Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture 5
Lecture 5
𝑦=𝑏 𝐵
𝐵 •
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝐷∗ 𝐶∗ 𝐵
𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦)
𝐴
𝐴 •
𝑦=𝑎 𝐴
𝐴∗
• •
𝑥=𝑎 𝑥=𝑏
𝐵∗
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝐵
𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑦 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2) The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), below the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 between the
ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏(i.e. shaded area 𝐵 ∗ ) is given by
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 −𝑦 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑎 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3) The area bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 between the abscissae 𝑦 = 𝑎
and 𝑦 = 𝑏 (Area 𝐶 ∗ ) is given by
𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
1
4) The area bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 between abscissae 𝑦 = 𝑏
(Area 𝐷∗ ) is given by
𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 −𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝑏
𝑆 ∗ = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 −𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑐 𝑏
= ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
X’ 𝐶 X
0 𝑥=𝑎 𝑥=𝑏
Y’
Note: it is necessary to draw a rough sketch in order to see whether the region is above
the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 or is below the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 or is partly above and partly below the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. If it
is difficult to draw the sketch of a function or it is not specifically asked in the question,
then we can avoid drawing the sketch and observe the sign of the function on the
interval under consideration.
N.B:
Note that
𝑐 𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑥 ≠ ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
Example 1
Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the ordinates 𝑥 = 0 and
𝑥 = 2𝜋
y
2
1
𝜋
𝜋 3𝜋
0 2𝜋 𝑥
2 2
−1
Now
𝜋
cos 𝑥 > 0 When 𝑥 ∈ (0, 2 )
𝜋 3𝜋
cos 𝑥 < 0 when 𝑥 ∈ ( 2 , )
2
3𝜋
cos 𝑥 > 0 when 𝑥 ∈ ( 2 , 2𝜋)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
2 2 2 2
= ∫ |𝑦|𝑑𝑦 = ∫ |𝑦|𝑑𝑥 + ∫ |𝑦|𝑑𝑥 + ∫ |𝑦|𝑑𝑥
3𝜋
0 0 2𝜋
2
𝜋 3𝜋
2𝜋
2 2
= ∫ cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 3𝜋
0
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
= sin 𝑥|02 − 2
sin 𝑥|3𝜋 + sin 𝑥|2𝜋
3𝜋
2 2
= 4 𝑠𝑞 ∙ 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3
Example
Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2𝜋
1
3𝜋
2
𝜋
0 𝜋 2𝜋 𝑥
2
−1
= 4 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
4
16𝑎
𝐴𝑛𝑠 ( )
3
𝑥2 𝑦2
8) find the area under the ellipse: 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1
𝐵 (0, 𝑏)
•
•
0 𝐴(𝑎, 0) 𝑋
Where 𝑦 is:
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ 𝑏2 = 1
𝑎2
𝑏2
𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑎 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
4𝑏 𝑎
∴ required area = 𝑎
∫0 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝜋
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 , 𝜃 = 0|𝑥=0 and 𝜃 = 2 |
𝑥=𝑎
𝜋
4𝑏
= 𝑎
∫02 √𝑎2 − 𝑎2 sin2 𝜃 ∙ 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
= 4𝑎𝑏 ∫02 cos 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
= 4𝑎𝑏 ∫02 ( ) 𝑑𝜃 (∵ 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 2 cos 2 𝜃, from cos(𝜃 + 𝜃) )
2
𝜋
= 2𝑎𝑏 ∫02 (1 + cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
Y
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝐵=
𝐴 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑐 𝐷
𝐸 𝐹 X
𝑏 𝑏
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏
= ∫ [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑏
= ∫ (𝑦𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 − 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎
6
Example 1
Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the curves
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 , 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 3
Solution
y
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 2
𝐵
2 𝑦=𝑥
𝐶
𝐴
0 3 X
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2 ……….. (1)
𝑥=𝑦 ………….. (2)
𝑥=0 ………….. (3)
𝑥=3 …………. (4)
From (1); we have
𝑥2 = 𝑦 − 2
𝑥 0 1 −1 2 −2
𝑦 2 3 3 4 4
3
= ∫ (𝑦𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 − 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 )𝑑𝑥
0
3
= ∫ (𝑥 2 + 2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
7
3
𝑥3 𝑥2
= [ 3 + 2𝑥 − ]
2 0
9
= (9 + 6 − 2) − 0
21 1
= or 10 2 sq. units
2
Example
Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabola
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 and the chord 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥.
Solution
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 ………… (1): right handed parabola with vertex (0,0)
and symmetric to 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ………….. (2) straight line passing through the origin
with slope m
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously, we have;
(𝑚𝑥)2 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝑚2 𝑥 2 − 4𝑎𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑚2 𝑥 − 4𝑠) = 0
4𝑎
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑚2
y 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥
𝐴
x
0 𝐵
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
∴
𝑦 = 𝑚(0) = 0 , when 𝑥 = 0
4𝑎 4𝑎 4𝑎
𝑦 = 𝑚 (𝑚2 ) = , when 𝑥 = 𝑚2
𝑚
4𝑎 4𝑎
Thus we have (0,0) and (𝑚2 , 𝑚 ) as points of intersection
8
Shaded area
4𝑎
𝑚2
=∫ (𝑌𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 − 𝑌𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 )𝑑𝑥
0
4𝑎
𝑚2
=∫ (√4𝑎𝑥 − 𝑚𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
4𝑎
3 𝑚2
𝑥2 𝑚𝑥 2
= [√4𝑎 ∙ 3 − ]
2
2 0
4𝑎
3
√4𝑎 𝑚𝑥 2 𝑚2 8 𝑎2
=[ ∙ 𝑥2 − ] = 3 (𝑚3 ) sq. units
3 2 0
Example
Find the area of the region induced between the parabola
𝑦2 = 𝑥 and the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2
Solution y
𝑦2 = 𝑥 𝑦2 = 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦2 + 𝑦 = 2 𝐷 (1 , 1)
𝑦2 + 𝑦 − 2 = 0
(𝑦 + 2)(𝑦 − 1) = 0 0 x
𝑦 = −2 , 𝑦 = 1 (4 , −2)
∴ 𝑥 = (−2)2 = 4 , 𝑦 = −2 𝐶
𝑥 = (1)2 = 1 , 𝑦 = 1 𝑥+𝑦 =2
⇒ points of intersection (1,1) and (4, −2)
Shaded area = Area OABO
1
= ∫−2(𝑌𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 − 𝑌𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 )𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫−2[(2 − 𝑦) − 𝑦 2 ]𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫−2(2 − 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥
9
1
𝑦2 𝑦3
= [2𝑦 − − ]
2 3 −2
9
= 2 sq. units.
Exercise
1) Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 and the line 𝑥 = 4
16𝑎2
2) 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 and 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑠 (Ans: sq. units)
3
1
3) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and the lines 𝑦 = |𝑥|. (Ans:3 sq . units)
16
4) 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 + 1 and the line 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = 0 (Ans: sq.units)
3
1
5) Curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 (Ans:2 sq.units)
6) Find the area enclosed by the curve 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎2 (𝑥 − 1) and the line 𝑦 = 4𝑎
4 16𝜋
(Ans:( + ) sq.units)
√3 3
b) Calculate the area of the region bounded by the curve and the tangents.
9
(Ans: 4 sq.units).
3
I.e. A= ∫02[(2𝑥 − 1) − (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 1)]𝑑𝑥
3
B= ∫3 [(−4𝑥 + 8) − (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 1)]𝑑𝑥
2
⇒ Area = 𝐴 + 𝐵
10