡r✃✉✮♥❾✉❧③❂⑥④⑩➨②④➉ ä ➘ ⑤➡✇✛è➻♣s✇➻❷ ä ➘ ✄ ➘ ☞ Ú ① ↕ →❾⑤⑦t✈✉✰❷❂→❾✉➊➬❿⑤⑦♥❾✉❧❷➇⑤➡r❦✉✮♥❾✉❧③❂⑥④⑩
②⑨➉ ä ➸ ⑤⑦✇ ä ➸ ✄ ➘ ☞ Ú Ù ä ➸ ✄ ➘ Ý④➘ ☞ Ú ①q⑧④♥s❺➊❷❂→❾✉❪➤✳②④❷➇✉❧♥❿❷❂⑤⑦⑧④t❆✉✮♥❾✉❧③❂⑥④⑩➊②④➉✕❷➇→❾✉❪✇➇⑩q✇❹❷➇✉✮➄♦⑤⑦✇✡è➻♣s✇❹❷➣❷➇→❾✉
✝
⑥④③❽⑧❼➀q⑤➷❷❽⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥s⑧⑨t❆➤✳②④❷➇✉✮♥❉❷❂⑤⑦⑧④t✧✉❧♥❾✉✮③➇⑥❉⑩✟②⑨➉ ä ➘ ① ✌ Õ➩ä ➘ ☛ ✄ ➎✴➝➣→❾✉❧♥✍❷➇→❾✉✡✡⑧⑨⑥❉③❂⑧④♥❾⑥④⑤➡⑧⑨♥✟⑤➡✇

✝ ✝
✁
Õ Ú➌ ➜ ä ➸ Ù ä ➘ ➠ ✄ ➘ Ù Ú➌ ä ➸ ✄ ➘ Ý ➘ ❯ ä ➘ ☛ ✄
✝ ✝
⑧⑨♥✳❺✟❷❂→❾✡✉ ✂✴♣❾t⑦✉❧③➇✚➋ ❮⑧⑨⑥❉③❂⑧④♥❾⑥④✉❤✉✮➥❿♣s⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥s✇✺⑧⑨③❂✉

✄ ➜ä ✝
➸✄➘Ý➠ Õ ➛
➜ ä ➸ Ù ä ➘ ➠ ✄✤ Õ ❯ ä ➘ ☛ Ù ä ➸ ✄ Ý ➘
✄✝✆
✝
❏❾③❂②④➄ ❷➇→s✉☎és③❽✇➻❷↔✉✮➥❿♣s⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥ ↕ ✉✃r❧⑧⑨♥✻⑤➡❺❻✉✮♥❉❷❂⑤➷➉ ⑩➂⑧✂és③❂✇❹❷❤⑤⑦♥❿❷➇✉❧⑥❉③❂⑧④t ① ä ➸ ✄ ➘ Ý Õ ↕ →❾✉❧③❂✉ ⑤➡✇❤⑧

r☛②❉♥s✇❹❷❂⑧⑨♥❿❷➆➎✏➪➩⑤✈❷➇→✘❷❂→❾⑤⑦✇ ↕ ✉✗r❧⑧④♥✻✇❹♣❾➁✳✇➻❷❂⑤➷❷❂♣❻❷➇✉❪➉ ②❉③ Ý ⑤⑦♥✘❷➇→❾✉☎✇➇✉✮r❧②④♥s❺✍✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥❍◗
✝
➜ ä ➸ Ù ä ➘ ➠ ✄✤ Õ ❯ ä ➘ ☛ Ù ä ➘ ❝
➸✄
✕✸✉✮r✮⑧⑨♣s✇➇✉✺❷➇→s✉➱✇➇⑤✈⑥❉♥✟②⑨➉✧❷❂→❾✉↔❷ ↕ ②❦❷➇✉❧③❂➄✂✇❘②❉♥✂❷➇→s✉ ✂ ✗ ❖ ⑤➡✇✛❺❾⑤✣P ✢ ✉❧③❂✉❧♥❿❷✮①❿❷❂→❾⑤⑦✇✸⑤➡✇✛✇❂⑧❼⑩q⑤✈♥s⑥✗❷➇→s⑧⑨❷✮①❻⑤✈➉
⑤➡✇➴➁❾⑤⑦⑥✟✉✮♥❾②④♣❾⑥❉→➢➜ ⑤✈➉ ä ➸ ⑤⑦✇↔✇❹➤s⑤✈♥❾♥s⑤✈♥❾⑥✟➉➟⑧④✇❹❷↔✉❧♥s②④♣❾⑥❉→✳➠✝①s❷➇→❾✉✰r☛✉❧♥❿❷❂③➇⑤✈➉ ♣❾⑥❉⑧④t✕➉ ②❉③❂r❧✉✗②⑨➉ ä ➸ r❧⑧④♥
➁s⑧④t⑦⑧④♥sr☛✉➱❷➇→s✉☎❺❻② ↕ ♥ ↕ ⑧④③❂❺✂➤s♣❾t✈t❮②⑨➉ ä ➘ ①s⑧⑨♥s❺✾❷➇→s✉☎✇❹⑩❻✇❹❷➇✉❧➄ r❧⑧⑨♥➨➁❆✉✗⑤✈♥✘✉✮➥❿♣❾⑤⑦t⑦⑤✈➁❾③❂⑤⑦♣❾➄➨➎
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸ ➌➆➦
❵✬❛❝❜✰❞✻❡☛❢❤❣ ✐❦❥✌✺ ✁
✒ ➁❻❷❽⑧⑨⑤⑦♥☎❷➇→s✉ ✡⑧⑨⑥❉③❂⑧④♥❾⑥④⑤➡⑧⑨♥☎⑧④♥s❺☎✉➆➥❉♣✳⑧❸❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✳✇✡②④➉✳➄➊②⑨❷❂⑤✈②❉♥☎➉ ②❉③✡❷❂→❾✉✺❺❻②④♣s➁❾t✈✉➣➤❆✉❧♥s❺❾♣❾t✈♣s➄✬⑤⑦t✈t⑦♣s✇❹❷➇③❽⑧❸❷➇✉➆❺

⑤⑦♥ ✏❏ ⑤✈⑥✳➎❘➌☛➋➼➵s① ↕ →❾✉✮③➇✉❘❷➇→❾✉✛t✈✉✮♥❾⑥⑨❷❂→s✇❮②④➉❻❷➇→❾✉✛➤✳✉✮♥s❺❻♣❾t➡⑧❤⑧④③➇✉ ➸ ⑧⑨♥✳❺ ➘ ↕ ⑤✈❷➇→✰r☛②④③❂③❂✉✮✇➇➤✳②❉♥s❺❻⑤⑦♥❾⑥✺➄✂⑧④✇❂✇❹✉➆✇
ä ➸ ⑧④♥s❺ ä ➘ ➎
➝✡⑧④➬q⑤✈♥❾⑥✾❷➇→❾✉✃②④③❂⑤✈⑥❉⑤✈♥➂⑧⑨❷❤❷❂→❾✉☎➉ ♣❾t➡r☛③❂♣❾➄➶②④➉❝❷➇→❾✉❦és③❂✇❹❷↔➤❆✉❧♥✳❺❻♣❾t⑦♣❾➄➨① ↕ ✉✰r❧⑧⑨♥ ↕ ③➇⑤✈❷➇✉✰❺❻② ↕ ♥
❷➇→s✉☎r☛②q②④③❽❺❻⑤⑦♥s⑧❸❷❂✉✮✇✸②⑨➉✡❷➇→❾✉❪és③❽✇❹❷➴➄➊⑧❉✇➇✇➣➤❆②④⑤⑦♥❿✯❷ ◗
❰ ➸ Õ ➸ ✇➇⑤✈♥ Ý ➸
❐ ➸ Õ ❯ ➸ r☛②❿✇ Ý ➸
➝➣→❾✉✻r☛②q②❉③❂❺❻⑤⑦♥s⑧⑨❷➇✉✮✇✃②⑨➉↔❷➇→❾✉✻✇➇✉✮r❧②④♥s❺✩➄➊⑧❉✇➇✇✰➤❆②④⑤⑦♥❿❷✂⑧④③➇✉➨❺❻✉❧és♥❾✉✮❺✶③❂✉❧t➡⑧❸❷➇⑤⑦➀④✉✍❷➇②❶❷➇→s✉➨r❧②q②④③❽❺❻⑤➷➋
♥s⑧⑨❷➇✉✮✇❘②⑨➉✧❷❂→❾✉➴és③❽✇❹❷❘➄✂⑧④✇❂✇✴➤❆②④⑤⑦♥❉❷✸➁q⑩✰✉❧➧❾⑧④r✝❷❂t✈⑩➊⑧⑨♥✳⑧⑨t⑦②④⑥④②❉♣s✇▲✉☛➧❻➤❾③❂✉✮✇❂✇➇⑤✈②❉♥s✇❧①❿✇❹②❦③➇✉✮t⑦⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦➀④✉➣❷➇②❦❷➇→❾✉
r☛②q②❉③❂❺❻⑤⑦♥s⑧⑨❷➇✉➱②④③❂⑤✈⑥❉⑤✈♥ ↕ ✉❪→s⑧❼➀❉✉
❰ ➘ Õ ❰ ➸ Ù ➘ ✇➇⑤✈♥ Ý ➘
❐ ➘ Õ ❐ ➸ ❯ ➘ r☛②❿✇ Ý ➘
✡
✣⑤ ✢P✉❧③❂✉❧♥❿❷➇⑤➡⑧❸❷❂⑤✈♥s⑥➊⑧④♥s❺➨❺❻②④⑤⑦♥❾⑥✂⑧✰t✈⑤✈❷❹❷❂t✈✉☎⑧④t✈⑥❉✉❧➁❾③❽⑧ ↕ ✉➱és♥s❺
❰ ➘➸ Ù ❐ ➸➘ Õ ➸➘ Ý ➘➸ ✝
❰ ➘➘ Ù ❐ ➘➘ Õ ➸➘ Ý ➘➸ Ù ➘➘ Ý ➘➘ ❯ Ú ➸ ➘ Ý ➸ Ý ➘ r☛②❿✇✮➜ Ý ➸ ❯ Ý ➘ ➠
✝ ✝
✝ ✝ ✝ ✝
✝ ✝
➝➣→❾✡✉ ❮⑧④⑥④③❽⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉⑤⑦⑧④♥✟⑤➡✇
✁
Õ Ú➌ ➜ ä ➸ Ù ä ➘ ➠ ➘➸ Ý ➘➸ Ù Ú➌ ä ➘ ➘➘ Ý ➘➘ ❯ ä ➘ ➸ ➘ Ý ➸ Ý ➘ r☛②❉✇✮➜ Ý ➸ ❯ Ý ➘ ➠ Ù ➜ ä ➸ Ù ä ➘ ➠ ☛ ➘ r☛②❉✇ Ý ➸ Ù ä ➘ ☛ ➘ r☛②❉✇ Ý ➘
✝ ✝ ✝ ✝
↕ ⑤✈❷➇→➨✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥s✇➣②④➉✡➄➊②⑨❷❂⑤✈②❉♥
✄ ➜ ä ➸ Ù ä ➘ ➠ ➘➸ Ý ➸ ❯ ä ➘ ➸ ➘ Ý ➘ r☛②❿✇✮➜ Ý ➸ ❯ Ý ➘ ➠✂✁ Õ ❯ ➜ ä ➸ Ù ä ➘ ➠ ☛ ➘ ✇❹⑤⑦♥ Ý ➸
✝ ✝
✝✄ ✆
⑧⑨♥✳❺
➘ Ý ➘ ❯ ➸ Ý ➸ r☛②❉✇✮➜ Ý ➸ ❯ Ý ➘ ➠ ✁ Õ ❯ ☛ ✇❹⑤⑦♥ Ý ➘ Ø
✄
✝✄ ✆
✝ ✝
➽➼➉ Ý ➸ Õ ➛s①❆✇➇②✟❷❂→s⑧❸❷↔❷➇→❾✉✃➉ ♣❾t➡r☛③❂♣❾➄➍➉ ②④③↔❷➇→❾✉➊✇❹✉➆r☛②❉♥s❺➨➤✳✉✮♥s❺❻♣❾t⑦♣❾➄ ⑤➡✇➱✇➻❷❽⑧❸❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✳⑧⑨③❂⑩④①❾❷❂→❾✉❧♥➃❷➇→❾✉

✇➇✉✮r☛②❉♥s❺✍②⑨➉❮❷❂→❾✉✮✇➇✉✗✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥s✇➣③❂✉✮❺❾♣sr☛✉➆✇✸❷➇②✰❷➇→❾✉✗✉➆➥❿♣s⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥ ↕ ✉✗❺❻✉❧③❂⑤✈➀❉✉✮❺✍⑤✈♥ ➮ ③➇②❉➁❾t✈✉✮➄➶➌④➎⑦➌❼➏❻➎
✝
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸ ➌❸➏
❵✬❛❝❜✰❞✻❡☛❢❤❣ ✐❦❥✌✺➊✐
➝➣→❾✉✟✉✮t✈✉➆r✝❷❂③➇②❉➄➊⑧④⑥④♥❾✉❧❷➇⑤➡r✃és✉❧t➡❺➅⑤➡✇☎⑤⑦♥❿➀❸⑧④③➇⑤➡⑧⑨♥❿❷✗♣❾♥s❺❻✉✮③✃⑧✻⑥❿⑧⑨♣❾⑥❉✉➊❷➇③❽⑧⑨♥s✇❹➉ ②④③❂➄✂⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥❶②④➉✸❷❂→❾✉✾✇❂r❧⑧④t⑦⑧④③
⑧⑨♥✳❺✾➀❉✉✮r✝❷❂②④③➣➤❆②⑨❷➇✉✮♥❿❷➇⑤➡⑧⑨t✕⑥❉⑤✈➀❉✉❧♥✘➁❿⑩
✂Ù ✁☎✄ ➜ qÜ ✆ ➠☛Ü ✞✛
✆ ✆ ❯ ➌ ☎☎ ✄ Ü
✞
✦ ✆
↕ →❾✉✮③➇✉ ✄ ⑤⑦✇✡⑧⑨③❂➁❾⑤✈❷➇③❽⑧⑨③❂⑩☎➜ ➁❾♣❻❷▲❺❻✤⑤ ✢❆✉✮③➇✉✮♥❉❷❂⑤⑦⑧④➁❾t⑦✉➆➠✝➎✡➪➩→s⑧❸❷✡✉ ✢P✉✮r✝❷✏❺❻②q✉✮✇✧❷❂→❾⑤➡✇✕⑥❉⑧④♣❾⑥④✉✏❷❂③❂⑧④♥s✇➻➉ ②❉③➇➄✂⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥
→s⑧❼➀❉✉✰②❉♥➈❷➇→❾✉ ❮⑧⑨⑥❉③❂⑧④♥❾⑥④⑤➡⑧⑨♥❶②⑨➉✺⑧✻➤s⑧④③❹❷❂⑤⑦r❧t✈✉✂➄➊②❸➀q⑤✈♥s⑥✻⑤✈♥➈❷❂→❾✉✟✉❧t⑦✉✮r☛❷➇③❂②④➄✂⑧⑨⑥❉♥❾✉☛❷❂⑤⑦r✃és✉✮t⑦❺✳➚ ➽➻✇❪❷➇→❾✉
➄➊②⑨❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✘⑧ ✢❆✉➆r✝❷➇✉➆❺s➚
➝➣→❾✉✡❮⑧④⑥④③❽⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉⑤⑦⑧④♥✂➉ ②④③➴⑧✰➤s⑧④③❹❷❂⑤⑦r❧t✈✉❪⑤⑦♥✻⑧⑨♥✘✉❧t⑦✉✮r✝❷❂③➇②❉➄✂⑧⑨⑥④♥s✉☛❷➇⑤➡r↔és✉❧t➡❺✍⑤⑦✇
Õ á ❯ ✆ ✆ ✞➜ ✝✴➜ ✆ ➠➇➠ Ù ✆ ✟➜ ✝✴➜ ✆ ➠❹➠ ✆å ☎ ➜ ✆ ➠
✦
✁
➼➽ ➉ ↕ ✉❪➄✂⑧⑨➬❉✉↔❷❂→❾✉☎✇➇♣❾⑥④⑥❉✉✮✇❹❷➇✉✮❺✾⑥❉⑧④♣❾⑥④✉↔❷➇③❽⑧⑨♥s✇❹➉ ②④③❂➄✂⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✕①❿❷➇→❾⑤➡✇✺➁❆✉✮r☛②❉➄➊✉✮✇
✠ ✒ ✆
á ❯ ✆ ✆ ➜✞✝✴➜ ✆ ➠➇➠ ❯ ➌ ☎ ☎ ✄ Ù ✘ ➜✟✝✴➜ ✆ ➠❹➠ å ☎ ➜ ✆ ➠ Ù ☎✻å ✁✓✄ ✞➜ ✝✴➜ ✆ ➠➇➠ ✚
✦ ☛✡✡ ✦
✞
✆
Õ á ❯ ✆ ✆ ➜✞✝✴➜ ✆ ➠❹➠ Ù ✆ ➜✟✝✴➜ ✆ ➠❹✡✡➠ ☞ å ☎ ☞✍➜✌✏✎✟✆ ✑ ➠ Ù ✆ ☎ ☎ ✄ Ù ☎✻å ✁☎✄ ➜✟✴✝ ➜ ✆ ➠❹➠✗✖
✓
✦ ✦✕✔ ✆
Õ á ❯ ✆ ✆ ➜✞✝✴➜ ✆ ➠❹➠ Ù ✆ ✆
➜✟✝✴➜ ✆ ➠❹➠ å ☎ ➜ ✆ ➠ Ù ✄ ✄ ➜✟✝✴➜ ✆ ➠❹➠
✦ ✦ ✄✝✆
Õ Ù ✆ ✄ ✄ ➜✞✝✴➜ ✆ ➠❹➠☛Ø
✦ ✄✡✆
✁
❖ ②❦❷➇→❾✉❤❷➇③❽⑧⑨♥s✇❹➉ ②④③❂➄➊✉✮❺ ❮⑧④⑥④③❽⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉⑤⑦⑧④♥✃✉➆➥❿♣s⑧⑨t➡✇✴❷❂→❾✉❤②❉③➇⑤⑦⑥④⑤⑦♥s⑧④t ❮⑧④⑥④③❽⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉⑤⑦⑧④♥✃➤st✈♣s✇✸⑧✗❷❂②⑨❷❽⑧⑨t✳❷➇⑤⑦➄✰✉

❺❻✉✮③➇⑤⑦➀❸⑧❸❷➇⑤⑦➀④✉❉➎ ✸♣❻❷ ↕ ✉✺➤❾③❂②❸➀④✉➆❺❦⑤⑦♥ ➮ ③❂②④➁❾t⑦✉❧➄✢➌④➎⑦➌➆➳❤❷➇→s⑧⑨❷✛⑧④❺s❺❻⑤✈♥s⑥❪❷➇→❾✉✺❷❂②⑨❷❽⑧⑨t❻❷❂⑤✈➄➊✉❤❺❻✉✮③➇⑤⑦➀❸⑧❸❷❂⑤✈➀❉✉
②⑨➉➣⑧⑨♥q⑩➨➉ ♣❾♥sr☛❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✽❷➇②✘❷❂→❾✉ ❮⑧④⑥④③❽⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉⑤⑦⑧④♥➃❺❻②q✉✮✇❪♥❾②④❷☎⑧ ✢P✉✮r✝❷❪❷❂→❾✉✂✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥s✇➱②⑨➉✸➄➊②⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥❮①✡✇➇②
✕
❷➇→s✉✗➄✰②④❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✘②⑨➉✏❷➇→❾✉✗➤✳⑧⑨③➇❷➇⑤➡r☛t⑦✉➱⑤➡✇➣♣❾♥s⑧ ✢❆✉➆r✝❷❂✉✮❺✘➁q⑩✂❷➇→❾✉✗⑥❿⑧⑨♣❾⑥❉✉➱❷➇③❽⑧⑨♥s✇❹➉ ②④③❂➄✂⑧❸❷➇⑤⑦②④♥❮➎

❵✬❛❝❜✰❞✻❡☛❢❤❣ ✐❦❥✌✺ ✺
✒ ➁❻❷❽⑧⑨⑤⑦♥➂❷➇→s✉✂✉✮➥❿♣s⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥➃②④➉✛➄➊②⑨❷❂⑤✈②❉♥➃➉ ②❉③☎⑧✍➤✳⑧⑨③➇❷➇⑤➡r☛t⑦✉❦➉➟⑧④t✈t⑦⑤✈♥s⑥✘➀❉✉❧③➇❷➇⑤➡r❧⑧④t✈t⑦⑩✻♣❾♥s❺❻✉✮③❪❷➇→❾✉➊⑤⑦♥☞☛s♣❾✉✮♥sr☛✉
②⑨➉➴⑥❉③❂⑧❼➀q⑤✈❷➻⑩ ↕ →s✉❧♥➢➉ ③❂⑤➡r✝❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✳⑧⑨t✛➉ ②④③❽r☛✉✮✇✃②④➁❾❷❂⑧⑨⑤⑦♥s⑧④➁❾t✈✉✾➉ ③➇②❉➄ ⑧➃❺❻⑤➡✇❂✇❹⑤⑦➤s⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥➅➉ ♣❾♥sr☛❷➇⑤⑦②④♥ ➘✙➸ ✘ ❘ ➘ ⑧⑨③❂✉
➤❾③❂✉✮✇➇✉❧♥❿❷✮➎❶➽➾♥❿❷➇✉❧⑥❉③❂⑧⑨❷➇✉✾❷➇→❾✉✘✉✮➥❿♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➈❷➇②✽②④➁❾❷❂⑧⑨⑤⑦♥➅❷❂→❾✉✍➀❉✉❧t⑦②❻r☛⑤✈❷➻⑩✽⑧❉✇✃⑧➂➉ ♣❾♥sr✝❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✩②④➉➴❷➇⑤⑦➄➊✉✘⑧④♥s❺
✇➇→❾② ↕ ❷➇→✳⑧❸❷✺❷➇→s✉✗➄➊⑧⑨➧❻⑤✈➄✃♣❾➄✢➤❆②❉✇❂✇❹⑤⑦➁❾t⑦✉❪➀④✉❧t⑦②❻r☛⑤✈❷➻⑩✂➉ ②④③➣➉➟⑧④t✈tP➉ ③❂②④➄ ③➇✉➆✇➻❷✺⑤➡✇ ❘✰ÕÏä ☛ ✘ ➎ ☞
➝➣→❾✉✡❮⑧④⑥④③❽⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉⑤⑦⑧④♥✂➉ ②④③➣❷❂→❾✉✗➤s⑧④③❹❷❂⑤⑦r❧t✈✉❪⑤➡✇
Õ Ú➌ ä ➘ ❯ ä
✙ ✙
✁
✝
☛
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸ ➌➆æ
⑧⑨♥✳❺✟❷❂→❾✉☎❺❻⑤➡✇➇✇➇⑤✈➤✳⑧❸❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✍➉ ♣❾♥sr☛❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➨⑤➡✇ ➘ Ú ①❾✇❹②✰❷➇→s✉✗✉✮➥❿♣s⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✍②④➉✡➄➊②⑨❷❂⑤✈②❉♥➨⑤⑦✇

✙
✎
✄ ❴ ❯ Ø
Ù ä Õ➩ä ☛
✙ ✙
❛ ❯
☎ ☎ ☎
✁ ✁
✙ ✙ ✙
✝✄ ✆
☎ ☎ ☎
✝ ✝
➝➣→❾⑤➡✇✗✇➇⑧❼⑩❻✇↔❷➇→✳⑧❸❷✗❷➇→s✉✟⑧④r❧r❧✉❧t⑦✉❧③❽⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥➃⑥④②q✉➆✇➱❷➇✩② ▼❧✉✮③➇② ↕ →❾✉❧♥ ä☞☛❶Õ ①✡②④③ Õ ä☞☛ ①❮✇➇②

✙ ✙
❷➇→s✉✗➀④✉❧t⑦②❻r☛⑤✈❷➻⑩✾r❧⑧④♥✍♥s✉❧➀④✉✮③✺③➇⑤➡✇➇✉❪⑧④➁✳②❸➀❉✉❤❷❂→❾⑤➡✇➣❷➇✉✮③➇➄➊⑤⑦♥s⑧⑨t✕➀❸⑧④t✈♣❾✉✟➜➟♣❾♥❾t⑦✉✮✇❂✇✸❷➇→❾✉✗⑤⑦♥❾⑤✈❷➇⑤➡⑧⑨t✕➀❸⑧④t✈♣❾✉✗②④➉
☞
✝ ✝
✘ ✘
❷➇→s✉↔➀❉✉❧t⑦②qr❧⑤➷❷➻⑩➊⑤➡✇❘⑥❉③➇✉➆⑧❸❷❂✉❧③✴❷❂→s⑧⑨♥✾❷➇→❾✉↔❷➇✉✮③➇➄➊⑤⑦♥s⑧⑨t❆➀④✉✮t✈②❻r❧⑤➷❷➻⑩❉①❉⑤⑦♥ ↕ →❾⑤➡r❽→✍r✮⑧④✇➇✉➴❷❂→❾✉↔➤✳⑧⑨③➇❷➇⑤➡r☛t⑦✉ ↕ ⑤⑦t✈t

✇➇t✈② ↕ ❺❾② ↕ ♥✾❷❂②➊❷➇→❾✉❪❷❂✉❧③❂➄✰⑤⑦♥s⑧④t✧➀④✉❧t⑦②❻r☛⑤✈❷➻⑩✾⑧⑨♥✳❺✟❷❂→❾✉❧♥➂✇❹❷❂⑧❼⑩➊❷❂→❾✉❧③❂✉➆➠☛➎
Solutions to Problems in Goldstein,
Classical Mechanics, Second Edition
Homer Reid
December 1, 2001
Chapter 3
Problem 3.1
A particle of mass m is constrained to move under gravity without friction on the

inside of a paraboloid of revolution whose axis is vertical. Find the one-dimensional
problem equivalent to its motion. What is the condition on the particle’s initial
velocity to produce circular motion? Find the period of small oscillations about
this circular motion.
We’ll take the paraboloid to be defined by the equation z = αr 2 . The kinetic

and potential energies of the particle are
m 2
T = (ṙ + r2 θ̇2 + ż 2 )
2
m
= (ṙ2 + r2 θ̇2 + 4α2 r2 ṙ2 )
2
V = mgz = mgαr2 .
Hence the Lagrangian is

m
(1 + 4α2 r2 )ṙ2 + r2 θ̇2 − mgαr2 .

L=
2
This is cyclic in θ, so the angular momentum is conserved:
l = mr2 θ̇ = constant.
1
Homer Reid’s Solutions to Goldstein Problems: Chapter 3 2
For r we have the derivatives

∂L
= 4α2 mrṙ2 + mrθ̇2 − 2mgαr
∂r
∂L
= m(1 + 4α2 r2 )ṙ
∂ ṙ
d ∂L
= 8mα2 rṙ2 + m(1 + 4α2 r2 )r̈.
dt ∂ ṙ
Hence the equation of motion for r is
8mα2 rṙ2 + m(1 + 4α2 r2 )r̈ = 4α2 mrṙ2 + mrθ̇2 − 2mgαr
or
m(1 + 4α2 r2 )r̈ + 4mα2 rṙ2 − mrθ̇2 + 2mgαr = 0.
In terms of the constant angular momentum, we may rewrite this as
l2
m(1 + 4α2 r2 )r̈ + 4mα2 rṙ2 − + 2mgαr = 0.
mr3
So this is the differential equation that determines the time evolution of r.
If initially ṙ = 0, then we have
l2
m(1 + 4α2 r2 )r̈ + − + 2mgαr = 0.
mr3
Evidently, r̈ will then vanish—and hence ṙ will remain 0, giving circular motion—
if
l2
= 2mgαr
mr3
or p
θ̇ = 2gα.
So if this condition is satisfied, the particle will execute circular motion (assum-
ing its initial r velocity was zero). It’s interesting to note that the condition on
θ̇ for circular motion is independent of r.
Problem 3.2
A particle moves in a central force field given by the potential
e−ar
V = −k ,
r
where k and a are positive constants. Using the method of the equivalent one-
dimensional potential discuss the nature of the motion, stating the ranges of l and
E appropriate to each type of motion. When are circular orbits possible? Find the
period of small radial oscillations about the circular motion.
The Lagrangian is
mh 2 i e−ar
L= ṙ + r2 θ̇2 + k .
2 r
As usual the angular momentum is conserved:
l = mr2 θ̇ = constant.
We have
∂L e−ar
= mrθ̇2 − k (1 + ar) 2
∂r r
∂L
= mṙ
∂ ṙ
so the equation of motion for r is
k e−ar
r̈ = rθ̇2 −
(1 + ar) 2
m r
l2 k e−ar
= 2 3− (1 + ar) 2 . (1)
m r m r
The condition for circular motion is that this vanish, which yields
r
k e−ar0 /2
θ̇ = (1 + ar0 ) 3/2 . (2)
m r 0
What this means is that that if the particle’s initial θ velocity is equal to the
above function of the starting radius r0 , then the second derivative of r will
remain zero for all time. (Note that, in contrast to the previous problem, in this
case the condition for circular motion does depend on the starting radius.)
To find the frequency of small oscillations, let’s suppose the particle is exe-
cuting a circular orbit with radius r0 (in which case the θ velocity is given by
(2)), and suppose we nudge it slightly so that its radius becomes r = r0 + x,
where x is small. Then (1) becomes
k e−ar0 k e−a[r0 +x]
ẍ = 1 + ar0 − (1 + a[r0 + x]) (3)
m r02 m [r0 + x]2
Since x is small, we may write the second term approximately as

k e−ar0

x
≈ (1 + ar 0 + ax)(1 − ax) 1 − 2
m r02 r0
−ar0 −ar0

k e k e (1 + ar0 )
≈ (1 + ar0 ) 2 + a − a(1 + ar 0 ) − 2 x
m r0 m r02 r0
e−ar0 k e−ar0

k 2 2
≈ (1 + ar0 ) 2 − 2a + + a r 0 x.
m r0 m r02 r0
The first term here just cancels the first term in (??), so we are left with
k e−ar0

2 2
ẍ = 2a + + a r0 x
m r02 r0
The problem is that the RHS here has the wrong sign—this equation is satisfied
by an x that grows (or decays) exponentially, rather than oscillates. Somehow
I messed up the sign of the RHS, but I can’t find where–can anybody help?
Problem 3.3
Two particles move about each other in circular orbits under the influence of grav-
itational forces, with a period τ . Their motion is suddenly stopped, and they are
then released
√ and allowed to fall into each other. Prove that they collide after a
time τ /4 2.
Since we are dealing with gravitational forces, the potential energy between
the particles is
k
U (r) = −
r
and, after reduction to the equivalent one-body problem, the Lagrangian is
µ 2 k
L= [ṙ + r2 θ̇2 ] +
2 r
where µ is the reduced mass. The equation of motion for r is
k
µr̈ = µrθ̇2 − . (4)
r2
If the particles are to move in circular orbits with radius r0 , (4) must vanish at
r = r0 , which yields a relation between r0 and θ̇:
1/3
k
r0 =
µθ̇2
1/3
kτ 2

= (5)
4π 2 µ
where we used the fact that the angular velocity in the circular orbit with period
τ is θ̇ = 2π/τ .
When the particles are stopped, the angular velocity goes to zero, and the
first term in (4) vanishes, leaving only the second term:
k
r̈ = − . (6)
µr2
This differential equation governs the evolution of the particles after they are
stopped. We now want to use this equation to find r as a function of t, which
we will then need to invert to find the time required for the particle separation
r to go from r0 to 0.
The first step is to multiply both sides of (6) by the integrating factor 2ṙ:
2k
2ṙr̈ = − ṙ
µr2
or

d 2 d 2k
ṙ = +
dt dt µr
from which we conclude
2k
ṙ2 = + C. (7)
µr
The constant C is determined from the boundary condition on ṙ. This is simply
that ṙ = 0 when r = r0 , since initially the particles are not moving at all. With
the appropriate choice of C in (7), we have
1/2 r
dr 2k 1 1
ṙ = = −
dt µ r r0
1/2 r
2k r0 − r
= . (8)
µ rr0
We could now proceed to solve this differential equation for r(t), but since in
fact we’re interested in solving for the time difference corresponding to given
boundary values of r, it’s easier to invert (8) and solve for t(r):
Z 0
dt
∆t = dr
r0 dr
Z 0 −1
dr
= dr
r0 dt
µ 1/2 Z 0 rr 1/2
0
= dr
2k r0 r 0 − r
We change variables to u = r/r0 , du = dr/r0 :
µ 1/2 Z 0 1/2
3/2 u
= r0 du
2k 1 1−u
Next we change variables to u = sin2 x, du = 2 sin x cos x dx :

µ 1/2 Z 0
3/2
=2 r0 sin2 x dx
2k π/2
µ 1/2
3/2 π
= r0 .
2k 4
Now plugging in (5), we obtain
µ 1/2 kτ 2 1/2 π
∆t =
2k 4π 2 µ 4
τ
= √
4 2
as advertised.
Problem 3.6
(a) Show that if a particle describes a circular orbit under the influence of an
attractive central force directed at a point on the circle, then the force varies
as the inverse fifth power of the distance.
(b) Show that for the orbit described the total energy of the particle is zero.
(c) Find the period of the motion.
(d) Find ẋ, ẏ, and v as a function of angle around the circle and show that all
three quantities are infinite as the particle goes through the center of force.
Let’s suppose the center of force is at the origin, and that the particle’s orbit
is a circle of radius R centered at (x = R, y = 0) (so that the leftmost point
of the particle’s origin is the center of force). The equation describing such an
orbit is
√
r(θ) = 2R(1 + cos 2θ)1/2
so
1 1
u(θ) = =√ . (9)
r(θ) 2R(1 + cos 2θ)1/2
Differentiating,
du sin 2θ
= √
dθ 2R(1 + cos 2θ)3/2
sin2 2θ

du 1 2 cos 2θ
= √ +3
dθ 2R (1 + cos 2θ)3/2 (1 + cos 2θ)5/2
1 1 2 2

= √ 2 cos 2θ + 2 cos 2θ + 3 sin 2θ . (10)
2 2R (1 + cos 2θ)5/2
Adding (9) and (10),
d2 u 1
(1 + cos 2θ)2 + 2 cos 2θ + 2 cos2 2θ + 3 sin2 2θ

+u= √
dθ2 2R(1 + cos 2θ) 5/2
1
=√ [4 + 4 cos 2θ]
2R(1 + cos 2θ)5/2
4
=√
2R(1 + cos 2θ)3/2
= 8R2 u3 . (11)
The differential equation for the orbit is
d2 u

m d 1
+ u = − V (12)
dθ2 l2 du u
Plugging in (11), we have

2 3 m d 1
8R u = − 2 V
l du u
so
2l2R2 4 2l2 R2

1
V =− u −→ V (r) = − (13)
u m mr4
so
8l2R2
f (r) = − (14)
mr5
which is the advertised r dependence of the force.
(b) The kinetic energy of the particle is
m 2
T = [ṙ + r2 θ̇2 ]. (15)
2
We have
√
r= 2R(1 + cos 2θ)1/2
r2 = 2R2 (1 + cos 2θ)
√ sin 2θ
ṙ = 2R θ̇
(1 + cos 2θ)1/2
sin2 2θ 2
ṙ2 = 2R2 θ̇
1 + cos 2θ
Plugging into (15),

sin2 2θ

2 2
T = mR θ̇ + 1 + cos 2θ
1 + cos 2θ
sin2 2θ + 1 + 2 cos 2θ + cos2 2θ

2 2
= mR θ̇
1 + cos θ
= 2mR2 θ̇2
In terms of l = mr2 θ̇, this is just

2R2 l2
=
mr4
But this is just the negative of the potential energy, (13); hence the total particle
energy T + V is zero.
(c) Suppose the particle starts out at the furthest point from the center of force
on its orbit, i.e the point x = 2R, y = 0, and that it moves counter-clockwise
from this point to the origin. The time required to undergo this motion is half
the period of the orbit, and the particle’s angle changes from θ = 0 to θ = π/2.
Hence we can calculate the period as
Z π/2
dt
τ =2 dθ
0 dθ
Z π/2
dθ
=2
0 θ̇
Using θ̇ = l/mr2 , we have
π/2
m
Z
=2 r2 (θ) dθ
l 0
4R2 m π/2
Z
= (1 + 2 cos 2θ + cos2 2θ) dθ
l 0
4R2 m 3π
= ·
l 4
3πR2 m
= .
l
Problem 3.8
(a) For circular and parabolic orbits in an attractive 1/r potential having the same
angular momentum, show that the perihelion distance of the parabola is one
half the radius of the circle.
(b) Prove that in the same central force
√ as in part (a) the speed of a particle at
any point in a parabolic orbit is 2 times the speed in a circular orbit passing
through the same point.
(a) The equations describing the orbits are

 2
l

 (circle)
mk

r=
l2

1
(parabola.)



mk 1 + cos θ
Evidently, the perihelion of the parabola occurs when θ = 0, in which case
r = l2 /2mk, or one-half the radius of the circle.
(b) For the parabola, we have
l2

sin θ
ṙ = θ̇ (16)
mk (1 + cos θ)2
sin θ
= rθ̇
1 + cos θ
so
v 2 = ṙ2 + r2 θ̇2
sin2 θ

= r2 θ̇2 + 1
(1 + cos θ)2
2 2

2 2 sin θ + 1 + 2 cos θ + cos θ
= r θ̇
(1 + cos θ)2

2 2 1
= 2r θ̇
1 + cos θ
2mkr3 θ̇2
=
l2
2k
= (17)
mr
in terms of the angular momentum l = mr 2 θ̇2 . On the other hand, for the circle
ṙ = 0, so
l2 k
v 2 = r2 θ̇2 = = (18)
m2 r 2 mr
where we used that fact that, since this is a circular orbit, the condition k/r =
l2 /mr2 is satisfied. Evidently (17) is twice (18) for the same √ particle at the
same point, so the unsquared speed in the parabolic orbit is 2 times that in
the circular orbit at the same point.
Problem 3.12
At perigee of an elliptic gravitational orbit a particle experiences an impulse S (cf.

Exercise 9, Chapter 2) in the radial direction, sending the particle into another
elliptic orbit. Determine the new semimajor axis, eccentricity, and orientation of
major axis in terms of the old.
The orbit equation for elliptical motion is

a(1 − ǫ2 )
r(θ) = . (19)
1 + ǫ cos(θ − θ0 )
For simplicity we’ll take θ0 = 0 for the initial motion of the particle. Then
perigee happens when θ = 0, which is to say the major axis of the orbit is on
the x axis.
Then at the point at which the impulse is delivered, the particle’s momentum
is entirely in the y direction: pi = pi ĵ. After receiving the impulse S in the radial
(x) direction, the particle’s y momentum is unchanged, but its x momentum is
now px = S. Hence the final momentum of the particle is pf = S î+pi ĵ. Since the
particle is in the same location before and after the impulse, its potential energy
is unchanged, but its kinetic energy is increased due to the added momentum:
S2
Ef = Ei + . (20)
2m
Hence the semimajor axis length shrinks accordingly:
k k ai
af = − =− = . (21)
2Ef 2Ei + S 2 /m 1 + S 2 /(2mEi )
Next, since the impulse is in the same direction as the particle’s distance from
the origin, we have ∆L = r × ∆p = 0, i.e. the impulse does not change the
particle’s angular momentum:
Lf = Li ≡ L. (22)
With (20) and (22), we can compute the change in the particle’s eccentricity:
r
2Ef L2
ǫf = 1 +
mk 2
r
2Ei L2 L2 S 2
= 1+ 2
+ 2 2. (23)
mk m k
What remains is to compute the constant θ0 in (19) for the particle’s orbit after
the collision. To do this we need merely observe that, since the location of the
particle is unchanged immediately after the impulse is delivered, expression (19)
must evaluate to the same radius at θ = 0 with both the “before” and “after”
values of a and ǫ:
ai (1 − ǫ2i ) af (1 − ǫ2f )
=
1 + ǫi 1 + ǫf cos θ0
or
( )
1 af (1 − ǫ2f )
cos θ0 = −1 .
ǫf ai (1 − ǫi )
Problem 3.13
A uniform distribution of dust in the solar system adds to the gravitational attrac-
tion of the sun on a planet an additional force
F = −mCr
where m is the mass of the planet, C is a constant proportional to the gravitational

constant and the density of the dust, and r is the radius vector from the sun to the
planet (both considered as points). This additional force is very small compared to
the direct sun-planet gravitational force.
(a) Calculate the period for a circular orbit of radius r0 of the planet in this com-
bined field.
(b) Calculate the period of radial oscillations for slight disturbances from this cir-
cular orbit.
(c) Show that nearly circular orbits can be approximated by a precessing ellipse
and find the precession frequency. Is the precession the same or opposite
direction to the orbital angular velocity?
(a) The equation of motion for r is

l2
mr̈ = + f (r)
mr3
l2 k
= − 2 − mCr. (24)
mr3 r
For a circular orbit at radius r0 this must vanish:
l2 k
0= 3 − 2 − mCr0 (25)
mr0 r0
q
−→ l = mkr0 + m2 Cr04
l 1
q
−→ θ̇ = = mkr0 + m2 Cr04
mr02 mr02
s r
k mCr03
= 1 +
mr03 k
s
mCr03

k
≈ 1 +
mr03 2k
Then the period is
mCr03
r
2π 3/2 m
τ= ≈ 2πr0 1−
θ̇ k 2k
2

Cτ0
= τ0 1 −
8π 2
3/2 p
where τ0 = 2πr0 m/k is the period of circular motion in the absence of the
perturbing potential.
(b) We return to (24) and put r = r0 + x with x ≪ r0 :
l2 k
mẍ = − − mC(r0 + x)
m(r0 + x)3 (r0 + x)2
l2

x k x
≈ 1−3 − 2 1−2 − mCr0 − mCx
mr03 r0 r0 r0
Using (25), this reduces to
3l2

2k
mẍ = − 4 + 3 − mC x
mr0 r0
or
ẍ + ω 2 x = 0
with
1/2
3l2

2k
ω= 4 − −C
2
m r0 mr03
2 1/2
2l k
= −
m2 r04 mr03
where in going to the last line we used (25) again.
Problem 3.14
Show that the motion of a particle in the potential field

k h
V (r) = − + 2
r r
is the same as that of the motion under the Kepler potential alone when expressed
in terms of a coordinate system rotating or precessing around the center of force.
For negative total energy show that if the additional potential term is very small
compared to the Kepler potential, then the angular speed of precession of the ellip-
tical orbit is
2πmh
Ω̇ = 2 .
l τ
The perihelion of Mercury is observed to precess (after corrections for known plan-
etary perturbations) at the rate of about 40′′ of arc per century. Show that this
precession could be accounted for classically if the dimensionless quantity
k
η=
ka
(which is a measure of the perturbing inverse square potential relative to the grav-
itational potential) were as small as 7 × 10−8 . (The eccentricity of Mercury’s orbit
is 0.206, and its period is 0.24 year).
The effective one-dimensional equation of motion is
L2 k 2h
mr̈ = 3
− 2+ 3
mr r r
L2 + 2mh k
= + 2
mr3 r
L2 + 2mh + (mh/L)2 − (mh/L)2 k
= + 2
mr3 r
[L + (mh/L)]2 − (mh/L)2 k
= + 2
mr3 r
If mh ≪ L2 , then we can neglect the term (mh/L)2 in comparison with L2 , and
write
[L + (mh/L)]2 k
mr̈ = 3
+ 2 (26)
mr r
which is just the normal equation of motion for the Kepler problem, but with
the angular momentum L augmented by the additive term ∆L = mh/L.
Such an augmentation of the angular momentum may be accounted for by
augmenting the angular velocity:

2 mh 2 mh
L = mr θ̇ −→ L 1 + 2 = mr θ̇ 1 + 2
L L
= mr2 θ̇ + mr2 Ω̇
where
mh 2πmh
Ω̇ = =
L2 θ̇ L2 τ
is a precession frequency. If we were to go back and work the problem in the
reference frame in which everything is precessing with angular velocity Ω̇, but
there is no term h/r2 in the potential, then the equations of motion would come
out the same as in the stationary case, but with a term ∆L = mr 2 Ω̇ added to
the effective angular momentum that shows up in the equation of motion for r,
just as we found in (26).
To put in the numbers, we observe that

2π m
Ω̇ = (h)
τ L2

2π mka h
=
τ L2 ka

2π 1 h
=
τ 1 − e2 ka
so
h τ Ω̇
= (1 − e2 )
ka 2π
= (1 − e2 )τ fprec
where in going to the third-to-last line we used Goldstein’s equation (3-62), and
in the last line I put fprec = Ω̇/2π. Putting in the numbers, we find
1◦ 1 century−1

h 1 revolution
= (1 − .2062 ) · 0.24 yr · 40′′ yr−1

ka 3600′′ 360◦ 100 yr−1
= 7.1 · 10−8 .
Problem 3.22
In hyperbolic motion in a 1/r potential the analogue of the eccentric anomaly is F

defined by
r = a(e cosh F − 1),
where a(1 − e) is the distance of closest approach. Find the analogue to Kepler’s
equation giving t from the time of closest approach as a function of F .
We start with Goldstein’s equation (3.65):

r Z r
m dr
t= q
2 r0 k l2
r − 2mr 2 + E
r Z r
m r dr
= q . (27)
2 r0 Er2 + kr − l2
2m
With the suggested substitution, the thing under the radical in the denom-
inator of the integrand is
l2 l2
Er2 + kr − = Ea2 (e2 cosh2 F − 2e cosh F + 1) + ka(e cosh F − 1) −
2m 2m
l2

2 2 2 2
= Ea e cosh F + ae(k − 2Ea) cosh F + Ea − ka −
2m
It follows from the orbit equation that, if a(e − 1) is the distance of closest
approach, then a = k/2E. Thus
k 2 e2 k 2 e2 l2
= cosh2 F − −
4E 4E 2m
k2 2 2 2El2
= e cosh F − 1 +
4E mk 2
k 2 e2 k 2 e2
= cosh2 F − 1 = sinh2 F = a2 e2 E sinh2 F.
4E 4E
Plugging into (27) and observing that dr = ae sinh F dF , we have
r
m F
r
ma2
Z
t= a(e cosh F − 1) dF = [e(sinh F − sinh F0 ) − (F − F0 )]
2E F0 2E
and I suppose this equation could be a jumping-off point for numerical or other
investigations of the time of travel in hyperbolic orbit problems.
Problem 3.26
Examine the scattering produced by a repulsive central force f = kr −3 . Show that

the differential cross section is given by
k (1 − x)dx
σ(Θ)dΘ =
2E x2 (2 − x)2 sin πx
where x is the ratio Θ/π and E is the energy.
The potential energy is U = k/2r 2 = ku2 /2, and the differential equation
for the orbit reads
d2 u m dU mk
+u=− 2 =− 2 u
dθ2 l du l
or
d2 u

mk
+ 1 + u=0
dθ2 l2
with solution
u = A cos γθ + B sin γθ (28)
where
r
mk
γ= 1+ . (29)
l2
We’ll set up our coordinates in the way traditional for scattering experiments:
initially the particle is at angle θ = π and a great distance from the force center,
and ultimately the particle proceeds off to r = ∞ at some new angle θs . The
first of these observations gives us a relation between A and B in the orbit
equation (28):
u(θ = π) = 0 −→ A cos γπ + B sin γπ = 0
−→ A = −B tan γπ. (30)
The condition that the particle head off to r = ∞ at angle θ = θs yields the
condition
A cos γθs + B sin γθs = 0.
Using (30), this becomes
− cos γθs tan γπ + sin γθs = 0

or
− cos γθs sin γπ + sin γθs cos γπ = 0

−→ sin γ(θs − π) = 0
−→ γ(θs − π) = π
or, in terms of Goldstein’s variable x = θ/π,
1
γ= . (31)
x−1
Plugging in (29) and squaring both sides, we have
mk 1
1+ = .
l2 (x − 1)2
Now l = mv0 s = (2mE)1/2 s with s the impact parameter and E the particle
energy. Thus the previous equation is
k 1
1+ =
2Es2 (x − 1)2
or
k (x − 1)2

s2 = − .
2E x(x − 2)
Taking the differential of both sides,
(x − 1)2 (x − 1)2

k 2(x − 1)
2s ds = − − 2 − dx
2E x(x − 2) x (x − 2) x(x − 2)2
k 2x(x − 1)(x − 2) − (x − 1)2 (x − 2) − x(x − 1)2

=−
2E x2 (x − 2)2

k 2(1 − x)
=− . (32)
2E x2 (x − 2)2
The differential cross section is given by
| s ds |
σ(θ)dΩ = .
sin θ
Plugging in (32), we have

k (1 − x)
σ(θ)dΩ = dx
2E x2 (x − 2)2 sin θ
as advertised.
Homer Reid
April 21, 2002
Chapter 7
Problem 7.2
Obtain the Lorentz transformation in which the velocity is at an infinitesimal angle

dθ counterclockwise from the z axis, by means of a similarity transformation applied
to Eq. (7-18). Show directly that the resulting matrix is orthogonal and that the
inverse matrix is obtained by substituting −v for v.
We can obtain this transformation by first applying a pure rotation to rotate

the z axis into the boost axis, then applying a pure boost along the (new) z
axis, and then applying the inverse of the original rotation to bring the z axis
back in line with where it was originally. Symbolically we have L = R−1 KR
where R is the rotation to achieve the new z axis, and K is the boost along the
z axis.
Goldstein tells us that the new z axis is to be rotated dθ counterclockise
from the original z axis, but he doesn’t tell us in which plane, i.e. we know θ
but not φ for the new z axis in the unrotated coordinates. We’ll assume the z
axis is rotated around the x axis, in a sense such that if you’re standing on the
positive x axis, looking toward the negative x axis, the rotation appears to be
counterclockwise, so that the positive z axis is rotated toward the negative y
1
axis. Then, using the real metric,

   
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
 0 cos dθ sin dθ 0  0 1 0 0  0 cos dθ − sin dθ 0 
L= 
 0 − sin dθ cos dθ 0   0 0
 
γ −βγ   0 sin dθ cos dθ 0 
0 0 0 1 0 0 −βγ γ 0 0 0 1
  
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
 0 cos dθ sin dθ 0  0 cos dθ − sin dθ 0 
= 
 0 − sin dθ cos dθ 0   0

γ sin dθ γ cos dθ −βγ 
0 0 0 1 0 −βγ sin dθ −βγ cos dθ γ
 
1 0 0 0
 0 cos2 dθ + γ sin2 dθ (γ − 1) sin dθ cos dθ −βγ sin dθ 
=  0 (γ − 1) sin dθ cos dθ sin2 dθ + γ cos2 dθ −βγ cos dθ
.

0 −βγ sin dθ −βγ cos dθ γ
Problem 7.4
A rocket of length l0 in its rest system is moving with constant speed along the z
axis of an inertial system. An observer at the origin observes the apparent length
of the rocket at any time by noting the z coordinates that can be seen for the head
and tail of the rocket. How does this apparent length vary as the rocket moves from
the extreme left of the observer to the extreme right?
Let’s imagine a coordinate system in which the rocket is at rest and centered
at the origin. Then the world lines of the rocket’s top and bottom are
xt′
µ = {0, 0, +L0 /2, τ } xb′
µ = {0, 0, −L0 /2, τ } .
where we are parameterizing the world lines by the proper time τ . Now, the rest
frame of the observer is moving in the negative z direction with speed v = βc
relative to the rest frame of the rocket. Transforming the world lines of the
rocket’s top and bottom to the rest frame of the observer, we have
xtµ = {0, 0, γ(L0 /2 + vτ ), γ(τ + βL0 /2c)} (1)

xbµ = {0, 0, γ(−L0/2 + vτ ), γ(τ − βL0 /2c)} . (2)
Now consider the observer. At any time t in his own reference frame, he is
receiving light from two events, namely, the top and bottom of the rocket moving
past imaginary distance signposts that we pretend to exist up and down the z
axis. He sees the top of the rocket lined up with one distance signpost and the
bottom of the rocket lined up with another, and from the difference between the
two signposts he computes the length of the rocket. Of course, the light that
he sees was emitted by the rocket some time in the past, and, moreover, the
light signals from the top and bottom of the rocket that the observer receives
simultaneously at time t were in fact emitted at different proper times τ in the
rocket’s rest frame.
First consider the light received by the observer at time t0 coming from
the bottom of the rocket. Suppose in the observer’s rest frame this light were
emitted at time t0 − ∆t, i.e. ∆t seconds before it reaches the observer at the
origin; then the rocket bottom was passing through z = −c∆t when it emitted
this light. But then the event identified by (z, t) = (−c∆t, t0 − ∆t ) must lie on
the world line of the rocket’s bottom, which from (2) determines both ∆t and
the proper time τ at which the light was emitted:
1/2
−c∆t = γ(−L0 /2 + vτ ) 1+β L0
=⇒ τ= t0 − ≡ τb (t0 ).
t0 − ∆t = γ(τ + βL0 /2c) 1−β 2c
We use the notation τb (t0 ) to indicate that this is the proper time at which the
bottom of the rocket emits the light that arrives at the observer’s origin at the
observer’s time t0 . At this proper time, from (2), the position of the bottom of
the rocket in the observer’s reference frame was
zb (τb (t0 )) = −γL0 /2 + vγτb (t0 )

( 1/2 )
1+β L0
= −γL0 /2 + vγ t0 − (3)
1−β 2c
Similarly, for the top of the rocket we have

1/2
1+β L0
τt (t0 ) = t0 +
1−β 2c
and
( 1/2 )
1+β L0
zt (τt (t0 )) = γL0 /2 + vγ t0 + (4)
1−β 2c
Subtracting (3) from (4), we have the length for the rocket computed by the
observer from his observations at time t0 in his reference frame:
L(t0 ) = γ(1 + β)L0

1/2
1+β
= L0 .
1−β
Problem 7.17
Two particles with rest masses m1 and m2 are observed to move along the observer’s
z axis toward each other with speeds v1 and v2 , respectively. Upon collision they
are observed to coalesce into one particle of rest mass m3 moving with speed v3
relative to the observer. Find m3 and v3 in terms of m1 , m2 , v1 , and v2 . Would it
be possible for the resultant particle to be a photon, that is m3 = 0, if neither m1
nor m2 are zero?
Equating the 3rd and 4th components of the initial and final 4-momentum
of the system yields
γ1 m1 v1 − γ2 m2 v2 = γ3 m3 v3
γ1 m1 c + γ2 m2 c = γ3 m3 c
Solving the second for m3 yields

γ1 γ2
m3 = m1 + m2 (5)
γ3 γ3
and plugging this into the first yields v3 in terms of the properties of particles
1 and 2:
γ1 m1 v1 − γ2 m2 v2
v3 =
γ1 m1 + γ2 m2
Then
v3 γ1 m1 β1 − γ2 m2 β2
β3 = =
c γ1 m1 + γ2 m2
2 2
γ m + 2γ1 γ2 m1 m2 + γ22 m22 − [γ12 m21 β12 + γ22 m22 β22 − 2γ1 γ2 m1 m2 β1 β2 ]
1 − β32 = 1 1
(γ1 m1 + γ2 m2 )2
γ m (1 − β1 ) + γ2 m2 (1 − β22 ) + 2γ1 γ2 m1 m2 (1 − β1 β2 )
2 2 2 2 2
= 1 1
(γ1 m1 + γ2 m2 )2
2 2
m + m2 + 2γ1 γ2 m1 m2 (1 − β1 β2 )
= 1
(γ1 m1 + γ2 m2 )2
and hence
1 (γ1 m1 + γ2 m2 )2
γ32 = 2 = 2 2 . (6)
1 − β3 m1 + m2 + 2γ1 γ2 m1 m2 (1 − β1 β2 )
Now, (5) shows that, for m3 to be zero when either m1 or m2 is zero, we must
have γ3 = ∞. That this condition cannot be met for nonzero m1 , m2 is evident
from the denominator of (6), in which all terms are positive (since β1 β2 < 1 if
m1 or m2 is nonzero).
Problem 7.19
A meson of mass π comes to rest and disintegrates into a meson of mass µ and a
neutrino of zero mass. Show that the kinetic energy of motion of the µ meson (i.e.
without the rest mass energy) is
(π − µ)2 2
c .
2π
Working in the rest frame of the pion, the conservation relations are
πc2 = (µ2 c4 + p2µ c2 )1/2 + pν c (energy conservation)

0 = p µ + pν (momentum conservation).
From the second of these it follows that the muon and neutrino must have the
same momentum, whose magnitude we’ll call p. Then the energy conservation
relation becomes
πc2 = (µ2 c4 + p2 c2 )1/2 + pc

−→ (πc − p)2 = µ2 c2 + p2
π 2 − µ2
−→ p= c.
2π
Then the total energy of the muon is
Eµ = (µ2 c4 + p2 c2 )1/2
1/2
(π 2 − µ2 )2

= c2 µ2 +
4π 2
c2 1/2
= 4π 2 µ2 + (π 2 − µ2 )2
2π
c2 2
= (π + µ2 )
2π
Then subtracting out the rest energy to get the kinetic energy, we obtain
c2 2
K = Eµ − µc2 = (π + µ2 ) − µc2
2π
c2 2
= (π + µ2 − 2πµ)
2π
c2
= (π − µ)2
2π
as advertised.
Problem 7.20
A π + meson of rest mass 139.6 MeV collides with a neutron (rest mass 939.6 MeV)
stationary in the laboratory system to produce a K + meson (rest mass 494 MeV)
and a Λ hyperon (rest mass 1115 MeV). What is the threshold energy for this
reaction in the laboratory system?
We’ll put c = 1 for this problem. The four-momenta of the pion and neutron
before the collision are
pµ,π = (pπ , γπ mπ ), pµ,n = (0, mn )
and the squared magnitude of the initial four-momentum is thus
pµ,T pµT = −|pπ |2 + (γπ mπ + mn )2

= −|pπ |2 + γπ2 m2π + m2n + 2γπ mπ mn
= m2π + m2n + 2γπ mπ mn
= (mπ + mn )2 + 2(γπ − 1)mπ mn (7)
The threshold energy is the energy needed to produce the K and Λ particles
at rest in the COM system. In this case the squared magnitude of the four-
momentum of the final system is just (mK + mΛ )2 , and, by conservation of
momentum, this must be equal to the magnitude of the four-momentum of the
initial system (7):
(mK + mΛ )2 = (mπ + mn )2 + 2(γπ − 1)mπ mn
(mK + mΛ )2 − (mπ + mn )2
=⇒ γπ = 1 + = 6.43
2mπ mn
Then the total energy of the pion is T = γπ mπ = (6.43 · 139.6 MeV) = 898
MeV, while its kinetic energy is K = T − m = 758 MeV.
The above appears to be the correct solution to this problem. On the other
hand, I first tried to do it a different way, as below. This way yields a different
and hence presumably incorrect answer, but I can’t figure out why. Can anyone
find the mistake?
The K and Λ particles must have, between them, the same total momentum
in the direction of the original pion’s momentum as the original pion had. Of
course, the K and Λ may also have momentum in directions transverse to the
original pion momentum (if so, their transverse momenta must be equal and
opposite). But any transverse momentum just increases the energy of the final
system, which increases the energy the initial system must have had to produce
the final system. Hence the minimum energy situation is that in which the K and
Λ both travel in the direction of the original pion’s motion. (This is equivalent
to Goldstein’s conclusion that, just at threshold, the produced particles are at
rest in the COM system). Then the momentum conservation relation becomes
simply
pπ = p K + p λ (8)
and the energy conservation relation is (with c = 1)
(m2π + p2π )1/2 + mn = (m2K + p2K )1/2 + (m2Λ + p2Λ )1/2 . (9)
The problem is to find the minimum value of pπ that satisfies (9) subject to the
constraint (8).
To solve this we must first resolve a subquestion: for a given pπ , what is the
relative allocation of momentum to pK and pΛ that minimizes (9) ? Minimizing
Ef = (m2K + p2K )1/2 + (m2Λ + p2Λ )1/2 .
subject to pK + pΛ = pπ , we obtain the condition

pK pΛ mK
= =⇒ pK = pΛ (10)
(m2K + p2K )1/2 (m2Λ + p2Λ )1/2 mΛ
Combining this with (8) yields

mΛ mK
pΛ = pπ pK = pπ . (11)
mK + m Λ mK + m Λ
For a given total momentum pπ , the minimum possible energy the final system
can have is realized when pπ is partitioned between pK and pΛ according to
(11). Plugging into (8), the relation defining the threshold momentum is
2 !1/2 2 !1/2
mK mΛ
(m2π + p2π )1/2 + mn = m2K + p2π + m2Λ + p2π
mK + m Λ mK + m Λ
Solving numerically yields pπ ≈ 655 MeV/c, for a total pion energy of about
670 MeV.
Problem 7.21
A photon may be described classically as a particle of zero mass possessing never-

theless a momentum h/λ = hν/c, and therefore a kinetic energy hν. If the photon
collides with an electron of mass m at rest it will be scattered at some angle θ with
a new energy hν ′ . Show that the change in energy is related to the scattering angle
by the formula
θ
λ′ − λ = 2λc sin2 ,
2
where λc = h/mc, known as the Compton wavelength. Show also that the kinetic
energy of the recoil motion of the electron is
2 λλc sin2 θ2

T = hν .
1 + 2 λλc sin2 θ/2

Let’s assume the photon is initially travelling along the z axis. Then the sum
of the initial photon and electron four-momenta is
     
0 0 0
 0   0   0 
 h/λ  +  0  = 
pµ,i = pµ,γ + pµ,e =      . (12)
h/λ 
h/λ mc mc + h/λ
Without loss of generality we may assume that the photon and electron move
in the xz plane after the scatter. If the photon’s velocity makes an angle θ with
the z axis, while the electron’s velocity makes an angle φ, the four-momentum
after the collision is
(h/λ′ ) sin θ + pe sin φ
     
(h/λ′ ) sin θ pe sin φ
 0   0   0 
pµ,f = pµ,γ + pµ,e =   (h/λ′ ) cos θ  + 
  = ′
.
p ep cos φ   (h/λ ) cos
p + pe cos φ
θ 
′ 2 2 2 ′
h/λ m c + pe (h/λ ) + m2 c2 + p2e
(13)
Equating (12) and (13) yields three separate equations:
(h/λ′ ) sin θ + pe sin φ = 0 (14)

′
(h/λ ) cos θ + pe cos φ = h/λ (15)
p
h/λ′ + m2 c2 + p2e = mc + h/λ (16)
From the first of these we find

" 2 #1/2
h h 2
sin φ = − ′ sin θ =⇒ cos φ = 1 + sin θ
λ pe λ′ pe
and plugging this into (15) we find
h2 h2 h2
p2e = + − 2 cos θ. (17)
λ2 λ′2 λλ′
On the other hand, we can solve (16) to obtain
2
1 1 1 1
p2e = h2 − + 2mch − .
λ λ′ λ λ′
Comparing these two determinations of pe yields

mc ′
cos θ = 1 − (λ − λ)
h
or
θ mc ′ 1
sin2 = (λ − λ) = (λ′ − λ)
2 2h 2λc
so this is advertised result number 1.
Next, to find the kinetic energy of the electron after the collision, we can
write the conservation of energy equation in a slightly different form:
h h
= γmc + ′
mc +
λ λ
1 1
=⇒ (γ − 1)mc = K = h −
λ λ′
′
λ −λ
=h
λλ′
2λc sin2 (θ/2)

=h
λ[λ + 2λc sin2 (θ/2)]
2χ sin2 (θ/2)

h
=
λ 1 + 2χ sin2 (θ/2)
where we put χ = λc /λ.
Problem 7.22
A photon of energy E collides at angle θ with another photon of energy E. Prove

that the minimum value of E permitting formation of a pair of particles of mass m
is
2m2 c4
Eth = .
E(1 − cos θ)
We’ll suppose the photon of energy E is traveling along the positive z axis,
while that with energy E is traveling in the xz plane (i.e., its velocity has
spherical polar angles θ and φ = 0). Then the 4-momenta are

E E
p1 = 0, 0, ,
c c

E E E
p2 = sin θ, 0, cos θ,
c c c

E E + E cos θ E + E
pt = p 1 + p 2 = sin θ, 0, ,
c c c
It’s convenient to rotate our reference frame to one in which the space portion
of the composite four-momentum of the two photons is all along the z direction.
In this frame the total four-momentum is

′ 1p 2 2
E+E
pt = 0, 0, E + E + 2EE cos θ, . (18)
c c
At threshold energy, the two produced particles have the same four-momenta:

p3 = p4 = 0, 0, p, (m2c2 + p2 )1/2 (19)
and 4-momentum conservation requires that twice (19) add up to (18), which
yields two conditions:
1
√ 1
2p = c E 2 + E 2 + 2EE cos θ −→ p 2 c2 = 4 (E
2
+ E 2 + 2EE cos θ)
p E+E 1
2 m 2 c2 + p 2 = c −→ m2 c4 + p2 c2 = 4 (E
2
+ E 2 + 2EE)
Subtracting the first of these from the second, we obtain

EE
m 2 c4 = (1 − cos θ)
2
or
2m2 c4
E=
E(1 − cos θ)
as advertised.
Homer Reid
October 29, 2002
Chapter 9
Problem 9.1
One of the attempts at combining the two sets of Hamilton’s equations into one
tries to take q and p as forming a complex quantity. Show directly from Hamilton’s
equations of motion that for a system of one degree of freedom the transformation
Q = q + ip, P = Q∗
is not canonical if the Hamiltonian is left unaltered. Can you find another set of
coordinates Q′ , P ′ that are related to Q, P by a change of scale only, and that are
canonical?
Generalizing a little, we put
Q = µ(q + ip), P = ν(q − ip). (1)
The reverse transformation is

1 1 1 1 1 1
q= Q+ P , p= Q− P .
2 µ ν 2i µ ν
The direct conditions for canonicality, valid in cases (like this one) in which the
1
transformation equations do not depend on the time explicitly, are

∂Q ∂p
=
∂q ∂P
∂Q ∂q
=−
∂p ∂P
(2)
∂P ∂p
=−
∂q ∂Q
∂P ∂q
= .
∂p ∂Q
When applied to the case at hand, all four of these yield the same condition,
namely
1
µ=− .
2iν
For µ = ν = 1, which is the case Goldstein gives, these conditions are clearly
1
not satisfied, so (1) is not canonical. But putting µ = 1, ν = − 2i we see that
equations (1) are canonical.
Problem 9.2
(a) For a one-dimensional system with the Hamiltonian
p2 1
H= − 2,
2 2q
show that there is a constant of the motion
pq
D= − Ht.
2
(b) As a generalization of part (a), for motion in a plane with the Hamiltonian
H = |p|n − ar−n ,
where p is the vector of the momenta conjugate to the Cartesian coordinates,

show that there is a constant of the motion
p·r
D= − Ht.
n
(c) The transformation Q = λq, p = λP is obviously canonical. However, the same

transformation with t time dilatation, Q = λq, p = λP, t′ = λ2 t, is not. Show
that, however, the equations of motion for q and p for the Hamiltonian in part
(a) are invariant under the transformation. The constant of the motion D is
said to be associated with this invariance.
(a) The equation of motion for the quantity D is

dD ∂D
= {D, H} +
dT ∂t
The Poisson bracket of the second term in D clearly vanishes, so we have
1
= {pq, H} − H
2
1 2 1 1
= pq, p − pq, 2 − H. (3)
4 4 q
The first Poisson bracket is
∂(pq) ∂(p2 ) ∂(pq) ∂(p2 )
pq, p2 =

−
∂q ∂p ∂p ∂q
= (p)(2p) − 0
= 2p2 (4)
Next,

1 1

1

∂(pq) ∂ q 2 ∂(pq) ∂ q2
pq, 2 = −
q ∂q ∂p ∂p ∂q

2
=0− − 3 q
q
2
= 2 (5)
q
Plugging (4) and (5) into (3), we obtain
dD p2 1
= − 2 −H
dt 2 2q
= 0.
(b) We have
H = (p21 + p22 + p23 )n/2 − a(x21 + x22 + x23 )−n/2
so
∂H
= anxi (x21 + x22 + x23 )−n/2−1
∂xi
∂H
= 2npi (p21 + p22 + p23 )n/2−1 .
∂pi
Then
X ∂(p1 x1 + p2 x2 + p3 x3 ) ∂H ∂(p1 x1 + p2 x2 + p3 x3 ) ∂H

{p · r, H} = −
i
∂x i ∂p i ∂pi ∂xi
Xn o
= np2i (p21 + p22 + p23 )n/2−1 − anx2i (x21 + x22 + x23 )−n/2−1
i
= n(p21 + p22 + p23 )n/2 − an(x21 + x22 + x23 )−n/2 (6)
so if we define D = p · r/n − Ht, then
dD ∂D
= {D, H} −
dT ∂t
1 ∂D
= {p · r, H} −
n ∂t
Substituting in from (6),
= |p|n − ar−n − H
= 0.
(c) We put
t′ t′

1
Q(t′ ) = λq , P (t′ ) = p . (7)
λ2 λ λ2
Since q and p are the original canonical coordinates, they satisfy
∂H
q̇ = =p
∂p
(8)
∂H 1
ṗ = − = 3.
∂q q
On the other hand, differentiating (7), we have

′
dQ 1 t
= q̇
dt ′ λ λ2
′
1 t
= p
λ λ2
= P (t′ )
′
dP 1 t
= 3 ṗ
dt ′ λ λ2
1 1
= 3
λ q λt2
′
1
= 3 ′
Q (t )
which are the same equations of motion as (8).
Problem 9.4
Show directly that the transformation

1
Q = log sin p , P = q cot p
p
is canonical.
The Jacobian of the transformation is

!
∂Q ∂Q
∂q ∂p
M= ∂P ∂P
∂q ∂p
− q1

cot p
= .
cot p −q csc2 p
Hence
− 1q − 1q

cot p cot p 0 1
M̃JM =
cot p −q csc2 p cot p −q csc2 p −1 0
− q1 cot p −q csc2 p

cot p
= 1
cot p −q csc2 p q − cot p
2 2

0 csc p − cot p
=
cot2 p − csc2 p 0

0 1
=
−1 0
=J
so the symplectic condition is satisfied.
Problem 9.5
Show directly for a system of one degree of freedom that the transformation
αq 2 p2

αq
Q = arctan , P = 1+ 2 2
p 2 α q
is canonical, where α is an arbitrary constant of suitable dimensions.
The Jacobian of the transformation is

 
∂Q ∂Q
∂q ∂p
M= 
∂P ∂P
∂q ∂p
 
α 1 αq 1
p 2 − p2 2
1+( αq
p ) 1+( αq
p )
= .
p
αq α
so
 
α 1

αq p
p αq 2 αq
M̃JM = 
 1+( p ) 
αq
α 
αq p
 α 1 1
− 1 − p αq 2 + p2 αq 2
p2 1+( αq
) 2 α 1+( p ) 1+( p )
p
 
0 1
= 
−1 0
=J

Problem 9.6
The transformation equations between two sets of coordinates are
Q = log(1 + q 1/2 cos p)

P = 2(1 + q 1/2 cos p)q 1/2 sin p
(a) Show directly from these transformation equations that Q, P are canonical
variables if q and p are.
(b) Show that the function that generates this transformation is
F3 = −(eQ − 1)2 tan p.
(a) The Jacobian of the transformation is

 
∂Q ∂Q
∂q ∂p
M= 
∂P ∂P
∂q ∂p
 1/2

1 q−1/2 cos p q sin p

2 1+q1/2 cos p
− 1+q 1/2 cos p
= 
q −1/2 sin p + 2 cos p sin p 2q 1/2 cos p + 2q cos2 p − 2q sin2 p
 
q1/2 sin p
1
q−1/2 cos p
2 1+q 1/2 cos p
− 1+q 1/2 cos p
= .
q −1/2 sin p + sin 2p 2q 1/2 cos p + 2q cos 2p
Hence we have
 
1 q−1/2 cos p

2 1+q1/2 cos p
q −1/2 sin p + sin 2p
M̃JM =  
q1/2 sin p
− 1+q 1/2 cos p 2q 1/2 cos p + 2q cos 2p
 
q −1/2 sin p + sin 2p 2q 1/2 cos p + 2q cos 2p
× 
q1/2 sin p
q−1/2 cos p
− 12 1+q 1/2 cos p 1+q1/2 cos p
 
cos2 p+sin2 p+q1/2 cos p cos 2p+q 1/2 sin p sin 2p
0 1+q1/2 cos p
= 2

p+sin2 p+q1/2 cos p cos 2p+q 1/2 sin p sin 2p
− cos 1+q1/2 cos p
0
 
0 1
= 
−1 0
=J

(b) For an F3 function the relevant relations are q = −∂F/∂p, P = −∂F/∂Q.

We have
F3 (p, Q) = −(eQ − 1)2 tan p
so
∂F3
P =− = 2eQ (eQ − 1) tan p
∂Q
∂F3
q=− = (eQ − 1)2 sec2 p.
∂p
The second of these may be solved to yield Q in terms of q and p:
Q = log(1 + q 1/2 cos p)
and then we may plug this back into the equation for P to obtain
P = 2q 1/2 sin p + q sin 2p
as advertised.
Problem 9.7
(a) If each of the four types of generating functions exist for a given canonical
transformation, use the Legendre transformation to derive relations between
them.
(b) Find a generating function of the F4 type for the identity transformation and
of the F3 type for the exchange transformation.
(c) For an orthogonal point transformation of q in a system of n degrees of freedom,
show that the new momenta are likewise given by the orthogonal transforma-
tion of an n−dimensional vector whose components are the old momenta plus
a gradient in configuration space.
Problem 9.8
Prove directly that the transformation
Q 1 = q1 , P1 = p1 − 2p2
Q2 = p2 , P2 = −2q1 − q2
is canonical and find a generating function.
After a little hacking I came up with the generating function

F13 (p1 , Q1 , q2 , Q2 ) = −(p1 − 2Q2 )Q1 + q2 Q2
which is of mixed F3 , F1 type. This is Legendre-transformed into a function of

the F1 type according to
F1 (q1 , Q1 , q2 , Q2 ) = F13 + p1 q1 .
The least action principle then says

∂F13 ∂F13
p1 q̇1 + p2 q̇2 − H(qi , pi ) = P1 Q̇1 + P2 Q̇2 − K(Qi , Pi ) + ṗ1 + Q̇1
∂p1 ∂Q1
∂F13 ∂F13
+ q̇2 + Q̇2 + p1 q̇1 + q1 ṗ1
∂q2 ∂Q2
whence clearly
∂F13
q1 = − = Q1 X
∂p1
∂F13
P1 = − = −p1 − 2Q2
∂Q1
= −p1 − 2p2 X
∂F13
p2 = = Q2 X
∂q2
∂F13
P2 = − = −2Q1 − q2 = −2q1 − q2 X.
∂Q2
Problem 9.14
By any method you choose show that the following transformation is canonical:
1 p α p
x= ( 2P1 sin Q1 + P2 ), px = ( 2P1 cos Q1 − Q2 )
α 2
1 p α p
y = ( 2P1 cos Q1 + Q2 ), py = − ( 2P1 sin Q1 − P2 )
α 2
where α is some fixed parameter.
Apply this transformation to the problem of a particle of charge q moving in a plane
that is perpendicular to a constant magnetic field B. Express the Hamiltonian for
this problem in the (Qi , Pi ) coordinates, letting the parameter α take the form
qB
α2 = .
c
From this Hamiltonian obtain the motion of the particle as a function of time.
We will prove that the transformation is canonical by finding a generating

function. Our first step to this end will be to express everything as a function
of some set of four variables of which two are old variables and two are new.
After some hacking, I arrived at the set {x, Q1 , py , Q2 }. In terms of this set, the
remaining quantities are

1 1 1
y= x − 2 py cot Q1 + Q2 (9)
2 α α
2
α 1 α
px = x − py cot Q1 − Q2 (10)
4 2 2
2 2
α x 1 1
P1 = − xpy + 2 p2y csc2 Q1 (11)
8 2 2α
α 1
P2 = x + py (12)
2 α
We now seek a generating function of the form F (x, Q1 , py , Q2 ). This is of mixed
type, but can be related to a generating function of pure F1 character according
to
F1 (x, Q1 , y, Q2 ) = F (x, Q1 , py , Q2 ) − ypy .
Then the principle of least action leads to the condition
∂F ∂F ∂F ∂F
px ẋ + py ẏ = P1 Q̇1 + P2 Q̇2 + ẋ + ṗy + Q̇1 + Q̇2 + y ṗy + py ẏ
∂x ∂py ∂Q1 ∂Q2
from which we obtain

∂F
px = (13)
∂x
∂F
y=− (14)
∂py
∂F
P1 = − (15)
∂Q1
∂F
P2 = − . (16)
∂Q2
Doing the easiest first, comparing (12) and (16) we see that F must have
the form
α 1
F (x, Q1 , py , Q2 ) = − xQ2 − py Q2 + g(x, Q1 , py ). (17)
2 α
Plugging this in to (14) and comparing with (14) we find

1 1 2
g(x, Q1 , py ) = − xpy + 2 py cot Q1 + ψ(x, Q1 ). (18)
2 2α
Plugging (17) and (18) into (13) and comparing with (10), we see that
∂ψ α2
= x cot Q1
∂x 4
or
α2 x2
ψ(x, Q1 ) = cot Q1 . (19)
8
Finally, combining (19), (18), (17), and (15) and comparing with (11) we see
that we may simply take φ(Q1 ) ≡ 0. The final form of the generating function
is then
2 2
α 1 α x 1 1 2
F (x, Q1 , py , Q2 ) = − x + py Q 2 + − xpy + 2 py cot Q1
2 α 8 2 2α
and its existence proves the canonicality of the transformation.
Turning now to the solution of the problem, we take the B field in the z
direction, i.e. B = B0 k̂, and put
B0
A= − y î + x ĵ .
2
Then the Hamiltonian is
1 q 2
H(x, y, px , py ) = p− A
2m " c
2 2 #
1 qB0 qB0
= px + y + py − x
2m 2c 2c
" 2 2 #
1 α2 α2
= px + y + py − x
2m 2 2
where we put α2 = qB/c. In terms of the new variables, this is

2
1 p 2 p
H(Q1 , Q2 , P1 , P2 ) = α 2P1 cos Q1 + α 2P1 sin Q1
2m
α2
= P1
m
= ωc P1
where ωc = qB/mc is the cyclotron frequency. From the Hamiltonian equations

of motion applied to this Hamiltonian we see that Q2 , P1 , and P2 are all constant,
while the equation of motion for Q1 is
∂H
Q̇1 = = ωc −→ Q1 = ωc t + φ
∂P1
√
for some phase φ. Putting r = 2P1 /α, x0 = P2 /α, y0 = Q2 /α we then have
mωc
x = r(sin ωc t + φ) + x0 , px = [r cos(ωc t + φ) − y0 ]
2
mωc
y = r(cos ωc t + φ) + y0 , py = [r sin(ωc t + φ) + x0 ]
2
in agreement with the standard solution to the problem.
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✁☎☞✍✌✎✞✏✁✒✑✔✓✕✁✗✖✘✄☛✙✛✚✜✌✢✠✝☞✤✣✥✁✗✄☛✦✍✌✧✞✏✙✛✠✝☞✩★
✪✬✫✮✭✰✯✛✯✛✱✳✲✴✭✟✫✶✵ ✷✸✲✺✹✻✭✂✼✽✱✳✲✺✯ ★✾✂✙✸✿✸✁✗☞✘✦❁❀✔✦✍✠❂✞✡✠☛✁✗☞
❃ ❄❆❅✶❇❉❈✟❊✾❇❉❋❍●
✍
■✘❏▲❑❆❏▲▼✮◆P❖❘◗✏❙❯❚✳◗❱◗❱❲
❳❩❨❭❬✽❪❴❫❛❵✻❜❞❝✻❡
❢✬❣✐❤✰❥✻❦☛❧♥♠ ♦♥♣✍q❂r
s✉t❉✈①✇❉②✍③❂④⑤②⑦⑥⑤⑧❂t⑩⑨❶✈①②✮❷❸t❺❹❛③❂④⑤②✻❷❻t❺③❽❼❾t⑩❿➀t⑩❹❛➁➂⑥❆t⑩❼❾❿➃③✾⑥⑤⑧❂t❺➄➅②➇➆✝③❽❼❾✈❾②✻❼①❿➀➁➈✇❉②➉⑧❽③❽❼➊➆➉➁❺✈✺⑥❶✈❾➁⑩❿⑤②⑩➋➍➌❶➎❽❼①❿❶➏
③❽④❶②➑➐➒➁❺❷❻❼❾✈➓③❂t⑩❿❘➔➣→❉➁❉➆☛t❉⑨⑤❼✛❷❻②➉③❽④⑤t❘↔✧↕➛➙✏❼①❿❶↔✶⑨❆t❺③❽④✶③❽④❶②✻②✮➜➃➌❶➁➝③❂❼①t❉❿✩t⑩❹➞③❽④⑤②➑③❂⑧❂➁❺➄➅②✮➆☛③❽t⑩⑧❂➟➈➁❺❿❶↔➠③❽④⑤②
↔❘②✮⑥✳②✮❿❶↔❘②➉❿✳➆☛②➡t⑩❹▲③❽④⑤②✰➆☛t✉t⑩⑧➢↔❘❼❾❿❶➁➝③❂②✮➎✺t❉❿➑③❽❼❾❷✰②❉➋✧➁⑩➎❂➎➤➌⑤❷❻❼❾❿⑤➏❻③❽④❶②➡⑥⑤⑧❂t❺➄➅②➇➆✝③❽❼❾✈❾②☎❼❾➎➞➥❶⑧❂②✮↔➑t❺➦➈➁➝③♥③❽❼❾❷✰②
➧✴➨➀➩ ❹➫⑧❽t❉❷➭③❽④⑤②❛t❉⑧❽❼❾➏⑩❼❾❿✾➯✺❼①③❽④✍③❽④⑤②❛✇❉②➉✈❾t✉➆➉❼➓③➅➟✂➲➝➳➃➵✉❷✂➁❺➸✉❼①❿❶➏✰➁⑩❿✘➁⑩❿⑤➏⑩✈❾②➻➺➂➯✺❼①③❽④✍③❽④❶②✗④⑤t⑩⑧❂❼①➼✮t⑩❿➃③❂➁⑩✈➽↕
➾ ④⑤②☎➐♥➁⑩❷❻❼①✈①③❽t❉❿⑤❼❾➁⑩❿✍❼➊➎
➹➘ ➬ ➴➝➪❆➷✃
➚ ➨➶➴➝➪✳➷➮ ➹➱ ➬ ➷✍❐➃❒
➎❽t❮③❂④⑤②☎➐♥➁⑩❷❻❼①✈①③❽t❉❿❘➔❰→➃➁⑩➆➉t⑩⑨⑤❼❱②➇➜❉➌✳➁➝③❽❼❾t⑩❿✘⑨❆②✮➆☛t❉❷❻②✮➎
Ï Ï
➴➝➷✒Ð❯Ñ❱Ò ➬ ➴❺➷ÕÐ✴Ñ✧Ò❒ ➹ ➬ ➷✍❐➃❒ ➬ÖÑ✧Ò ➧ ➨×➩❶Ø
➹ Ù Ï➇Ú
Û ②☎➎➤②✮②➉➸✾➁❻➎❽t⑩✈❾➌❘③❽❼❾t⑩❿✘t❺❹✏③❽④⑤Ñ❆②❛Ó➞❹➫Ô t❉⑧❽❷ Ñ Ô Ñ
Ù ➵➅Ü▲➵ ❒ ➵❽Ý✂➵ ➧ Ú ➨ Ü ➬✶Þ Ù ❒ ➵❽Ý Ú✏ß Ý ➧ Ù ➴⑩Ú
Ò Ó Ó
➯✺④⑤②✮⑧❽②✛Ü✾➁❺❿❶↔✰Ý❴➁❺⑧❂②❯③❂t➻⑨❆②➍③❽④❶② Ù ➆☛t❉❿❶➎➅③➢➁❺❿➃③ Ú ③❂⑧❂➁⑩❿❶➎➅❹➫t❉⑧❽❷❻②➇↔☎❷❻t⑩❷❻②➉❿➃③➢➁⑤↕ Û ❼➓③❂④❮③❂④⑤❼➊➎✐➁❺❿❶➎❂➁➝③❂➼
❹➫t⑩⑧ ➵ Ù ÏàÚ ⑨❆②✮➆➉t⑩❷❻②✮➎
Ò Ü➹ Ï
➴❺➷á ➬ ➴➝➷ÕÐ Ñ Þ❒ ➹ ➬ ➷✍❐➃❒ ➨ Ý
t⑩⑧ Ñ Ô
Ñ Þ❒ ➨Öâ ➴➝➷ Ý ß Ü ➹ ß➈➴➝➷ ➹ ❐✉❒ Ø
Ñ
Ï
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸☎✺ ➴
✻ ❿➃③❽②✮➏⑩⑧➢➁➝③❽❼❾❿⑤➏✳➋
✶➱ ✾
Þ Ù ❒⑤Ú ➨✽✼ ❀❒ ✿ â ➴❺➷ Ý ß Ü ➹ ß➈➴➝➷ ➹ ❐✉❒ ✿
➨ ß ❁⑩➷ Ï ❃ ❐➹ ❂ ➴➝➷ Ý ß Ü ➹ ß➂➴❺➷ ➹ ❐➃❒✥❄☎❅❇❆ ➹ Ø
➾ ④⑤②✮❿➑➐➒➁❺❷❻❼❾✈➓③❂t⑩❉❿ ❈ ➎➍⑥⑤⑧❂❼①❿❶➆➉❼①⑥✳➁❺✈❱❹➫➌⑤❿❶➆☛③❽❼❾t⑩❿ Ù ➴❉Ú ❼❾➎
➨ Ü ß ❁❺➷ Ï ❋ ➴❺➷ Ý ß Ü ➹ ß➈➴➝➷ ➹ ❐✉❒✥● ❅❇❆ ➹ ß Ý ➧✝Ø
Ò Ó ➹❐ ❊
➾ ④⑤② Ù ➆➉t⑩❿❶➎➤③❂➁⑩❿➃③ Ú ③❽⑧➢➁❺❿❶➎➤❹➫t⑩⑧❂❷❻②✮↔✍➆☛t✉t⑩⑧➢↔❘❼❾❿❶➁➝③❂②✮➎➍➆☛t❉❿➝➄➅➌⑤➏❉➁❺③❽②➒③❽t✰③❽④❶②☎➆☛t⑩❿✳➎➅③➢➁❺❿➃③✛③❂⑧❂➁⑩❿❶➎➤❹➫t⑩⑧❂❷✰②➇↔
❷❻t⑩❷❻②➉❿➃③➢➁✰Ý➭➁⑩❿❶↔✟ÜP➁⑩⑧❽②
❍❏■ ➨ Ñ✧Ý Ò
➨ ßÑ ✍ Ï ➴➝➷ Ý ß Ü ß➈➴➝➷ ❐✉❑❒ ❄ ■ ❆ ß ➧ Ù ❁❉Ú
➷ ❐❃❂ ➹ ➹ ➹
❍ ➨ Ñ✧ÒÜ
➹ Ñ Ü ■
➨ ➬ ➷ ▲ ❺
➴ ➷ Ý ß Ü ➹ ➈
ß ➝
➴ ➷ ✉
❐
➹ ❆➹ ❒
✥ ❄ Ù✬▼ Ú
Ó ➹❐ ❂
➾ ➌⑤⑧❽❿❶❼①❿⑤➏➍③❂④⑤②✮➎❽②❯❼❾❿❶➎❽❼❾↔⑤②✴t⑩➌❘③ ③❽t➞t❉⑨❘③❂➁⑩❼①❿ ➁❺❿❶↔ ❒ ➁⑩➎❱❹➫➌❶❿❶➆✝③❂❼①t❉❿❶➎ t⑩❹✉③❽❼❾❷✰②✛➁❺❿❶↔➻③❂④⑤②✛➆➉t⑩❿❶➎➤③❂➁⑩❿❉③➢➎➉➋
➯✸②➒➥✳❿❶↔ Ó
❒ ➨ ➷✍Ý ❐ ß ➴❺➷ Ü ➹ ❐ ß ❐➴ Ù➫➧ ➬ ❍ ■ Ú ➹
➹
➨ ❍ ➬ ➷ Ü Ù➫➧ ➬ ❍❏■ Ú
Ó ➹
➙✏❼①❿✳➁❺✈❾✈①➟❉➋❶❹➫⑧❂t⑩❷ ③❽④❶②❮➏❉❼①✇❉②➉❿✻❼❾❿⑤❼➓③❂❼❾➁⑩✈✏➆➉t⑩❿❶↔⑤❼➓③❂❼①t❉❿❶➎♥➯✸②☎t❉⑨❘③❂➁⑩❼①❿✻③❂④⑤②☎❹➫t❉✈①✈❾t➝➯✺❼❾❿⑤➏✟②✮➜➃➌❶➁❺③❽❼❾t⑩❿❶➎♥❹➫t⑩⑧
③❽④❶②☎➆☛t⑩❿✳➎➅③➢➁❺❿➃③❂➎➍Ý✂➵➤Ü✏◆➵ ❍❖■à◆➵ ❍
➹ P
◗
Ý Ü
❉➨ ❘ ➷✍❐ ß ➴❺➷ ➹ ❐ ß ❐ ➴ ■➹ ➨✔➩
❒ Ù➫➧✴➨✔➩ Ú ➨×➩ ❍
➹
Ù➫➧❯➨✔➩ Ú ➨×➩ ❉➨ ❘ ❍ ➬ ➷ Ü ❍❖■ ➨✔➩
Ó❒ ❙ Ù➫➧✴➨✔➩ Ú ➨ ➲➝➳✡➎➤❼❾❿➞➺ ❉➨ ❘ ßP➹ ❐ ❍❖■ ➨ ➲➝➳ ➎❽❼①❿➞➺
❙ Ù➫➧✴➨✔➩ Ú ➨ ➲➝➳✡➆☛t❉➎❶➺ ➨❉❘ ➷ Ü ➨ ➲➝➳ ➆☛t➃➎⑤➺
Ó
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸☎✺ ❁
➯✸②➻t❉⑨❘③❂➁⑩❼①❿
Ü ➨ ➷ ➝➲ ➳✡➆➉t❉➎⑤➺
❍❏■ ➨ ß ➲ ❐ ➳ ❽➎ ❼❾❿➞➺
❍ ➨ ➲ ❐ ➳ ➹ ➆➉t❉➎⑤➺❮➎➤❼❾❿➞➺
➹
Ý ➨ ➷ ➴ ➲ ➳➹
➁❺❿✳↔✟③❂④⑤②☎➎➤t❉✈①➌⑤③❽❼❾t⑩❿❶➎✸❹➫t❉⑧ ➫Ù ➧ Ú ➁❺❿❶↔ ❒ Ù➫➧ Ú ⑨❆②✮➆☛t❉❷❻②
Ó
❒ Ù ➧ Ú ➨ ➲➝➳✏➎➤❼❾❿✺➺ ➧ ß ❐ ➴ ➧ ➹
Ù ➧ Ú ➨ ➲➝➳✏➆☛t➃➎⑤➺ ➧✝Ø
Ó
❢✬❣✐❤✰❥✻❦☛❧♥♠ ♦♥♣✍q✁
✂ ➆➢④❶➁⑩⑧❽➏❉②✮↔❮⑥❶➁❺⑧❽③❽❼➊➆☛✈❾②✺❼❾➎❯➆☛t⑩❿✳➎➅③❂⑧❂➁⑩❼①❿⑤②➇↔❮③❽t✗❷❻t➝✇⑩②➍❼❾❿✟➁❛⑥⑤✈❾➁⑩❿⑤②✺➌⑤❿❶↔⑤②➉⑧✴③❂④⑤②✺❼❾☎ ❿ ✄❶➌⑤②✮❿❶➆☛②➞t⑩❹✕➁✗➆☛②➉❿➃③❂⑧❂➁⑩✈
❹➫t⑩⑧➢➆☛②✂⑥❆t❺③❂②➉❿➃③❽❼➊➁❺✈ Ù ❿⑤t❉❿⑤②➉✈❾②✮➆☛③❽⑧❂t⑩❷✂➁❺➏❉❿⑤②☛③❂❼❾➆ Ú✝✆ ➨ ■ ✞☎✟ ➹ ➵▲➁❺❿❶↔➈➁⑦➆➉t⑩❿❶➎➤③❂➁⑩❿➃③☎❷❻➁⑩➏⑩❿⑤②➉③❽❼➊➆❻➥❶②✮✈❾↔✡✠
⑥❆②➉⑧❂⑥✳②✮❿❶↔❘❼➊➆☛➌⑤✈➊➁❺⑧➍③❂t❮③❂④⑤②✗⑥⑤✈➊➁❺❿⑤②❉➋❶➎❽t❮③❂④❶➁➝③ ➹
☛ ➨
Ï
➴ ✠✌☞✎✍ Ø
s✉②➉③✴➌⑤⑥✰③❽④⑤②➞➐➒➁❺❷❻❼①✈①③❽t❉❿❘➔➣→❉➁❉➆☛t⑩⑨❶❼❘②✮➜➃➌❶➁➝③❂❼①t❉❿➡❹➫t❉⑧✴➐♥➁⑩❷✰❼❾✈①③❽t⑩❿ ❈ ➎✴➆➢④✳➁❺⑧➢➁⑩➆✝③❂②➉⑧❂❼❾➎➤③❽❼➊➆❯❹➫➌⑤❿❶➆✝③❂❼①t❉❿✂❼①❿❻⑥⑤✈➊➁❺❿❶②
⑥❆t⑩✈➊➁❺⑧✛➆➉t✉t⑩⑧➢↔❘❼①❿✳➁➝③❽②➇➎➉↕▲s✉②➉⑥✳➁❺⑧➢➁➝③❽②♥③❽④⑤②➒②✮➜➃➌❶➁❺③❽❼❾t⑩❿✾➁⑩❿❶↔✂⑧❂②✮↔❘➌❶➆➉②➞❼①③✛③❂t❮➜➃➌❶➁⑩↔⑤⑧❂➁❺③❽➌⑤⑧❂②✮➎✮✑↕ ✏➒❼❾➎❂➆☛➌✳➎❽➎❯③❽④⑤②
❷❻t❺③❂❼①t❉❿✍❼①❹✡③❂④⑤②☎➆➉➁⑩❿⑤t⑩❿❶❼❾➆✮➁❺✈❱❷❻t⑩❷❻②➉❿➃③❽➌❶❷ ➪✓✒ ❼➊➎✺➼✮②➉⑧❂t✰➁❺③✺③❽❼❾❷✰② ➧✴➨➀➩ ↕
✻ ➏⑩t❺③✏➁➍✈①❼①③➤③❂✈①②❯➆➉t⑩❿❘❹➫➌✳➎➤②➇↔❛t⑩❿➻③❽④⑤②❯❼①❿➃③❽⑧❂t❘↔❘➌❶➆☛③❽❼❾t⑩❿✗t❺❹➃③❽④❶②❯⑥❆t⑩✈➊➁❺⑧✕➆☛t✉t❉⑧❂↔❘❼❾❿❶➁❺③❽②✮➎✕❼①❿❛③❂④⑤❼❾➎ ⑥⑤⑧❂t⑩⑨⑤✈❾②➉❷
➁❺❿✳↔✟❹➫t❉➌⑤❿❶↔✘❼➓③➞➌✳➎➤②➉❹➫➌⑤✈✧③❽t✟➎➤③❂➁⑩⑧➤③✺➯✺❼①③❽④✘③❽④❶②✝✔ ➁❺➏❉⑧❂➁⑩❿⑤➏⑩❼➊➁❺❿✾❼①❿✖✸✕ ➁❺⑧❽③❽②➇➎➤❼➊➁❺❿➑➆☛t✉t⑩⑧➢↔❘❼❾❿❶➁➝③❂②✮➎
➷ Ù ❙ ❒ ❙ Ú Ù✜✛ ☛ Ú▲ß ✞ Ù P
✗ ➨
➴ Ó ➹✛➬ ➹ ✙ ➬ ✘✚ ✢✤✣ ➴ Ó ➹✛➬ ➹ ❒ Ú
✻ ❿❶➎❽②➉⑧❽③❽❼❾❿⑤➏✰③❽④⑤②✗✇❉②✮➆☛③❽t⑩⑧➍⑥❆t❺③❂②➉❿➃③❽❼➊➁❺✈ ☛ ➨ ■ ✥ Ù ß✺✜❒ ✦✧ ➬ ✦★ Ú ➵
➹ Ó
➷
➨ ➴ Ù ❙ ➹✛➬ ❒ ❙ ➹ Ú ➬✙✘ ➴ ✚ Ù ❒✰❙ ß ☛❒ ❙ Ú▲ß ✞➴ Ù ➹➍➬ ❒ ➹ Ú Ø
✥
Ó Ó Ó Ó
✩ t➝➯ ➯✛②❛➏❉t✰t➝✇❉②➉⑧✸③❽t❻⑥❆t⑩✈➊➁❺⑧➞➆➉t➃t❉⑧❂↔⑤❼①❿❶➁❺③❽②➇➎✸➁❉➆➉➆➉t⑩⑧➢↔❘❼①❿❶➏➡③❂t
➨ ✟ ➆➉t❉☎➎ ✪❶➵ ❙ ➨ ✟ ❙ ➆☛t❉✫➎ ✪ ß ✟ ✪❯❙ ➎❽❼①❿✬✪

Ó❒ ➨ ✟ ➎❽❼❾✬❿ ✪⑤➵ ❒ Ó ❙ ➨ ✟ ❙ ➎❽❼①❿✬✪ ✟ ✪❯❙ ➆☛t➃☎➎ ✪
➬
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸☎✺ ▼
➁❺❿✳↔✾t❉⑨❘③❂➁⑩❼①❿
➨ ➷ ➴ Ù ✟ ❙ ➹ ➬ ✟ ➹ ✪ ❙ ➹ Ú ➬ ✘ ➴ ✥ ✚ ✟ ➹ ✪ ❙ ß ✞➴ ✟ ➹ Ø
✗
➾ t✰➏❉t❻t➝✇⑩②➉⑧✛③❽t❻③❂④⑤②☎➐♥➁⑩❷❻❼①✈①③❽t❉❿⑤❼❾➁⑩❿✍➯✸②✗❼❾❿❉③❂⑧❽t❘↔❘➌✳➆☛②➻③❽④⑤②☎➆✮➁❺❿⑤t❉❿⑤❼➊➆➉➁❺✈❱❷❻t⑩❷❻②✮❿❉③➢➁
✗
P
➪✁ ➨ Ñ ✟ ❙ ➨ ➷ ✟ ❙
➨ Ñ ✗ ➨ ➷ ✟ ✪❙ ✥ ✟ Ø
➪✓✒ Ñ ✪ ❙ ➹ ➬ ✘➴ ✚ ➹
➾ ④⑤②✮❿✍③❂④⑤②✗➐♥➁⑩❷✰❼❾✈①③❽t⑩❿❶❼❾➁⑩❿✘❼➊➎ Ñ
➚ ➨ ➪✁ ✟ ❙ ➬ ➪✓✒ ✪ ❙ ß ✗
➨ ➷ ➴ Ù ✟ ❙ ➹➍➬ ✟ ➹ ✪ ❙ ➹ Ú ➬ ➴Ï ✞ ✟ ➹
➨ ➴➝Ï➷ ➪ ➹ ➬ ➴➝➷ Ï ✟ Ð ➪✓✒ ß ✘ ➴ ✥ ✚ ✟ ➹ ➹ ➬ ➴Ï ✞ ✟ ➹ Ø
➹ Ô
➾ ④⑤②✗➐♥➁⑩❷❻❼①✈①③❽t❉❿❘➔❰→➃➁⑩➆➉t⑩⑨⑤❼✧②➇➜➃➌❶➁➝③❂❼①t❉❿✍❼➊➎
Ï Ï ✥ Ï
➴➝➷❩Ð✴Ñ✧Ò ✟ ➹ ➬ ➴➝➷ ✟ ➹ Ð✴Ñ✧Ò ✪ ß ✘ ➴ ✚ ✟ ➹ ➹ ➬ ➴ ✞ ✟ ➹ ß Ñ✧Ò ➧ ➨✔➩⑤Ø Ù✄✂ Ú
s✉❼❾❿❶➆☛② ✪❻❼➊➎✺➆☛➟❘➆☛✈❾❼❾➆➒❼①③❂Ñ ➎➞➆➉Ôt⑩⑧❂⑧❽②➇➎➤⑥❆t⑩❿❶↔⑤❼①❿⑤➏✰➆☛Ñ t❉❿➝➄➅➌⑤➏❉➁❺③❽②➻❷❻Ô t⑩❷❻②➉❿➃③❽➌❶❷✢❷➡➌✳➎➅Ñ ③✺⑨❆②☎➆☛t⑩❿✳➎➅③➢➁❺❿➃③✮➋❘➁❺❿✳↔
➯✸②➻✈❾t✉t⑩➸✂❹➫t❉⑧➞➁❻➎➤t❉✈①➌❘③❂❼①t❉❿✍t⑩❹✡③❂④⑤②❛❹➫t⑩⑧❂❷
Ù ✟ ➵ ✪⑤➵❂Ý✂➵❽➺✛➵ ➧ Ú ➨ Þ Ù ✟ ➵❂Ý✂➵❽➺ Ú ➬ ➺ ✪ ß Ý ➧✝Ø ✆Ù ☎ Ú
✝ ➜➃➌❶➁❺③❽❼❾t⑩❿ ✄Ù ✂ Ú ⑨❆②✮➆➉t⑩❷❻②✮➎
Ò
Ï Ï ✥ Ï
➴➝➷✒Ð Ñ Þ✟ ➹ ➬ ➴❺➷ ✟ ➹ Ð ➺ ß ✘ ➴ ✚ ✟ ➹ ➹ ➬ ➴ ✞ ✟ ➹ ➨ Ý
➯✺❼①③❽④✘❹➫t⑩⑧❂❷✂➁❺✈✕➎❽t⑩✈❾➌❘③❽❼❾t⑩❿ Ñ Ô Ô
✞
ÙÞ ✟ Ú ➨ ✼ ✾ ✟ ✿ ➴➝➷ Ý ß✽➷ ✞ ✟ ✿ ➹ ß ✟ Ï ✿ Ð ➺ ß ✘ ➴ ✥ ✚ ✟ ✿ ➹ ➹ Ø
➹ Ô
✻ ❹✐➺ ➨×➩ ③❂④⑤❼❾➎♥➎➤❼❾❷❻⑥⑤✈①❼①➥❶②➇➎➍③❽t
➨ ✼ ✾ ✟ ✿✠✟ ➴➝➷ Ý ß✽➷ ➹ Ù☛✡ ➳➹ ➬ ✡ ☞➹ Ú ✟ ✿ ➹
ÙÞ ✟ Ú ✽
➁❺❿✳↔ ③❽④⑤②✽⑥⑤⑧❂t⑩⑨⑤✈❾②➉❷ ⑨✳②➇➆☛t❉❷✰②➇➎☎➄➅➌✳➎➅③✍③❽④❶➁❺③✍t❺❹✗③❂④⑤②P❿❶t⑩⑧❂❷❻➁⑩✈♥④❶➁⑩⑧❽❷❻t❉❿⑤❼❾➆⑦t❉➎❂➆☛❼❾✈①✈➊➁➝③❂t⑩⑧➇➋✺➯✺❼➓③❂④
❹➫⑧❂②✮➜➃➌⑤②➉❿✳➆☛➟
✡✩➨ ✟ ✡ ➳ ✡
➹ ➬ ☞➹
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸☎✺ ✂
➯✺④⑤②✮⑧❽②
➳ ➨✁ ➷ ✞
✡
❼➊➎▲③❽④⑤②✺❿✳➁➝③❽➌❶⑧❂➁⑩✈✉❹➫⑧❽②➇➜❉➌❶②➉❿❶➆➉➟➡t❺❹❆③❽④❶②➞⑥❶➁❺⑧❽③❽❼➊➆☛✈❾②➍❼①❿✰③❂④⑤②➞❿⑤t❉❿⑤②➉✈❾②✮➆☛③❽⑧❂t⑩❷✂➁❺➏❉❿⑤②☛③❂❼❾➆✛⑥✳t⑩③❽②✮❿❉③❂❼❾➁⑩✈⑤➯✸②➉✈❾✈➽➋
➁❺❿✳↔
➨ ➴➝✘ ➷ ✥ ✚
✡
❼➊➎❯④❶➁⑩✈➓❹✧③❂④⑤②➒➆➉➟❘➆☛✈❾t❺③❽⑧❂t⑩❿❻❹➫⑧❂②✮➜➃➌⑤②✮❿❶➆☛➟❻t⑩❹✧③❽④⑤②➒⑥❶➁❺⑧❽③❽❼➊➆☛✈❾②♥❼❾❿✂③❽④❶②➒➏❉❼①✇❉②➉❿✂❷✂➁❺➏❉❿⑤②☛③❂❼❾➆➍➥✳②➉✈➊↔✧↕ Ù Û ④✉➟
☞
↔❘t✉②✮✄➎ ✂✆☎✞✝ ⑦
✟ ③❽④⑤②☎➆➉➟❘➆☛✈❾t❺③❽⑧❂t⑩❿✾❹➫⑧❽②➇➜➃➌⑤②➉❿❶➆➉➟✟②➉❿➃③❂②➉⑧➍③❽④❶②✗⑥⑤⑧❽t❉⑨⑤✈❾②➉❷✡✠ Ú
❢✬❣✐❤✰❥✻❦☛❧♥♠ ♦♥♣✍q☞☛
✌✎✍✑✏ ✂ ➎❽❼①❿⑤➏❉✈①②✍⑥❶➁❺⑧❽③❽❼➊➆☛✈❾②✘❷✰t➝✇❉②✮➎➡❼①❿ ➎➤⑥❶➁❉➆☛②✘➌⑤❿❶↔❘②✮⑧✰➁✽➆☛t❉❿❶➎❽②➉⑧❂✇à➁❺③❽❼❾✇⑩②✟⑥❆t❺③❂②➉❿➃③❽❼➊➁❺✈❍↕✩s✉②➉③✰➌⑤⑥✩③❽④⑤②

➐➒➁❺❷❻❼❾✈➓③❂t⑩❿❘➔➣→❉➁❉➆☛t❉⑨⑤❼❶②➇➜❉➌✳➁➝③❽❼❾t⑩❿✾❼①❿✟②✮✈①✈❾❼❾⑥❶➎➤t❉❼❾↔❶➁❺✈❱➆☛t✉t⑩⑧➢↔❘❼❾❿❶➁➝③❂②✮✓➎ ✏✒ ➵➤➲❆➵✕✔➑↔❘②➉➥❶❿⑤②➇↔✂❼①❿✾③❽②✮⑧❽❷✂➎✛t❺❹
③❂④⑤②✗➌❶➎❽➌❶➁❺✈✕➆➉➟✉✈①❼❾❿❶↔❘⑧❂❼❾➆✮➁❺✈✕➆➉t➃t❉⑧❂↔⑤❼①❿❶➁❺③❽②➇➎ ✟ ➵✕✖❶☞➵ ✻ ✔ ⑨✉➟✂③❂④⑤②✗②✮➜➃➌❶➁❺③❽❼❾t⑩❿❶➎
✟ ✘➨ ✗ ➎➤❼❾❿⑤④➍➲✸➎❽❼❾❿✙✒✏➵ ✖ ➨✚✗ ➆☛t➃➎➤④➍➲✛➆➉t❉➎✛✒ Ø
➙❶t⑩⑧✺➯✺④❶➁❺③✺❹➫t⑩⑧❂❷✂➎➍t❺❹ ✆ Ù ✒✏➵➤➲❆✕➵ ✔ Ú ❼➊➎➍③❽④⑤②✗②➇➜➃➌❶➁➝③❂❼①t❉❿✘➎❽②➉⑥❶➁⑩⑧❂➁⑩⑨⑤✈❾✜② ✠
✌✣✢✤✏✦✥ ➎❽②✾③❂④⑤②✍⑧❂②✮➎❽➌⑤✈①③❂➎❮t❺❹➞⑥❶➁⑩⑧➤③ Ù ➁ Ú ③❂t ⑧❂②✮↔❘➌✳➆☛②✟③❂t ➜➃➌❶➁❉↔❘⑧❂➁❺③❽➌⑤⑧❂②✮➎☎③❽④⑤②✘⑥⑤⑧❂t⑩⑨⑤✈❾②➉❷✃t⑩❹♥➁⑦⑥❆t⑩❼❾❿❉③
⑥✳➁❺⑧❽③❽❼➊➆☛✈❾②Pt❺❹❮❷❻➁❉➎❽➎ ➷ ❷✰t➝✇✉❼❾❿⑤➏➠❼❾❿×③❂④⑤② ➏❉⑧❂➁à✇✉❼①③❂➁❺③❽❼❾t⑩❿❶➁⑩✈✺➥❶②➉✈➊↔×t⑩❹✗③➅➯✛t✶➌⑤❿⑤②➇➜❉➌✳➁❺✈➻❷❻➁❉➎❽➎
⑥❆t⑩❼❾❿➃③❂➎➍✆➥ ✧✉②➇↔✾t❉❿✘③❽④⑤★② ❻✖ ✞➁ ✧❘❼➊➎✺➁❻↔❘❼❾➎➤③❂➁⑩❿❶➆☛② ➴ ✗ ➁❺⑥✳➁❺⑧❽③✮↕
✌✎✍✑✏ ✻ ❿➑➆➉➟✉✈①❼❾❿❶↔❘⑧❂❼❾➆✮➁❺✈✧⑥❆t⑩✈➊➁❺⑧✺➆☛t✉t❉⑧❂↔❘❼❾❿❶➁❺③❽②✮➎✮➋✉③❽④❶②✝✔ ❺➁ ➏❉⑧❂➁⑩❿⑤➏⑩❼➊➁❺❿✾❼❾➎

✗ ➨ ➷ ➴✁✩ ✟ ❙ ➹ ➬ ✟ ➹ ✔ ❙ ➬ ✖ ❙ ✫➹ ✪ ß ✆ Ù ✟ ➵✕✖❶☞➵ ✔ Ú Ø Ù✭✬ Ú
➹
Û ②✗④❶➁à✇⑩②
✟ ❙ ➨✚✗ ➲❯❙ ➆➉t❉➎❽④✺➲✛➎❽❼①❿✮✒ ✗ ✒➒❙ ➎❽❼①❿❶④✺➲✛➆☛t➃➎✛✒
✖ ❙ ➨✚✗ ➲❯❙ ➎❽❼❾❿⑤④✺➲✛➆➉t❉➎✛✒ ➬ß ✗ ➒✒ ❙ ➆➉t❉➎❽④✸➲✸➎➤❼❾❿✯✒ Ø
✰ ✈❾➌⑤➏❉➏⑩❼❾❿⑤➏❮❼❾❿➃③❽t ✭Ù ✬ Ú ➋
✗ ➨ ➷ ➴ ✗ ➹ ❂ Ù ➲ ❙ ➹ ➬ ✒ ❙ ➹ Ú ➆☛t➃➎➤④ ➴ ➲ ➬ ✔ ➹ ❽➎ ❼❾❿⑤④ ➹ ➲✸➎➤❼❾❿ ➹ ✒ ❄ ß ✆ Ù ✡✒ ➵❽➲✳➵☞✔ Ú Ø
❙ Ù✲✱ Ú
➾ ④⑤②✗➆☛t❉❿➝➄➅➌⑤➏➃➁➝③❽②❛❷❻t⑩❷❻②✮❿❉③➢➁❻➁❺⑧❂②
➨ ✗ ➨ ➷ ✗ ➹ ➲✛❙ ➆➉t❉➎❽④ ➴ ➲
➪✴✳ Ñ ➲ ❙
➨ Ñ✗ ➨ ➷ ✗ ➹ ♥✒ ❙ ➆➉t❉➎❽④ ➴ ➲
➪✴✵ Ñ ✒ ❙
➨ Ñ✗ ➨ ➷ ✗ ➹ ➒✔ ❙ ➎➤❼❾❿⑤④ ➹ ➲➍➎❽❼①❿ ➹ ✒
➪✑✶ Ñ ✔ ❙
Ñ
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸☎✺ ☎
➁❺❿✳↔✟③❂④⑤②☎➐♥➁⑩❷✰❼❾✈①③❽t⑩❿❶❼❾➁⑩❿✘❼➊➎
➚ ✁ ➨ ✄✂ ➪ ❙ ß
✂✂ ✗
➨ ➷ ➴ ✗ ➹ ❂ Ù ➲ ❙ ➹ ➬ ✒ ❙ ➹ Ú ➆➉t❉➎❽④ ➴ ➲ ➬ ✔ ❙ ➹ ➎❽❼①❿⑤④ ➹ ➲✛➎❽❼❾❿ ➹ ✒ ❄ ➬ Ù ✒✏➵➤➲❆➵✕✔ Ú

✘
➨ ➴➝➷ ✗ ➪❆➆☛➹✳ t➃➎➤④ ➴ ➲ ➬ ➴❺➷ ✗ ➪❆➆➉➹✵ t❉➎❽④ ➴ ➲ ➬ ➴➝➷ ✗ ➎➤❼❾❿⑤➪✳④ ➹✶ ➲✸➎➤❼❾❿ ✒ ➬ Ù ✒✏➵➤➲❆➵✕✔ Ú Ø
➹ ➹ ➹ ➹ ➹
✆
➾ ④⑤❼➊➎➍❼❾➎➞t❺❹✏③❽④⑤②❛❹➫t❉⑧❽❷✎❼❾✆ ❿ ☎➻t⑩✈➊↔⑤➎➤③❽②➉❼❾❿❉❈ ➎ Ù Ï ➩ ➔ ▼ ▼ Ú ➯✺❼①③❽④ ✍ ➨➀➩ ➁⑩❿❶↔✾③❽④⑤②✞✝➭❷✂➁➝③❂⑧❽❼ ✧✍↔❘②➉➥❶❿⑤②➇↔

⑨✉➟
✡☛ ➎❽②✮➆➢④ ➴ ➲ ➩ ➩ ☞✌
✝✠✟ ■ ➨ ➷ Ï ✗ ➩ ➤
➎ ➇
② ➢
➆ ④ ➴ ➲ ➩ Ø Ù✎✍ Ú
➹ ➩ ➩ Ù ➆✮➎❽➆➢④✘➲✛➆✮➎❽➆ ✒ Ú ➹
➾ ④⑤②✮❿☎③❽④❶②❯❹➫t❉⑧❽❷ t⑩❹⑤③❽④⑤②✸⑥❆t❺③❽②✮❿➃③❽❼➊➁❺✈✉❿⑤②✮➆➉②✮➎❂➎❽➁⑩⑧❽➟➒❹➫t⑩⑧✐➎❽②➉⑥❶➁⑩⑧❂➁⑩⑨⑤❼❾✈①❼①③➅➟➒❼➊➎✮➋➝❹➫⑧❽t❉❷✏☎➻t⑩✈➊↔⑤➎➅③❂②➉❼❾❿ Ù✒✑✓✑ Ú ➋
Ù ✒✏➵➤➲❆✕➵ ✔ Ú ➨ Þ Ù ➲ Ú ➬ ➆➉t❉❐ ➎❽Ù ④ ✒ ➴Ú ➲ ➬ ➎➤❼❾❿⑤④ ✔ ➲✸Ù ✔ ➎➤Ú ❼❾❿ ✒ Ø
➹ ➹
✆
➾ t✟➯✺⑧❽❼①③❽②✰↔❘t➝➯✺❿✻③❂④⑤②☎③❂④⑤⑧❽②✮②❮➎❽②➉⑥❶➁⑩⑧❂➁❺③❽②➇↔✻➐♥➁❺❷❻❼❾✈➓③❂t⑩❿❘➔➣→➃➁⑩➆☛t❉⑨⑤❼ ②➇➜➃➌❶➁➝③❂❼①t❉❿❶➎➞➯✸②☎❿⑤②✮②✮↔✻③❂t✟➥❶❿✳↔
➁✰❷✂➁➝③❽⑧❂❼ ✧ ✔⑦➎❂➁➝③❂❼❾➎➤❹➫➟✉❼①❿⑤➏
✔ ■✖✟ ✕ ➨
■ ✝✠✟ ■ ● ➵
❊ ✕✗✕ ✘ ➨ Ï ➵ ➴ ➵ ❁ ÙÏ➩ Ú
➁❺❿✳↔❻➯✺❼➓③❂④❻③❽④⑤②➻➁⑩↔⑤↔❘❼①③❽❼❾t⑩❿✳➁❺✈❶➆➉t⑩❿❶↔❘❼①③❽❼❾t⑩❿❻③❂④❶➁➝③❯➥❶⑧❂➎➤③✮➋✉➎❽②✮➆☛t❉❿❶↔✧➋➃➁❺❿❶↔✰③❂④⑤❼①⑧➢↔❻⑧❂t➝➯➞➎✐t❺❹ ✔✍↔❘②➉⑥❆②➉❿❶↔
t⑩❿❶✈①➟✟t❉❿✍➲❆➵ ✒✏➵❶➁⑩❿❶↔ ✔⑦⑧❽②➇➎➤⑥❆②✮➆☛③❽❼❾✇⑩②✮✈①➟❉↕
➾ t✰➥❶❿✳↔✻➎➤➌❶➆➢④➑➁✰❷✂➁➝③❽⑧❂❼ ✧❱➋❘➯✸②❛⑥✳t➃➎➅③❂➌⑤✈➊➁➝③❽②❛③❂④⑤②❛❹➫t⑩⑧❂❷
✡☛ Þ ■ Ù ➲ Ú Þ Ù ➲ Ú Þ Ù ➲ Ú ☞✌
✔ ➨ ➷ ✗
➹ ➩ ❐ ■➹ Ù ✒ Ú✒❐ ❅ Ù ✒ Ú
➩ ➩ ➹Ï
➯✺❼①③❽④➑❼①❿✉✇❉②➉⑧➢➎➤②
■ ➨ Ï ✡☛ ❐ ■ Ù ✒ Ú ß Þ Ù ➲ Ú Þ Ù ➲ Ú❰❐ Ù ✒ Ú✏ß Þ Ù ➲ Ú❰❐ ■ Ù ✒ Ú ☞✌
✔✙✟ ✚ ✚➹ ➹ ➹ ✚ ❅
➷ ✗ ➹ Þ ■ Ù ➲ Ú❰❐ ■ Ù ✒ Ú ✚ ✚ ✚
➯✺④⑤②✮⑧❽② ✚ ↔❘②➉❿⑤t⑩③❽②➇➎✡②✮❿➃③❽⑧❂❼①②➇➎✐➁❺⑨❆t⑩➌❘③✐➯✺④⑤❼➊➆➢④❮➯✸②➍↔❘t⑩❉❿ ❈ ③❯➆➉➁⑩⑧❽②❉↕ ➙⑤⑧❂t⑩❷ Ù Ï ➩ Ú ➁❺❿❶↔ ✎Ù ✍ Ú ➯✸②✸t⑩⑨❘③➢➁❺❼❾❿
③❽④❶②☎➆☛t⑩❿✳↔❘❼➓③❂❼①t❉❿❶➎
Ï Ï
➷ ✗ ➹ Þ ■ Ù ➲ Ú ➨ ➷ ✗ ➹ ➆☛t❉➎❽④ ➴ ➲
ß Ù➲ Ú Ï
➷ ✗ ➹ Þ ■ Þ Ù ➹ ➲ Ú❰❐ ■ Ù ✒ Ú ➨ ➷ ✗ ➹ ➆☛t❉➎❽④ ➴ ➲
Þ ➹ Ù ➲ Ú➣➷ ❐ ➹ ✗ Ù ✒ Ú▲■ ßÙ ➲ Ú➣Þ ❐ ❅ ■ Ù Ù➲ ✒ Ú❰Ú❐ ■ Ù ✒ Ú ➨ ➷ ✗ ➎➤❼❾❿⑤④ Ï ➲✸➎➤❼❾❿ ✒
➹Þ ➹ ➹ ➹
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸☎✺ ✬
✈❾❼➓③❽③❽✈❾②✾❼❾❿❶➎❽⑥✳②➇➆✝③❽❼❾t⑩❿✶➎➤④⑤t➝➯➞➎✗③❽④❶➁❺③➡③❽④❶②➉⑧❂②✟❼❾➎➡❿⑤tP➎❽t⑩✈❾➌❘③❽❼❾t⑩❿ ➋✏➯✺④❶❼❾➆➢④➈❷❻②✮➁⑩❿❶➎✗③❂④⑤②✂❹➫t❉⑧❽❷á➯✛②
⑥❆t❉➎➤③❽➌⑤✈➊➁➝③❂②✮↔P❹➫t⑩⑧ ✔➈↔❘t✉②➇➎➤❿❉❈ ③☎➯✸t⑩⑧❂➸❆➋✕➎❽t✘➯✛②❻❿⑤②✮②✮↔P③❽t➑➏⑩t✘⑨❶➁⑩➆➢➸ ➁❺❿❶↔P③❽⑧❂➟P➎❽t⑩❷❻②☛③❂④⑤❼①❿❶➏✍②✮✈❾➎❽②⑩➋
✂
②✫✧⑤➆➉②➉⑥❘③✍③❽④⑤❼➊➎✘❼❾➎✍③❽④❶② ⑥❆t⑩❼❾❿➃③➑➁❺③✘➯✺④⑤❼➊➆➢④ ✻ ↔⑤②✮➆☛❼➊↔❘②➇↔ ✻ ➯✸t⑩➌⑤✈➊↔➛③❂②➉❷❻⑥✳t❉⑧❂➁⑩⑧❽❼❾✈❾➟➛➎❽④⑤②✮✈①✇❉②⑦③❽④❶❼❾➎

⑥⑤⑧❂t⑩⑨⑤✈❾②➉❷➑↕
✌✣✢✤✏ ➾ ④⑤②❛⑥❆t❺③❽②✮❿➃③❽❼➊➁❺✈✕②✮❿⑤②➉⑧❂➏⑩➟✂❼➊➎
Ù ✕➵ ✖ Ú ➨ ✁ß ➷✍➷ ■ ß ✂ ➷✘➷
â ➹ ➬ Ù ß Ú â ➹ ➬ Ù✖ ➹➬ ✗ Ú➹
✟
✖ ✗
➹
➨ ß ❛➷✗ ✄ ➆☛t➃➎➤④➍➲ ➷ ß ■ ➆☛t➃✛➎ ✒ ➬ ➆☛t➃➎➤④➍➲ ➷ ➹ ➆☛t➃✛➎ ✒✆☎
✟ ✟
➬
➯✺④⑤❼➊➆➢④✘↔⑤t➃②➇➎➤❿ ❈ ③♥➁⑩⑥⑤⑥✳②➇➁❺⑧➍③❂t✰⑨❆②✗t❺❹✏③❽④❶②❛❹➫t⑩⑧❂❷✎⑧❽②➇➜➃➌⑤❼①⑧❂②✮↔✾❹➫t⑩⑧
❢✬❣✐❤✰❥✻❦☛❧♥♠ ♦♥♣✍q✞✝
s✉➌⑤⑥❶⑥✳t➃➎➤②✗③❂④⑤②☎⑥❆t❺③❂②➉❿➃③❽❼➊➁❺✈✏❼①❿⑦➁✟⑥⑤⑧❽t❉⑨⑤✈❾②➉❷✢t⑩❹✴t⑩❿⑤②☎↔⑤②➉➏⑩⑧❂②➉②➡t❺❹▲❹➫⑧❽②✮②✮↔❘t❉❷ ❼➊➎➞✈❾❼❾❿⑤②✮➁⑩⑧❽✈❾➟✍↔❘②✮⑥✳②✮❿❶↔❘②✮❿❉③
t⑩❿✍③❽❼❾❷❻②⑩➋❶➎❽➌❶➆➢④✍③❽④❶➁❺③✺③❽④⑤②☎➐➒➁❺❷❻❼❾✈➓③❂t⑩❿⑤❼➊➁❺❿➑④❶➁❉➎✸③❽④⑤②❛❹➫t❉⑧❽❷
➚ ➨ ➴❺➪✳➷ ➹ ß✽➷✠✟ ➧ ➵
Ó
➯✺④⑤②✮⑧❽② ✟ ❼➊➎➞➁✂➆☛t❉❿❶➎➅③➢➁❺❿➃③✮↕❯s❘t⑩✈❾✇⑩②❛③❽④❶②☎↔❘➟✉❿❶➁❺❷❻❼➊➆➉➁❺✈✧⑥❶⑧❽t❉⑨⑤✈①②✮❷✢⑨✉➟✾❷❻②➇➁❺❿❶➎➍t⑩❹▲➐➒➁❺❷❻❼①✈①③❽t❉❿❉❈ ➎✺⑥⑤⑧❂❼①❿❘➔
➆☛❼❾⑥❶➁⑩✈❱❹➫➌⑤❿❶➆✝③❂❼①t❉❿✕➋⑤➌⑤❿✳↔❘②➉⑧✺③❂④⑤②✗❼❾❿⑤❼➓③❂❼❾➁⑩✈✕➆☛t❉❿❶↔❘❼①③❽❼❾t⑩❿❶➎ ➧✴➨➀➩ ➋ ➨✔➩ ➋ ➪ ➨ ➷ ➲ ➳ Ø
Ó
➾ ④⑤②☎➐♥➁⑩❷❻❼①✈①③❽t❉❿❘➔❰→➃➁⑩➆➉t⑩⑨⑤❼❱②➇➜❉➌✳➁➝③❽❼❾t⑩❿✘❼➊➎
Ï
➴➝➷✒Ð Ñ❱Ò ➹ ß ➷✡✟ ➧ Ó ➬ Ñ✧Ò ➧ ➨×➩❶Ø Ù Ï⑩Ï➇Ú
Û ②✗⑥✳t➃➎➅③❂➌⑤✈❾➁❺③❽②✗➁❻➎➤t❉✈①➌⑤③❽❼❾t⑩❿➑t❺❹✡③❽④⑤②❛Ñ❆❹➫Ó➞t❉Ô⑧❽❷ Ñ
Ù ➵ ➧ Ú ➨ Þ Ù➫➧ Ú ➬ ❐ Ù➫➧ Ú Ø
➾ ④⑤②✮❿ Ù Ï⑩ÏàÚ ⑨❆②✮➆➉t⑩❷❻②✮➎ Ò Ó Ó
Ï
➴➝➷➀Þ ➹ Ù ➧ Ú▲ß ✡➷ ✟ ➧ ➬✩Þ ✿ Ù➫➧ Ú ➬ ❐ ✿ Ù➫➧ Ú ➨✔➩⑤Ø
☛ ➁❺③❂➆➢④⑤❼❾❿⑤➏❻⑥✳t➝➯✸②➉⑧➢➎✸t❺❹ ➵❶➯✸②❛t⑩⑨❘③➢➁❺❼❾❿ Ó Ó
Ó
✿Þ Ù➫➧ Ú ➨ ✠ ➷ ✟ ➧ ❉➨ ❘ ÙÞ ➫➧ Ú ➨ ➴Ï ✡ ➷ ✟ ➧ ➹ ➬✩Þ ➳
➁❺❿✳↔
❐ ✿ Ù➫➧ Ú ➨ ß ➴➝Ï➷➛Þ ➹ Ù➫➧ Ú
➨ ß ➴➝Ï➷ ✄ ➴Ï ➷✡✟ ➧ ➹ ➬✩Þ ➳ ☎ ➹
➨ ß ➴➝Ï➷ ✄ ➷ ➹ ▼ ✟ ➹ ✌➧ ☞ ➬ ✠ ➷ ✟ Þ ➳ ➧ ➹❯➬✶Þ❱➳ ➹ ☎
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸☎✺ ✱
➎❽t
❐ Ù➫➧ Ú ➨ ß ➷✠▼❉✟ ➩ ➹ ➧✁ ➬ ✟ Þ ➳ ➧ ❅ ➬ ➴➝Þ ➷ ➳ ➹ ➧ ➬ ❐ ➳ Ø
➾ ④⑤②✗➐♥➁⑩❷❻❼①✈①③❽t❉❿❉❈ ➎➞⑥⑤⑧❽❼❾❿❶➆➉❼①⑥❶➁⑩✈❱❹➫➌⑤❿❶➆☛③❽❼❾t⑩❿➑❼❾➎
☎
Ù ➵ ➧ ➵ Þ ➳ Ú ➨ ➴Ï ➷✡✟ ➧ ➹ ➬✩Þ ➳ ß ➷✠▼❉✟ ➩ ➹ ➧✁ ß ✟ Þ ➳ ➧ ❅ ß ➴➝Þ ➷ ➳ ➹ ➧✝Ø

Ò Ó Ó Ó
➾ ④⑤②✗➆☛t❉❿❶➎➤③❂➁❺❿➃③➍③❽⑧➢➁❺❿✳➎➅❹➫t❉⑧❽❷❻②✮↔✘➆☛t✉t❉⑧❂↔❘❼❾❿❶➁❺③❽②❛➆☛t⑩❿❺➄➅➌⑤➏❉➁❺③❽②➻③❽t Þ ➳❛❼➊➎
☎
➨ ❍ ➨ ß ✟ ➧ ß Þ➳➧Ø
Ñ❱Þ Ò ➳ ❅ ➷
Ó
➾ ➌⑤⑧❽❿❶❼①❿⑤➏✰③❂④⑤❼❾➎➞❼①❿❶➎❽❼➊↔❘②☛➔❰t⑩➌❘③➇➋ Ñ
☎
➨ ❍ ➬ ✟ ➧ ❅ ➬ Þ➷ ➳ ➧ Ø
➾ t✾③❂t✘➎❂➁➝③❂❼❾➎➤❹➫➟➑③❽④⑤②❻➆☛t❉❿❶↔❘❼①③❽❼❾t⑩❿❶➎ Ó Ù➫➧➒➨ ➩ Ú ➨ ➩ ➋ ❙ Ù➫➧➒➨✬➩ Ú ➨ ➲ ➳ ➵❱➯✛②✰❷➡➌✳➎➅③❛③❂➁⑩➸⑩② ❍ ➨Ö➩
☎
➁❺❿✳↔ Þ ➳ ➨ ➷ ➲➝➳⑩➵❶➁⑩❿❶↔✾➯✸②❛③❽④❶②➉❿➑④❶Ó ➁à✇⑩② Ó

➨ ➲➳➧ ➬ ✟ ➧❅ Ø
Ó ☎
❢ ❣✐❤❮❥✻❦☛❧➒♠ ♦➒♣✾q➉♦❛r
✂ ⑥✳➁❺⑧❽③❽❼➊➆☛✈❾②P❷❻t➝✇⑩②➇➎✟❼❾❿×⑥✳②✮⑧❽❼❾t❘↔❘❼➊➆⑦❷❻t❺③❂❼①t❉❿×❼①❿ t⑩❿⑤② ↔❘❼①❷❻②✮❿❶➎➤❼❾t⑩❿ ➌⑤❿❶↔❘②✮⑧✾③❂④⑤②P❼❾☎❿ ✄❶➌❶②➉❿❶➆➉② t⑩❹➡➁

⑥❆t❺③❽②✮❿➃③❽❼➊➁❺✈ ✆ Ù Ú ➨✄✂✆☎ ☎ ➵✉➯✺④⑤②➉⑧❂② ✂ ❼➊➎✛➁❮➆☛t❉❿❶➎➅③➢➁❺❿➃③✮↕ ➎❽❼❾❿⑤➏❮➁❉➆✝③❽❼❾t⑩❿⑤➔❰➁⑩❿⑤➏⑩✈❾②✺✇➝➁❺⑧❂❼❾➁⑩⑨⑤✈①②➇➎✐➥❶❿✳↔❻③❽④⑤②
⑥❆②➉⑧❂❼①t❘↔✍t❺❹✏③❽④⑤②✗Ó ❷❻t❺③❂❼①t❉❿✘Ó ➁❉➎✺➁❮❹➫➌⑤❿❶➆✝③❂❼①t❉❿➑t❺❹✏③❽④⑤②✗⑥❶➁⑩⑧➤③❂❼❾➆➉✈①②❑❈ ➎➍②✮❿⑤②➉⑧❂➏⑩➟❉↕
✥
➾ ④⑤②✗➐♥➁⑩❷❻❼①✈①③❽t❉❿❘➔❰→➃➁⑩➆➉t⑩⑨⑤❼✧②➇➜➃➌❶➁➝③❂❼①t❉❿✍❼➊➎
Ï
➴➝➷❩Ð✴Ñ ➹ ➬ ❉➨ Ý
✝
✂✆☎ ☎
Ñ❆Ó✽Ô Ó
➾ ④⑤②✗➁⑩➆☛③❽❼❾t⑩❿✘❼①❿➃③❂②➉➏⑩⑧➢➁❺✈✧❼➊➎
✞ ➨✠✟ Ñ ✝ ✾ Ù Ï➇➴⑩Ú
Ó
➨ ▼ ✼ ➳ Ñ❆➘☛✡Ó â ➝➴ ➷ Ý ß➂➴❺➷ ✂✆☎ ☎ ✾
Ó Ó
Ù ➯✺④❶②➉⑧❂②✌☞ ➳ ➁❺⑧❂②✐③❂④⑤②✛② ✉③❽⑧❂②➉❷❻②✮➎ t❺❹⑤③❂④⑤②❯⑥❶➁⑩⑧➤③❂❼❾➆➉✈①②❑❈ ➎✡t⑩⑧❂⑨⑤❼①③✮➋❺➁⑩❿❶↔✗➯✺④⑤②✮⑧❽②✛➯✛②✛④❶➁à✇⑩②✴⑧❂②✮➎➤③❽⑧❂❼➊➆✝③❽②➇↔
③❽④❶②✂❼①❿➃③❽②✮➏⑩⑧➢Ó ➁❺✈✴t➝✇❉②➉⑧➻③❽④❶②✟➯✺④⑤t⑩✈❾②✂⑥❆②➉⑧❂❼①t❘↔ ③❽t⑦➁⑩❿✽❼❾❿➃③❽②✮➏⑩⑧➢➁❺✈✐t➝✇⑩②✮⑧❛③❽④⑤②✟➥❶⑧❂➎➤③➡➜➃➌❶➁❺⑧❽③❽②✮⑧➤➔❰⑥❆②➉⑧❂❼①t❘↔
✧
➁❺❿✳↔✾❷❮➌⑤✈➓③❂❼①⑥❶✈①❼❾②✮↔➑⑨✉➟ ▼ ③❽t✂➆➉t⑩❷❻⑥✳②✮❿❶➎❂➁➝③❽② Ú
➨ ß ❁⑩➷ ▼ ➴❺➷ Ý ß➈➴➝➷ ✂ ➳✓✒ ❅✟❆ ➹ ß ✏ ➴➝➷ Ý ✒ ❇❅ ❆ ➹✕✔
✂✎✍✑✏
Ó
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸☎✺ ✍
⑨⑤➌❘③✺③❂④⑤②❛➥❶⑧➢➎➅③➍③❂②➉⑧❂❷✢④⑤②✮⑧❽②❛✇➝➁❺❿⑤❼➊➎❽④⑤②✮➎✺➎❽❼①❿✳➆☛②✗Ý ➨ ➳ ➋❶➎❽t
Ó
✂
➨ ❁⑩➷ ▼ ➴❺➷ Ý Ø ❅✟❆ ➹ ✒
Ù Ï✯❁❉Ú
✧❘⑥⑤⑧❂②✮➎❂➎➤❼❾❿⑤➏❮③❽④⑤②☎➐➒➁❺❷❻❼❾✈➓③❂t⑩❿⑤❼➊➁❺❿✘❼①❿✘③❂②➉⑧❂❷❻➎➞t❺❹ ➵❶➯✛②➻③❽④❶②➉❿➑t⑩⑨❘③➢➁❺❼❾❿
✂ ✏
✝ ✞
Ý ➨ ➴❺Ï➷ÕÐ ❁❺➷ ▼ ➹ ❆◆❅ ➹ ❆❇❅ Ø

✂
➾ ④⑤②➻❹➫⑧❂②✮➜➃➌⑤②➉❿✳➆☛➟✾❼➊➎ Ô
Ý
✁ ➨ Ñ
➨ ❁⑩Ñ Ï➷ Ð ❁❺➷ ▼ ➹ ❆❇❅ ■ ❆◆❅

✞
✰ ✈❾➌⑤➏❉➏⑩❼❾❿⑤➏❮❼❾❿✘❹➫⑧❽t❉❷ Ù Ï ❁❉Ú ➋
Ô
Ï ❺ ➷ ■
➨ ❁⑩➷ÕÐ ▼ ➹ Ð ❁❺➷ ❁ ❇
❆ ❅ ▼ ❆❇❅ Ï ✟
✂ ➴➝➷ Ý
✂
➨ ▼ ✂ ➴❺➷ Ý Ø Ô Ô
✂
ÙÏ▼ Ú
✄➒❿❮③❽④⑤②✺t⑩③❽④⑤②✮⑧✐④❶➁❺❿❶↔✕➋⑩t⑩❿❮③❽④❶②✺⑨❶➁⑩➎❽❼❾➎▲t⑩❹❆②✮✈①②✮❷❻②➉❿➃③❂➁⑩⑧❽➟☎➆➉t⑩❿❶➎❽❼❾↔⑤②➉⑧➢➁➝③❽❼❾t⑩❿✳➎✡➯✸②✺➆☛t❉➌⑤✈❾↔✰⑧❂②✮➁❉➎➤t❉❿❮➁⑩➎
❹➫t⑩✈❾✈❾t➝➯➞➎ ✻ ❹✏③❽④⑤②➡⑥❶➁❺⑧❽③❽❼➊➆☛✈❾②☎➎➅③➢➁❺⑧❽③❂➎➍t❉➌❘③➞➯✺❼➓③❂④✻❷❻t⑩❷❻②➉❿➃③❽✾ ➌❶❷ ✾ ➪ ➨ ✂ ➴➝➷ Ý✂➋❶➁⑩❿❶↔✘❼➓③♥❼➊➎➞➁⑩✈①➯➍➁à➟❘➎
➌⑤❿❶↔⑤②➉⑧➞③❂P ④⑤②☎❼❾☎❿ ✄❶➌⑤②✮❿❶➆☛②❮t❺❹▲③❽④❶②➡➆☛t❉❿❶➎➅③➢➁❺❿➃③✺❹➫t⑩⑧➢➆☛② ✬➨ ➧ ➵⑤③❽④❶②➉❿✻③❂④⑤②✗③❽❼❾❷❻②➡❼①③➞③❂➁⑩➸⑩②➇➎✺❹➫t⑩⑧
③❽④❶②☎⑥❶➁❺⑧❽③❽❼➊➆☛✈❾② ❈ ➎➞❼❾❿⑤❼①③❽❼➊➁❺✈✡❷✰t❉❷❻②➉❿➃③❽➌⑤❷ ③❂t✾↔❘②✮➆✮➁à➟✟③❂t✟➼➉②✮⑧❽t✳➪✆➋⑤☎ ➯✺④⑤❼➊➆➢④✻❼❾➎♥t⑩❿⑤②➉➔➽❹➫t❉➌⑤⑧➤③❂④➑③❽④⑤②☎③❽t❺③➢➁❺✈
✂
⑥❆②➉⑧❂❼①t❘↔✍t❺❹✏③❽④⑤②✗❷❻t❺③❂❼①t❉❿✕➋❘❼➊➎
✂ ➴❺➷ Ý
✝■ ➨ ✾ ➪ ✾ ➧ ➨ Ø
❆
☞
✞➪ ☎
➾ ④⑤②➻③❽t⑩③❂➁⑩✈✕⑥✳②✮⑧❽❼❾t❘↔✾❼➊➎▲➄➅➌❶➎➤③ ▼ ✝ ■ ➁❺❿✳↔✟③❂④⑤②❛❹➫⑧❽②➇➜➃➌⑤②➉❿❶➆➉➟✟❼➊➎
✂
❆ ☞
✁ ➨ Ï ☎ ▼ ✝ ■ ➨ ✂ ➴➝➷ Ý
✂
❆ ▼
☞
❼❾❿➑➁❉➆➉➆➉t⑩⑧➢↔⑤➁❺❿❶➆➉②♥➯✺❼①③❽④ Ù Ï ▼ Ú ↕
❢ ❣✐❤❮❥✻❦☛❧➒♠ ♦➒♣✾q➉♦✠✟
✂ ⑥❶➁❺⑧❽③❽❼➊➆☛✈❾②✰t❺❹✛❷✂➁❉➎❽➎ ➷ ❷❻t➝✇⑩②➇➎♥❼❾❿✽t⑩❿⑤②✂↔❘❼❾❷❻②➉❿❶➎❽❼①t❉❿ ➌❶❿❶↔❘②➉⑧☎➁✍⑥❆t❺③❽②✮❿➃③❽❼➊➁❺✈ ✆ ➨ ß ✞ ➓Ø ➙⑤t⑩⑧

➉② ❿❶②➉⑧❂➏⑩❼❾②✮➎▲③❂④❶➁➝③➍➁❺⑧❂②➞❿⑤②➉➏➃➁➝③❂❼①✇❉②➍③❽④⑤②➒❷✰t⑩③❽❼❾t⑩❿✟❼➊➎✴⑨❆t⑩➌❶❿❶↔❘②✮↔✾➁❺❿❶↔✂t➃➎❽➆➉❼①✈❾✈➊➁➝③❽t❉⑧❽➟❉↕☛✡✸➟❮③❽④⑤②➒❷✰☎ ②➉③❽Ó ④⑤t❘↔✾t❺❹
☎ ☎
➁⑩➆☛③❽❼❾t⑩❿❘➔➣➁❺❿❶➏⑩✈❾②☎✇➝➁❺⑧❂❼❾➁⑩⑨⑤✈①②➇➎✺➥❶❿✳↔P➁❺❿ ②✫✧❘⑥⑤⑧❂②✮➎❂➎➤❼❾t⑩❿➑❹➫t❉⑧♥③❂④⑤②✰⑥✳②✮⑧❽❼❾t❘↔⑦t❺❹✴❷❻t⑩③❽❼❾t⑩❿ ➁❉➎➒➁✟❹➫➌⑤❿❶➆☛③❽❼❾t⑩❿✽t❺❹

③❽④❶②✗⑥❶➁❺⑧❽③❽❼➊➆☛✈❾② ❈ ➎✸②➉❿⑤②✮⑧❽➏❉➟⑩↕
➾ ④⑤②☎➐♥➁⑩❷❻❼①✈①③❽t❉❿❘➔❰→➃➁⑩➆➉t⑩⑨⑤❼❱②➇➜❉➌✳➁➝③❽❼❾t⑩❿✘❼➊➎
➚ ➨ ➴❺Ï➷ÕÐ Ñ✧Ò ➹ ß ✞ ➬ Ñ✧Ò ➧ ➨✔➩⑤Ø
Ñ❆Ó♥Ô Ó Ñ
☎ ☎
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸☎✺ Ï➩
Û ②☎➎➤②✮②➉➸✾➁❻➎❽t⑩✈❾➌❘③❽❼❾t⑩❿✘t❺❹✏③❽④⑤②❛❹➫t❉⑧❽❷ ➨ Ù ❽➵ Ý Ú✴ß Ý ➧ ➵❘❼❾❿➑➯✺④⑤❼➊➆➢④➑➆✮➁⑩➎❽②

Ò Ï Ó
✝
Ý ➨ ➴➝➷✒Ð✴Ñ ➹ ß ✝
✞
Ñ❆Ó➂Ô Ó
☎ ☎
t⑩⑧
■
➴➝➷ Ý ➬ ➨ ❆➹
Ñ
✄
✞
✝
Ñ❆Ó Ó ■❆
☎
☎ ☎
Ñ ➨ ➴➝➷
✝
ß Ý ➹➵ ✂
✄
☎ ☎
➎❽❼①❿❶➆➉②❻➯✛②❻➸✉❿⑤t➝➯Ö③❂④⑤②✂②➉❿❶②➉⑧❂➏⑩➟✻Ñ❆❼➊➎✗Ó ❿⑤②➉➏➃➁➝③❂❼①✇❉②⑩↕ ➾ Ó ④⑤②➉❿✽③❽④❶②❻③❽➌⑤⑧❂❿⑤❼❾❿⑤➏➑⑥✳t❉❼①❿➃③❂➎☎t❺❹❯③❂④⑤②✂❷❻t❺③❂❼①t❉❿

☎
☎ ☎
➁❺⑧❂②❛➁➝③ ➨ Ý ➵⑤➁❺❿❶↔✾③❽④⑤②☎➁❉➆✝③❂❼①t❉❿✍✇➝➁❺⑧❂❼➊➁❺⑨⑤✈❾②❛❼❾➎
Ó
☞
✞
☎ ☎
➨ ➪✾
☎
✟ ÙÏ Ú ✂
✂ ✄☎✂ ß Ý ■ ❆ ➹ ✾
➨ ▼ ➴➝➷ ✼✁➳ ❆
✘
■ ÏÓ ■ ✾ Ó
☎
➨ ▼ Ý ✼➳ ➝
➴ ➷ ✞
ß Ï ❆➹ Ø ÙÏ Ú ✄
✒ ☎
Û ②✗④❶➁à✇⑩②
■ ■ ■
✼ ➳ Ï ß➛Ï ❆ ➹ ✾ ➨ ✼ ➳ Ï✺ß ✾
✄
✒ ✒
✒ ☎ ✒
✛④❶➁⑩❿⑤➏⑩②❛✇➝➁❺⑧❂❼❾➁⑩⑨⑤✈❾②✮➎✛③❽t✂➺ ➨ ■ ❆ ➹ ➵ ➴ ✾ ➺ ➨ ✾
P■
✂
✕ ✒ ✒ ✒
➨ ➴ ✼ ➳ â Ï✺ß ➺ ➹ ✾ ➺
t➝➯❴➆➢④❶➁❺❿❶➏⑩②➒③❽t✟➺ ➨ ➎➤❼❾❿ ➵ ✾ ➺ ➨ ➉➆ t❉➎ ✾
Ó Ó Ó P
✩
➨ ➴ ✼✝➳ ✆ ❆ ➹ ☛➆ t➃➎ ➹ ✾
Ó Ó
➨✟✞ ➴
➎❽t Ù Ï Ú ⑨❆②✮➆➉t⑩❷❻②✮➎
➴❺➷ Ø
☎
➨ ➴✞
✞
Ý ✞
✞
☎ ☎
➾ ④⑤②✮❿✍③❂④⑤② Ù ➆➉t⑩❿❶➎➤③❂➁⑩❿❉③ Ú ➐♥➁⑩❷✰❼❾✈①③❽t⑩❿❶❼❾➁⑩❿✍② ✉⑥❶⑧❽②➇➎❽➎❽②✮↔✍❼①❿✘③❂②➉⑧❂❷❻➎➍t⑩❹ ❂③ ④⑤②☎➁⑩➆☛③❽❼❾t⑩❿➑✇➝➁❺⑧❂❼❾➁⑩⑨⑤✈①②➻❼➊➎

✧
➚ ➨ Ý ➨ ➷ ✞✕➹ ➹ Ø ✱
✞
➹ ✞
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸☎✺ Ï❉Ï
➾ ④⑤②➻❹➫⑧❂②✮➜➃➌⑤②➉❿✳➆☛➟✍➁❉➎❽➎❽t❘➆☛❼➊➁➝③❂②✮↔✟➯✺❼①③❽④✘③❂④⑤②☎➆☛t❉⑧❽⑧❂②✮➎❽⑥✳t❉❿❶↔❘❼❾❿⑤➏❻➁❺❿⑤➏❉✈①②➻✇➝➁❺⑧❂❼❾➁⑩⑨⑤✈①②❛❼➊➎
➨ Ñ ➚ ➨ Ï ➷ ➹✞➹ ☎
Ñ ➨ Ý ❅❇❅ ❆ ➹ Ø
✞
✞ ✞
✞ ➴➝➷
☎ ☎
ÙÏ✬Ú
✻ ✯③ ❈ ➎➻❼①❿➃③❂②➉⑧❂②✮➎➤③❽❼❾❿⑤➏✟③❂t✘➆➉t⑩❷❻⑥❶➁❺⑧❂②☎③❂④⑤❼➊➎➒➯✺❼①③❽④P③❽④⑤②✂➎❽t⑩✈❾➌❘③❽❼❾t⑩❿P➯✛②✰t⑩⑨❘③➢➁❺❼❾❿⑤②✮↔✻③❽t ✰ ⑧❂t⑩⑨⑤✈❾②➉❷ ❁ ↕ ❁ ➋
✂
➎❽❼①❿❶➆➉②❯❼❾❿✗③❽④✳➁➝③✏➆✮➁⑩➎❽②✐③❽④❶②❯❷❻t❺③❂❼①t❉❿☎t❺❹❘③❂④⑤②❯⑥❶➁⑩⑧➤③❂❼❾➆➉✈①②➇➎ Ù ➁➝❹ ③❂②➉⑧✡③❽④⑤②✛t⑩⑧❂⑨⑤❼➓③➢➁❺✈❉❷✰t⑩③❽❼❾t⑩❿☎❼➊➎✏➎➅③❂t⑩⑥⑤⑥❆②✮↔ Ú

❼➊➎✺t⑩❿⑤②➉➔❰↔⑤❼①❷❻②➉❿✳➎➤❼❾t⑩❿❶➁⑩✈✧➯✺❼➓③❂④➑③❽④⑤②✗➸✉❼❾❿❶↔➑t❺❹✏❹➫t⑩⑧➢➆☛②❛✈➊➁à➯❴➆➉t⑩❿❶➎❽❼➊↔❘②➉⑧❂②✮↔✍④⑤②➉⑧❂②⑩↕ ✻ ❿✘③❽④❶➁❺③♥⑥⑤⑧❂t⑩⑨⑤✈❾②➉❷
③❽④❶②✗②➉❿⑤②✮⑧❽➏❉➟✂t❺❹✏③❽④⑤②❛③➅➯✸t❺➔❰⑥❶➁❺⑧❽③❽❼➊➆☛✈❾②❛➎➤➟❘➎➤③❽②➉❷✢➯✛t❉➌⑤✈❾↔✍⑨❆②
Ý ✁ ➨ ➴ ✟ ➳➹ ✪ ❙ ➹ ß ✟ ✞ ➳
✰ ✈❾➌⑤➏❉➏⑩❼❾❿⑤➏✻❼①❿✶t⑩➌⑤⑧❮✫② ✧❘⑥⑤⑧❂②✮➎❂➎➤❼❾t⑩❿ Ù ②✮➜➃➌❶➁❺③❽❼❾t⑩❿ Ù Ú ❼❾❿✶➎❽t⑩✈❾➌❘③❂❼①t❉❿❶➎✗③❂t ✕✛④❶➁⑩⑥❘③❽②✮⑧ ❁➃Ú ❹➫t⑩⑧ ✟ ➳✘❼❾❿
③❽②✮⑧❽❷✂➎➍t⑩❹ ➋⑤➯✸②➻➥❶❿❶↔
✂
Ý ➨ Ð ✞ ➴ ➷ ➹ ❆◆❅ Ø
✞
✂
➾ ④⑤②✮❿✶③❂④⑤②✻❹➫⑧❂②✮➜➃➌⑤②✮❿❶➆☛➟➠t⑩❹➒③❂④⑤②⑦❷❻t❺③❂❼①t❉❿✕➋✸❹➫⑧❽t❉❷ Ù Ô Ï ✬ Ú ➋✸❼➊➎ ➨ ■ ↕ ➾ ④⑤②➑③❂❼①❷❻②✻❹➫t❉⑧✂③❽④⑤②

✂
⑥❶➁⑩⑧➤③❂❼❾➆➉✈①②➇➎✏③❽t❛❹ ➁❺✈❾✈❶❼❾❿➃③❽t✗②➇➁⑩➆➢④❻t❺③❂④⑤②➉⑧✐➯✸t⑩➌⑤✈➊↔✰⑨✳②✴➄➅➌❶➎➅③✸➁✗➜❉➌✳➁❺⑧❽③❽②➉⑧❽➔❰⑥✳②✮✄➹ ⑧❽✂ ❼❾t❘↔✧➋❺➎➤t✗t❉❿✰③❽④⑤❼➊➎✐③❂④⑤②➉t❉⑧❽➟

✁
➯✸②➻➯✸t⑩➌❶✈❾↔✍➏⑩②➉③
③❂❼①❷❻②❛❹➫t❉⑧✺⑥❶➁❺⑧❽③❽❼➊➆☛✈❾②✮➎✸③❂t❮❹ ➁⑩✈①✈ ❼①❿➃③❽t❻②➇➁⑩➆➢④✘t❺③❽④❶②➉⑧ ➨ ▼ Ï ➨ ➴ ✝
➯✺④⑤②✮⑧❽②➇➁⑩➎✏③❽④❶②➒➁❺❿✳➎➤➯✸②➉⑧✐➯✸②➞t⑩⑨⑤③❂➁❺❼❾❿⑤②➇↔❮❼❾✎ ❿ ✕✛④❶➁⑩⑥❘③❽②✮⑧ ❁ ➯➍➁⑩➎ ▼ ➴ Ø ✛➌⑤③ ✻ ➆➉➁❺❿ ❈ ③✴➥✳➏⑩➌⑤⑧❂②✺t⑩➌❘③

✁
➯✺④⑤②✮⑧❽② ✻ ➁⑩❷✢❷✂➁❺➸✉❼❾❿⑤➏✂➁✰❷✰❼➊➎➤③❂➁❺➸❉②⑩↕
✂
❢ ❣✐❤❮❥✻❦☛❧➒♠ ♦➒♣✾q➉♦
✂ ⑥❶➁⑩⑧➤③❂❼❾➆➉✈①②♥t❺❹✧❷✂➁⑩➎❂➎ ➷ ❼➊➎❯➆➉t⑩❿❶➎➤③❽⑧➢➁❺❼❾❿⑤②➇↔➡③❂t☎❷❻t➝✇⑩②➞t❉❿✟➁☎➆☛➌❶⑧❽✇❉②✺❼①❿❻③❂④⑤②♥✇❉②➉⑧❽③❽❼➊➆➉➁❺✈❶⑥⑤✈❾➁⑩❿⑤②♥↔❘②➉➥❶❿⑤②➇↔
⑨✉➟✂③❽④❶②✗⑥❶➁❺⑧➢➁❺❷❻②☛③❂⑧❽❼➊➆➒②✮➜➃➌❶➁➝③❂❼①t❉❿❶➎
❒ ✆ ➨ ☎➤Ù Ï✺ß ➆➉t❉➎ ➴ ✔ Ú
✆➨ ☎➤Ù ➴ ✔ ➬ ➎❽❼①❿ ➴ ✔ Ú Ø
➾ ④⑤②✮⑧❽②✺❼➊➎✐③❂④⑤②➞➌❶➎❽➌❶➁❺✈❆➆☛t❉❿❶➎➅③➢➁❺❿➃③✴➏⑩⑧➢➁à✇✉❼➓Ó ③➢➁➝③❂❼①t❉❿❶➁❺✈➃❹➫t⑩⑧➢➆☛②➞➁❉➆✝③❂❼①❿⑤➏➡❼①❿❻③❂④⑤②➞✇⑩②✮⑧➤③❂❼❾➆✮➁❺✈ ❒ ↔❘❼❾⑧❽②➇➆✝③❂❼①t❉❿✕↕ ✸➟
③❽④❶②☎❷❻②☛③❽④❶t✉↔Pt❺❹✴➁⑩➆☛③❽❼❾t⑩❿❘➔➣➁❺❿❶➏⑩✈❾②✗✇à➁⑩⑧❽❼➊➁❺⑨❶✈①②➇➎➍➥❶❿❶↔➑③❂④⑤②☎❹➫⑧❂②✮➜➃➌⑤②✮❿❶➆☛➟✘t❺❹✴t➃➎❽➆➉❼①✈❾✈➊➁➝③❽❼❾t⑩❿✘❹➫t❉⑧➒➁❺✈❾✈ ❼❾❿⑤❼①③❽❼➊➁❺✈
✡
➆☛t❉❿❶↔❘❼①③❽❼❾t⑩❿❶➎✺➎❽➌❶➆➢④✍③❽④❶➁❺③✺③❽④⑤②✗❷✂➁ ✧✉❼❾❷➡➌❶❷✎t❺✤❹ ✔✻❼➊➎➍✈①②➇➎❽➎✺③❽④❶➁⑩❿✍t❉⑧✺②✮➜➃➌❶➁❺✈❱③❂t ▼✳Ø

➾ ④⑤②✗➸✉❼①❿❶②☛③❽❼➊➆❛②➉❿❶②➉⑧❂➏⑩➟✂❼➊➎
✞
☎
✝ ➨ ➷➴ Ù ❙ ➹ ➬ ❒❙ ➹ Ú
Ó
➨ ➷ ➴ ☎ ➹ ❂ Ù ➴ ✔➒❙ ➎❽❼①❿ ➴ ✔ Ú ➹ ➬ Ù ➴ ✔ ❙ ➬ ➴ ✔➒❙ ➆☛t❉✴➎ ✔ Ú ➹ ❄
➨ ✱ ➷ ☎ ➹ ➆➉t❉➎ ➹ ✔ ✔ ❙ ➹ Ø
✘
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸☎✺ Ïà➴
➾ ④⑤②❛⑥❆t❺③❽②✮❿➃③❽❼➊➁❺✈✕②✮❿⑤②➉⑧❂➏⑩➟✂❼➊➎
➨ ➷✾❐✉❒ ➨ ✾➷ ❐ ➤Ù Ï✸ß ☛➆ t➃➎ ➴ ✔ Ú
➨ ➴➝➷✍❐ ➎❽❼①❿ ➹ ✔ Ø
✆
ÙÏ✱ Ú
☎
➾ ④⑤②✮❿✍③❂④⑤② ➁⑩➏⑩⑧➢➁❺❿⑤➏❉❼❾➁⑩❿✟❼❾➎
✔
➨ ✱ ➷ ➹ ➆➉t❉➎ ➹ ✔ ✔ ❙ ➹ ➈
✘ ✗
ß ➴❺➷✾❐ ➤➎ ❼❾❿ ➹ ✔ ☎ ☎
➎❽t❮③❂④⑤②☎➆➉➁⑩❿⑤t⑩❿❶❼❾➆✮➁❺✈❱❷❻t⑩❷❻②➉❿➃③❽➌❶❷ ➆☛t❉❿➝➄➅➌⑤➏➃➁➝③❽②➻③❂t ✔⑦❾❼ ➎

❙
➪ ✶ ➨ Ñ ✔ ❙ ➨ Ï ➷ ➹ ☛➆ t➃➎ ➹ ✔ ✔
✗
☎ ☎
➁❺❿✳↔✟③❂④⑤②☎➐♥➁⑩❷✰❼❾✈①③❽t⑩❿❶❼❾➁⑩❿✘❼➊➎ Ñ
➚ ➨ Ý ➨ ✑➪ ✶ ✔ ❙ ß ✗
➨ ✱ ➷ ➹ ➆☛t➃➎ ➹ ✔ ✔ ❙ ➹✛➬ ➴➝➷✍❐ ➎❽❼❾❿ ➹ ✔

✘ ☎ ☎
➨ ❁❉➴➝➷ ➪ ➹✶ ➆➉t❉➎ ✔ ➬ ➴➝➷✍❐ ➎❽❼①❿ ➹ ✔ Ø

➹ ➹
☎
s✉t❉✈①✇✉❼❾❿⑤➏✰❹➫t⑩⑧ ✑➪ ✶ ➁⑩➎✺➁❮❹➫➌⑤❿❶➆☛③❽❼❾t⑩❿➑t❺❹✐Ý➭➁❺❿❶↔ ✔✡➵⑤➯✛②✗④✳➁à✇⑩②

❺
➴ ✾
➷ ❐ ■
❆➹ Ø
➪ ✶ ➨ ▼ ➴❺➷ Ý➂➆➉t❉✆➎ ✔ Ï✺ß Ý ➎➤❼❾❿ ➹ ✔
✄
➾ ④⑤②✗➁⑩➆☛③❽❼❾t⑩❿✘✇➝➁❺⑧❂❼❾➁⑩⑨⑤✈①②➻❹➫t❉⑧✺⑥✳②✮⑧❽❼❾t❘↔❘❼❾➆❛❷❻t⑩③❽❼❾t⑩❿✘❼❾➎
➨ ✾
✞
➪✶ ✔
✟
➴ ➝ ✍
➷ ❐ ■ ✾
☎
✶
➨ Ï ➴➝➷ Ý ✼ ➳ ➆☛t❉➎✴✔ Ï✺ß Ý ❽➎ ❼①❿ ➹ ✔ ❆ ➹ ✔
☎
✂
✡
✄
✰ ➌⑤③✮✒ ➨ ✟
➹ ✁✄✂✆☎ ➎❽❼①❿✄✔ P
✄
➨ Ï Ý ✵ ✾
❐ ✼ ➳ â Ï➍ß ✒ ➹ ✒ Ø
✞
✡
☎
➐➞②✮⑧❽②➻③❂④⑤②✗➌⑤⑥⑤⑥❆②➉⑧➞❼❾❿➃③❽②✮➏⑩⑧➢➁➝③❽❼❾t⑩❿✍✈①❼❾❷❻❼➓③➞❼➊➎
✒ ➳ ➨ ➴❺➷✾Ý ❐ ➎➤❼❾✄❿ ✔ ➳ ☎
➯✺④⑤②✮⑧❽✮② ✔❶➳➍❼➊➎✡③❽④⑤②✸❷✂✞➁ ✧❘❼①❷❮➌⑤❷ ✇➝➁❺✈❾➌⑤②➍➁➝③➤③➢➁❺❼❾❿⑤②✮↔➡⑨✉➟ ✔ Ø ➒❿✗③❂④⑤②➍t❺③❂④⑤②➉⑧✏④❶➁❺❿✳↔✧➋❺⑧❂②☛❹➫②➉⑧❂⑧❂❼①❿⑤➏♥⑨❶➁⑩➆➢➸

③❽t Ù Ï ✱ Ú ➋ ➴❺➷✾❐ ➎➤❼❾❿ ➹ ✔✳➳➻❼❾➎✡➄➅➌❶➎➤③➍③❽④⑤②➻⑥❆t❺③❽②✮❿➃③❽❼➊➁❺✈❱②➉❿⑤②✮⑧❽➏❉➟❻t❺❹✕③❂④⑤②➒⑥✳➁❺⑧❽③❽❼➊➆☛✈❾②➒➁➝③➍❼①③❂➎✸❷✂➁✞✧❘❼①❷❮➌⑤❷
✄
☎
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸☎✺ Ï❁
④⑤②✮❼①➏❉④❉③➇➋✴➯✺④⑤❼➊➆➢④✶❼➊➎➒➄➅➌❶➎➤③❻❼①③❂➎✰③❂t❺③➢➁❺✈➍②➉❿⑤②✮⑧❽➏❉➟➈➎➤❼❾❿❶➆☛②✘❼①③❻④✳➁⑩➎✰➼➉②✮⑧❽t ➸➃❼❾❿⑤②➉③❽❼➊➆✍②✮❿⑤②➉⑧❂➏⑩➟➈➁❺③✰③❂④❶➁➝③
⑥❆t⑩❼❾❿❉③➇↕✴➐➞②✮❿❶➆☛②
✒❆➳ ➨
Ý ➨ ÏØ
Ý
➾ ④⑤②✗➁⑩➆☛③❽❼❾t⑩❿✘❼①❿➃③❂②➉➏⑩⑧➢➁❺✈✧❼➊➎✸③❽④❶②➉❿
■ ✾
➨ Ï Ý ❐ ➳ â Ï✺ß
✼
✞
✒ ✒
➹
☎
■
➨✚✱ Ý â Ï➍ß ✒ ➹ ➬ ➎➤❼❾❿ ■ ✒ ➳
✞
✒
❐
☎
➨ ▼ Ý ❐ Ø
✞
➾ ④⑤②✮❿✍③❂④⑤②✗➐♥➁⑩❷✰❼❾✈①③❽t⑩❿❶❼❾➁⑩❿✘② ✧❘⑥⑤⑧❽②➇➎❽➎❽②✮↔✾❼①❿✘③❂②➉⑧❂❷❻➎➍t⑩❹✡③❂④⑤②☎➁⑩➆☛③❽❼❾t⑩❿✘✇➝➁❺⑧❂❼❾➁⑩⑨⑤✈①②❛❼➊➎
➚ ➨ Ý ➨ Ï ❐ ▼ ☎
✞
➁❺❿✳↔✟③❂④⑤②❛❹➫⑧❽②➇➜➃➌⑤②➉❿❶➆➉➟✟❼➊➎▲➄➅➌❶➎➤③
✞
➨ Ñ ➚ ➨ ▼Ï ❐ Ø
✁
Ñ
✞
❢ ❣✐❤❮❥✻❦☛❧➒♠ ♦➒♣✾q➉♦ ☛
✂ ③❽④⑤⑧❂②➉②➉➔❰↔⑤❼①❷❻②➉❿✳➎➤❼❾t⑩❿❶➁⑩✈✐④❶➁❺⑧❂❷❻t⑩❿⑤❼➊➆✰t❉➎❂➆☛❼❾✈①✈➊➁➝③❂t⑩⑧➻④❶➁⑩➎✗③❽④⑤②❻❹➫t❉⑧❂➆➉②✰➆➉t⑩❿❶➎➤③❂➁⑩❿❉③ ✞ ■ ❼①❿✽③❂④⑤② ➁❺❿❶↔ ❒

↔❘❼❾⑧❽②➇➆✝③❂❼①t❉❿❶➎✛➁⑩❿❶↔ ✞ ❼①❿✍③❽④❶② ✖✰↔❘❼❾⑧❽②➇➆✝③❂❼①t❉❿✕↕ ✥ ➎❽❼①❿⑤➏✂➆➉➟➃✈❾❼❾❿❶↔❘⑧❂❼❾➆✮➁❺✈❱➆☛t✉t⑩⑧➢↔❘❼❾❿❶➁➝③❂②✮➎ Ù ➯✺❼①③❽④✍③❽④⑤②✗Ó ➁✞✧❘❼➊➎✸t❺❹
③❽④❶②❮➆☛➟✉✈❾❼①❿✳↔❘②➉⑧➻❼①❿P③❽❅ ④⑤② ✖✍↔⑤❼①⑧❂②✮➆☛③❽❼❾t⑩❿ Ú ↔❘②✮➎❂➆☛⑧❂❼①⑨❆②☎③❂④⑤②✰❷✰t⑩③❽❼❾t⑩❿⑦❼❾❿⑦③❂②➉⑧❂❷✂➎♥t⑩❹✐③❽④⑤②❻➆☛t❉⑧❽⑧❂②✮➎❽⑥✳t❉❿❶↔❘❼❾❿⑤➏
➁⑩➆☛③❽❼❾t⑩❿❘➔➣➁❺❿❶➏⑩✈❾②♥✇➝➁❺⑧❂❼❾➁⑩⑨⑤✈❾②✮➎✮➋✉➎❽④⑤t➝➯✺❼❾❿⑤➏✰④⑤t➝➯➀③❽④❶②➒❹➫⑧❂②✮➜➃➌⑤②✮❿❶➆☛❼❾②✮➎✺➆✮➁❺❿✍⑨✳②✗t❉⑨❘③❂➁⑩❼①❿⑤②➇↔✧↕ ➾ ⑧➢➁❺❿✳➎➅❹➫t❉⑧❽❷➭③❂t
③❽④❶②✂✁➤⑥⑤⑧❂t⑩⑥❆②➉☎⑧ ✄➡➁❉➆✝③❽❼❾t⑩❿⑤➔❰➁⑩❿⑤➏⑩✈❾②➒✇➝➁⑩⑧❽❼➊➁❺⑨⑤✈❾②✮➎✛③❂t✂②➉✈❾❼①❷❻❼❾❿❶➁➝③❂②☎↔❘②➉➏❉②➉❿⑤②✮⑧❂➁❺③❽②➒❹➫⑧❽②➇➜❉➌❶②➉❿❶➆➉❼①②➇➎➉↕
➾ ④⑤②✝✔ ➁⑩➏⑩⑧➢➁❺❿⑤➏❉❼❾➁⑩❿✟❼➊➎
➷ ✟❙ ✟ ✪❙ ✖❙ ❄ ß Ï ✞ ■ ✟ ß Ï ✞ ✖ Ø
➴ ❂ ➹ ➬ ➹ ➹ ➬ ➹ ➴ ➹ ➴ ❅ ➹
➯✺❼①③❽④✻➆➉➁⑩❿⑤t⑩❿⑤❼➊➆➉➁⑩✈❱❷✰t❉❷❻②➉❿➃③❂➁
➪ ➨ ➷ ✟❙ ❙
➪ ✒ ➨➨ ➷➷ ✟✖ ❙ ➹ Ø ✪
✝➪ ✆
✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✆✌☞✎✍✑✏ ✒✡✓✔✁☎✕✗✖✙✘✗☞✚✁☎✛✔✒✜✘✢✁✝✣✤✁☎✕✎✍✥✒✦✘✢✆✟☞✧✛✩★✪✞✌✁✙✫☎✕✬✆✟✄✭✒✯✮✱✰✑✲✴✳✯✵✶✘✷✆✌✞✹✸☎✺ Ï▼
➾ ④⑤②✗➐♥➁⑩❷❻❼①✈①③❽t❉❿⑤❼❾➁⑩❿➑❼❾➎
➚ ➨✁ ➪ ❙ ß
✂✂ ✗
➨ ➷➴ ❂ ❙➹ ➬ ➹ ❙➹ ➬ ❙ ➹ ❄ ➬ Ï Ï
➴ ■ ➹ ➬ ➴ ❅ ➹
✘
✪ ✖ ✖
✟ ✟ ✞ ✟ ✞
Ï Ï
➨ ➴➝➪✳➷✃
➹ ➬ ➴❺➷ ➪❆➹ ➬ ➴➝❆➪ á
➷➹ ➬ ➴ ■ ➹ ➬ ➴ ❅ ➹Ø
✞ ✟ ✞
✖
➹
✆

Classical Mechanics by Goldstein Solution Manual

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Classical Mechanics by Goldstein Solution Manual

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✂✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✁☎☞✍✌✎✞✏✁✒✑✔✓✕✁✗✖✘✄☛✙✛✚✜✌✢✠✝☞✤✣✥✁✗✄☛✦✍✌✧✞✏✙✛✠✝☞✩★

✪✬✫✮✭✰✯✛✯✛✱✳✲✴✭✟✫✶✵ ✷✸✲✺✹✻✭✂✼✽✱✳✲✺✯ ★✾✂✙✸✿✸✁✗☞✘✦❁❀✔✦✍✠❂✞✡✠☛✁✗☞

❯ q☛ ä ➜ ✆ ➠ ✄✝✆ Õ➩ä ➜ ✆ ➠ ✄ ❘ Ù ❘✥✞ ✓ ä

↕ →❾⑤➡r❽→ ↕ ✉❪➄✂⑧❼⑩ ↕ ③➇⑤✈❷➇✉☎⑧❉✇

Õ➩✎ ä ☎✻å ✄ ➜ ä✎☎ ➠

✓ ☎ ✠☛✝ ☎ ☎ ✠ ✝✫☎ ✝✕✠

❏✏⑤✈⑥❉♣❾③❂✉✰➌ ◗❝➒✻⑩✍r❧②④♥sr❧✉❧➤❻❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✍②④➉❮❷➇→s✉☎✇❹⑤✈❷➇♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➨②⑨➉ ➮ ③❂②④➁❾t⑦✉❧➄✥➌④➎ æ

❖ ♣❾➁❾❷➇③❽⑧④r✝❷❂⑤✈♥s⑥✰→✳⑧⑨t✈➉✏②④➉✸➜➟æ❿➠✛➉ ③➇②❉➄✥➜➟➹❿➠✝① ↕ ✉❪→s⑧❼➀④✉

r☛✉✮♥❿❷➇✉❧③✺②④➉❮❷❂→❾✉ ↕ →❾✉❧✉✮t❮⑧❸➧❻⑤➡✇➣⑤⑦✇✸❷❂→❾✉✗➤❆②④⑤⑦♥❉❷❝è➻♣✳✇➻❷➴➁❆✉☛❷ ↕ ✉❧✉✮♥ ✛✰⑧⑨♥s❺ ✛ ◗

✁ ❆Õ ✇❹⑤⑦♥ Ý ✂☎ ❯ r❧②❉✇ Ý ✝ ✂ ➜❹➌④➌➆➠

♠❤❺s❺❻⑤✈♥s⑥➊❷➇→❾✉➆✇❹✉✗r☛②❉➄➊➤✳②❉♥❾✉❧♥❿❷ ↕ ⑤➡✇❹✉ ↕ ✉➱→✳⑧❼➀④✉ ➸

r❧②❉✇ Ý ❰ Ù ✇❹⑤⑦♥ Ý ❐ Õ ➛sØ

❖ ♣❾➁❾❷➇③❽⑧④r✝❷❂⑤✈♥s⑥➨➜❹➌④➌❼➠✴➉ ③❂②④➄ ➜➻➌➆➛❉➠✝①

♠➴⑥❿⑧⑨⑤⑦♥✘✇➇♣❾➁s✇❹❷➇⑤✈❷➇♣❾❷➇⑤⑦♥❾⑥➊➉ ②④③✺❐ ➸❹➘ ❸❰ ➸❹➘ ⑤✈♥✘❷❂→❾✉❪és③❽✇➻❷➣❷➇✉✮③➇➄ ⑤✈♥➨➤s⑧④③➇✉✮♥❿❷➇→❾✉➆✇❹✉➆✇❧①

❰ ➸❹➘ ➜ ❷❂⑧④♥ Ý ✇❹⑤⑦♥ Ý Ù r☛②❉✇ Ý ➠

❰ ➸❹➘ ➜➟✇➇⑤✈♥ ➘ Ý r☛②❿✇ Ý Ù r❧②❉✇ ❝ Ý ➠

❏✏⑤✈⑥❉♣❾③➇✉ Ú ◗▲➒➂⑩✍r☛②❉♥sr☛✉✮➤❻❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✘②⑨➉✏❷➇→s✉☎✇❹⑤✈❷➇♣s⑧⑨❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✘②⑨➉ ➮ ③❂②④➁❾t⑦✉❧➄➶➌❉➎✈➌➆➛

➜ ❰✡Ü❹❐❾➠ Õ ➜ ✝✛r❧②❉✇ Ý ✆ Ú r☛②❿✇ ✡Ü ✝✸✇❹⑤⑦♥ Ý ✆ Ú ✇❹⑤⑦♥ ❆➠

Ú ✇❹⑤⑦♥ ✏Ü✝ ✁✝✛r❧②❉✇ ✞

♠ ❮⑧④⑥④③❽⑧⑨♥❾⑥❉⑤⑦⑧④♥✂➉ ②④③❤⑧✰➤s⑧④③❹❷❂⑤⑦r❧♣❾t➡⑧⑨③➣➤❾→q⑩❻✇❹⑤➡r❧⑧④t✕✇❹⑩❻✇❹❷➇✉❧➄ r❧⑧⑨♥✘➁❆✉ ↕ ③➇⑤✈❷❹❷❂✉❧♥✻⑧④✇

ä ➜ ✟ ❐ ✤ Ù ✦ ❐❻✤ ➠ Õ ❯ ✂ ➜✍✟❽❰ Ù ✦ ❐❾➠✝Ø

☎ Õ ä ➘ ❰✴❝ ✄ Ù Ú❸ä ❰ ✍ ➜ ❰P➠ ✄

☎ ÕÏä ➘ ➜ ❰✧➠ ➘ ❰ ✤ Ù Ú⑨ä ❰ ✤ ✍ ➜➟❰❆➠ Ù ❸Ú ä ❰ ✍ ➜➟❰❆➠

➽➼➉ ↕ ✉❪⑤➡❺❻✉❧♥❿❷➇⑤✈➉ ⑩☞✎ Õ ❯ ✄ ✍ ☞ ✄ ❰➂⑧⑨♥s❺ á Õ ä ❰ ➘ ☞ Ú ① ↕ ✉❪➄✂⑧❼⑩ ↕ ③➇⑤✈❷➇✉➱❷❂→❾⑤⑦✇❤⑧④✇

⑧⑨♥✳❺✟❷❂→❾✡✉ ✂✴♣❾t⑦✉❧③➇✚➋ ❮⑧⑨⑥❉③❂⑧④♥❾⑥④✉❤✉✮➥❿♣s⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥s✇✺⑧⑨③❂✉

⑧⑨♥✳❺✟❷❂→❾✉☎❺❻⑤➡✇➇✇➇⑤✈➤✳⑧❸❷➇⑤⑦②④♥✍➉ ♣❾♥sr☛❷➇⑤⑦②④♥➨⑤➡✇ ➘ Ú ①❾✇❹②✰❷➇→s✉✗✉✮➥❿♣s⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥✍②④➉✡➄➊②⑨❷❂⑤✈②❉♥➨⑤⑦✇

➝➣→❾⑤➡✇✗✇➇⑧❼⑩❻✇↔❷➇→✳⑧❸❷✗❷➇→s✉✟⑧④r❧r❧✉❧t⑦✉❧③❽⑧❸❷❂⑤✈②❉♥➃⑥④②q✉➆✇➱❷➇✩② ▼❧✉✮③➇② ↕ →❾✉❧♥ ä☞☛❶Õ ①✡②④③ Õ ä☞☛ ①❮✇➇②

A particle of mass m is constrained to move under gravity without friction on the

We’ll take the paraboloid to be defined by the equation z = αr 2 . The kinetic

Hence the Lagrangian is

For r we have the derivatives

8mα2 rṙ2 + m(1 + 4α2 r2 )r̈ = 4α2 mrṙ2 + mrθ̇2 − 2mgαr

m(1 + 4α2 r2 )r̈ + 4mα2 rṙ2 − mrθ̇2 + 2mgαr = 0.

In terms of the constant angular momentum, we may rewrite this as

A particle moves in a central force field given by the potential

Since x is small, we may write the second term approximately as

from which we conclude

We change variables to u = r/r0 , du = dr/r0 :

Next we change variables to u = sin2 x, du = 2 sin x cos x dx :

Adding (9) and (10),

The differential equation for the orbit is

Plugging in (11), we have

Plugging into (15),

In terms of l = mr2 θ̇, this is just

(a) The equations describing the orbits are

At perigee of an elliptic gravitational orbit a particle experiences an impulse S (cf.

The orbit equation for elliptical motion is

where m is the mass of the planet, C is a constant proportional to the gravitational

(a) The equation of motion for r is

Then the period is

Using (25), this reduces to

Show that the motion of a particle in the potential field

The effective one-dimensional equation of motion is

augmenting the angular velocity:

In hyperbolic motion in a 1/r potential the analogue of the eccentric anomaly is F

We start with Goldstein’s equation (3.65):

Examine the scattering produced by a repulsive central force f = kr −3 . Show that

where x is the ratio Θ/π and E is the energy.

u = A cos γθ + B sin γθ (28)

u(θ = π) = 0 −→ A cos γπ + B sin γπ = 0

−→ A = −B tan γπ. (30)

A cos γθs + B sin γθs = 0.

Using (30), this becomes

− cos γθs tan γπ + sin γθs = 0