International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies
Lkedkyhu lUnHkksZa esa va/ksj uxjh dh izklafxdrk ,oa mikns;rk
,lksfl,V izksQslj&fgUnh ,oa vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk’kk foHkkx
MkW0 'kdqUryk feJk jk’Vªh; iquokZl fo'ofo|ky;]y[kuÅ ¼m-iz-½
^va/ksj uxjh* HkkjrsUnq ds ukVdksa esa lcls vf/kd
pfpZr ukVd gS A bl ukVd dh yksdfÁ;rk dk
ÁHkko 130 o’kksZa ds ckn Hkh tuekul dh
dgkorksa esa thfor gSA vkt Hkh tc dksÃ
vU;k;] vlekurk vkSj Hkz’Vkpkj ls =Lr gksrk
gS rks dgrk gS ^va/ksj uxjh pkSiV jktkA Vds
lsj Hkkth Vds lsj [kktkA* HkkjrsUnq us ^va/ksj
uxjh* Áglu ;w¡ rks cukjl us”kuy fFk;sVj ds
fy;s 1881 esa fy[kk Fkk tks fy[kus okys fnu gh
n”kk”oes?k ?kkV ij vfHkuhr Hkh gqvk FkkA dgk
tkrk gS fd HkkjrsUnq us ;g ukVd fcgkj Áns”k
ds fdlh vU;k;h vkSj ?keUMh tehnkj dks
lq/kkjus ds fy, fy[kk Fkk tks viuh ljy Hkk’kk
vkSj rh[ks O;aX; ds dkj.k ,d dkyt;h Áglu
fl) gqvkA ;g ukVd HkkjrsUnq dh O;aX; {kerk
dk Áek.k gSA ,d yksdfÁ; Áglu ftldk
jktuhfrd vFkZ le; ds lkFk gj nkSj esa
Áklafxd gSA jkT; dqO;oLFkk] Hkz’Vkpkj]
tkfrokn vkSj “kkld oxZ ds naHk ls mRié
vjktdrk ij ^va/ksj uxjh* rh[kk O;aX; ukVd
gSA ^va/ksj uxjh* tSls ukVd dsoy fopkj/kkjk ls
gh laHko ugh gksrs gSaA f”kYi dh xgjkÃ
okrkoj.k dh fo”ks’k le> vkSj dFkkud ij
etcwr idM+ dk ifj.kke gksrs gSaA Áglu fny
dh xgjkÃ;ksa dks rHkh Nw ldrk gS] tc mlds
ik= vkSj lEokn lkekftd okrkoj.k ds ;FkkFkZ
dks vfHkO;Dr djrs gksAa ^va/ksj uxjh* ukVd dks
jkspd vksj fouksniw.kZ cukus ds fy, HkkjrsUnq us
mldk dFkkud rks lh/kk lknk j[kk ijUrq O;aX;
dks rh[kk cukus ds fy, ÁkjEHk ls gh jkspdrk
dk fo”ks’k /;ku j[kk gSA igys n`”; esa ,d
Vol (5), No. 3, March, 2017
ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)
MkW0 ohjsUnz flag ;kno]
egUr vius nks psyksa ds lkFk uxj esa jke Hktu
xkrs gq, Áos”k djrk gSA egUr ds f”k’;ksa ds
uke xkscj/ku nkl vkSj ukjk;.k nkl gSA egUr
vius f”k’; ukjk;.k nkl dks funsZ”k nsrk gS vkSj
dgrk gS] ^;g uxj nwj ls rks cM+k lqUnj
fn[kkà nsrk gSa* ^nwj ls cM+k lqUnj* dguk egUr
dh ifjiDork vkSj vuqHko dks n”kkZrk gS fd
ÁFke n`f’V esa gh fdlh O;fDr vFkok oLrq ij
viuk er ugh O;Dr djuk pkfg,A egUr nksuksa
f”k’;ksa dks vyx&vyx fn”kkvksa esa fHk{kk ykus ds
fy, Hkstrk gS vkSj lkFk gh nksuksa f”k’;ksa dks
yksHk u djus dh f”k{kk Hkh nsrk gSA ^yksHk iki
dk ewy gS] yksHk feVkor eku*A
^va/ksj uxjh* HkkjrsUnq ds ukVdksa esa lcls
vf/kd Áfl) gqvkA bl ukVd dh yksdfÁ;rk
dk ÁHkko 130 o’kksZa ds ckn Hkh tuekul dh
dgkorksa esa thfor gSA vkt Hkh tc dksÃ
vU;k;] vlekurk vkSj Hkz’Vkpk ls =Lr gksrk gS
rks dgrk gS ^va/ksj uxjh pkSiV jktkA Vds lsj
Hkkth Vds lsj [kktkA* HkkjrsUnq us ^va/ksj uxjh*
Áglu ;w¡ rks cukjl us”kuy fFk;sVj ds fy;s
1881 esa fy[kk Fkk tks fy[kus okys fnu gh
n”kk”oes?k ?kkV ij vfHkuhr Hkh gqvk FkkA dgk
tkrk gS fd HkkjrsUnq us ;g ukVd fcgkj Áns”k
ds fdlh vU;k;h vkSj ?keUMh tehnkj dks
lq/kkjus ds fy, fy[kk Fkk tks viuh ljy Hkk’kk
vkSj rh[ks O;aX; ds dkj.k ,d dkyt;h Áglu
fl) gqvkA ;g ukVd HkkjrsUnq dh O;aX; {kerk
dk Áek.k gSA ,d yksdfÁ; Áglu ftldk
jktuhfrd vFkZ le; ds lkFk gj nkSj esa
IJSIRS 39
International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies
Áklafxd gSA jkT; dqO;oLFkk] Hkz’Vkpkj]
tkfrokn vkSj “kkld oxZ ds naHk ls mRié
vjktdrk ij ^va/ksj uxjh* rh[kk O;aX; ukVd
gSA ^va/ksj uxjh* tSls ukVd dsoy fopkj/kkjk ls
gh laHko ugh gksrs gSaA f”kYi dh xgjkÃ
okrkoj.k dh fo”ks’k le> vkSj dFkkud ij
etcwr idM+ dk ifj.kke gksrs gSaA Áglu fny
dh xgjkÃ;ksa dks rHkh Nw ldrk gS] tc mlds
ik= vkSj lEokn lkekftd okrkoj.k ds ;FkkFkZ
dks vfHkO;Dr djrs gksAa ^va/ksj uxjh* ukVd dks
jkspd vksj fouksniw.kZ cukus ds fy, HkkjrsUnq us
mldk dFkkud rks lh/kk lknk j[kk ijUrq O;aX;
dks rh[kk cukus ds fy, ÁkjEHk ls gh jkspdrk
dk fo”ks’k /;ku j[kk gSA igys n`”; esa ,d
egUr vius nks psyksa ds lkFk uxj esa jke Hktu
xkrs gq, Áos”k djrk gSA egUr ds f”k’;ksa ds
uke xkscj/ku nkl vkSj ukjk;.k nkl gSA egUr
vius f”k’; ukjk;.k nkl dks funsZ”k nsrk gS vkSj
dgrk gS] ^;g uxj nwj ls rks cM+k lqUnj
fn[kkà nsrk gSa* ^nwj ls cM+k lqUnj* dguk egUr
dh ifjiDork vkSj vuqHko dks n”kkZrk gS fd
ÁFke n`f’V esa gh fdlh O;fDr vFkok oLrq ij
viuk er ugh O;Dr djuk pkfg,A egUr nksuksa
f”k’;ksa dks vyx&vyx fn”kkvksa esa fHk{kk ykus ds
fy, Hkstrk gS vkSj lkFk gh nksuksa f”k’;ksa dks
yksHk u djus dh f”k{kk Hkh nsrk gSA ^yksHk iki
dk ewy gS] yksHk feVkor eku*A
va/ksj uxjh ds nwljs vad esa cktkj dk
n`”; gSa cktkj esa lc [kkus dh nqdkusa gSaA dckc
okyk] pus tksj xje okyk] ukjaxh okyk] gyokÃ]
dqatfM+u] eqxy esos okyk] ikpd okyk] eNyh
okyk] cfu;k vkSj tkr okyk ¼czkge.k½ cktkj esa
vko”;drk dh gj oLrq fcd jgh gSA vkSj gj
lkeku cspus okyk vius lkeku dh fo”ks’krkvksa
dk c[kku viuh Hkk’kk esa dj jgk gSA lk/kkj.k
O;fDr fdl Hkk’kk esa ckr djrk gSA HkkjrsUnq
mlh tu Hkk’kk dk Á;ksx lVhd “kCnksa vkSj
miekvksa }kjk fd;k tks HkkjrsUnq dh lk/kkj.k
40 | Vol (5), No. 3, March, 2017
ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)
tu dh Hkk’kk ij vf/kdkj “kfDr dks n”kkZrk gSA
cktkj dh fo”ks’krk gS fd ^gj pht dk ewY;
Vds lsj gSA*
va/ksj uxjh pkSiV jktkA Vds lsj Hkkth Vds lsj
[kktkAA
dckc okyk vius dckcksa dks xje] pksjklh
elkys okyk vkSj pViVk crk jgk gSA nke Vds
lsjA puk tksj xje cspus okyk ?kklhjke vius
puksa dh fo”ks’krk crkrk gS fd mldk puk
rkSdh vkSj eSuk uke dh Áfl) oS”;k,sa Hkh [kkrh
gsaA gj lkeku cspus okys dh cksyh fHké vkSj
[kkl gSA ftlesa xzkgdksa ds fy, ÁyksHku vksj
Ápkj Hkh gSA nke ogh Vds lsjA puk okys ds
laoknksa esa O;aX; vkSj ljy gkl ifjgkl Hkh gS
vkSj vFkZ iw.kZ “kCn ck.k Hkh gSA
puk gkfde lc tks [kkrsA
lc ij nwuk fVdl yxkrsAA
pus okys dh cksyksa esa ukSdj”kkgh dh euekuh
vkSj gB/keÊ lkQ >ydrh gSA pus dk Hkko Hkh
Vds lsj gSA ukjaxh okyk ukjaxh dks vyx vyx
e”kgwj txgksa dk uke ysdj muds Lokn dh
fo”ks’krk dsoM+k] uhcw] ehBk uhcw lqUnj jax dh
vkot yxkrk gSA ukjaxh okys dh Hkk’kk dks dqN
fo}kuksa us v”yhy crk;kA ijUrq HkkjrsUnq us
cktkj ds n`”; esa gkV cktkj dh cksyh dks gh
ik=ksa ls cqyok;k gSA tSlk dh gj nqdkunkj
vius eky dks cspus ds fy, cksyrk gSA ;g
ljyrk vkSj lthork gh Hkkjrsunq ds ys[ku dh
fo”ks’krk gSa gyokà viuh feBkÃ;ks]a tysch]
bejrh] yM~Mw] xqykc tkequ] [kqjek] cw¡nh] cjQh
dh rkjhQ djrk gSA Hkw[ksa yM~Mw ds fy, ^tks
[k; lks Hkh iNrk;] tks u [kk; lks Hkh iNrk;*
dh vkokt yxk jgk gSA lkFk gh lekslk]
dpkSM+h] nkyeksB] jsoM+h vkSj ikiM+ dk o.kZu
djrk gqvk dgrk gSA ^[kktk ys tk [kktkA Vds
lsj [kktkAA*
IJSIRS
International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies
dqatfM+u lkjh lfCt;ksa ds uke iqdkjus
ds lkFk dgrh gSa tSls dkth oSls ikthA jS;r
jkth Vds lsj HkkthA dqatfM+u ds eq[k ls
^fgUnqLrka dk esok QwV vkSj cSj* dgyokdj
HkkjrsUnq us pqHkus okyk O;aX; fd;k gS tks Qyksa
ds uke dks vk/kkj cukdj rRdkyhu Hkkjrh;
lekt dh detksjh vkSj iru ds dkj.k dks
bafxr djrk gSA eqxy viuk esok Hkh Vds lsj
csp jgk gSA lcls rh[kk] vkØked vkSj vaxzsth
jktrU= dh iksy [kksyus okyk O;aX; ikpd okys
¼pwju okys½ dk gS&
fgUnw pwju bldk ukeA foyk;r iwju bldk
dkeA
pwju tc ls fgUn esa vk;kA bldk /ku cy
lHkh ?kVk;kA
pwju veys lc tks [kkosA nwuh fj”kor rqjar
ipkoSA
pwju iqfyl okys [kkrsA lc dkuwu gte dj
tkrsA
pwju dk Hkko Hkh Vds lsj gSA eNyh Hkh Vds
lsj fcd jgh gSA vkVk] pkoy vkSj phuh lHkh
dk nke Vds lsj gSA tkr okyk ¼czkge.k½ viuh
tkr dks Vds lsj csp jgk gSA Vds esa czkge.k
dks /kksch vkSj /kksch dks czkge.k Vds esa >wB dks
lp] czkge.k dks eqlyeku vkSj fØLrku ¼Ãlký
cukus dks dgrk gSA Vds esa /keZ] Áfr’Bk cspus]
>wBh xokgh nsus] iki dks iq.; crkus] dqy]
e;kZnk] os’k] /keZ lc Vds lsj esa fcd jgs gSaA
lkjs inkFkZ O;fDrRo] lekt dk gj oxZ] ewY;]
O;oLFkk,a lc ,d Hkko fcd jgs gSaA HkkjrsUnq us
ykyph vkSj foosd “kwu; lekt] fxjrs ekuoh;
ewy; vkSj cqf)ghu “kkld oxZ dk fp=.k gkl
ifjgkl ds jax esa lqUnj vkSj ÁHkkoh <+x a ls
fd;k gS tks mudh ;ksX;rk] {kerk vkSj nwj
nÆ”krk dk Áek.k gSA egUr dk f”k’; bl uxj
esa gh jgus dk vkxzg djrk gSA tcfd egUr
Vol (5), No. 3, March, 2017
ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)
vU/ksj uxjh esa ,d {k.k Hkh #dus dks rS;kj ugh
gksrkA egUr dgrk gS fd&
lsr lsr lc ,d ls] tgk¡ diwj dikl]
,sls nsl dqnsl es]a dogq¡ u dhts okl]
Ckfl;s ,sls nsl ufga] dud o`f’V tks gks;
jfg;s rks nq[k ikb;s] Áku nhft, jks;A
psyk xkscj/ku nkl va/ksj uxjh esa gh #d tkrk
gSA egUr mls ladV esa Lej.k djus dk vkns”k
ns dj nwljs psys ukjk;.k nkl ds lkFk vU;=
pys tkrs gSaA
ukVd ds pkSFks vad esa jkt lHkk dk
n`”; gSA HkkjrsUnq us gkl ifjgkl ds lkFk gh
jktk ds fudEesiu] vkyl] Hkksx foykl vkSj
mldh cqf)ghurk dk fp=.k fd;k gSA tks iku
[kkus dh vkokt dks lqiu[kk dk vkuk le>dj
Hkkxus yxrk gSAjktk dk eU=h bldk nks’k
reksyh ij yxkrk gS vkSj cqf) foosdghu jktk
reksyh dks nks lkS dksM+s yxkus dk gqDe nsrk gSA
nwljs n`”; esa Qfj;knh dk vkxeu gksrk gS tks
cfu;s dh nhokj fxjus ls viuh cdjh ds ejus
ij U;k; ek¡xrk gSa jktk igys nhokj dks idM+
ykus dk gqDe nsrk gSA HkkjrsUnq jktk dh
vKkurk vkSj U;k; ds Áfr ykijokgh dks rh[kk
O;aX; cuk nsrs gSa ftlls ukVd ns[kus ;k i<+us
okyk cjcl gh g¡lus yxrk gSA jkt fQj dYyw
cfu;s dks mlds Lo;a dks fujijk/k crkus vkSj
dkjhxj ij detksj nhokj cukus dk bYt+ke
yxkus ij dkjhxj ls pwus okys ij fQj fHk”rh ]
dlkÃ] xM+fj;s vksj vUr esa “kgj dksroky ij
vkjksi yxkrk gSA tks U;k; ÁfØ;k ds [kks[kys
iu ij dVk{k gSA jktk “kgj dksroky dks
Qk¡lh ij yVdkus dk n.M nsrk gSA ik¡pos vad
esa vjktdrk vkSj vU;k; ij O;aX; gSa jktk ds
flikgh egUr ds psys dks idM+ ysrs gSa D;ksafd
mldh xnZu eksVh gS vkSj Qk¡lh dk Q¡nk
dksroky ds xys ls cM+k gSA vkSfpR; ij blls
IJSIRS 41
International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies
Á[kj O;aX; vkSj D;k gks ldrk gSaA psys dh
d#.k iqdkj ij egUr dk vkxeu gksrk gS vkSj
egUr vius psys xkscj/ku nkl dks ,d ;qfDr
crkrs gSa vksj xq: f”k’; nksuksa Qk¡lh ij p<+us
dh ft+n djrs gSaA jktk ds iwNus ij egUr dk
;g laokn fd vkt ejus okyk lh/kk LoxZ
tk;sxk ij lHkh Qk¡lh ij p<+us dks vius dks
ÁLrqr djrs gSaA HkkjrsUnq us vPNs cqjs lkjs deksaZ
ds fy, jktk eU=h vkSj lkjs yksxksa ds vkxzg dks
LokFkZ fyIrrk dks mtkxj fd;k gSA vUr esa
jktk Lo;a Qk¡lh ds r[rs ij p<+ tkrk gS vkSj
LoxZ tkus dh ykyp esa Qk¡lh yxk ysrk gSA
va/ksj uxjh ukVd ij Jh lR; Ádk”k feJ dk
;g dFku fdruk Áklkafxd gSaA ^^;g ukVd bl
vFkZ ls ledkyhu ukVd gS fd ;g fdlh Hkh
le; ds vukpkj] Hkz’Vkpkj] foosd ‘kwU;rk vkSj
euekus iu ij jks”kuh Mkyrk gSA bl Áglu esa
O;aX; ds ek/;e ls tks dqN Hkh dgk x;k gS]
mruk gh vf/kd dgus dh xqatkb”k Hkh gSA jax
deÊ vkSj dq”ky funsZ”kd bl ukVd esa cgqr
dqN lekos”k djus dh {kerk dk bLrseky djds
vius le; dh leL;kvksa dks js[kkafdr djrs gq,
mldk mÙkj [kkst ldrs gSaA**
lkekftd O;fHkpkj esa Hkz"Vkpkj lnSo ns'k dks
[kks[kyk cuk;s jgk gSA HkkjrsUnq th us cM+s
lkgl vkSj ftUnkfnyh ls dqfRlr o`fÙk;ksa ij
ut+j Mkyh gS vkSj ml m[kkM+ Qsadus dk Hkjiwj
ç;kl fd;k gSA Hkz"Vkpkj dh tM+s gj ns'k dks
[kks[kyk djrh jgh gSA HkkjrsUnq ds le; Hkh
fj'or[kksjh] Hkz"Vkpkj pjelhek ij FkkA ns'k dk
lnSo nqHkkZX; jgk gS bl Hkz"Vpkj ds jax esa
jaxdj NksVk&cM+k gj oxZ dk euq"; lnSo xíkjh
djrk jgk gSA HkkjrsUnq th u va/ksj uxjh ukVd
ds ek/;e ls pju ls rh[kk O;aX; djrs gq, bl
O;kikj esa yxs yksxksa dh tedj cf[k;k Å/ksM+h
gS& ^^pwju lkgsc yksx tks [kkrk] lkjk fgUn
gt+e dj tkrk] pwju iqfyl okys [kkrsA lc
dkuwu gt+e dj tkrs**1 dgdj ljdkjh veys
42 | Vol (5), No. 3, March, 2017
ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)
dks Hkh fxu&fxu dj lqukbZ gSA ljdkjh rU=
dk vkrad vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj Li"V :i esa fodjky
:i /kkj.k djus yxk FkkA
veykra= dk 'kks"k.k vkSj rkuk'kkgh xyk
?kksaVus yxh FkhA ns'kh fons'kh lc ywV&[klksV esa
yxs gq, FksA foosdghurk vjktdrk] ?kw¡l[kksjh ls
'kks"k.kiw.kZ uhfr dk tedj [kqyklk fd;kA
HkkjrsUnq dh blh fo'ks"krk ls çHkkfor gksdj MkWŒ
cPpu flag us fy[kk ^^v¡/ksj uxjh ds ?kklhjke
vkSj ikpd okyk pwju cspus ds cgkus gkfdeksa
ds f}xqf.kr dj yxkus] veyksa ds ?kw¡l ysus]
egktuksa ds vR;f/kd ykHk mBkus] vxzstksa ds
lkjs Hkkjr dks mnjLFk dj tkus] iqfyl ds
vfu;fer dk;Z djus dh tks ppkZ djrs gSaA ml
le; ds vf/kdkjksa vkSj /kuh oxZ ds eukso`fÙk
ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA bl rjg ls ywV [klksV ls
vkØkUr jkT;ksa esa lkekU; turk dks D;k lq[k
çkIr gks ldrk gSA** 2
HkkjrsUnq dk lEiw.kZ lkfgR; cgqeq[kh FkkA
lkfgR; ds izR;sd {ks= esa vki vk/kqfud fgUnh
lkfgR; ds tud ds :i esa lkeus vk,A vkidk
cgqeq[kh O;fDrRo gh ijorhZ fgUnh lkfgR; esa
vusd :iksa esa fodflr vkSj ifjof)Zr gqvkA
vki okLro esa vius vki esa ,d ;qx Fks] laLFkk
FksA vkius Lo;a rks fgUnh lkfgR; dh vrqyuh;
vkSj 'kk'or lsok dh gh] vusd lkfgR;dkjksa
vkSj lkfgR; laLFkkvksa dks tUe fn;k] mUgsa
izksRlkgu nsdj fodflr djus dk iz;kl fd;kA
vkius vrhr ls izsj.kk yha] orZeku dks xfr nh
vkSj Hkfo"; ds Lof.kZe lius ns[ksAa vius bUgha
ln~xq.kksa ls vki ;qx izorZd cu x,A fgUnh
lalkj vkidh lsok dk _.k ugha pqdk ldrkA
v¡xzsth jkT; ds veu&dkuwu vkSj
vkUrfjd vkSj cká 'kkafr dh O;k[;k bl izdkj
gS &
IJSIRS
International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies
^^/eZ v/eZ ,d njlkbZ A jktk djs lks U;k;
lnkbZ A
Hkhrj Lokgk ckgj lkns A jkt djfga veys v:
I;kns A
va/k/aq/ eP;kS lc nslk A ekugq jktk jgr fcnslk
AA**
blesa lUnsg gh D;k Fkk fd jktk fons'k jgrk
Fkk A U;k; vkSj O;oLFkk ds uke va/k/q¡/h py jgh
Fkh A
pwjusokys ds yVds us ^va/js uxjh*
dh lkef;drk dks vkSj Hkh mHkkj fn;k gS A
mldk pwju [kkdj veys nwuh fj'or ysrs gSa]
iqfyl okys dkuwu gte dj tkrs gSa vkSj lkgc
yksx rks lkjk fgUn gh gte dj x, gSa A
^va/js uxjh* ds jktk dk ogh vUr
gksrk gS tks gksuk pkfg,] ^^jktk dks yksx fVdVh
ij [kM+k djrs gSa A** A bl ukVd ds O;aX;
}kjk turk ds rhoz vlarks"k dks izdV gksus dk
ekSdk feyk] ftls og 'k=kq le>rh Fkh mldk
;g vUr ns[kdj mls g"kZ gqvk A bl izglu
dh lthork dk dkj.k mldh lkezkT;&fojks/h
Hkkouk gS A ukVd ns[kus vkSj i<+us okys vUr esa
;gh dgrs gSa] va/js uxjh ds pkSiV jktkvksa dk
;gh gky gksuk pkfg, !
va/ksj uxjh dFkkud ds vk/kkj ij tc
va/ksj uxjh ds jktk dks cdjh ds ekjus okyk
rFkkdfFkr nks’kh ugha feyrk rks og dze”k%
nhokj dks nhokj ds ekfyd dks] dkjhxj dks]
etnwj dk]s eld cukus okys dks] dlkbZ dks
lHkh dks ;gkW fd nhokj idM+ ykus dk Hkh
vkns”k nsrk gSa vkSj tc U;k;ksfpr ckr fljs ugha
p<+rh rks xksc/kZu nkl csdlwjokj dks gh QkWlh
dk n.M fn;s tkus dk vkns”k gksrk gSA D;ksfa d
jktk pkSiV U;k; ds vuqlkj&
Vol (5), No. 3, March, 2017
ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)
Ckdjh ekjus ds vijk/k esa fdlh u
fdlh dks rks ltk t:j gksuh gS ugha rks U;k;
u gksxkA3
va/ksj uxjh ds nwljs vad esa cktkj dk
n`”; gSa cktkj esa lc [kkus dh nqdkusa gSaA dckc
okyk] pus tksj xje okyk] ukjaxh okyk] gyokÃ]
dqatfM+u] eqxy esos okyk] ikpd okyk] eNyh
okyk] cfu;k vkSj tkr okyk ¼czkge.k½ cktkj esa
vko”;drk dh gj oLrq fcd jgh gSA vkSj gj
lkeku cspus okyk vius lkeku dh fo”ks’krkvksa
dk c[kku viuh Hkk’kk esa dj jgk gSA lk/kkj.k
O;fDr fdl Hkk’kk esa ckr djrk gSA HkkjrsUnq
mlh tu Hkk’kk dk Á;ksx lVhd “kCnksa vkSj
miekvksa }kjk fd;k tks HkkjrsUnq dh lk/kkj.k
tu dh Hkk’kk ij vf/kdkj “kfDr dks n”kkZrk gSA
cktkj dh fo”ks’krk gS fd ^gj pht dk ewY;
Vds lsj gSA*
va/ksj uxjh pkSiV jktkA Vds lsj Hkkth Vds lsj
[kktkAA
dckc okyk vius dckcksa dks xje] pksjklh
elkys okyk vkSj pViVk crk jgk gSA nke Vds
lsjA puk tksj xje cspus okyk ?kklhjke vius
puksa dh fo”ks’krk crkrk gS fd mldk puk
rkSdh vkSj eSuk uke dh Áfl) oS”;k,sa Hkh [kkrh
gsaA gj lkeku cspus okys dh cksyh fHké vkSj
[kkl gSA ftlesa xzkgdksa ds fy, ÁyksHku vksj
Ápkj Hkh gSA nke ogh Vds lsjA puk okys ds
laoknksa esa O;aX; vkSj ljy gkl ifjgkl Hkh gS
vkSj vFkZ iw.kZ “kCn ck.k Hkh gSA
puk gkfde lc tks [kkrsA
lc ij nwuk fVdl yxkrsAA
pus okys dh cksyksa esa ukSdj”kkgh dh euekuh
vkSj gB/keÊ lkQ >ydrh gSA pus dk Hkko Hkh
Vds lsj gSA ukjaxh okyk ukjaxh dks vyx vyx
e”kgwj txgksa dk uke ysdj muds Lokn dh
fo”ks’krk dsoM+k] uhcw] ehBk uhcw lqUnj jax dh
IJSIRS 43
International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies
vkot yxkrk gSA ukjaxh okys dh Hkk’kk dks dqN
fo}kuksa us v”yhy crk;kA ijUrq HkkjrsUnq us
cktkj ds n`”; esa gkV cktkj dh cksyh dks gh
ik=ksa ls cqyok;k gSA tSlk dh gj nqdkunkj
vius eky dks cspus ds fy, cksyrk gSA ;g
ljyrk vkSj lthork gh Hkkjrsunq ds ys[ku dh
fo”ks’krk gSa gyokà viuh feBkÃ;ks]a tysch]
bejrh] yM~Mw] xqykc tkequ] [kqjek] cw¡nh] cjQh
dh rkjhQ djrk gSA Hkw[ksa yM~Mw ds fy, ^tks
[k; lks Hkh iNrk;] tks u [kk; lks Hkh iNrk;*
dh vkokt yxk jgk gSA lkFk gh lekslk]
dpkSM+h] nkyeksB] jsoM+h vkSj ikiM+ dk o.kZu
djrk gqvk dgrk gSA ^[kktk ys tk [kktkA Vds
lsj [kktkAA*
dqatfM+u lkjh lfCt;ksa ds uke iqdkjus
ds lkFk dgrh gSa tSls dkth oSls ikthA jS;r
jkth Vds lsj HkkthA dqatfM+u ds eq[k ls
^fgUnqLrka dk esok QwV vkSj cSj* dgyokdj
HkkjrsUnq us pqHkus okyk O;aX; fd;k gS tks Qyksa
ds uke dks vk/kkj cukdj rRdkyhu Hkkjrh;
lekt dh detksjh vkSj iru ds dkj.k dks
bafxr djrk gSA eqxy viuk esok Hkh Vds lsj
csp jgk gSA lcls rh[kk] vkØked vkSj vaxzsth
jktrU= dh iksy [kksyus okyk O;aX; ikpd okys
¼pwju okys½ dk gS&
fgUnw pwju bldk ukeA foyk;r iwju bldk
dkeA
pwju tc ls fgUn esa vk;kA bldk /ku cy
lHkh ?kVk;kA
pwju veys lc tks [kkosA nwuh fj”kor rqjar
ipkoSA
pwju iqfyl okys [kkrsA lc dkuwu gte dj
tkrsA
pwju dk Hkko Hkh Vds lsj gSA eNyh Hkh Vds
lsj fcd jgh gSA vkVk] pkoy vkSj phuh lHkh
dk nke Vds lsj gSA tkr okyk ¼czkge.k½ viuh
44 | Vol (5), No. 3, March, 2017
ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)
tkr dks Vds lsj csp jgk gSA Vds esa czkge.k
dks /kksch vkSj /kksch dks czkge.k Vds esa >wB dks
lp] czkge.k dks eqlyeku vkSj fØLrku ¼Ãlký
cukus dks dgrk gSA Vds esa /keZ] Áfr’Bk cspus]
>wBh xokgh nsus] iki dks iq.; crkus] dqy]
e;kZnk] os’k] /keZ lc Vds lsj esa fcd jgs gSaA
lkjs inkFkZ O;fDrRo] lekt dk gj oxZ] ewY;]
O;oLFkk,a lc ,d Hkko fcd jgs gSaA HkkjrsUnq us
ykyph vkSj foosd “kwu; lekt] fxjrs ekuoh;
ewy; vkSj cqf)ghu “kkld oxZ dk fp=.k gkl
ifjgkl ds jax esa lqUnj vkSj ÁHkkoh <+x a ls
fd;k gS tks mudh ;ksX;rk] {kerk vkSj nwj
nÆ”krk dk Áek.k gSA egUr dk f”k’; bl uxj
esa gh jgus dk vkxzg djrk gSA tcfd egUr
vU/ksj uxjh esa ,d {k.k Hkh #dus dks rS;kj ugh
gksrkA egUr dgrk gS fd&
lsr lsr lc ,d ls] tgk¡ diwj dikl]
,sls nsl dqnsl es]a dogq¡ u dhts okl]
Ckfl;s ,sls nsl ufga] dud o`f’V tks gks;
jfg;s rks nq[k ikb;s] Áku nhft, jks;A
psyk xkscj/ku nkl va/ksj uxjh esa gh #d tkrk
gSA egUr mls ladV esa Lej.k djus dk vkns”k
ns dj nwljs psys ukjk;.k nkl ds lkFk vU;=
pys tkrs gSAa
ukVd ds pkSFks vad esa jkt lHkk dk
n`”; gSA HkkjrsUnq us gkl ifjgkl ds lkFk gh
jktk ds fudEesiu] vkyl] Hkksx foykl vkSj
mldh cqf)ghurk dk fp=.k fd;k gSA tks iku
[kkus dh vkokt dks lqiu[kk dk vkuk le>dj
Hkkxus yxrk gSAjktk dk eU=h bldk nks’k
reksyh ij yxkrk gS vkSj cqf) foosdghu jktk
reksyh dks nks lkS dksM+s yxkus dk gqDe nsrk gSA
nwljs n`”; esa Qfj;knh dk vkxeu gksrk gS tks
cfu;s dh nhokj fxjus ls viuh cdjh ds ejus
ij U;k; ek¡xrk gSa jktk igys nhokj dks idM+
ykus dk gqDe nsrk gSA HkkjrsUnq jktk dh
IJSIRS
International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies
vKkurk vkSj U;k; ds Áfr ykijokgh dks rh[kk
O;aX; cuk nsrs gSa ftlls ukVd ns[kus ;k i<+us
okyk cjcl gh g¡lus yxrk gSA jkt fQj dYyw
cfu;s dks mlds Lo;a dks fujijk/k crkus vkSj
dkjhxj ij detksj nhokj cukus dk bYt+ke
yxkus ij dkjhxj ls pwus okys ij fQj fHk”rh ]
dlkÃ] xM+fj;s vksj vUr esa “kgj dksroky ij
vkjksi yxkrk gSA tks U;k; ÁfØ;k ds [kks[kys
iu ij dVk{k gSA jktk “kgj dksroky dks
Qk¡lh ij yVdkus dk n.M nsrk gSA ik¡pos vad
esa vjktdrk vkSj vU;k; ij O;aX; gSa jktk ds
flikgh egUr ds psys dks idM+ ysrs gSa D;ksafd
mldh xnZu eksVh gS vkSj Qk¡lh dk Q¡nk
dksroky ds xys ls cM+k gSA vkSfpR; ij blls
Á[kj O;aX; vkSj D;k gks ldrk gSaA psys dh
d#.k iqdkj ij egUr dk vkxeu gksrk gS vkSj
egUr vius psys xkscj/ku nkl dks ,d ;qfDr
crkrs gSa vksj xq: f”k’; nksuksa Qk¡lh ij p<+us
dh ft+n djrs gSaA jktk ds iwNus ij egUr dk
;g laokn fd vkt ejus okyk lh/kk LoxZ
tk;sxk ij lHkh Qk¡lh ij p<+us dks vius dks
ÁLrqr djrs gSaA HkkjrsUnq us vPNs cqjs lkjs deksaZ
ds fy, jktk eU=h vkSj lkjs yksxksa ds vkxzg dks
LokFkZ fyIrrk dks mtkxj fd;k gSA vUr esa
jktk Lo;a Qk¡lh ds r[rs ij p<+ tkrk gS vkSj
LoxZ tkus dh ykyp esa Qk¡lh yxk ysrk gSA
va/ksj uxjh ukVd ij Jh lR; Ádk”k feJ dk
;g dFku fdruk Áklkafxd gSaA ^^;g ukVd bl
vFkZ ls ledkyhu ukVd gS fd ;g fdlh Hkh
le; ds vukpkj] Hkz’Vkpkj] foosd ‘kwU;rk vkSj
euekus iu ij jks”kuh Mkyrk gSA bl Áglu esa
O;aX; ds ek/;e ls tks dqN Hkh dgk x;k gS]
mruk gh vf/kd dgus dh xqatkb”k Hkh gSA
jaxdeÊ vkSj dq”ky funsZ”kd bl ukVd esa cgqr
dqN lekos”k djus dh {kerk dk bLrseky djds
vius le; dh leL;kvksa dks js[kkafdr djrs gq,
mldk mÙkj [kkst ldrs gSaA**
Vol (5), No. 3, March, 2017
ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)
HkkjrsUnq th vk/kqfud fgUnh ukVd ds
tud dgs tkrs gSaA ,slh ckr ugha gS fd
HkkjrsUnq th ls iwoZ fgUnh esa ukVd ugha fy[ks
x;s FksA czt Hkk"kk esa fy[ks dkO;&ukVd] fgUnh
ds ukVd gh gSaA fdUrq fgUnh ukVdksa dks u;h
izsj.kk ugha 'kSyh vkSj ubZ Hkk"kk&[kM+h cksyh nsus
okys HkkjrsUnq th gh FksA ukVd txr esa HkkjrsUnq
th dk LFkku lnk gh Lej.kh; jgsxkA cztHkk"kk
ds dkO; ukVd tu ukV~; 'kSyh ij jps x;s
FksA
ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] dk'kh us gfj'pUnz
dh tUe'krh ds volj ij viuh iwoZ ;kstuk ds
vuqlkj muds ukVdksa dk laxzg HkkjrsUnq
xzUFkkoyh ds :i esa fudkyk gSA lHkk us vius
bl xzUFk esa ;g Hkh dgk gS fd ^^;g xksyksd
oklh Hkkjr Hkw"k.k Jh gfj'pUnz ds leLr ukVdksa
dk laxzg gSA** lEiknd ckcw cztjRu nkl us
bu 17 ukVdksa ls ikap dks laLd`r ls ,d dks
caxyk ls rFkk ,d dks vaxzsth ls vuqokfnr
crk;k gSA ckdh 10 ukVdksa dks ekSfyd dgk
x;k gSA bl xzUFkkoyh esa izdkf'kr ukVd gS &
1- fo|klqUnj 2- jRukoyh] 3- ik[k.M foMEcu]
4- oSfndh fgalk fglak u Hkofr 5- /kuat; fot;
6- eqnzjk{kl 7- lR; gfj';PkUnz] 8- izse ;ksfxuh]
9 fo"kL; fo"kekS"k/ke~ 10- diwZj eathj 11-
pUnzkorh 12- Hkkjr nqnZ'k 13- Hkkjr tuuh 14-
uhy nsoh] 15- nqyZHk cU/kq 16- va/ksj uxjh vkSj
17- lrh izrkiA
Hkwe.Myhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dk
fpYy&iks]a vkfFkZd&mnkjhdj.k dk edM+tky]
rduhdh dk rwQku] foKkiu dk iy&iy
cnyrk :i] fo'o cSad dk yksu nsus dk rtqckZ]
mi;ksx djks vkSj Qsd a ks dh laLd`fr] oLrq
[kjhnrs gh iqjkuh gks tkus dh ekufldrk]
vifjfer pkg] lc dqN ik ysus dh ykylk ;k
^ipsZftax ikoj* dk izn'kZu] vk/kqfudrk ;k
mRrjvk/kqfudrk ds uke ij ewY;ksa dk {kj.kA
IJSIRS 45
International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies
laons uk ;k fj'rksa dk fodkÅiu] rw¡ ugha rks esjk
dksbZ vkSj gks tk;sxk dh vo/kkj.kk] if'peh ns'kksa
dk nqfu;k dks vkfFkZd mifuos'k ;k ^MLVfcu*
le>us dh J`xkay o`fRrA ;g lc feydj ,d
u;k :i /kkj.k djrs gSa ftls ge ^cktkjokn*
dgrs gSa] tks tSusUnzdqekj ds 'kCnksa esa
fpYyk&fpYyk dj dg jgk gS & ^^vkvks eq>s
ywVks vkSj ywVksA lc Hkwy tkvks] eq>s ns[kksA esjk
:i vkSj fdlds fy, gS\ eSa rqEgkjs fy, gw¡A
ugha dqN pkgrs gks] rks Hkh ns[kus esa D;k gjt
gS\ vth vkvks HkhA bl vkea=.k es a;g [kwch gS
fd vkxzg ugha gS vkxzg frjLdkj txkrk gSA
ysfdu Å¡ps cktkj dk vkea=.k ewd gksrk gS
vkSj mlls pkg txrh gSA pkg eryc
vHkkoA**4
^cktkj* vkt gekjh lH;rk gS] laLd`fr
gS tks cktkj ds vuqlkj ugha pyrk og ^vkmV
MsVsM* gSA iqjkuk gS ] :f<+ gSA cktkj dks tkuuk
egRoiw.kZ ugha gS] cktkj esa cus jguk egRoiw.kZ
gS D;ksafd og igpku dk tfj;k gSA ^^vkt
cktkj gekjs ?kj ds Hkhrj] mlds pIis&pIis esa
vk x;k gS] gekjs tsgu vkSj otwn esa fo|eku
gSA cktk: gksuk ;k dgykuk vkt xkyh ugha
gS] gekjs u, e/;oxZ dh vku] cku] 'kku vkSj
igpku gSA**5 lkfgR; esa ^cktkjokn* dh
vo/kkj.kk ubZ ugha gS] blds edM+tky ls
egkdfo dchj ,oa lwj us igys gh vkxkgdj
fn;k FkkA
ofj"B vkykspd 'kaHkqukFk ds 'kCnksa esa
dgsa rks & ^^ D;k j{k.kh; gS & D;k R;kT;] D;k
lq:fp gS&D;k dq:fp vkSj cktkj esa D;k
[kksdj D;k gkfly gks jgk gS] bu lcdk foosd
vaxzsth jkt ds ftu f'kf{kr cqf)thfo;ksa esa u
Fkk] mudk lkadsfrd <ax ls HkkjrsUnq ek[kkSy
mM+krs gSA gj mifuos'kokn viuk cktkjokn
vkSj bldk lEeksgu ysdj vkrk gSA bl
lEeksgu esa T;knk Q¡ls Fks xq.kh tu] vFkkZr
46 | Vol (5), No. 3, March, 2017
ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)
f'kf{kr cqf)thohA ;gh otg gS fd os diwj vkSj
dikl esa QdZ ugha dj ik jgs Fks] mifuos'kokn
ls izHksn LFkkfir djus dh txg mlesa yxkrkj
vius dks folftZr fd, tk jgs FksA**6
bl lEeksgu dks vkt gok ns jgk gS
^foKkiu*A foKkiu vkSj cktkj dk vfHkUu
lEcU/k gS] ftl rjg ls vkt foKkiu ds
ek/;e ls cktkj gekjs thou esa cM+h ljyrk ls
izos'k dj tkrk gS mlh rjg ls ^vU/ksj uxjh* esa
izos'k djrs gh xkscj/kunkl ds Åij
foKkiuhcktkj dk geyk gksrk gS ;Fkk &
^^dckc xjekxje elkysnkj&pkSjklh
elkyk cgRrj vk¡p dk&dckc xjekxje
elkysnkj&[kk; lks gksBa pkVS] u [kk; lks thHk
dkVSA**7 vkSj vkt dk foKkiu&nw/k lh
lQsnh@ vc vkSj Hkh lQsnh@vkSj Hkh >kxnkjA
ysfdu bl foKkiu dk lp D;k gS\ ge lHkh
dks irk gSA ;qok dfo e`R;qat; izHkkdj ds 'kCnksa
esa dgsa rks & ^^ foKkiuksa esa gj pht@ igys ls
vPNh vkSj csgrj gksrh gS@ dHkh&dHkh lksprk
gw¡@fdruk vPNk gksrk@ vxj ;g nqfu;k Hkh
,d foKkiu gksrhA**8
cktkjokn dks iYyfor iqf"ir djus ds
ihNs euq"; dh Lokn&laLd`fr Hkh gSA euq"; de
le; esa lc dqN [kk ysuk pkgrk gS] gj O;fDr
^xkscj/kunkl* cuk gqvk gSA yksxksa ds isV ,sls
c<+ jgs gSa tSls eafnj ds ^xsV* gksA egUr th
xkscj/kunkl ls dgrs gSa& ^^ ,slh uxjh esa jguk
mfpr ugha gSa] tgk¡ Vds lsj Hkkth vkSj Vds gh
lsj [kktk gks ** ysfdu xkscj/kunkl xq: dh
ckr dks udkjdj cktkjokn dh tgjhyh
Lokn&laLd`fr dh e`xr`".kk esa Qal gh tkrk gS
vkSj ?kks"k.kk dj nsrk gS & ^^ eSa rks bl uxjh
dks NksM+dj ugha tkÅ¡xk** ^^eSa rks ;gh dgrk gw¡
fd vki Hkh ;gh jfg,A** 'kaHkqukFk fy[krs gSa
&^^lH;rk dh ;k=k vkx esa Hkquk ekal [kkdj
IJSIRS
International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies
Lokn&psruk ls 'kq: gqbZ Fkh vkSj vius f'k[kj
ij og fQj Lokn&laLd`fr ds gh bnZfxnZ gSA**9
HkkjrsUnq dks ^cktkjokn* dh xgjh le>
FkhA mudk ^vU/ksj uxjh* bldk thoUr
nLrkost gSaA cktkj ds cktk:iu dk D;k
fp=.k fd;k gS HkkjrsUnq us! ^^tkr ysa tkr] Vds
lsj tkrA ,d Vdk nks] ge vHkh viuh tkr
csprs gSaA Vds ds okLrs czkã.k ls /kksch gks tk¡;
vkSj /kksch dks czkEg.k dj ns]a Vds ds okLrs tSlh
dgks oSlh O;oLFkk naAs Vds ds okLrs >wB dks
lp djsAa Vds ds okLrs czkEg.k ls eqlyeku]
Vds ds okLrs fgUnw ls fØLrkuA Vds ds okLrs
/keZ vkSj izfr"Bk nksuksa cspsa] Vds ds okLrs >wBh
xokgh nsAa Vds ds okLrs iki dks iq.; ekus] Vds
ds okLrs uhp dks Hkh firkeg cukosA osn /keZ
dqy&ejtknk lpkbZ& yM+kbZ lc Vds lsjA **10
ledkyhu cktkjokn dk lp Hkh ;gh gS ^cki
cM+k u Hkb;k lcls cM+k :i;k* ;k dfg, vkt
^:i;k [kqnk Hkh gS vkSj [kqnk ls c<+dj Hkh*A
^vU/ksj uxjh* ds ek/;e ls HkkjrsUnq us
cktkjokn ds ml Nn~e dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k gS
ftlesa xq.k dh ugha :i dh dher gksrh gS &
^^lsr lsr lc ,d ls] tgk¡ diwj diklA
,sls nsl dqnsl esa] dcgq¡ u dhtS cklAA**11
^ckl* djus ls euk djrs gSa lkFk gh ;g Hkh
crkrs gSa fd ;g ,slk HkLeklqj gS tks vius
vkdk dks Hkh c[lus okyk ugha gSA pkSiV~V jktk
;fn fdlh xyr&Qgeh esa th jgk gks fd
xkscj/kunkl gh&Qk¡lh ij p<+x s k rks xyr gS
D;ksafd xkscj/kunkl dks cpkus ds fy, dksbZ u
dksbZ egUr vk Hkh ldrk gS ysfdu ^jktk* dks
dkSu cpk;sxk\ nwljksa dks cktkj ds fxj¶r esa
Hkstus okys jk"Vª Lor% ,d u ,d fnu blds
fxj¶r esa vk gh tk;sx
a s D;ksafd &
^^tgk¡ u /keZ u cqf) ufga uhfr u lqtu
lektA
Vol (5), No. 3, March, 2017
ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)
rs ,slfg vkiqfg ulSa tSls pkSiV
jktAA**12
fxjh'k jLrksxh dk dFku gS & ^^vU/ksj uxjh*
vU/k &O;oLFkk dk izrhd gSA pkSiV jktk
foosdghurk vkSj U;k; n`f"V ds u gksus dk ewrZ
Lo:i gSA mldk U;k; Hkh vU/krk dk izek.k gS
D;ksafd cdjh dh e`R;q dk n.M nsus ds fy,
xkso/kZu idM+ fy;k x;k] vFkkZr~ dksbZ Hkh nf.Mr
gks ldrk gSA vfoosdh] izeknh] ewY;ghu jktk
dh ifj.kfr rks HkkjrsUnq us fn[kk;h gh gS ysfdu
lkFk gh mUgksaus xkso/kZu ds }kjk euq"; dh
yksHko`fRr ij Hkh O;aX; fd;k gSA yksHko`fRr gh
euq"; dks ^vU/ksj uxjh dh vU/kO;oLFkk]
vekuoh;rk esa Q¡lkrh gSA vaxzstks dh
U;k;&n`f"V vkSj iz.kkyh esa Hkh 'kks"kd&'kksf"kr]
vijk/kh fujijk/kh esa dksbZ vUrj ugha Fkk] vkt
Hkh gekjh U;k;&iz.kkyh dh ;gh fLFkfr gSA
gekjh ledkyhu 'kklu O;oLFkk ij] 'kks"kdo`fRr
ij rks] ^vU/ksj uxjh* O;aX; gh gS ij ;g vU/ksj
uxjh fo'o ds fdlh Hkh dksus esa gks ldrh
gSA**13 fxjh'k jLrksxh us vU/ksj uxjh ds ftu
rRoksa ^yksHk vkSj Hkksx* dh vksj ladsr fd;k gSA
;gh cktkjckn ds ewy esa gSA ge dg ldrs gSa
fd & ^^ cktkjokn ds fojks/kh Hkh@ mrus gh
cktk: gSa@ ftrus cktkj ds leFkZd **14 tc
cktkj ls cpk ugha tk ldrk rks fQj funku
D;k gS\ funku gS & ^ cktkj dks lkFkZdrk
iznku djuk*A tSuUs nzdqekj ds 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks
& ^^cktkj dks lkFkZdrk Hkh ogh euq"; nsrk gS
tks tkurk gS fd og D;k pkgrk gSA vkSj tks
ugha tkurs fd os D;k pkgrs gaS] viuh ^ipaZsftx
ikoj* ds xoZ esa vius iSls ls dsoy ,d
fouk'kd 'kfDr&'kSrkuh 'kfDr] O;aX; dh 'kfDr
gh cktkj dks nsrs gSaA u rks os cktkj ls ykHk
mBk ldrs gSa] u ml cktkj dks lPpk ykHk ns
ldrs gSA os yksx cktkj dk cktk:iu c<+krs
gSaA ftldk eryc gS fd diV c<+krs gSaA diV
IJSIRS 47
International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies
dh c<+rh dk vFkZ ijLij esa ln~Hkko dh
?kVhA**15
^ijLij esa ln~Hkko dh ?kVh* dh tks ckr
tSusUnz dqekj us ckn esa dh mls HkkjrsUnq ^vU/ksj
uxjh* esa igys gh dg pqds FksA xkscj/kunkl
tSls gh ^vU/ksj uxjh* ds cktkj esa izos'k djrk
gS vius xq: ^egUr* ,oa xq:HkkbZ ukjk;.knkl
dh ckr ekuus ls bUdkj dj nsrk gSa vr% Li"V
gSa fd HkkjrsUnq dks ^cktkjokn* dh ek;k dk Hkku
FkkA fQygky ekDlZoknh vkykspd MkW-
f'kodqekj feJ dh ckr ls viuh ckr lekIr
dj jgk gw¡ & ^^ bl cktkj vkSj cktkj &ra= us
cgqr dqN gekjs thou dk cgqewY; cgqr dqN
yhyk vkSj ipk;k gS vkSj cps gq, dks yhyus
vkSj ipkus ij vkeknk gSA gekjs thou ewY;]
Le`fr;k¡] ijaijk,a] laLd`fr] Hkk"kk]
vfLerk&fojklr dk cgqr dqN lek x;k gS
mlds mnj esAa cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;k¡] cM+s
O;kikjh&viuh ^BxkSjh* fy, yqHkk jgs gSa gekjs
lekt ds 35 djksM+ vkcknh okys bl e/;oxZ
dks vkSj og cslq/k gksdj vka[ks can djds /k¡l
x;k gS cktkj ds ek;k yksd esa fcuk ;g
tkus&lksps fd mldk va/kh&v¡/ksjh lqjax ls og
dHkh ckgj Hkh fudy ik,xk ;k ughaA cgjgky
cktkj dh ek;k vHkh rks mls bl dnj eksgs gq,
gS fd mls dqN Hkh lkspus dh Qqjlr ughaA**16
fczfV”k lkezkT; ds jktuSfrd {ks= esa ?kawl[kksjh
dk cktkj [kwc xeZ FkkA HkkjrsUnq gfj”pUæ th
us vke ?kal w [kksjh dk [kqydj fojks/k fd;kA
mUgksaus vius ukVd ‘oSfndh fgalk fgalk u
Hkofr* esa U;k;ky;ksa dh ?kwal[kksjh dk uXu fp=
izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA ;ejkt ds njckj esa
Jh;qr x`gjkt ds ea=h fp=xqIr ds }kjk lafpr
dh gqbZ /kujkf”k dks ;ejkt ds pj.k deyksa esa
vfiZr djrk gqvk fp=xqIr Li’V djrk gS&
“vjs nq’V ;g Hkh D;k e`R;qyksd dh dpgjh gS
fd rw gesa ?kwl
a nsrk gS vkSj D;k ge yksx ogkW
48 | Vol (5), No. 3, March, 2017
ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)
ds U;k;drkZvksa dh HkkWfr taxy ls idM+dj
yk;s gSa fd ge nq’Vksa ds O;ogkj ugha tkursA
tgkW ls rw vk;k gS vkSj tks xfr rsjh gS lHkh
?kwl ysus okyksa dh gksxh&A17
HkkjrsUnq gfj”pUæ th us O;aX; ds ek/;e
ls jktuSfrd psruk dk ea= u dsoy ljdkj ds
dkuksa esa gh QWwdk vfirq in&nfyr lekt dks
Hkh ltx fd;kA
vBkjgoha “krkCnh ds mRrjk)Z esa Hkkjr
dh /kkfeZd fLFkfr iru ds dxkj ij [kM+h FkhA
MkW0 esUgnhjRrk ds “kCnksa esa&
“loZ= vKku vfo|k ,oa uSfrd nqnZ”kk dk jkT;
nqnZ”kk dk jkT; FkkA18
HkkjrsUnq ;qxhu lkfgR; esa lkaLd`frd
voewY;u ij dkQh fpUrk O;Dr dh x;hA
vxzsth çHkko dh vfHko`f) ds dkj.k lkaLd`frd
voewY;u Hkkjr dks iru ds xrZ esa ys tk jgk
FkhA lkjk ns'k lkaLd`frd n`f"V ls fujhg foié]
nfjæ gksrk tk jgk FkkA f'kf{kr lekt Hkh
if'peh laLd`fr ls çHkkfor gksdj va/kkuqdj.k esa
yxk gqvk FkkA ik'pkR; ds çHkko vuSfrdrk dks
c<+k jgs FksA vxzsth Hkk"kk vkSj i)fr dk çpkj
gksus ls xqykeksa dh la[;k esa vfHko`f) gks jgh
FkhA HkkjrsUnq th dks ik'pkR; xqykeh lá ugha
gqbZA blfy, Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh tedj
igpku djkbZA ^futHkk"kk méfr vgS] lc méfr
ds ewy* ls Hkk"kk dk xkSjo xku fd;kA mnwZ vkSj
vxzsth ds cksy ckys ds ;qx esa HkkjrsUnq th dks
ekr`Hkk"kk dks ek/;e cukus ds fy, i;kZIr la?k"kZ
djuk iM+kA mUgksaus vius ukVdksa ds ek/;e ls
ik'pkR; lH;rk] jhfrfjokt] os'kHkw"kk]
jgu&lgu dk vU/kkuqdj.k djus okyksa dks
QVdkjkA vxzsth ds v/kdpjs Kku vkSj if'peh
lH;rk ds jax esa jax tkus okys Hkkjrh;ksa dh
[kwc [kcj yhA pwju dk ekSfyd O;aX; fd;kA
Vds ds okLrs fgUnw ls fØLrku gksus ds xxuHksnh
mn~?kks"k ls Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks txk;k&^^Vds ds
IJSIRS
International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies
okLrs /kksch gks tk;s vkSj /kksch dks czká.k dj
nsA Vds ds okLrs tSlh dgks oSlh O;oLFkk nsA
Vds ds okLrs >wB dks lp djsAa Vds ds okLrs
czká.k ls eqlyeku] Vds ds okLrs fgUnw ls
fØLrkuA**19 /kkfeZd vU/kfo'okl] :f<+;k¡]
ijEijk,¡ fdlh /keZ dks fo"kerkvksa dh vksj ys
tkrh gSA
/keZ ds uke ij tkrh; fo'okl vkSj
vkLFkk fn'kk Hkzfer gks tkrs gaS tks vusd
leL;kvksa dks tUe nsrh gaSA HkkjrsUnq us Hkh /keZ
ds uke ij QSys ereÙkkUrjks dk fojks/k fd;kA
vkMEcjksa vkSj ik[k.Mksa dks ,d Hketky fl)
fd;kA loZ= QSys gq, vKku] vfo|k vkSj uSfrd
voewY;u dk fojks/k fd;kA nklrk dk çHkko
/keZ ij Hkh FkkA vU/kfo'okl ,oa va/kHkfDr
dhtM+s cM+h xgjh gks pqdh FkhaA lkspus le>us
dh lkeF;Z vxzsth nklrk ds ijoku p<+ pqdh
FkhA blfy, gk¡ esa gk¡ feykus dh ço`fÙk c<+rh
tk jgh FkhA ^va/ksj uxjh* dk vfUre n`';
bldk lcls lVhd mnkgj.k gS tgk¡ jktk]
flikgh] xq: ea=h] dksroky lHkh Qk¡lh ds QUns
ij fcuk fopkjs gh p<+uk pkgrs gSA HkkjrsUnq th
dk lUns'k vk¡[k [kksyus ds fy, gS&
^^tgk¡ /keZ u cqf) ufga uhfr u lqtu lektA
rs ,slfs ga vkiqfg ulSa] tSls pkSiV jktkA**20
vU/ksj uxjh dk jpuk dky lu~
1881bZ0 gSA bld dFkk turk esa vusd :Ikksa esa
izpfyr FkhA HkkjrsUnq us bl dFkk dks ukVdh;
:i esa fcgkj izkUr ds fdlh tehankj ds vU;k;
dks y{; djds iznku fd;k FkkA bldh dFkk ls
rRdkyhu jktkvksa dh fujadq'k va/ksjxnhZ mudh
vjktdrk vkSj ew<+rk ij O;ax djuk gh bl
ukVd dk mn~ns'; gSA HkkjrsUnq th nq[kh Fks
fgUnqvksa dh nqnZ'kk lsA ;s fgUnw vius ykHk&gkfu
dks u lkspdj vaxzstksa dh LokFkZ iwfrZ esa
vlgk;d cus FksA izLrqr ukVd ds ek/;e ls
HkkjsUnq us Hkkjrh;ksa dks vkxkg fd;k fd os vius
Vol (5), No. 3, March, 2017
ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)
lekt dh laLd`fr] lH;rk dks ifo= cuk;s
j[ksaA lEiw.kZ ukVd esa lekt esa O;kIr ew[kZrk]
v/keZ] vU;k; dk o.kZu gSA
^va/ksj uxjh* HkkjrsUnq dk pfpZr eafpr
tufiz; ukVd gSA HkkjrsUnq dh va/ksj uxjh esa
foosdghu fons’kh 'kklu esa thou ;kiu dj jgs
ml lekt dks fpf=r fd;k x;k gS tgk¡ lkjs
thou&ewY; lekIr gks x;s gSa tgk¡ diwj vkSj
dikl esa Hksn ugha gS] dks;y vkSj dkS, esa Hksn
ugha gS] if.Mr vkSj ew[kZ esa Hksn ugha gS]
uhp&Å¡p esa Hksn ugha gS] Hk¡Mq, vkSj if.Mr ,d
tSls gSa] os”;k vkSj iRuh ,d leku gSa] xk; vkSj
cdjh dks ,d gh le>k tkrk gSA bl uxjh esa
yksx Hkhrj ls cgqr efyu gSa] ij ckgj budk
jax cgqr pednkj gSaA tks ckgj ls lH; vkSj
Hkhrj ls Nyh gSa] os gh jktlHkk esa cy”kkyh gSaA
lp cksyus okys twrs [kkrs gSa] >wB cksyus okys
rjg&rjg ls lEekfur gksrs gSaA ;gk¡ xkS] f}t
vkSj osn dk vknj ugha gksrk] yxrk gS] tSls
jktk dksbZ fo/kehZ gks] /keZ&v/keZ dk Hksn feV
x;k gS] ;gk¡ Nfy;ksa ds vkxs yk[k dgus ij
fdlh dh ckr ugha pyrhA ukVd dk ik=
xkso/kZunkl bl lPpkbZ dks ikapos n`”; ds
vkjEHk esa xkrs gq, lcdks :c: djkrs gq,
dgrk gS &
va/ksj uxjh vucw> jktkA Vdk lsj Hkkth Vdk
lsj [kktkAA
uhp Å¡p lc ,dfg ,slAs tSls HkMq, iafMr
rSlsAA
dqy ejtkn u eku cM+kbZA lcS ,d ls yksx
yqxkbZAA
tkr ikar iwNs ufg dksbZA gfj dks Hkts lks gfj
dks gksbZAA
os’;k tks: ,d lekukA cdjh xÅ ,d dfj
tkukAA
IJSIRS 49
International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies
lkaps ekjs ekjs MksySaA Nyh nq"V flj pf<+ pf<+
cksySaAA
izxV lH; vUrj Ny/kkjhA lksb jktlHkk
cyHkkjhAA
lkap dgSa rs iugh [kkoSaA >wBs cgqfof/k inoh
ikoSaAA
Nfy;u ds ,dk ds vkxsA yk[k dgkS ,dgq ufga
ykxsAA
Hkhrj gksb efyu dh dkjksA pfg;s ckgj jax
pVdkjksAA
/keZ v/keZ ,d njlkbZA jktk djS lks U;ko
lnkbZAA
Hkhrj Lokgk ckgj lknsA jkt djfga veys v:
I;knsAA
vU/kk/kqU/k eP;kS lc nslkA ekugqa jktk jgr
fonslkAA
xks f}t Jqfr vknj ugha gksbZA ekugqa u`ifr
fo/kEehZ dksbZAA
Å¡p uhp lc ,dfg lkjkA ekugqa czã Kku
foLrkjkAA
va/ksj uxjh vucw> jktkA Vdk lsj Hkkth Vdk
lsj [kktkAA21
HkkjrsUnq us bl ^va/ksj uxjh* dk tks
[kkdk [khapk gS mls ns[kdj yxrk gS orZeku
Hkkjr esa Hkh ljdkj] U;k;] lHkh egdes ds
ljdkjh deZpkjh fo’ks"k rkSj ij iqfyl] egktu
vkfn dh iwjh fLFkfr rks vkt Hkh ogh gS] ftls
Hkkjr Hkw"k.k gfj’pUnz us yxHkx lok lkS o"kZ iwoZ
^va/ksjh uxjh* esa fpf=r fd;k gSA lQsniks’k
O;fDr fdl izdkj vke vkneh dk 'kks"k.k djrs
gSaA vkt ;g ckr fdlh ls Nqih ugha gSA
jktdh; vLrO;Lrrk dk gfj’pUnzth us cM+k gh
thoar fp= [khapk gSA bUgksaus ^va/ksj uxjh* esa
vius ifjos”k] lekt vkSj vius le; esa mRiUu
50 | Vol (5), No. 3, March, 2017
ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)
lHkh leL;kvksa dks viuh laprs u n`f"V ls lw{e
:i eas idM+k gSA 'kklu ra= dh Hkz"Vrk]
LokFkZijrk] voljokfnrk] d`f=erk] feF;knEHk]
<ksax vkfn ds dkj.k vkt vke vkneh okLro esa
vkneh ugha jgk gSA budk ;g ukVd la?k"kZe;h
thou dh vfHkO;fDr gSA tks vkt dh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lh/ks lk{kkRdkj djkrh gSA vkt
ge ladV ds nkSj ls xqtj jgs gSaA ladV
pkSrjQk gSA Hkkjrh; ewY; /oLr gks jgs gSaA
uo;qod fnXHkzfer gks jgs gSaA vijk/khdj.k ds
dkj.k jktuhfr uhfr ls gkFk /kks cSBh gSA
yksdekul dh laons uk,a fldqM+rh tk jgh gSaA
bl uxjh esa gj pht fcdkÅ gSA dfo izHkkdj
ekpos us Hkh fy[kk gS %&
^;gk¡ vewY; oLrq,¡ Hkh csph tkrh
gSa%@elyu lrhRo] izekf.kdrk]
oksVj&la[;k]@i.; oLrq yko.; cuk gS] ux.;
gS D;k\@[kqnk p<+k uhyke] vkRek dh QksVw
[khaph tkrh gSA*22 psruk dh n`f"V ls va/ksj uxjh
vkt dk gh ukVd gS blesa dksbZ 'kd ugha gSA
izfl) funsZ’kd MkW- lR;ozr us ^va/ksj uxjh* dks
vkt ds ,d lelkef;d ukVd ds :i esa
ns[kk] vkSj blds ik=ksa esa vkt ds pfj=ksa dks
fLFkr vuqHko fd;k % ^ckck] vFkkZr~ vkt ds 'kqHkz
os’k/kkjh fons’kksa ls ukrk yxk;s /kulEiUu ;ksxh]
psyk ukjk;.knkl&xkso/kZunkl vFkkZr~ gekjh og
u;h ih<+h ftl ij fgIih&chVfud laLd`fr
vuk;kl gkoh gks jgh gS] jktk vFkkZr~ lÙkk ds
fy, ;k lÙkk ij cus jgus ds fy, ftruh Hkh
fl)karghurk cjrh tk ldrh gS] vkSj ftrus Hkh
U;Lr LokFkksaZ dks izJ; fn;k tk ldrk gS]
mudk izfrfuf/k ea=h vFkkZr~ mu lc fons’kh
rkdrksa dk izfrfuf/k ftuds b’kkjs ij lÙkk
ukprh jgrh gS] Qfj;knh vFkkZr~ og lk/kkj.k
tu tks lfn;ksa ls U;k; ek¡x jgk gS ysfdu mls
vkt rd U;k; ugha feyk] ;|fi cM+s&cM+s
ok;ns gq,] cM+s ifjorZu gq,] fdUrq 'kkldh;
[kkukiwjh ds vykok ml lk/kkj.k tu ds fy,
IJSIRS
International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies
dqN ugha gqvk] vkSj dYyw cfu;k] dkjhxj
pwusokyk] fHk’rh] dlkbZ] xM+sfj;k vkSj dksroky
vFkkZr~ U;Lr LokFkksaZ dk te?kV ftUgsa jktk vkSj
muds 'kklu dh fpUrk ugha] D;ksafd os leFkZ gSa
fd tc pkgsa rc jktk dks xn~nh ls mrkj nsAa
bl izdkj esjh dYiuk esa ;g ukVd
lelkef;d gks x;kA*23 ^va/ksj uxjh* dks jaxeap
esa lkekftd ds :i esa ns[kus ds i'pkr~ MkW-
j?kqoa”k us viuh izfrfØ;k vkt dh izklafxdrk
dks ysdj gh nh gSA mudk ekuuk gS ^eSa jaxeap
ij n’kZdksa dh xSyjh esa cSB dj] muds lkFk
mldk izn’kZu ns[kdj lkekftdksa ds lkFk
vuqHko dj ldk fd bl funsZ’ku esa HkkjrsUnq dk
;g ukVd fcYdqy u;s :i rFkk lUnHkZ dks
O;aftr dj jgk gSA gekjs vkt ds lekt esa
ewY;ghurk dks vPNs&cqjs dh dksfV;ksa esa u xzg.k
fd;k tk ldrk gS] u vfHkO;Dr gh] vkSj gekjs
lkeus lR;ozr flUgk ftl va/ksj uxjh dh
izLrqfr dj jgs gSa] og ;qx&thou dh lkjh
ewY;ksa dh ifjfLFkfr dks vPNs&cqjs dh dksfV;ksa eas
O;aftr ugha djrh] oju~ mldh ewY;ghurk dh
vlaxfr;ks& a folaxfr;ksa dks vfHkO;Dr dj jgh
24
gSA*
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa va/ksj uxjh dks
n’kZd :i esa ns[kus ds i'pkr~ orZeku lanHkZ esa
blds vFkZ vo”; izHkkfor gksrs gSa vkSj orZeku
izklafxdrk dks gh vfHkO;Dr djrs gSaA MkW- dq¡oj
pUnzizdk’k flag dk ekuuk gS & ^foosdghu
lekt vkSj 'kklu dh O;kid oLrqfLFkfr ij
izdk’k Mkyk x;k gSA25
HkkjrsUnq us ftl Hkz"Vkpkj dk ;FkkFkZ
o.kZu fd;k gS og vkt Hkh mruk gh izklafxd
gSA gj txg Hkz"Vkpkj QSyk gqvk gS] iSls ds
fy, O;fDr vius uSfrd ewY; dks [kks pqdk gS
og fdlh Hkh lhek rd fxj ldrk gSA iSls ds
fy, deZpkjh fj”or ysus ls ugha drjkrs
gfj”pUnz th us ftl ^va/ksj uxjh* dk fp=
Vol (5), No. 3, March, 2017
ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)
[khapk gS og dqN blh izdkj dh gS & ^vU/kk/kqa/k
lkjk eP;kS lc nslk] ekugq¡ jktk jgr fonslkA*
ukVddkj ns”k esa fuokl djus okyksa ij O;aX;
djrs gq, dgrs gSa &
pwju lkgsc yksx tks [kkrkA lkjk fgUn gte
dj tkrkAA
puk gkfde lc tks [kkrsA lc ij nwuk fVdl
yxkrsAA
pwju veys lc tks [kkoSaA nwuh :’kor rqjr
ipkoSaAA
pwju lHkh egktu [kkrsA ftlls tek gte dj
tkrsAA
pwju iqfylokys [kkrsA lc dkuwu gte dj
tkrsAA
dqtfM+u% ys fgUnqLrku dk esok QwV vkSj cSjAA
eqxy% vkekjk ,slk eqYd vaxjst dk Hkh nkar
dV~Vk vks x;k
fgUnksLrku dk vkneh yd yd] gekjs ;gk¡ dk
vkneh cqacd cqacdA
vFkkZr~ iSls ij lc dqN fcdrk gSA ,d Vdk
nks] ge viuh tkr csprs gSaA Vds ds okLrs
czkã.k gks tk;a vkSj /kksch dks czkã.k dj nsAa
Vds ds okLrs tSlh dgks oSlh O;oLFkk nsAa Vds
ds okLrs >wB dks lp djsAa Vds ds okLrs czkã.k
ls eqlyeku] Vds ds okLrs fgUnw ls fØLrkuA
Vds ds okLrs /keZ vkSj izfr"Bk nksuksa cspas Vds ds
okLrs >wBh xokgh nsAa Vds ds okLrs iki dks
iq.; ekus]a Vds ds okLrs uhp dks Hkh firkeg
cukoSaA osn /keZ dqy ejtknk lpkbZ cM+kbZ lc
VdS lsjA ;g thou dk lR; Hkh gS fd lekt
esa /ku dks egÙoiw.kZ LFkku feyrk tk jgk gSA
^uhfr&”krd* esa Hkh dqN blh izdkj dh ppkZ
dh xbZ gS &
IJSIRS 51
International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies
^^;L;kfr foÙka l uj%@ dqyhu% xq.kK% loZK%@
l% ,o oDrk l% pn’kZuh;@ losZxq.kk% dk.pue~
vkJ;fUr%** ^va/ksj uxjh* ds ?kklhjke vkSj
ikpdpwju cspus ds cgkus gkfdeksa ds f}xqf.kr
dj yxkus] veyksa ds ?kwl ysus] egktuksa ds
vR;f/kd ykHk mBkus] vaxzstksa }kjk lkjs Hkkjr
dks mnjLFk dj fy;s tkus] iqfyl ds vfu;fer
dk;Z djus dh tks ppkZ djrs gSa] mlls ml
le; ds vf/kdkjh vkSj /kuh oxZ dh eukso`fr
ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA26 ;g ukVd ftruk HkkjrsUnq
;qx esa ml le; dh eukso`fÙk dks ifjyf{kr
djrk gS vkt Hkh mruk gh lelkef;d gSA MkW-
jkefoykl 'kekZ ^va/ksj uxjh* dh izklafxdrk ij
gh vius fopkj vfHkO;Dr djrs gq, dgrs
gSa&^va/ksj uxjh vaxzsth jkT; dk gh nwljk uke
gSA* HkkjrsUnq ds le; dh n`f"V ls rks og
vaxzsth jkT; dk uke gS gh] og gekjs vius
le; ds 'kkldksa ds jkT; dk Hkh uke gSA gesa
dguk pkfg, fd nqfu;k esa tgk¡ dgha vkSj fdlh
Hkh le; esa lÙkkyksyqi fujadq’k lÙkk/kkfj;ksa dh
va/kO;oLFkk gS] mldk uke va/ksj uxjh gSA
HkkjrsUnq us mlesa vius ;qx dh gh psruk ugha]
;qx&;qx dh psruk O;Dr dh gSA bl NksVs&ls
ukVd esa cgqr dqN dgus dh {kerk gSA bldh
laons uk ds vk;ke vR;Ur O;kid gSaA HkkjrsUnq us
lÙkk dh vkdka{kk] lÙkk ls fpids jgus ds fy;s
dksbZ Hkh cqjk dke djus dh izo`fÙk] 'kks"k.k]
vR;kpkj rFkk yksHk dks ns[kk FkkA mUgksua s vius
ukVd esa lans”k Hkh fn;k gS vf/kd yksHk ugha
djuk pkfg, D;ksafd yksHk gh iki dk dkj.k gSA
;g yksHk dsoy vke turk esa gh ugha vfirq
lÙkk ls fpids gq, O;fDr;ksa esa Hkh gS ;g igys
Hkh Fkk vkSj vkt Hkh gSA ^va/ksj uxjh* esa lekt
esa QSys gq, Hkz"Vkpkj] yksxksa ds uSfrd iru vkSj
va/ksj uxjh esa gks jgs vukpkj dk gh l”kDr
fp=.k gqvk gSA ns”k dh n”kk dks fpf=r dj
ns”kokfl;ksa ds eu esa jk"Vªh; psruk dks txkuk
gh HkkjrsUnq th dk ije mn~ns’; Hkh jgk gSA
52 | Vol (5), No. 3, March, 2017
ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)
yksdthou ls tqM+k gqvk ukVd gS MkW- n”kjFk
vks>k bl lEcU/k esa dgrs gSa & ^vkt Hkh xk¡oksa
esa puk vkSj pwju bUgha xkuksa ds lkFk csps tkrs
gSaA lSdM+ksa yksx muds prqfnZd [kM+s gksdj bu
xkuksa dks lqurs vkSj vkuUn mBkrs gSaA*27
pwjuokyk pwju ds cgkus ls ljdkj dh dybZ
[kksyus esa fgpfdpkrk Hkh ugha gS vkSj dkuwu dh
idM+ esa Hkh ugha vkrk &
pwju vey osn dk HkkjhA ftl dks [kkrs
d`".keqjkjhAA
esjk ikpd gS ipyksukA ftldks [kkrk ';ke
lyksukAA
pwju cuk elkysnkjA ftlesa [kV~Vs dh cgkjAA
esjk pwju tks dksbZ [kk;A eq> dks NksM+ dgha
ufga tk;AA
fgUnw pwju bl dk ukeA foyk;r iwju bldk
dkeAA
pwju tc ls fgUn esa vk;kA bldk /ku cy
lHkh ?kVk;kAA
pwju ,slk gV~Vk dV~VkA dhuk nk¡r lHkh dk
[kV~VkAA
pwju pyk Mky dh eaMhA bl dks [kk,¡xh lc
jaMhAA
pwju veys lc tks [kkoSaA nwuh :’kor rqjr
ipkoSaAA
pwju ukVdokys [kkrsA bl dh udy ipk dj
ykrsAA
pwju lHkh egktu [kkrsA ftlls tek gte dj
tkrsAA
pwju [kkoS ,fMVj tkrA ftu ds isV ipS ufga
ckrAA
pwju lkgsc yksx tks [kkrkA lkjk fgan gte
dj tkrkAA
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International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)

pwju iqfylokys [kkrsA lc dkuwu gte dj gS] fdUrq va/ksj uxjh ckj&ckj Mxj Hkj ysrk
tkrsAA gSA* ;qx iq:"k HkkjrsUnq gfj”pUnz dh va/ksj uxjh
ys pwju dk <sj] cspk Vds lsjAA28 dk egÙo lnSo cuk jgsxkA
va/ksj uxjh dh ;g 'kCnkoyh vius le; dh
lUnHkZ&xzaFk
eqgj yxk nsrh gSA gekjs orZeku lUnHkZ esa Hkh
izklafxd cuh gqbZ gSA eq>s MkW- gfjoa”kjk; cPpu 1. v¡/ksj uxjh]i`ŒlaŒ&534
dh iafDr;k¡ ;kn vk jgh gSa ftlesa mUgksaus dgk
Fkk &^tx cnysxk] fdUrq u thou*A fdlh Hkh 2. lelkef;d ukVdksa esa oxZ psruk&MkWŒ
ns’k dh lkekftd] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd ,oa nsoh fd'ku pkSgku]i`ŒlaŒ&79
lkaLd`frd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ le; ds lkFk&lkFk 3. HkkjrsUnq xzUFkkoyh Hkkx 1& cztjRu nkl
cny ldrh gSa fdUrq euq"; dk vUrthZou dHkh 2007] i`0&489
ugha cnyrk gS] ^iz.k; LoIu dh papyrk ij tks
4. vkjksg*&Hkkx&02] ,ulhbZvkjVh] izFke
jksrs gSa flj /kqu&/kqu dj* os cus jgsaxAs va/ksj laLdj.k 2007] i`"B&87
uxjh esa thou ds 'kk”or iz”uksa dks ugha mBk;k
x;k gS] vkSj u 'kk”or jkx&fojkxksa dks fpf=r 5. feJ f'kodqekj&^HkfDr&vkUnksyu vkSj
fd;k x;k gS & blesa ,slh fLFkfr dk fp=.k gS HkfDr&dkO;*] izFke yksd&Hkkjrh
tks lnk izR;{kr% ifjyf{kr ugha gksus ij Hkh gj laLdj.k]2010]bykgkckn
;qx vkSj gj ns”k esa lnk cuh jgrh gSA ;g 6. 'kaHkqukFk&^nqLle;esa lkfgR;*] ok.kh
fLFkfr gS Hkz"Vrk dh] yksxksa ds uSfrd iru dh] izdk'ku ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k
euq"; ds va/kRo dh] mldh va/ksj uxjh dhA29 2002]i`"B&50
euq"; ds Hkhrj&ckgj dh fod`fr;k¡ 7. MkW- fxjh'k jLrksxh]&^HkkjrsUnq vkSj vU/ksj
ges”kk ls jgh gSa] ifjos”k dh fod`fr;k¡ euq"; dh uxjh*] vfHkO;fDr izdk'ku
vkUrfjd fod`fr;ksa dk gh ewrZ :i gksrh gSa] vkSj bykgkckn]laLdj.k 1996] i`"B&74
;s ;qx fo’ks"k rd lhfer ugha gSaA bl n`f"V ls
8. tuiFk&lEiknd&vuUr dqekj flag]
;g nqfu;k ,d 'kk’or va/ksj uxjh gSA /keZohj
ekpZ 2010] i`"B&141
Hkkjrh us ^va/kk ;qx* esa fy[kk gS &
^;q)ksijkUr@;g va/kk ;qx vorfjr 9. -“kaHkqukFk&^laLd`fr dh mRrjdFkk*] ok.kh
gqvkA@ftlesa fLFkfr;ks]a eukso`fÙk;ks]a vkRek,¡ lc izdk'ku ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k
fod`r gSaA@* lR; ;g gS fd va/kk ;qx jg&jg 2000] ¼Hkwfedk ls½
dj vorfjr ugha gksrk] og ges”kk cuk jgrk 10. MkW- fxjh'k jLrksxh&^HkkjrsUnq vkSj vU/ksj
gSA30 uxjh*] vfHkO;fDr izdk'ku bykgkckn]
va/ksj uxjh dk egÙo psruk vkSj f”kYi laLdj.k 1996] i`"B&76]78
nksuksa gh n`f’V ls vkt ppkZ ds fo"k; cus gq, 11. MkW- fxjh'k jLrksxh&^HkkjrsUnq vkSj vU/ksj
gSaA MkW- lR;ozr flUgk bldh izklafxdrk ij uxjh*] vfHkO;fDr izdk'ku bykgkckn]
fopkj djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd^vusd dky[k.M laLdj.k 1996] i`"B&78
ikj dj ;g izglu vHkh Hkh rktk cuk gqvk gSA
lR; gfj”pUnz vkSj pUnzkoyh viuh txg ij
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International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)

12. MkW- fxjh'k jLrksxh&^HkkjrsUnq vkSj vU/ksj 20. v¡/ksj uxjh]i`ŒlaŒ&536

uxjh*] vfHkO;fDr izdk'ku bykgkckn] 21. va/ksj uxjh&HkkjrsUnq gfj”pUnz] n`”;
laLdj.k 1996]i`"B&87 ikapokW ¼izkjfEHkd xhr½
13. -MkW- fxjh'k jLrksxh&^HkkjrsUnq vkSj vU/ksj
22. gal&vDVwcj 1943
uxjh*] vfHkO;fDr izdk'ku bykgkckn]
laLdj.k 1996] i`"B&28 23. -uVjax&12 i`- 38&39

14. MkW- fxjh'k jLrksxh&^HkkjrsUnq vkSj vU/ksj 24. Nk;kuV&48] i`- 9

uxjh*] vfHkO;fDr izdk'ku bykgkckn] 25. fgUnh ukV~;&lkfgR; vkSj jaxeap dh
laLdj.k 1996] i`"B&28 ehekalk % MkW- dq¡oj pUnzizdk”k flag i`-
15. vkjksg*&Hkkx&02] ,ulhbZvkjVh] izFke 210
laLdj.k 2007]i`"B&91 26. fgUnh ukVd % MkW- cPpu flag ¼f}rh;
16. feJ f'kodqekj&^HkfDr vkUnksyu vkSj laLdj.k½ i`- 33
HkfDr&dkO;*] izFke yksd 27. fgUnh ukVd% mn~Hko vkSj fodkl% MkW-
Hkkjrh]laLdj.k]2010 bykgkckn] nljFk vks>k] r`rh; laLdj.k] i`- 181
i`"B&300
28. va/ksj uxjh HkkjrsUnq gfj”pUnz nwljk
17. Hkkjr nqnZ”kk& MkW0 lR;o`r flUgk] n`”; ¼ikpdokyk½
i`0&76
29. va/ksj uxjh laon
s uk vkSj f”kYi
18. fgUnh lkfgR; esa O;aX;& MkW esgUnhjRrk] fl)ukFkdqekj]i`- 57
i`0&155
30. -va/ksjuxjh laons uk vkSj f”kYi
19. ogh ¼v¡/ksj uxjh½&i`ŒlaŒ&531 fl)ukFkdqekj ]i`- 22

Copyright © 2017, Dr. Virendra Singh Yadav. This is an open access refereed article distributed under the creative
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