Received <day> <Month>, <year>; Revised <day> <Month>, <year>; Accepted <day> <Month>, <year>

DOI: xxx/xxxx

ARTICLE TYPE

Inverse problem for a space-time generalized diffusion equation

Sehrish Javed | Salman A. Malik

Department of Mathematics, COMSATS

University Islamabad, Park Road, Chak
Shahzad Islamabad, Pakistan.
Correspondence
Salman A. Malik, Department of
Mathematics, COMSATS University
Islamabad, Park Road, Chak Shahzad
Islamabad, Pakistan.
Email: salman_amin@comsats.edu.pk
Abstract
Inverse problems for determining a time and space dependent source terms along
with diffusion concentration from over specified conditions for a general diffu-
sion equation involving arbitrary memory kernel is considered. The existence and
uniqueness results for the solution of inverse source problems have proved by
eigenfunction expansion method. In addition, we provide some special cases of
generalized diffusion equation by fixing arbitrary memory kernel.

KEYWORDS:
generalized diffusion equation, memory kernel, inverse source problems, Mittag-Leffler function, frac-
tional derivative, Laplace transform.

1 INTRODUCTION

In this article, we considered the following differential equation

𝑢𝑡 (𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝐺 𝔻𝛼0 ,𝑡 𝑢𝑧𝑧 (𝑧, 𝑡) + 𝐹 (𝑧, 𝑡), (𝑧, 𝑡) ∈ Π ∶= (0, 1) × (0, 𝑇 ), (1)
+

with initial and boundary conditions given by,

𝑢(𝑧, 0) = 𝜙(𝑧), 𝑧 ∈ (0, 1), (2)

𝑢(0, 𝑡) = 0, 𝑢𝑧 (1, 𝑡) = 0, 𝑡 ∈ (0, 𝑇 ), (3)

where 𝜂(𝑡) is the memory kernel and
𝑡
𝐺 𝜕
𝔻𝛼0 ,𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝜂(𝑡 − 𝜏)𝑓 (𝜏)𝑑𝜏 − 𝜂(𝑡)𝑓 (0),
+ 𝜕𝑡 ∫
0
in Equation (1). Brownian motion: the classical model for normal diffusion, can be explained within random walk theory accord-
ing to which the particle in equal time intervals performs steps in random direction to the nearest neighbor site. From the master
equation for such a stochastic process one can find that the probability density function 𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡) for finding the particle at position
𝑧 at time 𝑡 satisfies the standard diffusion equation in the continuum limit. When nonlinear relationship between means square
displacement with time has shown then the idea of anomolous diffusion (super-diffusion, sub-diffusion etc.) is invented, that is
why people say that the generalized form of the Brownian random walk model is continuous time random walk model (CTRW).
In 1965, Montroll and Weiss 1 developed a mathematical theory of CTRW and in 1973 it was first applied by Scher and Lax 2 to
physical problem. Nowadays, it has become a very popular framework for the description of anomalous, non-Brownian diffusion
in complex systems. In reference 3 , lot of applications have been discussed about different fields. Generalized diffusion equation
has been obtained form CTRW model. In addition, this generalized diffusion Equation (1) uses the memory kernel appearing
on the right hand side of the equation, i.e., this equation becomes the modified form in comparison to equation in normal form.
Special cases of the generalized equation in normal and modified forms have been extensively investigated in different contexts,
2 JAVED ET AL.

for example, in 4,5,6,7,8 . In reference 9 , connection between CTRWs and diffusion equations with fractional time derivatives has
been established. The diffusion equations along with fractional time and space derivatives despite of the integer ones are applied
on wide scale in order to address the anomalous diffusion processes, where the mean square displacement is scaled in terms of
the power of time, i.e, < 𝑢2 (𝑡) >⋍ 𝑡𝛼 . By taking the values of the anomalous diffusion 10 exponent 𝛼(scale index); anyone dis-
tinctively specifies the cases of sub-diffusion for 0 < 𝛼 < 1, normal Brownian diffusion for 𝛼 = 1, super-diffusion for 1 < 𝛼 < 2,
ballistic motion for 𝛼 = 2, and superbalistic motion for 𝛼 > 2. Specially, time fractional diffusion equation can capture the non-
linear power law as super-diffusion and sub-diffusion observed experimentaly in complex system. Most significant instances
of the anomalous diffusion transport comprise of the sub-diffusion in artificially crowded systems 11 and protein-crowded lipid
bilayer membranes 12 , sub-diffusive charge carrier motion in semiconductors, sub-diffusive motion of submicron probes in liv-
ing biological cells 13 and random search process 14 to name but a few. In anomalous diffusion process one method of capturing
such multi-scaling behavior is replacing by the relatively simple operator of fractional derivative by more general operator with
specific memory kernels 15,16,17 . Then special case of power law memory kernel recovers fractional derivative. For a compre-
hensive tutorial of inverse problems for anomalous diffusion processes we refer to 18 . In 19,20 and 21 integro-differential equations
with distributed order temporal derivatives were treated and employed for kinetic description of anomalous diffusion and relax-
ation phenomena. The inverse problems are associated to many domains of mathematical equations i.e., ordinary differential
equations, integral equations, matrix equations, and partial differential equations. It turns out that many interesting and impor-
tant inverse problems in science lead to ill posed problem in the sence of hadamard whereas the corresponding direct problems
are well posed. Some authors considered direct 22,23 and inverse 24,25 problems for diffusion equations with nonlocal boundary
conditions. Inverse problems for sub-diffusion equations with a more general time-derivative, such as multi-term and distributed-
order time-fractional equations, are also considered. Existence, uniqueness and stability for the inverse source problem with
final over determination for a generalized sub-diffusion equation are established in 26,27 . Explicit expressions for the time and
space dependent components in the spectral expansion are derived for the basic memory kernels, with the main emphasis on the
standard, single-term, multi-term and the truncated power law memory kernels. These memory kernels have been employed in
order to demonstrate the variety of anomalous diffusion regimes that could be described within the suggested generalized dif-
fusion equation 28 . This paper has considered the previous work in terms of a natural continuation and extension of such kind of
research aiming to give a comprehensive description of anomalous diffusion phenomena with inverse problems. Also, we con-
sider anomalous diffusion process whose corresponding diffusion equation is of general form in the Caputo derivative.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we discuss some basic results and definition. In Section 3 we discuss
inverse problem I its solution construction, uniqueness and existance. In Section 4 we also discuss inverse problem II its solution
construction and existance. Also some particular examples are discussed. In Section 5 uniqueness of the solution of the inverse
problem II is considered. Finally, we close up with some conclusions in Section 6.

2 PRELIMINARIES

In this section, we have described some basic definitions and results.

Definition 1. 29 The right sided Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative (RLFD) of order 𝑛 − 1 < 𝛼 < 𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ. In Equation
(1) when we take 𝜂(𝑡) = 1, 𝑢𝑧𝑧 (𝑧, 0) = 𝐹 (𝑧, 𝑡) = 0, we get 𝑅𝐿 𝐷𝑎,𝑡
𝛼
(𝑓 (𝑡)) term in right hand side, we have
𝑡
𝑅𝐿 𝛼 𝑑 𝑛 𝑛−𝛼 1 𝑑𝑛 𝑓 (𝜏)
𝐷𝑎,𝑡 (𝑓 (𝑡)) = 𝑛 𝐽𝑎,𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑑𝜏, 𝛼 > 0,
𝑑𝑡 Γ(𝑛 − 𝛼) 𝑑𝑡𝑛 ∫ (𝑡 − 𝜏)𝛼−𝑛+1
𝑎
𝑛−𝛼
where 𝐽𝑎,𝑡 Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of order 𝑛 − 𝛼.
Definition 2. 30 The two parameter Mittag-Leffler function is defined as,
∑
∞
𝑧𝑛
𝐸𝛼,𝛽 (𝑧) = , 𝑅𝑒(𝛼) > 0, 𝑧, 𝛽 ∈ .
𝑛=0
Γ(𝛼𝑛 + 𝛽)
For 𝛽 = 1, 𝐸𝛼,𝛽 (𝑧) reduces to Mittag-Leffler function of a single parameter, i.e,
∑
∞
𝑧𝑛
𝐸𝛼,1 (𝑧) = 𝐸𝛼 (𝑧) = .
𝑛=0
Γ(𝛼𝑛 + 1)
For 0 < 𝛼 < 𝛽 ≤ 1, the Mittag-Leffler type function 𝑒𝛼,𝛽 (𝑡, 𝜆) ∶= 𝑡𝛽−1 𝐸𝛼,𝛽 (−𝜆𝑡𝛼 ), 𝜆 > 0 is completely monotone.
JAVED ET AL. 3

31
Definition 3. For 𝛽 > 0, 𝛼𝑖 > 0, 𝑧𝑖 ∈ , 𝑖 = 1, 2, ..., 𝑚, 𝑚 ∈ ℕ, the multinomial Mittag-Leffler function is defined by,
𝑙
∑
∞
∑ Π𝑚𝑖=1 𝑧𝑖𝑖
𝐸(𝛼1 ,𝛼2 ,...,𝛼𝑚 ),𝛽 (𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , ..., 𝑧𝑚 ) = (𝑘; 𝑙1 , ..., 𝑙𝑚 ) ( ),
𝑘=0 𝑙1 +𝑙2 +...+𝑙𝑚 =𝑘 ∑
𝑚

𝑙1 ≥0,...,𝑙𝑚 ≥0 Γ 𝛽+ 𝛼𝑖 𝑙𝑖
𝑖=1

here (𝑘; 𝑙1 , ..., 𝑙𝑚 ) denotes the multinomial coefficient,

𝑘!
(𝑘; 𝑙1 , ..., 𝑙𝑚 ) = ,
𝑙1 !, 𝑙2 !, ..., 𝑙𝑚 !
where 𝑙𝑖 (𝑖 = 1, 2, ..., 𝑚) are nonnegative integers.
Note that the parameter of multinomial Mittag-Leffler function commutes, i.e.,
𝐸(𝛼1 ,𝛼2 ,...,𝛼𝑚 ),𝛽 (𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , ..., 𝑧𝑚 ) = 𝐸(𝛼𝑚 ,...,𝛼2 ,𝛼1 ),𝛽 (𝑧𝑚 , ..., 𝑧2 , 𝑧1 ).
For convenience we use the following notation,
(𝜶𝟏 ,𝜶𝟐 ,...,𝜶𝒎 ),𝜷 (𝑡; −𝑚1 , −𝑚2 , ..., −𝑚𝑚 ) = 𝑡𝛽−1 𝐸(𝛼1 ,𝛼2 ,...,𝛼𝑚 ),𝛽 (−𝑚1 𝑡𝛼1 , −𝑚2 𝑡𝛼2 , ..., −𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝛼𝑚 ).
Lemma 1. 32 For 𝑡 > 0 and |𝑚1 𝑠−𝛼1 + 𝑚2 𝑠−(𝛼1 −𝛼2 ) + ... + 𝑚𝑛 𝑠−(𝛼1 −𝛼𝑛 ) | < 1, then Laplace transform of multinomial Mittag-Leffler
function is given below,
{ } 𝑠𝛼1 −𝛽
 (𝜶𝟏 ,𝜶𝟐 ,...,𝜶𝒎 ),𝜷 (𝑡; −𝑚1 , −𝑚2 , ..., −𝑚𝑛 ); 𝑠 = 𝛼 , (4)
𝑠 1 + 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑠𝛼2 + ... + 𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝛼𝑛
where 𝛼 = (𝛼1 , 𝛼1 − 𝛼2 , ..., 𝛼1 − 𝛼𝑛 ), 1 > 𝛼1 > ... > 𝛼𝑛 > 0 and 𝑚𝑖 > 0 are the real constants.
Remark 1. For 𝑚1 ≠ 0, 𝑚2 = ... = 𝑚𝑛 = 0 and 𝑧1 ≠ 0, 𝑧2 = 𝑧3 = ... = 𝑧𝑚 = 0, 𝑚 ∈ ℕ multinomial Mittag-Leffler function in
Equation (4) takes the following form,
𝑠𝛼−𝛽
[𝑡𝛽−1 𝐸𝛼,𝛽 (𝑚1 𝑡𝛼 )] = .
(𝑠𝛼 − 𝑚1 )
The following Lemma is used to prove convergence of the series involved in our solution in Section 4.
Lemma 2. 32 For 𝑔 ∈ 𝐶([0, 𝑇 ]) and 𝜆𝑛 > 0, for 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, ..., 𝑚, we have,
| 𝑔(𝑡) ∗ 𝕄𝑛 (𝑡)| ≤ 𝐶 ‖𝑔‖𝐶([0,𝑇 ]) , 𝕄𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝑡𝛽−1 𝐸(𝛼1 ,𝛼2 ,...,𝛼𝑚 ),𝛽 (−𝑚1 𝑡𝛼1 , −𝑚2 𝑡𝛼2 , ..., −𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝛼𝑚 ),
| | 𝜆
𝑛
where ∗ represents the Laplace convolution and ‖𝑔‖𝐶([0,𝑇 ]) = sup𝑡∈[0,𝑇 ] |𝑔(𝑡)| + sup𝑡∈[0,𝑇 ] |𝑔 ′ (𝑡)|.
Lemma 3. 33 We have the following useful convolution results for suitable functions 𝑓 (𝑧) and 𝑔(𝑧),
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑓 (𝑧) ∗ 𝑔(𝑧) + 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑔(0) = 𝑔(𝑧) ∗ 𝑓 (𝑧) + 𝑔(𝑧)𝑓 (0).
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧

𝑅𝐿 𝛼 1−𝛼
𝐷0,𝑧 {(𝑓 ∗ 𝑔)(𝑧)} =𝑅𝐿 𝐷0,𝑧 𝑓 (𝑧)|𝑧=0 𝑔(𝑧) + 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑅𝐿 𝐷0,𝑧
𝛼
𝑔(𝑧). (5)
where ∗ denote convolution of functions. i.e.,
𝑡

(𝑓 ∗ 𝑔) = 𝑓 (𝑡 − 𝜏)𝑔(𝜏)𝑑𝜏, 0 ≤ 𝜏 ≤ 𝑡.
∫
0
When applied Fourier’s method the spectral problem is eigenfunctions of corresponding to the eigenvalues 𝜆𝑛 are
{sin(𝜆𝑛 𝑧)}∞
𝑛=1
, where 𝜆𝑛 = (2𝑛−1)𝜋
2
, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.

3 INVERSE SOURCE PROBLEM I (ISP-1)

In the first inverse source problem we take only the space dependent source term, i.e 𝐹 (𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑓 (𝑧). We consider the determina-
tion of pair of functions {𝑓 (𝑧), 𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡)} for the initial boundary value problem (1-3) with the over determination condition given
below,
𝑢(𝑧, 𝑇 ) = Ψ(𝑧), 𝑧 ∈ (0, 1). (6)
4 JAVED ET AL.

In this ISP-I we use the overspecified condition represents the concentration of diffusive particles at time 𝑇 in case of diffusion
process and in the case of heat conduction it represents the final temperature distribution at time 𝑇 . For the recovery of space
dependent source term the given data at 𝑇 has been used extensively.

3.1 Construction of the Solution of the ISP-I

By the eigenfunction expansion method the solution of the ISP-I can be written as,
∑
∞
∑
∞
𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑢𝑛 (𝑡)𝑋𝑛 (𝑧) and 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑓𝑛 𝑋𝑛 (𝑧), (7)
𝑛=0 𝑛=0

where 𝑢𝑛 (𝑡) and 𝑓𝑛 are unknowns. By orthogonality of the eigenfunctions and due to (1), we have
[ ]
′ 𝑑
𝑢𝑛 (𝑡) = −𝜆𝑛 (𝜂 ∗ 𝑢𝑛 )(𝑡) + 𝜆𝑛 𝜂(𝑡)𝜙𝑛 + 𝑓𝑛 , (8)
𝑑𝑡
using the Laplace transform, we have the following form,
𝑓𝑛 𝜙
{𝑢𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} = + 𝑛, (9)
𝑠2 (1 + 𝜆𝑛 (𝜂(𝑡); 𝑠)) 𝑠
where 𝜙𝑛 =< 𝜙(𝑧), 𝑋𝑛 (𝑧) > .
{𝑢𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} = 𝑓𝑛 𝑄(𝑡; 𝜆𝑛 ) + 𝜙𝑛 . (10)
The functions 𝑄(𝑡; 𝜆𝑛 ) is defined as follows,
𝑡
1
𝑄(𝑡; 𝜆𝑛 ) = 𝑆𝑛 (𝜏)𝑑𝜏, {𝑆𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} = (11)
∫ 𝑠(1 + 𝜆𝑛 (𝜂(𝑡); 𝑠))
0

1
{𝑄(𝑡; 𝜆𝑛 ); 𝑠} = (12)
𝑠2 (1 + 𝜆𝑛 (𝜂(𝑡); 𝑠))
In this way we obtain the solution of the ISP-I.
( )
∑
∞
𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑓𝑛 𝑄(𝑡; 𝜆𝑛 ) + 𝜙𝑛 𝑋𝑛 (𝑧). (13)
𝑛=0

( )
∑
∞
𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑢1 (𝑡) + 𝑢2 (𝑡) 𝑋𝑛 (𝑧), 𝑢1 (𝑡) = 𝑓𝑛 𝑄(𝑡; 𝜆𝑛 ), 𝑢2 (𝑡) = 𝜙𝑛 . (14)
𝑛=0

Due to overspecified condition i.e. 𝜓(𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑧, 𝑇 ) Equation (13) becomes,

Ψ𝑛 𝜙𝑛
𝑓𝑛 = − . (15)
𝑄(𝑇 ; 𝜆𝑛 ) 𝑄(𝑇 ; 𝜆𝑛 )
The source term 𝑓 (𝑧) from Equation (7) becomes,
∞ ( )
∑ Ψ𝑛 𝜙𝑛
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑓1 𝑋𝑛 (𝑧) + 𝑓2 𝑋𝑛 (𝑧) , 𝑓1 = , 𝑓2 = . (16)
𝑛=0
𝑄(𝑇 ; 𝜆𝑛 ) 𝑄(𝑇 ; 𝜆𝑛 )

3.2 Uniqueness and Existence of the Solution of ISP-I

In this subsection, we are going to prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the ISP-1. In order to show that the
solution given in Equations (14) and (16) are uniformly convergent, for this we need to show the corresponding series are
convergent.
Lemma 4. 34 The function 𝑄(𝑡; 𝜆𝑛 ), 𝑛 ∈ ℕ defined in Equation (12) is continuous on [0, ∞) vanish at 𝑡 = 0, positive and
nondecreasing on [0, ∞). Furthermore, 𝑄(𝑡; 𝜆𝑛 ) have following estimates.
1
1. 𝑄(𝑡; 𝜆𝑛 ) ≤ 𝜆𝑛
.
JAVED ET AL. 5

1
2. 𝑄(𝑇 ;𝜆𝑛 )
≤ 𝐶𝜆𝑛 , where constant C=C(T)>0.

Theorem 1. There exists a unique regular solution of the ISP-I i.e., 𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡) ∈ 𝐶(Π̄ = [0, 1] × [0, 𝑇 ]), 𝐺 𝔻𝛼 𝑢𝑧𝑧 (𝑧, .) ∈ 𝐶([0, 𝑇 ]),
0+ ,𝑡
̄ 𝑓 (𝑧) ∈ 𝐶([0, 1]) for the Equations (13) and (16) under the following regularity conditions.
𝑢(., 𝑡) ∈ 𝐶 2 ([Π]),
′′ ′′ ′′′
1. Ψ ∈ 𝐶 4 ([0, 1]) be such that Ψ(0) = 0 = Ψ(1), Ψ (1) = 0 = Ψ (0) = Ψ (0).
′′ ′′ ′′′
2. 𝜙 ∈ 𝐶 4 ([0, 1]) be such that 𝜙(0) = 0 = 𝜙(1), 𝜙 (1) = 0 = 𝜙 (0) = 𝜙 (0).

Proof. For proving the uniqueness of the ISP-I we use the uniqueness property of the spectral expension for both source
function 𝑓 (𝑧) and a solution 𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡). If 𝑓𝑛 = 𝑢𝑛 (𝑡) = 0 then 𝑓1 = 𝑓2 = 𝑢1 (𝑡) = 𝑢2 (𝑡) = 0 all coefficients in Equations (16) and
(13) are zero. Hence, both 𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡) = 0 and 𝑓 (𝑧) = 0. For the existence of series solution let us note first that under the condition
on the functions of 𝑓 repeated integration by parts yields for 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
1 (4) 𝜓 (4) (𝑧)
𝜓𝑛 =< 𝜓(𝑧), 𝑋𝑛 (𝑧) >= < 𝜓 (𝑧), sin 𝜆 𝑛 𝑧 >= . (17)
𝜆4𝑛 𝜆4𝑛

1 (4) 𝜙(4) (𝑧)

𝜙𝑛 =< 𝜙(𝑧), 𝑋𝑛 (𝑧) >= < 𝜙 (𝑧), sin 𝜆 𝑛 𝑧 >= . (18)
𝜆4𝑛 𝜆4𝑛
From Equation (16), we have
|Ψ𝑛 | |𝜙𝑛 |
|𝑓1𝑛 | ≤ , |𝑓2𝑛 | ≤ . (19)
|𝑄(𝑇 ; 𝜆𝑛 )| |𝑄(𝑇 ; 𝜆𝑛 )|
Using Lemma 4 and regularity conditions in Equations (16) and (13), we have
|Ψ𝑛 | |𝜙𝑛 | 𝐶|Ψ(4) 𝑛
| |𝜙(4) |𝐶
|𝑓𝑛 | ≤ − ≤ − 𝑛3 . (20)
|𝑄(𝑇 ; 𝜆𝑛 )| |𝑄(𝑇 ; 𝜆𝑛 )| |𝜆𝑛 |
3 |𝜆𝑛 |
∞ (( ) )
∑ 𝐶|𝜓𝑛(4) | 𝐶|𝜙(4) 𝑛
| |𝜙(4)
𝑛
|
|𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡)| ≤ − + 4 . (21)
𝑛=0
|𝜆3𝑛 | |𝜆3𝑛 | |𝜆𝑛 |
Due to above estimates and the convergence of numerical series implies the continuity of 𝑓 (𝑧) and 𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡). To show that solu-
tion is regular it remains to prove that the series obtained after term-wise differentiation of the following forms 𝑢𝑧 (𝑧, 𝑡) =
∑∞ ′ ∑∞ ′′ ∑∞ ′
𝑢 (𝑡)𝑋𝑛 (𝑧), 𝑢𝑧𝑧 (𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑛=1 𝑢𝑛 (𝑡)𝑋𝑛 (𝑧), 𝑢𝑡 (𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑛=1 𝑢𝑛 (𝑡)𝑋𝑛 (𝑧) are uniformly convergent. Further, we discuss taking
𝑛=1 𝑛
two times derivative of basis function i.e., 𝑋(𝑧) = {sin(𝜆𝑛 𝑧)}∞ 𝑛=1
, we have
′ ′′
𝑋 (𝑧) = 𝜆𝑛 𝑋(𝑧), 𝑋 (𝑧) = 𝜆2𝑛 𝑋(𝑧). (22)
For existence using estimates from Lemma 4, we have
( ) ( )
′ |𝑓𝑛 | |𝜙(4) | ′′ |𝑓𝑛 | |𝜙(4) |
|𝑢𝑛 (𝑡)𝑋 (𝑧)| ≤ |𝜆𝑛 | + 𝑛4 , |𝑢𝑛 (𝑡)𝑋 (𝑧)| ≤ |𝜆2𝑛 | + 𝑛4 . (23)
|𝜆𝑛 | |𝜆𝑛 | |𝜆𝑛 | |𝜆𝑛 |
By Lemma 4 and Weierstrass M-test (WMT) series given in Equation (23) are uniformly convergent. Similarly, we can show
∑∞ ′
that the series 𝑢𝑡 (𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑛=1 𝑢𝑛 (𝑡)𝑋𝑛 (𝑧) is uniformly convergent. In next section, some particular examples about memeory
kernels are also discussed.

3.3 Examples for ISP-I

1
Example I: Taking the memory kernel i.e., 𝜂(𝑡) = 1 whose Laplace transform is (𝜂(𝑡); 𝑠) = 𝑠
and the Equation (9) becomes,
𝑓𝑛 𝜙
{𝑢𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} = + 𝑛.
−1
+ 𝑠 𝜆𝑛 ) 𝑠𝑠2 (1
Due to inverse Laplace transform and using overspecified condition (6), the solution of ISP-I becomes,
𝑢𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝑓𝑛 𝑡𝐸1,2 (−𝜆𝑛 𝑡) + 𝜙𝑛 . (24)
( )
∑
∞
Ψ𝑛 − 𝜙𝑛
𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑓𝑛 𝑡𝐸1,2 (−𝜆𝑛 𝑡) + 𝜙𝑛 sin(𝜆𝑛 𝑧), 𝑓𝑛 = . (25)
𝑛=0
𝑇 𝐸1,2 (−𝜆𝑛 𝑇 )
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(𝑒−𝜆𝑛 𝑇 −1)
where, 𝑇 𝐸1,2 (−𝜆𝑛 𝑇 ) = −𝜆𝑛 𝑇
.
𝑡𝛼−1 1
Example II: In this case taking the memory kernel 𝜂(𝑡) = Γ(𝛼)
, 0 < 𝛼 < 1 and its Laplace transform is (𝜂(𝑡); 𝑠) = 𝑠𝛼
, then
Equation (9) becomes,

𝑓𝑛 𝜙
{𝑢𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} = + 𝑛. (26)
𝑠2 (1 −𝛼
+ 𝜆𝑛 𝑠 ) 𝑠
Using inverse Laplace and over-specified condition (6), we have
∞ ( )
∑ Ψ𝑛 − 𝜙𝑛
𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑓𝑛 𝑡𝐸𝛼,2 (−𝜆𝑛 𝑡𝛼 ) + 𝜙𝑛 sin(𝜆𝑛 𝑧), 𝑓𝑛 = . (27)
𝑛=0
𝑇 𝐸𝛼,2 (−𝜆𝑛 𝑇 𝛼 )
𝑃1 𝑡𝛼1 −1 𝑃2 𝑡𝛼2 −1
Example III: Letting memory kernel with two power-law functions and its Laplace transform, 𝜂(𝑡) = Γ(𝛼1 )
+ Γ(𝛼2 )
,
𝑃1 𝑃2
(𝜂(𝑡); 𝑠) = 𝑠𝛼1
+ 𝑠𝛼2
, 0 < 𝛼1 < 𝛼2 < 1, 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 > 0, respectively using in Equation (9), we have
𝑓𝑛 𝜙
{𝑢𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} = −𝛼 −𝛼
+ 𝑛.
𝑠(𝑠 + 𝑠𝜆𝑛 (𝑃1 𝑠 + 𝑃2 𝑠 ))
1 2 𝑠
Applying inverse Laplace transform, we have
∞ ( )
∑
𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑓𝑛 𝑡𝐸(𝛼1 ,𝛼2 ),2 (−𝜆𝑛 𝑃1 𝑡 , −𝜆𝑛 𝑃2 𝑡 ) + 𝜙𝑛 sin(𝜆𝑛 𝑧). (28)
𝑛=0
Using over-specified condition (6), we have
Ψ𝑛 − 𝜙𝑛
𝑓𝑛 = . (29)
𝑇 𝐸(𝛼1 ,𝛼2 ),2 (−𝜆𝑛 𝑃1 𝑇 𝛼1 , −𝜆𝑛 𝑃2 𝑇 𝛼2 )
𝑒−𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝛼−1
Example IV: Let power-law memory kernel of the form 𝜂(𝑡) = Γ(𝛼)
, 0 < 𝛼 < 1, where 𝑐 > 0 is the truncation parameter
1
and its Laplace transform is (𝜂(𝑡); 𝑠) = (𝑠+𝑐)𝛼
, using in Equation (9), we have
𝑓𝑛 𝜙
{𝑢𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} = + 𝑛.
𝑠2 (1 −𝛼
+ 𝜆(𝑠 + 𝑐) ) 𝑠
Use the following Laplace transform to solve above equation,
𝑠𝛼
{𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)} = 𝑓 (𝑠 − 𝑐) = . (30)
(𝑠 − 𝑐)2 (𝑠𝛼 + 𝜆𝑛 )
Using inverse Laplace of Equation (30), we have
𝑢𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝑓𝑛 (𝑒−𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝐸(𝛼,1+𝛼,1,𝛼+2),2 (−𝜆𝑛 𝑡𝛼 , 𝑐 2 𝑡2 , −2𝑐𝑡1+𝛼 , 2𝑐𝑡, −𝜆𝑐 2 𝑡𝛼+2 )) + 𝜙𝑛 . (31)
( )
∑
∞
𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑓𝑛 (𝑒−𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝐸(𝛼,1+𝛼,1,𝛼+2),2 (−𝜆𝑛 𝑡𝛼 , 𝑐 2 𝑡2 , −2𝑐𝑡1+𝛼 , 2𝑐𝑡, −𝜆𝑛 𝑐 2 𝑡𝛼+2 )) + 𝜙𝑛 sin(𝜆𝑛 𝑧). (32)
𝑛=0
Using over-specified condition (6), we have
Ψ𝑛 − 𝜙𝑛
𝑓𝑛 = . (33)
𝑇 𝑒−𝑐𝑇 𝐸(𝛼,1+𝛼,1,𝛼+2),2 (−𝜆𝑛 𝑇 , −2𝑐𝑇 1+𝛼 , 2𝑐𝑇 , 𝑐 2 𝑇 2 , −𝜆
𝛼
𝑛𝑐
2 𝑇 𝛼+2 )

Remark 2. If we put 𝑐 = 0, we recover the result with one RLFD or case II of power law.

4 INVERSE SOURCE PROBLEM II (ISP-II)

In the ISP-II we take the time dependent source term only i.e 𝐹 (𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑟(𝑡)𝑓 (𝑧, 𝑡). We consider the determination of pair of
functions {𝑓 (𝑧), 𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡)} for the initial boundary value problem with the over determination condition given below,
1

𝐸(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡)𝑑𝑧. (34)

∫
0
JAVED ET AL. 7

In this inverse source problem the over specified condition represents the concentration of diffusive particles at time 𝑇 in case
of diffusion process and in the case of heat conduction it represents the final temperature distribution at time 𝑇 .

4.1 Construction of the Solution of the ISP-II

By the eigenfunction expansion method the solution of the ISP-II can be written as,
∑
∞
∑
∞
𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑢𝑛 (𝑡)𝑋𝑛 (𝑧) and 𝑓 (𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑓𝑛 (𝑡)𝑋𝑛 (𝑧), (35)
𝑛=0 𝑛=0

where 𝑢𝑛 (𝑡) and 𝑓𝑛 (𝑡) are unknowns. By orthogonality of the eigenfunctions and due to Equation (1), we have
[ ]
′ 𝑑
𝑢𝑛 (𝑡) = −𝜆𝑛 (𝜂 ∗ 𝑢𝑛 )(𝑡) + 𝜆𝑛 𝜂(𝑡)𝜙𝑛 + 𝑟(𝑡)𝑓𝑛 (𝑡), (36)
𝑑𝑡
where 𝑓𝑛 (𝑡) =< 𝑓 (𝑧, 𝑡), 𝑋𝑛 (𝑧) > . Using the Laplace transform in (36), we have
{𝑟(𝑡)𝑓𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} 𝜙
{𝑢𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} = + 𝑛. (37)
𝑠 + 𝜆𝑛 𝑠({𝑢(𝑡); 𝑠}) 𝑠

{𝑢𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} = {𝑟(𝑡)𝑓𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠}{𝑀𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} + 𝜙𝑛 . (38)

The functions 𝑀𝑛 (𝑡) is defined as follows,

1
{𝑀𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} = . (39)
𝑠(1 + 𝜆𝑛 (𝜂(𝑡); 𝑠))
In this way we obtain the solution of the ISP-II.
( )
∑
∞
𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑟(𝑡)𝑓𝑛 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑀𝑛 (𝑡) + 𝜙𝑛 𝑋𝑛 (𝑧). (40)
𝑛=0

4.2 Existence of the Solution of the ISP-II

In this subsection, we are going to prove the existence of the solution of the ISP-II in the domain Π under the assumption of the
following theorem. For 𝑇 < 𝑃1𝐾 , 𝑃 and 𝐾 are positive numbers. We define regular solution of the ISP-II, a pair of functions
{𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡), 𝑟(𝑡)𝑓 (𝑧, 𝑡)} is said to be regular solution of the ISP-II which satisfies the system (1)-(3) with over specified condition (34)
such that 𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡) ∈ 𝐶(Π ̄ = [0, 1] × [0, 𝑇 ]), 𝐺 𝔻𝛼 𝑢𝑧𝑧 (𝑧, .) ∈ 𝐶([0, 𝑇 ]), 𝑢(., 𝑡) ∈ 𝐶 2 ([Π]),
̄ 𝑓 (𝑧, .) ∈ 𝐶([0, 𝑇 ]), 𝑟(𝑡) ∈ 𝐶([0, 𝑇 ]).
0 ,𝑡 +

Theorem 2. Under the assumptions of Theorem 1 and

𝜕 2 𝑓 (0,𝑡) 𝜕 2 𝑓 (1,𝑡) 𝜕 3 𝑓 (1,𝑡)
𝑓 (., 𝑡) ∈ 𝐶 4 ([0, 1]), 𝑓 (0, 𝑡) = 0 = 𝑓 (1, 𝑡), 𝜕𝑧2
=0= 𝜕𝑧2
= 𝜕𝑧3
1
| 1 |
as well as 𝑓 (𝑧, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑧 ≠ 0 and 0 < 1
≤ ||∫0 𝑓 (𝑧, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑧||, where 𝑃 > 0.
∫ 𝑃
| |
0

then there exists a unique regular solution of the ISP-II.

Proof. We have used the over-specified condition in order to prove the existence of the time dependent source term 𝑟(𝑡) (34).
1

𝐸(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡)𝑑𝑧. (41)

∫
0
𝜕
Differentiate Equation (41) w.r.t "t" and using the value of 𝜕𝑡
𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡) from (1) in Equation (41), we have
1( 𝑡 )
2 ′
′ 𝜕 ′ 𝜕 𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡 ) ′
𝐸 (𝑡) = 𝜂(𝑡 − 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 − 𝜂(𝑡)𝑢 𝑧𝑧 (𝑧, 0) + 𝑟(𝑡)𝑓 (𝑧, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑧.
∫ 𝜕𝑡 ∫ 𝜕𝑧2
0 0
8 JAVED ET AL.

After simplification implicit expression of 𝑟(𝑡) is obtained,

[ 1 ]−1 [ 1( 𝑡 ) ]
′ 𝜕 ′ ′ ′
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑓 (𝑧, 𝑡)𝑑𝑧 𝐸 (𝑡) + 𝜆𝑛 𝜂(𝑡 − 𝑡 )𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 − 𝜆𝑛 𝜂(𝑡)𝑢(𝑧, 0) 𝑑𝑧 . (42)
∫ ∫ 𝜕𝑡 ∫
0 0 0
By virtue of Equation (40), we have
[ 1 ]−1 [ ( ∞ ( )) ∞ ( )]
′ 𝑑 ∑ ∑
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑓 (𝑧, 𝑡)𝑑𝑧 𝐸 (𝑡) + 𝜆𝑛 𝜂(𝑡) ∗ 𝑟(𝑡)𝑓𝑛 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑀𝑛 (𝑡) + 𝜙𝑛 − 𝜆𝑛 𝜂(𝑡) 𝑟(0)𝑓𝑛 (0) ∗ 𝑀𝑛 (0) + 𝜙𝑛 .(43)
∫ 𝑑𝑡 𝑛=0 𝑛=0
0

[ 1 ]−1 [ ( ) ∞ ( )]
′
∑∞
𝑑 ∑
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑓 (𝑧, 𝑡)𝑑𝑧 𝐸 (𝑡) + 𝜆𝑛 𝛽(𝑡) ∗ 𝑟(𝑡)𝑓𝑛 (𝑡) − 𝜆𝑛 𝜂(𝑡) 𝑟(0)𝑓𝑛 (0) ∗ 𝑀𝑛 (0) . (44)
∫ 𝑛=0
𝑑𝑡 𝑛=0
0

∞ ( )
∑
∞
′
∑
𝐾(𝑡) = 𝜆𝑛 𝑓𝑛 (𝑡)𝛽 (𝑡), 𝐹 (𝑡) = 𝜆𝑛 𝜂(𝑡) 𝑟(0)𝑓𝑛 (0) ∗ 𝑀𝑛 (0) , 𝛽(𝑡) = 𝜂(𝑡) ∗ 𝑀𝑛 (𝑡). (45)
𝑛=0 𝑛=0
Using Lemma 3, we have
( )
′ 𝑑
𝛽 (𝑡) = 𝜂(𝑡) ∗ 𝑀𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝜂(𝑡)𝑀𝑛 (0) + 𝜂(𝑡) ∗ 𝑀𝑛 (𝑡). (46)
𝑑𝑡
Equation (44) becomes,
[ 1 ]−1 [ 𝑡 ]
′
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑓 (𝑧, 𝑡)𝑑𝑧 𝐸 (𝑡) + 𝐾(𝑡 − 𝜏)𝑟(𝜏)𝑑𝜏 + 𝐹 (𝑡) . (47)
∫ ∫
0 0
By considering the Chebyshev norm which is defined on the space of continuous functions 𝐶([0, 𝑇 ]) and given by,
‖𝑟‖𝐶([0,𝑇 ]) ∶= max |𝑟(𝑡)|, 𝑡 ∈ [0, 𝑇 ].
0≤𝑡≤𝑇

We have set the mapping for finding the unique source term 𝑟(𝑡), ℭ ∶ 𝐶([0, 𝑇 ]) ←→ 𝐶([0, 𝑇 ]), by
[ 1 ]−1 [ 𝑡 ]
′
ℭ(𝑟(𝑡)) = 𝑓 (𝑧, 𝑡)𝑑𝑧 𝐸 (𝑡) + 𝐾(𝑡 − 𝜏)𝑟(𝜏)𝑑𝜏 + 𝐹 (𝑡) . (48)
∫ ∫
0 0
For proving the well defined mapping (48), such that 𝑟(𝑡) ∈ 𝐶([0, 𝑇 ]), we normally show that ℭ(𝑟(𝑡)) depicts a continuity
function. Applying Lemma 2, we have
∞ ( ( )) ∞ ( )
∑ 𝐶‖𝜂‖ | ∑ |
|𝐾(𝑡)| ≤ |𝜆𝑛 | |𝑓𝑛 (𝑡)| |𝜂(𝑡)𝑀𝑛 (0)| + , |
|𝐹 (𝑡)| ≤ |𝜆𝑛 𝜂(𝑡) 𝑟(0)𝑓𝑛 (0) ∗ 𝑀𝑛 (0) ||. (49)
𝑛=0
𝜆𝑛 | 𝑛=0 |
Using the WMT, continuity of 𝑓 (𝑧, 𝑡) it shows that 𝐾(𝑡) and 𝐹 (𝑡) represents both the continuous function and mapping as defined
in (48) is well defined so, we have
‖𝐾(𝑡)‖𝐶([0,𝑇 ]) ≤ 𝐾, 𝑡 ∈ [0, 𝑇 ]. (50)
Finally, it will be proved that the mapping defined in Equation (48) is a contraction.
[ 1 ]−1
|ℭ(𝑟1 (𝑡)) − ℭ(𝑟2 (𝑡))| ≤ 𝑓 (𝑧, 𝑡)𝑑𝑧 |𝐾(𝑡)||𝑟1 (𝑡) − 𝑟2 (𝑡)|. (51)
∫
0
By considering the assumptions of Theorem 3, using estimate from Equation (50) , we have
max |ℭ(𝑟1 (𝑡)) − ℭ(𝑟2 (𝑡))| ≤ 𝑃 𝐾𝑇 max |𝑟1 (𝑡) − 𝑟2 (𝑡)|,
0≤𝑡≤𝑇 0≤𝑡≤𝑇

‖ℭ(𝑟1 (𝑡)) − ℭ(𝑟2 (𝑡))‖ ≤ 𝑃 𝐾𝑇 ‖𝑟1 − 𝑟2 ‖𝐶([0,𝑇 ]) . (52)

Equation (52) represents that the mapping defined by (48) is a contraction map and ensures the unique existence of 𝑟(𝑡). Few
specific examples are also discussed given below about Equation (37) in next section.
JAVED ET AL. 9

4.3 Examples for ISP-II

Example I: In this case taking the kernel 𝜂(𝑡) = 1 and its Laplace transform is (𝜂(𝑡); 𝑠) = 1𝑠 , using this kernel in Equation(37)
gives,
{𝑟(𝑡)𝑓𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} 𝜙𝑛
{𝑢𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} = + . (53)
𝑠(1 + 𝑠−1 𝜆𝑛 ) 𝑠
Using inverse Laplace in Equation (53), we obtain the solution is given below,
∞ [ ]
∑
𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡) = (𝑟(𝑡)𝑓𝑛 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑒−𝜆𝑛 𝑡 ) + 𝜙𝑛 sin(𝜆𝑛 𝑧). (54)
𝑛=0
𝑡𝛼−1
Example II: Considering the kernel 𝜂(𝑡) = Γ(𝛼)
and its Laplace transform is (𝜂(𝑡); 𝑠) = 𝑠−𝛼 , 0 < 𝛼 < 1 using in Equation (37),
we have
{𝑟(𝑡)𝑓𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} 𝜙𝑛
{𝑢𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} = + . (55)
𝑠(1 + 𝜆𝑛 𝑠−𝛼 ) 𝑠
Using inverse Laplace, we have found the following solution which is given below,
∞ [( ) ]
∑
𝛼
𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑟(𝑡)𝑓𝑛 (𝑡) ∗ 𝐸𝛼,1 (−𝜆𝑛 𝑡 ) +𝜙𝑛 sin(𝜆𝑛 𝑧). (56)
𝑛=0
𝑃1 𝑡𝛼1 −1 𝑃2 𝑡𝛼2 −1
Example III: Taking the kernel 𝜂(𝑡) = Γ(𝛼1 )
+ Γ(𝛼2 )
and its Laplace inverse is (𝜂(𝑡); 𝑠) = 𝑃1 𝑠−𝛼1 + 𝑃2 𝑠−𝛼2 , 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 > 0,
0 < 𝛼1 < 𝛼2 < 1, then (37) becomes
{𝑟(𝑡)𝑓𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} 𝜙
{𝑢𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} = + 𝑛. (57)
𝑠(1 + 𝜆𝑛 (𝑃1 𝑠−𝛼1 + 𝑃2 𝑠−𝛼2 )) 𝑠
Using inverse Laplace; hence the solution of (37) is given below,
∞ [( ) ]
∑
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑟(𝑡)𝑓𝑛 (𝑡) ∗ 𝐸(𝛼1 ,𝛼2 ),1 (−𝜆𝑛 𝑃1 𝑡𝛼1 , −𝜆𝑛 𝑃2 𝑡𝛼2 ) +𝜙𝑛 sin(𝜆𝑛 𝑧).
𝑛=0
𝑡 𝛼−1
Example IV: Taking the kernel 𝜂(𝑡) = 𝑒−𝑐𝑡 Γ(𝛼) , 0 < 𝛼 < 1, where 𝑐 > 0 is the truncation parameter and its Laplace inverse is
(𝜂(𝑡); 𝑠) = (𝑠 + 𝑐)−𝛼 .
{𝑟(𝑡)𝑓𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} 𝜙
{𝑢𝑛 (𝑡); 𝑠} = + 𝑛. (58)
𝑠(1 + 𝜆𝑛 (𝑠 + 𝑐)−𝛼 ) 𝑠
In order to remove the complications of order in above equation, we have used an exponential function for making it simple.
𝑠𝛼
{𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡); 𝑠} = 𝑓 (𝑠 − 𝑐) = .
(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠𝛼 + 𝜆𝑛 )
After simplifying and using inverse Laplace of Equation (58) , we get
( )
−𝑐𝑡 𝛼 𝛼+1
𝑢𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝑟(𝑡)𝑓𝑛 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑒 𝐸(𝛼,1,1+𝛼),1 (−𝜆𝑛 𝑡 , 𝑐𝑡, 𝑐𝜆𝑛 𝑡 ) + 𝜙𝑛 . (59)

Hence, the solution of above Equation (59) is given by

∞ [{ } ]
∑
−𝑐𝑡 𝛼 𝛼+1
𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑟(𝑡)𝑓𝑛 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑒 𝐸(𝛼,1,1+𝛼),1 (−𝜆𝑛 𝑡 , 𝑐𝑡, 𝑐𝜆𝑛 𝑡 ) +𝜙𝑛 sin(𝜆𝑛 𝑧).
𝑛=0

4.4 Uniqueness of ISP-II

In this subsection, we are going to discuss a classical solution 𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡) is unique. Uniqueness of time dependent source term 𝑟(𝑡)
has already been proved by using Banach fixed point theorem. Let 𝑢1 (𝑧, 𝑡) and 𝑢2 (𝑧, 𝑡) be two solutions of the inverse problem of
the system (1) − (3). Define 𝑢(𝑧,
̃ 𝑡) = 𝑢1 (𝑧, 𝑡) − 𝑢2 (𝑧, 𝑡). Then function satisfy the following equations and boundary conditions.
𝑡
2 ′
𝜕 𝑢(𝑧,
̃ 𝑡) 𝜕 ̃ 𝑡) ′
′ 𝜕 𝑢(𝑧,
= 𝜂(𝑡 − 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 − 𝜂(𝑡)𝑢̃ 𝑧𝑧 (𝑧, 0), (𝑧, 𝑡) ∈ Π, (60)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 ∫ 𝜕𝑧2
0
10 JAVED ET AL.

with initial and boundry conditions given by,

̃ 0) = 0,
𝑢(𝑧, 𝑧 ∈ (0, 1). (61)
𝜕
̃ 𝑡) = 0,
𝑢(0, ̃ 𝑡) = 0,
𝑢(1, 𝑡 ∈ (0, 𝑇 ]. (62)
𝜕𝑧
Consider the function,
1

𝑢̃ 𝑛 (𝑡) = ̃ 𝑡)𝑋𝑛 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧.

𝑢(𝑧, (63)
∫
0
By applying partial derivative on both sides of Equation (63), we have
1
𝜕 𝑢̃ 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝜕 𝑢(𝑧,
̃ 𝑡)
= 𝑋𝑛 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧. (64)
𝜕𝑡 ∫ 𝜕𝑡
0
By virtue of 1, we have the following differential equation,
[ ]
′ 𝑑
𝑢̃ 𝑛 (𝑡) = −𝜆𝑛 (𝜂 ∗ 𝑢̃ 𝑛 )(𝑡) + 𝜆𝑛 𝜂(𝑡)𝜙𝑛 + 𝑟(𝑡)𝑓̃𝑛 (𝑡). (65)
𝑑𝑡
The solution of the above Equation (65) is,
𝑢̃ 𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝑟̃(𝑡)𝑓𝑛 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑀𝑛 (𝑡) + 𝜙𝑛 . (66)
By applying initial condition (61) and uniqueness of 𝑟̃(𝑡) , we obtain 𝑢̃ 𝑛 (𝑡) = 0 and 𝑢̃ 1 (𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑢̃ 2 (𝑧, 𝑡).

5 CONCLUSIONS

In this article, two inverse problems for determining a space dependent source term and time dependent source term have been
considered. The ordinary differential equation is obtained by eigenfunction expansion method, which is solved by Laplace
transformation method. We have use properties of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of integer order differential equation with
homogeneous boundary conditions. The series solutions of 𝑢(𝑧, 𝑡) and 𝑓 (𝑧) are proved to be classical solution, in order to do so,
we have developed some estimates for function and regularity conditions on the given data. In the case of inverse problem II,
from the over-specified condition of the integral type, an implicit representation of time dependent source term is obtained. The
result about local existence and uniqueness of the source term has been proved by applying Banach fixed point theorem. At the
end, we have considered four basic particular examples of memory kernels, i.e., standard, singleterm, multiterm and truncated
power law memory kernels. Such type of memory kernels in diffusion equation explains the anomalies in the diffusion process
specially the sub-diffusion process.

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How to cite this article: Javed S, and Malik SA. Inverse problem for a space-time generalized diffusion equation. 20XX;XX.