REVIEWER

APP 002
Argument — explains why a claim is correct and believable
— made on the basis of supporting evidence, such as facts, comparisons,
examples, and the writer's experiences.

Different types of arguments according to reasoning based on Evidence:

1. Argument from Transitivity — involves three terms associated through the

process of classification.

— two classification statements serve as premises which serve as the

basis for the argument.

2. Argument from Incompatibility — presents two contradictory choices.

3. Argument from Reciprocity — individuals and situations that can be put
together under the same category should be treated in the same way.
4. Argument from Comparison — two situations will have the same outcome
because of the similarities between these situations.
5. Argument from Generalization — uses one member of a population to make
conclusions about the entire population.
6. Argument from Example — similar to argument from generalization, but this
argument uses a group of examples-a sample-from that population to serve as
a basis.
7. Argument from Cause — posits that A is caused by B.
● Two types of Causes
○ Strong Cause — The occurrence of the cause guarantees the
existence of the effect
○ Weak Cause — The occurrence of the cause is necessary for the
effect to occur.
8. Argument from Sign — uses a sign or indicator X to argue the existence of
condition Y.

Emotional Appeals — a method of persuasion that is designed to create emotional

response.

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 — considered fallacies or errors in reasoning because they manipulate
emotions in an audience.

● Emotion — also known as pathos or suffering in Greek

—one of the modes of persuasion identified by Aristotle.

● Other two are logos or logic and ethos or authority

Types of Emotional Appeals (McWhorter, 2001)

1. Appeal to Common Folk — pointing out that a person is no different from

ordinary people or a product or idea is something that ordinary people would
purchase or support.
2. False Authority — a person speaks as an expert on something on which he/she
has no expertise.
3. Name Calling or "Ad Hominem" — uses labels with negative meanings to cast
one's opponent in a bad light.
4. Association — done by creating a link between one thing or idea and another
one that people have positive or negative feelings for.

Survey —a data collection method that involves asking a selected group of people.

Survey Report — an objective and systematic written presentation of the goals and
findings of a survey.

— a kind of research that requires selecting a sample people/group to

answer questions.

● In writing your survey report, you need to introduce first the reason for
conducting your survey.

Introduction — introduce your survey report by presenting the reason for conducting
your survey and your objectives.

Guidelines when Writing an Introduction

1. Try to Capture the Readers' Interest Right Away

● introduce your topic by posing an interesting question

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 ● do NOT use jargon
2. Introduce the Relevant Literature
● discuss previous literature that can speak to your question
● define all your terms
● You should organize this section of your paper in such a way that you
logically build to YOUR study.
3. Introduce the Present Study
● reader should be able to predict what you were going to examine