What are noble gases? How do they exist in nature?

 Noble gases are elements that belong to group VIII or group O.

 They exist as mono atomic gases in nature.
 Because they have stable electronic configuration.
Valence shell
 The outermost shell carrying electrons in an atom of an element is
known as its valence shell.
Stable electronic configuration
 Electronic configuration of noble gases with eight electrons in the
valence shell
Valency
 Combining ability of an atom of an element is known as the
valency.

Eg: Na  2 , 8 , 1
Cl  2 , 8 , 7
The attractive forces or binding among the atoms or ions resulted by
the rearrangement of electrons in the valence shell for stabilizing the
atoms of elements as described above are called chemical bonds.

Chemical bonds can be divided into two types.

1. Ionic bonds
2. Covalent bonds
Ionic Bonds
Eg: Na
 Electronic configuration of the sodium atom
 Electronegativity of sodium elements
 What is electronegativity?

 Electropositive
metal
 Easily lose electrons
and form ion
 -e

Loss of an
electron

The Na atom The Na+ ion

 Number of electrons  Number of electrons

 Electronic configuration  Electronic configuration

 Number of protons  Number of protons

 Total charge  Total charge

Equation:
 Eg: Cl

-e

Loss of an
electron

The Cl atom The Cl- (chloride) ion

 Number of electrons  Number of electrons

 Electronic configuration  Electronic configuration

 Number of protons  Number of protons

 Total charge  Total charge

Equation:
  Neutral atoms form positively charged ions by losing electrons.

 Neutral atoms form negatively charged ions by gaining

electrons.

 Some polyatomic groups too bear positive or negative charges.

They are also known as radicals.

Example :
o Ammonium ion NH4+
o Sulphate ion SO42-
o Nitrate ion NO3-

 An ion is an atom or a group of atoms with an electrical

charge.

Note:

Polyatomic ions are molecular ions composed of two or more atoms bonded by covalent bonds and
acting as a single unit.
Illustrate pictorial of NaCl
Formation of the compound sodium chloride NaCl.
(Electrostatic attraction between Na+ and Cl- ions)
Ionic Compounds
The bonds formed due to the strong electrostatic attractions
between the positive and negative ions produced by the exchange of
electrons among atoms are known as ionic bonds or electrovalent
bonds. Such compounds are called ionic compounds.

Sodium chloride is a compound with ionic bonds.

Note:
An ionic compound is a giant structure of ions. The ions have a regular,
repeating arrangement called an ionic lattice .

Ionic Lattice

Ionic Compound

Around 1 Na+ ion there are 6 cl- ions.

Around 1 Cl- ion there are 6 Na+ ions.

Electrons in the outermost energy levels of the atoms
reorganize during the formation of sodium chloride.
Ionic Compounds
Mostly the ionic bonds are formed between the positive ions
produced by the atoms of low electronegativity and the negative ions
formed by the atoms of high electronegativity.

In addition to the above compounds, ionic bonds are formed during

the combination of ionic radicals and ions also.
Illustrate pictorial of – Li20

3 Li 2 , 1 Li  Li+ + e

3 Li 2 , 1 ( Li  Li+ + e ) x 2

8 O 2,6 O + 2e  O2-

2-
+ +

Li+ O2- Li+

Illustrate pictorial of – CaCl2

20 Ca 2,8,8,2 Ca  Ca2+ + 2e

17 Cl 2,8,7 ( Cl + e  Ca- ) x 2

2+ -
-

- Cl-
Cl Ca 2+
10.2 Covalent Bonds

o Joining of atoms by sharing electrons between a pair of atoms is

referred to as a covalent bond.
o By sharing of electrons like this, the atoms acquire the noble gas
configuration.

H
H H
H

Sharing the electrons

 o Sharing of electrons between atoms of the same kind gives rise
to homoatomic molecules.

e.g.
hydrogen H2 (g)

fluorine F2 (g)

oxygen O2 (g)

nitrogen N2 (g)

o Sharing of electrons between atoms of different elements gives

rise to heteroatomic molecules.

e.g.
water H2O (l)
methane CH4 (g)
ammonia NH3 (g)

Homoatomic molecules: These are the molecules which are made up of

atoms of the same element.
 Fluorine molecule
By sharing a pair of electrons, two fluorine atoms acquire the stable
electronic configuration. The result of this is the bonding of two
fluorine atoms covalently to form a fluorine molecule.

2F 2,7

Fluorine atom Fluorine atom

2,8 (2 , 8)

Homoatomic molecule
Noble gas configuration
b). Hydrogen molecule

A hydrogen atom has one electron. Two hydrogen atoms share their
electrons between them each acquiring the stable configuration of
helium. This gives rise to the hydrogen molecule (H2) in which the two
hydrogen atoms are joined by a covalent bond.
Water molecule
An oxygen atom shares two pairs of electrons with two hydrogen
atoms forming two single bonds giving rise to the water (H2O)
molecule.

H
1 1 O
8 2,6 Non-bonding lone
pair
The heteroatomic molecules are made up of atoms of different elements.