Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Goat Farming

    Uploaded by

    ferdinand
    284 views114 pages

    Original Title

    GOAT FARMING

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    284 views114 pages

    Goat Farming

    Uploaded by

    ferdinand

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    of 114
    The Philippines Recommends for GOAT FARMING AND RESOURCES RESEARCH AND © OEVELOPMENT National Science and Technology Aull Disclaimer Trade names, manufacturers, and distributors cited are used solely for the purpose of providing specific information and do not indorse products named nor imply criticism of similar ones not mentioned. Mention of a trade name, manufacturer, and distributor does not contribute a guaranty or warranty of the product. The recommended practices or technologies are based on research and best information available so far. Cover Technology unfolding — reaching out, touching the people's vay of life and their way of doing things, offering tech- niques that improve com- modity production. Each recommendation is a bid to make the venture more productive and profitable for the crop, livestock, fish or tree farmer, or small- scale miner. This is the theme of the PCARRD Technical Bul- letin Series covers for 1985. OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR To our valued reader: This publication, the Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming, highlights the systems in goat production. This volume is actually a revision of the Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming which was first published by the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research in 1977. It updates recommendations on husbandry practices, provides latest data on nutrient requirement including a listing of common feedstuffs for goat and presents the health program of goats at various stages of life. The PR for Goat Farming was prepared by PCARRD in cooperation with the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Ayala Corporation, and Baguio Dairy Farms, BAI. We believe this publication will be uséful to the improvement of goat farming in particular and the livestock industry in general. Sincerely yours, Gon Vda RAMON V. VALMAYOR Executive Director Please detach along dotted line PR for Goat Farming and mail to: Publication received by: Philippine Council for Name Agriculture and Resources Position _ Research and Development (PCARRD) Los Bajos, Laguna Center/Station Date sent trom PCARRD Please note change of address: The Philippines Recommends for GOAT FARMING PCARRD Technical Bulletin Series No. 24-A PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE AND RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT National Science and Technology Authority Los Bafios, Laguna, Philippines 1985 First printing, 1977 Second printing (revised edition), 1985 This publication may not be reprinted or reproduced in part or whole without prior written permission from the publisher. Bibliographic Citation: The Committee for Livestock. The Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming, Los Bafios, Laguna, Philippines: Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development, 1985. 101 p. Technical Bulletin Series No. 24-A. Published through the Philippine Agriculture and Resources Research Foundation, Inc. (PARRF!) Foreword Goat farming forms an important and integral part of smallholder agricul- ture in the Philippines. This is shown by the fact that 99% of the goats in the country are in the hands of small farmers. However, the optimum potential of these small ruminants as a source of milk and meat fas not been exploited. Goats can very well provide for the improvement of the nutrition of rural farm families as well as increase the incorne of the poor in the countryside. This volume is actually a revision of the Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming first published by the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research in 1977. Among others, this edition highlights the systems in goat production. It updates recommendations on husbandry practices, provides latest data on nutrient requirement including a listing of common feedstuffs for goat and presents the health program of goats at various stages of life. It is hoped that this volume and subsequent series of Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming will be useful and contribute to the improvement of goat farming in particular and development of the livestock industry in general. Gr (Yon Executive Director PCARRD iti Acknowledgment The Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) greatfully acknowledges the cooperation extended by some agencies and institutions in the publication of the Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming. Appreciation is due the heads of the University of the Philippines at Los Bajios, (UPLB), the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI), and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food for granting their staff time to serve as Goat Farming Committee members. PCARRD also extends its sincere gratitude to the committee members of the Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming 1977 for their pain- staking effort in producing that first edition of which this volume is a revision. Acknowledgment is also due to the staff of the Livestock Research Department and the Applied Communication Department for their con- tinued and unrelenting support and assistance. Goat Farming Committee DR. VICENTE G. MOMONGAN Chairman Professor, Institute of Animal Science UP College of Agriculture Los Bafios, Laguna MEMBERS: DR. TEODORO A. ABILAY Project Development Office Ayala Corporation Makati, Metro Manila OR. JULIO A. ALUNAN Chief, Planning Service Ministry of Agriculture and Food Diliman, Quezon City ‘DR. VITO F. DEL FIERRO, JR. Livestock and Poultry Development Coordinator Livestock Development Council Ministry of Agriculture and Food Diliman, Quezon City DR. OSCAR M. GATMAITAN Associate Professor, Institute of Animal Science UP College of Agriculture Los Bafios, Laguna DR. MOISES R. DE GUZMAN, JR. Director, Livestock Research Department, PCARRD, Los Bafios, Laguna DR. PERLITO I. IBARRA Assistant Professor, Institute of Animal Science UP College of Agriculture Los Bafos, Laguna DR. JOEL F. MANGALINDAN Officer.in-Charge, Baguio Dairy Farms Bureau of Animal Industry Baguio City MR. ORLANDO A. PALAD Assistant Professor, Institute of Animal Science UP College of Agriculture Los Bafos, Laguna Dix: 2.26RTO Y. ROBLES Disiisy. Daity Fraining and Research Institute UP College of Agriculture Los Banos, Laguna MR. EDWIN C. VILLAR Subject Matter Specialist, Livestock Research Department PCARRD, Los Baflos, Laguna ERLINDA H. BELEN Editof, Applied Communication Department, PCARRD, Los Bafos, Laguna Table of Contents Foreword iii Acknowledgment iv Goat Farming Committee v The Goat Industry 1 Choosing the Foundation Stock 3 Housing and Fencing 10 Goat Husbandry Practices 14 Feeds and Feeding 29 Goat Breeding 40 Goat Herd Health Managemant 46 Processing and Utilization of Goat Products and By-Products 68 Marketing 78 Production Economics 80 Definition of Terms 81 References 83 Appendices Appendix A — List of Some Private Goat Farms, by Region 85 Appendix B — List of Some Government Goat Farms, by Region 86 Appendix C — Score Card for Does 87 Appendix D — Score Card for Bucks 88 Appendix E — Common Drugs Used for Parasite Control in Goats 89 Appendix F — Guidelines In Exporting Goats to Saudi Arabia 91 Appendix G — Recommended Preparations for Goat Milk 91 Appendix H — Recommended Preparations for Chevon 92 vil Tables Pee no “ea 9. 9a. ‘9b. Goat Population and Inventory Value by Region 1 Some Breeds and Strain of Goats in the Philippines 7 Gestation Table for Goats 18 Heritability Estimates for Goat 28 List of Common Philippine Feedstuff for Goat Ritciietion ay Daily Nutéient Requixements 8F coits 32 Nutrient Requirements Mieiais Suggested 'Featitng Guide er Goat 39 Common itiectin semsgs of Guats 52 Common Padsitit: DiSéaSée of Godts 61 Common Metabolic Bisanses af Goats 63 Form 1. Individvai Litetiaie Bairy Bae Record Summary 27 Figures Fig. 1 Pure Anglo-Nubian 3 Fig. 2 Pure Toggenburg 3 Fig. 3 Pure Alpine 4 Fig. 4 Pure Saanen 4 Fig. 5 Toggenburg and Saanen grades 5 Fig. 6 Dentition in goats 9 Fig. 7 Backyard raisers stable goats under houses for greater safety 10 Fig. 8 Goats prefer to stay in elevated places such as benches and platforms 11 Fig. 9 Goats raised in complete confinement at the Selarce Farms in Novaliches, Metro Manila 12 Fig. 10 Confinement system of housing at the Miagao Dairy Goat Project in lloilo 12 Fig. 11 Height of the fence should be 1.5 m to confine goats successfully 13 Fig. 12 Tethesing is the usual method of raising goat in the _ backyard 14 Fig. 13" Intensive goat production 16 Fig. 14 Goats integrated into mango plantation in Pampanga 16 Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 15 Hot iron dehorning/disbudding 20 16 Disbudding methods 21 17 Milk stand 23 18 Proper procedure for hand milking 24 vill Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 19 20 21 23 24 25 26 27 28 29a 29b 29c 29d 29e 29f 299 29h 291 30 Hoof trimming 25 Toggenburg grazing on stargrass dominated pasture 29 Goat fed with corn silage 36 Peanut straw is also relished by goats 37 Clean fresh water should be available at all times 38 Purebred Anglo Nubian bucks use to upgrade a herd of native does 43 Tuberculin test 48 A kid infected with contagious ecthyma or sore mouth 50 Contagious opthalmia or Pink eye 51 Jubilee cheese 68 Stunning goat by an ordinary hammer 70 Sticking for thorough bleeding 70 Singeing in an open fire 71 Scrapping burned hair 71 A blow torch may be used for singeing 72 The cuts show the start of the flaying procedure 72 Pulling down the fleece 73 Cutting the head thru the atlas joint 73 Stripping the fleece downwards like undressing a baby 74 The clean carcass 74 Bamboo frames are good and economical for drying goat skin 77 The Goat Industry Goats are important to man for their meat and milk. They have long been a domestic company of man since primitive time but the species as a whole has been neglected. Their development, however, would have important implication on livestock production. Loca! researchers, therefore, would have to cope with the demand of the goat industry for increased production. The Philippines has 1.86 ion goats as of January, 1983 based on the report of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. From 1981 to 1983, the average annual population growth rate was 4.7%. Goats are widely distributed in the country and are heayity concentrated in Central Visayas with 16.45% of the total populaticn; im Hocos with 13.61%; in Western Visayas with 12.13% and in Southeyn Mindanao with 11.30%. Table 1 Presents the distribution of goats in the country. Table 1. Goat Population and Inventory Value by Region, January 1, 1983. Population Value Region (No. of Heads) (P1000) llocos 252,990 47,1336 Cagayan Valley 33,620 64777 Central Luzon 132,220 17,1886 Southern Tagalog 176,270 27,286.0, Bicol 76,400 7,167.8 Wester Visayas 225,560 21,2184 Central Visayas 305,920 27,101.85, Eastern Visayas 61,530 5,807.2 Western Mindanao 106,230 14.2773 Norther Mindanao 119,680 16,075.4 Southern Mindanao 210,180 23,536.0 Central Mindanao 156,890 2,606.3, TOTAL 1,859,390 229,875.8 Source: Bureau of Agricultural Economics Majority of the goats is kept by small farmers in rural and rural-fringe areas. About 99% are intended to supplement household income. The pattern of ownership and the number of goats raised are generally, secondary and in small scale. A few large and commercial scale goat farms are found scattered in the provinces. The largest of these farms have no more than 400 breeding animals for meat (chevon) and/or milk production (See appendices A & 8 for the lists of some existing goat farms if the country). Goat farming offers several advantages. Goats, being small animals are commonly known as the “poor man’s cow” because their upkeep entails only a small initial investment and a correspondingly small risk of loss. This makes goat farming an attractive proposition for household and for subsistence farming especially for poor families. Because goats are small, both women and children can conveniently look after them. Also, they occupy only a small housing space. he ability to thrive even on browse and the ability to digest cellulose efficiently are distinctive feeding characteristics of goats. Goats can sur- vive in environment in which nutrition ordinarily can not support cattle during the dry season. They can subsist on vegetation unpelatable to other ruminants. Goats have other advantages over of mature early, have high fertility, capable %*sultiple birth and undergo short gestation period. Goats can be bred @ieary as B-month old. Goats in the foundation herd could yield milk five rienths after conception. The first carcass or kid crop can be sold in less than a year. Increased production of milk and meat can help resolve the problem of protein mainutrition. The short life generation interval of goat makes it possible to increase production of both milk and meat in) relatively shorter time. Lastly, chevon, the meat of goat is a popular delicacy in some places and is part of the regular food intake of people particularly, in Northern Luzon. It is well known in some food preparations such as “caldereta” and “kilawen”. Yaminants such as, they 2 Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming Choosing the Foundation Stock The success of a goat project will primarily depend on the kind and type of animals used as foundation stocks. The goats should be able to per- form well under good management and feeding conditions. Some breeds and strains of goats raised under local condition are presented in Table 2. Fig. 1. Pure Anglo-Nubian Fig. 2. Pure Toggenburg Fig. 3. Pure Alpine Fig. 4. Pure Saanen 4 Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming Fig. 5. Toggenburg and Saanen Grades Starting the Goat Enterprise Grades and native goats are more practical to start with. There is less investment involved and the crossbred is a better meat and milk producer. However, a good purebred buck is necessary to upgrade the herd. Thorough inspection of herd buck before buying is necessary. This often gives a knowledge of the condition under which the animal was raised. The important factors in choosing a herd are blood composition, constitution and vigor, breeding quality and aggressiveness. This buck should be the heaviest in the herd, should have come from does with high percentage of twinning, should be capable to transmit its good qualities to its progeny and should be active and always ready to breed a doe that comes in heat. On the other hand, does should be chosen based on milk production ability, reproductive capacity, dairy temperament and motherly instinct. The udder should have plenty of capacity and well held up to the body by the suspension ligament. It should also be pliable, soft and balanced in shape with teats hanging at uniform length. The teats should be large enough for easy milking. If possible they should be slightly tilted forward. The middle of the doe should be long and the rib well-sprung, allow- ing for room for roughage and 2 or more kids. One finger should be able to slide through in-between the ribs. Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming 5 The floor of the chest should be wide enough for the front legs to be set apart. For both bucks and does, large size, high feeding capacity, long life and fertility are desirable characteristics. The score cards for does and buck in appendices C & D will materially help in the selection process. Determining the Age of Goats Records to guide selection and determination of age before purchase of stocks are still unavailable in the country. However, age could be deter- mined through dentition Goats have 8 front teeth (incisors) on the lower jaw. Figure 6 presents the dentition of goats at various ages. After 4 years of age, the approxi- mate age can be determined by the amount of wear in the front teeth. As the animal gets older, the teeth loosen and finally, drop out. At this age, the animal begins to lose its usefulness as grazing animal. They may be kept on and be fed with specially prepared feeds if the animals are valuable breeding bucks or does and are still capable of reproduction. On basis of dentition therefore, animals are mature if they already display at least a pair of permanent teeth, 6 Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming samem jo eel ey} ul 1ods ayy @) OU} JO apis Jaye vo a[6ue1) ayym e ‘preMUMOP SBBUY WO!) ‘uum sBajel0y ‘sencoy 01 YOY WOH} BLUM 69) puly ‘aizznw eu) umop sds uum omy ‘aippIW au) UUM ‘sOupMew ana puemio} paleo ave pue yoae YUNSIP YIM a}e}09049 are siea ‘anip-5u0} oz ee st 09 wep oy ume} 1457 pue snoso6iA *ApIMIS Binqua660L azis Aue jo sayoied 40 stods paiojo9 yep 10 146) 1121040 ‘wHZepun Jo/pue umoso ‘ajzznus ‘sduns (e102) 's1e3 uynow yoyssepun sony ‘Uoud USIP tag0u UBwO! KeAUOD “pas ‘you pue umosg ‘s1e0 snojnpuad pue ‘ue| jo sepeys alum ——@p im ‘Bud| ‘eoueeodde sob 09's st se “wreaso ‘Ae18 10818 Inyoows6 pue pnosg ueiqny-oBuy Gey (shep) juaoved) (Kepid») (6) won e127 wonanpord ¥IW qw6Iom oBeiony oBeieny anew sBuppew 8 20}09 sopsyeioee4o, posig erewyxorddy: “sourddiniud ‘aU Ul S1BOD Jo SUIENIS PUL Sspev1g BWOS ZOgeL 7 Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming S10|09 asau) 40 uoreulquios @ 10 49219 1s-mo} 201 09» v0 10 oNuM ‘peg pue Ayo018 ‘news annen oat oe’ £0 sopes6 ueipul -q sepesd siz - £0 Bunquasbo, -e 4ojoo wh en, saB6iq pue s9/e, sapeig pojied Sul jw ysa6u0] ay} arey (0) UMOUY !498U pue oz oc oz uM 0} weelg peay Amu HNG-1i9AA uauees ous 0} wnIpaw ‘S| 4IEH “SeOUy oul mojag Ba) a1um YIM 180 Bu) JO apis yee ye sOupjew ayum aind seajo yy 49219 qyBiens s} 81 10}09 Pewajasd 30R; sea ybudn 34) Ng BY OF uum azis e632) 0} 002 ov st ume) Ho8Iq wos SOLER winipa Jo paaig ualy euldry uonesey woRONPOld AM oBeuony oBoiony sBupyew 8 10109 sopspeyseeu9 powg ‘sauld Ud @U) UI SEO JO SUIENS pu Spesig BWOG “ZEIGE Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming Two permanent teeth replace two lyear age temporary incisor teeth in the center. Two additional permanent teeth appear 2year age giving a total of four permanent teeth. Six permanent teeth are present, the last Seyear age two being found on either side of the two year old teeth Ayyear age Full mouth. There is a complete set of eight permanent teeth. Fig. 6. Dentition in goats. Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming 9 Housing and Fencing A goat house or shed must be provided to protect the animals from strong winds, heavy rains, wet ground, and attacks of predatory animals. Unlike other livestock, goats usually prefer to stay on elevated places like benches, steps of houses, and piled lumber. Regardless of the type, houses must be well ventilated, well-drained, and easy to clean. Materials used must be suitable to local conditions. When 10 or more goats are raised, the housing plan should allow for the efficient handling of heavy materials such as hay, concentrates, and manure. It should also Provide for easy feeding and cleaning. Whenever possible, the front side, covered with an interlink of hog wire, must face the location of wind breaks. If this is not possible, the front side must be partially covered. Goat House For goats raised in the backyard, the shed may be constructed with bamboo, cogon, or nipa. A shed 2 m wide and 3 m long, is sufficient for 2 goats, although extra space is needed for the kids. The floor may be elevated from the ground using bamboo slats evenly spaced to allow the manure to pass down. A feed box for the salt, hay, straw, concentrates or forage and a watering trough may be provided in the shed, especially ee inclement weather. Fig. 7. Backyard ralsers stable goat under thelr houses for greater safety. For goats raised in semi-commercial or commercial scale, a barn 2 to 3-meter high and sloping to about 1.5 m behind is suggested. Nipa, cogon or other indigenous roofing materials may be used. If galvanized iron sheets are used for roofs, it must be thatched to provide maximum comfort to the animals. Wooden slats (2.5-cm thick and 5-cm wide) may be used for flooring. The floor must be elevated approximately 1 to 1.5m to facilitate cleaning underneath. In this type of housing, a minimum of about 1-square meter space is required for each animal. The barn should be partitioned to separate the general herd from the kids and the does ready to give birth. Hay, straw or forage racks, concentrates and mineral boxes. watering troughs should be placed in front of the goat house. This way, feeding and other activities are done outside the house. Fencing Goats are perhaps the hardest to confine among the farm animals. The height of the fence should be 1.5 m to confine goats successfully. Hog wire nailed to wooden posts at 3 to 4 equally distanced points is a good fencing material. If posts are concrete use tie wire to attach the hog wire. Hard wood, preferably yakal, must be used as corner posts to stand the pressure of stretched wire. Post base should be buried deep enough to prevent it from falling. It should be staked every 3 to 4 m. It is advisable to plant 2 to 3 ipil-ipil trees in between wooden posts to replace them if they rot and fall. SS Fig. 6. Goats prefer to stay on elevated places such as benches, platforms, etc. Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming 11 Figure 9. Goats ralsed in complete confinement at Selarce Farm in Novaliches, Metro Manila . Fig. 10. Confinement system of housing at the Miagao Dairy Goat Project in Iloilo. Ipil-ipil trees make a good live fence for goats. The seeds may be seeded at the rate of 36 to 45 seeds per linear meter. Plants may be thinned before they attain a height of 15 cm. Bamboo slats could be used to brace straight the ipil-ipil plants. During dry season coating trunks with carabao slurry will discourage goats from nibbling the bark of trees. 12 Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming Fig. 11. Height of the fence should be 1.5 m to confine goats successtully. Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming 13 Goat Husbandry Practices Goats are small and are therefore, manageable. The women or children in the family could easily care for them. However, for the goat project to be profitable, the right management practices should be employed. The goat raisers’ day is a long one. An 8-hour day or a 40-hour-week work is unheard of with livestock; more hours of overtime are required. Systems of Goat Production The system of goat production in Asia can be categorized into 4: a) tether- ing; b) extensive; c) intensive goat production; and d) integration into plantation agriculture, Tethering and extensive production are the most common system. Tethering. Goats are tied each to a rope about 6 to 10-meter long. To Provide enough nutrients, the animal should be transferred once or twice daily to areas where it will have free access to fresh browsing. Water is provided when the goat is transferred to the shelter at night. Very little or no concentrates, salt or mineral bricks are provided. Occasionally, feed supplements, household scraps, smal! quantities of grains or grain by- products are given. Tethering is a common practice not only in the Philip- pines but in other countries in the Region. Fig. 12. Tethering is the usual method of raising goat in the backyard. 14 Extensive Fi

    You might also like