ELEPRA III PRACTICAL GUIDE: 2023

Surname & Initials: Mthembu, SB

Student No: 59189916
Date attended: 27 July 2023

Experiment 1
Simulated first in these experiments are the three operating states comprising no-load,
matching and short-circuit for the two-line lengths of 150 and 300 km. Two multimeterscan
be used to simultaneously measure all voltages and currents as well as active, reactive, and
apparent powers at both line ends. The feed transformer's voltage at the start of the line is to
be increased in steps to the specified value in each case.
In this process, make sure that the maximum permissible values of the voltage (400 Vbetween two
outer conductors’ phases) and current (2.5 A during short circuit) are not exceeded anywhere. Set
up the circuit as illustrated next.

No-load
Disconnect the resistive load to study operating response under no-load.
For both line lengths, set the voltage to the nominal value (380 V) at the beginning ofthe line.
The
outer conductors are designated L1 , L2 and L3 , the neutral conductor N. Measure the variables
indicated in the table (the powers always comprise three-phase values, i.e. total powerlevels):
Line length of 150 km:

Voltage L1 - N (at line start) 219 V

Voltage L2 - N (at line start) 222V
Voltage L3 - N (at line start) 224V
Voltage L1 - L2 (at line start) 381V
Voltage L1 - N (at line end) 222V
Voltage L2 - N (at line end) 225V
Voltage L3 - N (at line end) 227V
Voltage L1 - L2 (at line end) 385V
Current L1 (at line start) 0.14A
Current L2 (at line start) 0.14A
Current L3 (at line start) 0.14A
Active power (at line start) 0W
Reactive power (at line start) 30var

Line length of 300 km:

Voltage L1 - N (at line start) 219V
Voltage L2 - N (at line start) 223V
Voltage L3 - N (at line start) 224V
Voltage L1 - L2 (at line start) 381V
Voltage L1 - N (at line end) 233V
Voltage L2 - N (at line end) 236V
Voltage L3 - N (at line end) 238V
Voltage L1 - L2 (at line end) 405V
Current L1 (at line start) 0.28A
Current L2 (at line start) 0.28A
Current L3 (at line start) 0.28A

Active power (at line start) 0W

Reactive power (at line start) 64var

Compare the measurement results with the calculated values (all calculations are carried
out for single phases on the basis of the associated phasor diagram).
To determine the voltage rise at the line's open end, it is best to use the voltage measured there
to calculate the voltage at the line's start. The calculations shown nextapply according to Figure
1.5.
Experiment 2: Matching [20]

Figure 1.12: Experiment circuit for measurements with purely resistive loads

To study the response during matching, the resistive load is decreased from its maximum
value until attainment of the power levels specified in the table below. In thecase of both line
lengths, the nominal voltage (380 V) is to be set at the start of the lineand maintained at this
value through readjustment wherever necessary. The variables indicated next are to be
measured.
For a line length of 150 km:

Power in W 300 400

Voltage L1 - L2 (line end) in V 365 354
Current L1 (load) in A 1.41 1.91
Current L1 (line start) in A 1.39 1.89
Active power (line start) in W 302 403
Reactive power (line start) in var 39 88
For a line length of 300 km:
Power in W 300 400
Voltage L1 - L2 (line end) in V 327 289
Current L1 (load) in A 1.51 2.18
Current L1 (line start) in A 1.47 2.12
Active power (line start) in W 303 402
Reactive power (line start) in var 100 218

What can be said about the sign of the reactive power fed into the line?
The equation P = U2Δ ²/ R or R = U2Δ ²/ P is used to calculate the corresponding loadresistance which
also represents the characteristic impedance (U2Δ is the line-to-linevoltage across the load).
Evaluate the line resistances.
For a line length of 150 km: R = ZW = 493 Ohm

For a line length 300 km: R = ZW = 341 Ohm

Lossless line: ZW = √ (L / CB) = 240 Ohm

Finally, the measured values are used to determine the efficiency during matching forboth line
lengths:
Efficiency η150 = (P2 / P1) = 75%

Efficiency η300 = (P2 / P1) = 76.1%

Experiment 3: Mixed loads [20]

Most important case in practice is a supply for mixed resistive-inductive loads. Investigated
beforehand, however, is the line response in the case of purely capacitiveand inductive loads.
All the tests are conducted again at the nominal voltage of 380 V. All experiments hereare
conducted with a line length of 150 km.
For measurements with capacitive loads, assemble the circuit as shown next.

Connect the capacitor in star configuration, and set the voltage at the start of the line toa
constant
value of 340 V; perform any readjustment necessary to avoid excess voltages at theend of the
line.
 Enter the values of the specified parameters in the table below. The power levels againcomprise
total values.
Capacitance 2µF 4 µF 6 µF 8 µF
Voltage L1-L2(Line end) in V 405 408 418 430
Current L1 (at line end) in A 0.16 0.31 0.46 0.63
Reactive Power ( at line start) in VAR 34 71 112 156
Current L1 (at Line start) in A 0.31 0.45 0.61 0.78
Active Power (at line start) in W 0 1 1 2
Reactive Power (at line start) in VAR 63 97 134 172

Figure 1.14: Experiment circuit for measurements with purely inductive loads
L= 3.2 H 2.8 H 2.4 H 2.0 H
Voltage L1 - L2 (line end)in V 374 372 369 365
Current L1(at line end) in A 0.2 0.23 0.27 0.32
Reactive power (at line end) in var 43 49 57 67
Current L1 (at line start) in A 0.07 0.1 0.14 0.19
Active power (at line start) in W 6 7 8 9
Reactive power (at line start) in var 14 21 29 40

How does the capacitance load compare to the resistive loads.

 The fundamental difference is in the voltage versus current phase

relationship. A purely resistive load has current draw exactly in phase with
an AC exciting signal (or power source). A purely capacitive load has
current peaks during the fastest rise time, which is current phase lead by
ninety degrees.
Experiment 4: Thevenins Theorem

5.1 A two wire dc ring distributor is fed at point a with a voltage of 240 V. Loads

of 75 A, 160 A and 125 A are tapped from the distributor at points b, c and d

respectively. The resistance (including the lead and return) of section ab is 0.04

Ω, of section bc is 0.032 Ω, of section cd is 0.048 Ω andof section dais 0.054 Ω.

Calculate the voltages at each load point.

5.2 To prove Thevin’s Theorem in an AC Distribution line.

E=2.2∟9°kV

Ia = 125∟-45°A, Ib = 180∟50°A, Ic = 158∟-60°A

Zsa=192∟51°mΩ, Zab=216∟34°mΩ, Zbc=226∟45°mΩ, Zcs=256∟61°mΩ
The above figure and information represents a single line diagram of an acring

distribution system. Assume that the feeder between the substation abd a is

disconnected, and then use Thevenin’s theorem to calculate the voltage at each

load point.

Draw the diagrams and phasor diagrams for both circuits.

 Parameters Calculated Values
Iba=Ia 124A
Icb 210A
Isc 296.3A
Vsa 137.6
Zth 0.685Ω
Isa 156.95A
Iba 125A
Icb 210A
Va 2082.8V
Vb 2108.52V
Vc 2138.2V

Thevenin’s theorem states any linear circuit containing several voltages and resistances can be replaced by
one single voltage in series with a single resistance connected across the load. Circuit was simplified and all
calculations proved the theorem true and thus the experiment was deemed a success.