Book Thesis Nuune1

THE EFEECT OF MICRO IRRIGATION ON HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN
AFGOYE SOMALIA
BY
ALINOUR DAHIR SHEIKH MOHAMED
A SENIOR PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE
DEPARTMENTOF ECONOMICS, FACULTY OF
BUSSINESS ADMINISTARATION IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR
DEGREE OF ECONOMICS AND
MANAGEMENT
ATUNIVERSITY OF
SOMALIA
JUNE
2018
STUDENT DECLARATION
I declare that this senior project entitled “THEEFEECT OF MICRO IRRIGATION

ON HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN AFGOYE SOMALIA
” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The senior project has
not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any
other degree.
Name of the Candidate: ALI NOUR DAHIR SH MOHAMED
Signature: ............................................................................................
Date: ............. /.................. /…………….............
ii
SUPERVİSOR APPROVAL
I hereby declare that I have read this senior project and in my opinion, this senior project
is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of Bachelor Degree of
ECONOMICS and I accepted for the submission to the examining panel.
Name:Mr. Abdulfatah Abubakar Ahmed
Signature: ___________________________
Date: _______ /________ /______________
iii
EXAMINING PANEL APPROVAL
This senior project entitled “THEEFEECT OF MICRO IRRIGATION ON

HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN AFGOYE SOMALIA
” prepared and submitted by: ALI NOUR DAHIR SHEIKH MOHAMEDin partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor degree of ECONOMICShas
been examined and accepted by examining panel.
Name and Signature of Chairman of Examining Panel
_____________________________________________________________
Name and Signature of Panelist
_____________________________________________________________
Name and Signature of Dean Faculty of Business Administration
_____________________________________________________________
Date: __________ /_________ /________________
iv
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to my family, especially to My Mother peace and blessings of
Allah are on her. And also I dedicate this research to my beloved parents, Brothers and
my supervisor, for his encouragement, material and moral support, without them my
studies would not have been a success. To my dear brothers and sisters together with my
colleagues and friends, I love you all.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
All praise and gratitude be given to ALLAH for giving me such a great strength,
patience, courage and ability to complete this senior project. All praise is to Holy Prophet
Muhammad (Peace be upon him), the city of knowledge. I send my sincere appreciation
to my supervisor Mr. Abdulfatah Abubakar Ahmed for his guidance and commitment
throughout the conception and production of this work, without his academic and
technical expertise and valuable advice, this project would not have been possible. My
profound thanks go to my family members, dear mother, brothers and sisters for their
moral and financial support, and their unforgettable hand during my study time.
vi
ABSTRACT
Micro irrigation is one of the most useful irrigation systems designed to increase
production and productivity. Planners, researchers, development practitioners, and
donors emphasized the importance of micro irrigation in their policy recommendations.
This study focuses was the impact of micro irrigation on household income in
Afgoyedistrict located in lower Shebelle Mogadishu Somalia. The simplest way to
estimate the effect of treatment would be to obtain the difference between the outcome of
micro irrigation users and non-users of Micro Irrigation.Accordingly, southern of
Somalia has constructed different small-scale irrigation schemes with the objective of
increasing agricultural productivity to improve the food security situation of the farming
communities and to reduce dependency on the erratic rainfall. However, in spite of some
indications of improvements on the ground, in the study area there are not sufficient
studies under-taken assessing both the adoption decision of farmers and economic impact
of micro irrigation investment on household income.The Study was conducted cross
sectional data to through conduct descriptive research design for using quantitative
variable and questionnaire method through (SPSS version 20), the sample size of the
study was 42. The summary findings of the study show it was found that, the level of
micro irrigation on household income was very poor, (with average mean 1.72). It also
found that there is weak positive relationship between micro irrigation and household
income by R-value (0.266) which is poor and negative relationship between the
threevariables and household income in general micro irrigation have brought weak
positive impact on household income of its users that I recommended to every institution
including government should improve micro irrigation to increase household income
because micro irrigation is a very importance factor to the farmers of the lower Shebelle
specially Afgoye district.
vii
Table of Contents
STUDENT DECLARATION ......................................................................................................... ii
SUPERVİSOR APPROVAL ......................................................................................................... iii
EXAMINING PANEL APPROVAL ............................................................................................ iv
DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT................................................................................................................ vi
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. vii
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of study ................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem:......................................................................................................... 3
1.3 purpose of the study .................................................................................................................. 3
1.4 Objective of the study: .............................................................................................................. 4
1.4.1 General objectives .................................................................................................................. 4
1.4.2 Specific Objectives of the study ............................................................................................ 4
1.5 Research Questions ................................................................................................................... 4
1.6 Scope of the study: .................................................................................................................... 4
1.7 Significance of the Study .......................................................................................................... 5
1.8 Operational definitions.............................................................................................................. 5
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 8
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................... 8
2.0 Introduction:.............................................................................................................................. 8
2.1 Concepts and Definitions of micro-irrigation: .......................................................................... 8
2.1.1 Surface irrigation ................................................................................................................. 10

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2.1.2 Drip irrigation: ..................................................................................................................... 11
2.1.3 Manual irrigation: ................................................................................................................ 13
2.2 Economic Impact of micro irrigation and house holding income........................................... 13
2.3 Summary and conclusion ........................................................................................................ 15
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 16
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................. 16
3.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 16
3.1 Research area .......................................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Research design ...................................................................................................................... 16
3.3 Research population ................................................................................................................ 17
3.4 Sample size ............................................................................................................................. 18
Table 3.4.1 population and sample size distribution..................................................................... 19
3.5 Sampling procedure ................................................................................................................ 19
3.6 Research instrument ................................................................................................................ 20
3.7 Research Quality ..................................................................................................................... 21
3.7.1 Reliability............................................................................................................................. 21
3.7.2 Validity ................................................................................................................................ 21
3.8 Data gathering procedures ...................................................................................................... 22
3.9 Data analysis ........................................................................................................................... 22
3.10 Limitations of the study ........................................................................................................ 23
3.11 Ethical considerations ........................................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 25
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION .......................................................................... 25
4.0 introduction ............................................................................................................................. 25
4.1 Demographic characteristics of the respondents..................................................................... 25
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4.2.1 Have you ever faced any conflict in drip irrigation water uses? .......................................... 28
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 42
MAJORFINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................... 42
5.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 42
5.1 Summary of findings............................................................................................................... 42
5.2Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 45
APP ENDIX A .............................................................................................................................. 50
QUESTIONNAIRE ...................................................................................................................... 50
APPENDIX B BUDGET PLAN .................................................................................................. 55
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.4.1 population and sample size distribution..................................................................... 19
3.1.9 The following table presents the Mean ranges, Response mode and their
Interpretation. ................................................................................................................................ 23
Table 4.1.1Gender of the respondents .......................................................................................... 25
Table 4.1.2 marital status of the respondent ................................................................................. 26
Table 4.1.3 age of the respondents................................................................................................ 26
Table 4.1.4 Education level of the respondents ............................................................................ 27
Table 4.1.5 Experience of the respondents ................................................................................... 27
Table 4.2.1 Have you ever faced any conflict in drip irrigation water uses? ............................... 28
Table 4.2 frequencies of the variables .......................................................................................... 28
Table 4.2.2 Which of the following causes drip irrigation conflict? ............................................ 28
Table 4.2.3 is there any maintenance activities in the water source? ........................................... 29
Table 4.2.4 Which of the following are important administrative problems in relation
with drip water distribution? ......................................................................................................... 29
Table 4.2.5 Which socio-economic groups get more water for drip irrigation? ........................... 30
Table 4.2.6 Do you get enough water for surface irrigation when required? ............................... 30
Table 4.2.7 What do you think about the reasons for using surface irrigation? ........................... 31
Table 4.2.8 Under what conditions do you use surface irrigation? .............................................. 31
Table 4.2.9 Have you ever faced a problem of crop failure when using surface irrigation? ........ 32
Table 4.2.10 Who is responsible for problem of crop failure? ..................................................... 32
Table 2.2.11 Do irrigators produce for market using Manual irrigation? ..................................... 33
Table 2.2.12 Do all members of the household have equal access to manual irrigation
water? ............................................................................................................................................ 33
Table 4.2.13 Do irrigation users get enough water for manual irrigation when required? ........... 34
Table 4.2.14 Are you manual irrigation user? .............................................................................. 34
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Table 4.2.15 Do you think that Manual irrigation production systems have both positive
and negative .................................................................................................................................. 35
Table 4.2.16 Household income development partially depends on Agricultural

productivity for private sectors and other livestock institutions, do you agree? .......................... 35
Table 4.2.17 To increase household income we need to reduce un-employment rate do

you agree? ..................................................................................................................................... 36
Table 4.2.18 The main income source of households comes from agricultural and this
indicates the crucial role that agricultural play to develop the economy, do you agree? ............. 36
Table 4.2.19 To improve credit scheme on food security Production is the most important
factor that causes to increase Household income? ........................................................................ 37
Table 4.2.20 To enhance the Household income. Agricultural is very important factor that
has big contributions? ................................................................................................................... 37
Table 4.4 Correlations Between micro irrigation and household income .................................... 39
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 introduction
This chapter looks at the background to the study, problem statement, objectives
of the study, research questions, significance of the study, scope of the study and its
frame work.
1.1 Background of study
The first reported micro irrigation experiments began in Germany in 1860, where
subsurface clay pipes were used in combination with irrigation and drainage systems
(Davis,, 1974). In the United States, around 1913 House (Davis,, 1974), tried to irrigate
with perforated subsurface pipes, but he indicated that the method was too expensive.
Irrigation of plants through narrow openings in pipes can also be traced back to green
house operations in the United Kingdom in the late 1940s ( (Davis,, 1974)) Current micro
irrigation technology dates back to the work of Blass. (Blass, 1964) Based on the
observation that a large tree near a leaking faucet exhibited a more vigorous growth than
other trees in the area, he developed the first patented drip/trickle irrigation system. The
availability of low cost plastic pipe for water delivery lines helped to Speed up the use of
drip irrigation systems. From Israel the drip irrigation concept spread to Australia, North
America and South Africa by the late 1960s and eventually throughout the world. The
large-scale use of drip irrigation system started in 1970s in Australia, Israel, Mexico,
New Zealand, South Africa and USA to irrigate vegetables,
Irrigation in recent years has been considered to be the principal input to the growth
of agricultural production, particularly food grains in Bangladesh. The primary thrust in
the national agricultural policies has thus been in the rapid expansion of irrigation which
facilitates adoption of high yielding varieties of rice and wheat, known as modern
varieties (MVs.). Without irrigation modern rice cannot be grown at least in the dry
winter months of Boor season (December to April). With the release of BR-11 variety it
1
is now being grown even under rained condition in the Monsoon season (July to
November) although they may yield lower than the irrigated variety. Principal policies
for agricultural development followed at present relate mainly to the expansion of
irrigation and fertilizer use which quicken adoption of modern rice. Studies conducted in
this regard in Bangladesh show that the irrigated rites are high yielding, more labor
intensive and thus, more profitable (1992 & Zohir, 1992)
However, irrigation advancements within the last decade have been astounding. Micro
irrigation is one of the latest innovations for applying water and it represents a definite
advancement in irrigation technology. It can be defined as the frequent application of
small quantities of water on or below the soil surface as drops, the term ―micro-
irrigation‖ describes a family of irrigation systems that apply water through small
devices. These devices deliver water onto the soil surface very near the plant or below the
soil surface directly into the plant root zone.(Kinfe, 2012), investment in irrigation
development is an important strategy in reducing risks associated with rainfall variability
and achieving food security.
In Africa engaged the micro irrigation system is considered as a corner stone of

food security and poverty reduction. Irrigation development has been identified as an
important tool to stimulate economic growth and rural development, for instant, in
Ethiopia has some 10 million small holder family farms that produce over 95% of
agricultural output (World Bank, June, 2014, ). Agriculture contributes substantially to
the economic growth of many low-income countries. It is often the leading sector of the
economy as a source of income, employment and foreign exchange. Agriculture employs
more than 70 percent and contributes 30 to 60 percent of the gross domestic product in
(GDP).
In Somalia micro irrigations have been established earlier according to the land
structure to be good at availability of irrigated land. There are ten dams on the Shebelle
and Juba Rivers are probably the most significant pieces of irrigation infrastructure in
Somalia. They were constructed to increase the water depth in the river and divert the
2
flow for irrigation purposes. The barrages were built of concrete with mechanical, metal
gate structures, which can be opened during flood times. In Somalia, irrigation barrages
were developed in the middle and lower parts of the two rivers from as early as the 1920s
to irrigate land for commercial and food crops. Good topography permitted gravity
irrigation through a network of canals. A total of nine barrages were built on the Shebelle
River, and one on the Juba River (SWALIM, 2008) .Therefore this study will investigate
the effect of micro irrigation agencies on House holding income and contributed
productivity of farmers and economic growth. (WBGU, 1997)
1.2 Statement of the Problem:

Micro-irrigation contributes to the overall livelihood improvement through
increased income, food security employment opportunity, social needs fulfillment and
poverty reduction it increase agricultural production through diversification and
intensification of crops grown increased household income because of non-farm
employment source of animal feed, improving human health due to balanced diet and
easy access and utilization for medication soil and ecology degradation prevention and
asset ownership are contributions of micro-irrigation (Leener, 1992)
Accordingly, southern of Somalia has constructed different small-scale irrigation

schemes with the objective of increasing agricultural productivity to improve the food
security situation of the farming communities and to reduce dependency on the erratic
rainfall. However, in spite of some indications of improvements on the ground, in the
study area there are not sufficient studies under-taken assessing both the adoption
decision of farmers and economic impact of micro irrigation investment on household
income. Therefore, the general objective of this paper is to investigate households’
decision to adopt micro irrigation and its economic impact, the technology in probably a
solution to reduce costs and prevent loss of resources. (M. d. Monte, 1999)
1.3 purpose of the study

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of micro irrigation on household
income in afgoye Somalia using quantitative approach.
3
1.4 Objective of the study:
The overall objective of this study is to examine the impact of irrigation on the
household income and poverty reduction. To meet this overall objective, the research has
the following specific objectives:
1.4.1 General objectives

The overall objective of this paper is to investigate the adoption and impact of
micro irrigation on income at household level. Identifying and examining the adoption
decision of farmers and economic impact of the micro irrigation is anticipated to facilitate
the design of policies to improve the performance and ultimately overall economic
growth.
1.4.2 Specific Objectives of the study

 To Describe The Role Of Surface Irrigation on Household Income In Afgoye Somalia
 To Investigate The Impact of Drip Irrigation on Household Income In AfgoyeSomalia
 To AssessThe Effect of Manual Irrigation on Household Income In Afgoye - Somalia
1.5 Research Questions

1)What is the role of surface irrigation on household income in Afgoyesomalia?
2) How does drip irrigation effects on household income in Afgoyesomalia?
3)Doesmanual irrigation influence on household income in Afgoyesomalia?
1.6 Scope of the study:

This study was conducted to analyze the impact of micro irrigation on rural
household income in Afgoye, this area was selected because of many farmers were
located these areas. The variables to be examine in this study include micro irrigation
practice which will broke in to availability of income, education, age , material status ,
infrastructure development and training on skills facility. The other variable (DV) is
House holding income: the study will focus on only how micro irrigation contributed to
4
increase agricultural production and its contribution to generate income, asset creation
and improving the living standard of the rural households in low incomes. The time of
study was limited from March 20108 to June 2018.
1.7 Significance of the Study

This research could be helpful for the micro irrigation users, the findings and the
recommendations provided in the conclusion of this research could clarify the area of
weaknesses in micro irrigation development, (if any). As a result, this could help small
farmers to take informed corrective actions that cause to increase productivity and
generate income. It is also that the major criteria considered in the decision of micro
irrigation development are the availability of surface and subsurface water that could be
diverted for irrigation through gravity and pressurized. This research is also useful to any
potential researcher who interests to make further study on this area, it is also important
to evaluate how micro irrigation schemes help in increasing agricultural production and
its contribution to generate income, asset creation and improving the living standard of
the rural households. The significance of the study is that it attempts to provide realistic
information on the overall issues of small-scale irrigation development in the study area
and for formulating future strategies for smallholder irrigation investment. The study
findings will be available for the students to read about the micro irrigation research as
the study intends to bring out the effectiveness of increasing agricultural production.
1.8 Operational definitions

Micro irrigation, Historically, irrigation originated as a method for improving natural
production by increasing the Productivity of available land and thereby expanding total
agricultural production—especially in The arid and semi-arid regions of the world.
(MoWR, 2002) And (i, 2000)
Householdincome consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and
also share meals or living accommodation, and may consist of a single family or some
other grouping of people (Limited Y. T.)
5
Surface irrigation is defined as the group of application techniques where water is
applied and distributed over the soil surface by gravity. It is by far the most common
form of irrigation throughout the world and has been practiced in many areas virtually
unchanged for thousands of years. (Walker & Skogerboe, 1987)
Drip Irrigation: Drip irrigation, of one kind or another, is the near-perfect way to water
a long, narrow bed of flowers or low shrubs. It's easier to install than sprinklers (no
digging trenches) and about 15% more efficient with water. But many people have a hard
time maintaining or even understanding drip systems. (d, 2009)
Manual irrigation: Manual irrigation systems are very simple, but effective methods for
making water available to crops. Manual irrigation systems are easy to handle and there
is no need for technical equipment.(dar, 2011)
6
1.9 Conceptual framework:
MICRO-
IRRIGATION
Surface Irrigation
Drip Irrigation
House holding income
Manual Irrigation
This figure indicates the conceptual framework that the study of research is clarifying as
big point of important view which is bring out the exactly effect and relations about that
points. Also defines the figure sub segment of independent variable micro irrigation and
dependent variable house holding income. Therefore the explanations of points go to the
literature review.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction:
This chapter explains the following terms, Concept and definition of micro irrigation,
survey irrigation, drip irrigation and manual irrigation, what perceptions do the farmers in
problem encounter in micro-irrigations, challenge and constrain in irrigations, and
empirical studies irrigation in afgooye Somalia.
2.1 Concepts and Definitions of micro-irrigation:

The first question in any discussion of irrigation, as stated by (Turner, (1994), is the
conceptAnd definition, Micro Irrigation development could be defined as a case of
agriculturalDevelopment in which technology intervenes to provide control for the soil
humidity regimesIn the crop root zone in order to achieve a high standard of continuous
cropping (EVDSA, 1996) More to the point, FAO briefly defines irrigation ―the supply of
water to agriculturalCrops by artificial means, designed to permit farming in arid regions
and to offset the effectOf drought in semi-arid region‖ (FAO., 1960a), Even in areas
where total seasonal rainfall isAdequate on average, it may be poorly distributed during
the year and variable from year toYear, where traditional rain-fed farming is a high risk
enterprise, irrigation can help to ensureStable agricultural production (FAO., 1960a)
Certainly irrigation is the application of water to living plants. According to (FAO,
1994) Irrigation is defined as the artificial application of water to the crop for the purpose
of food And fibred production overcoming deficiencies in rainfall and help in creating
stabilized Agriculture irrigation development could also be defined as a case of
agricultural Development, in which technology intervenes to provide control for the soil
moisture regimes In the crop root zone in order to achieve a high standard of continuous
cropping (EVDSA, 1996). Wide definition such as the following is. Therefore, more
important Irrigation is the Practice of applying water to the soil to supplement the natural
rainfall and provide moisture for plant growth (of, 2007)
8
According to the(MoWR, 2002) as cited in (IWMI, 2005) Irrigation schemes in Somalia
are classified into three on the basis of size of land area irrigated Large and medium scale
irrigation – Irrigation projects in Ethiopia are identified as large-scale irrigation if the
command area is greater than 3,000 hectare, medium–scale if it falls in the range of 200
to 3,000 hectare. Even though these types of irrigation schemes are considered important;
the number of such projects has remained stagnant in the last decade. They are associated
with useful infrastructure development, create job opportunities, and contribute to
agricultural growth and the macro economy. Parallel to the water sector development
program, there are a remarkable effort to develop master plans for various river basins.
Actually, comprehensive master plans for five basins have already been developed.
Small scale irrigation schemes - it includes traditional small–scale schemes up to 100

hectare and modern communal schemes up to 200 hectare. There might also be especial
instances, such as the traditional spate irrigation in Afgoye which would cover up to 400
hectare. The construction of these kinds of schemes is initiated by farmers with limited
assistance from the government. The farmers manage it through their own water users
association or committees. The farm size varies from 0.25 hectare and 0.5 hectare. Water
user associations have long existed to manage traditional schemes. They are well
organized and operated effectively. There is strong social capital in such areas; therefore,
there is not a problem of information asymmetry. Typically, members’ number can be up
to 200 users who share a main canal or a branch canal. They may be grouped into several
teams of 20 to 30 farmers each. The associations handle construction, water allocation;
operation and maintenance functions. Small-scale modern schemes can be also
constructed by the Federal or Regional government in order to overcome the catastrophic
climatic change and drought since 1973. Such schemes involved dams and the diversion
of streams and rivers. After construction, usually they are handed over to Water Users
Associations for management, operation and maintenance with the support of personnel
from Regional Bureaus (IWMI, An assessment of small scale users inclution in large
scale water users Associations of south Africa IWMI, 2005)
Generally, small scale systems may have greater advantages than large scale systems.
Small scale technology can be based on farmers’ existing knowledge, local technical,
9
managerial and entrepreneur skills. Migration and resettlement of the labor is not usually
required, planning can be more flexible. In addition, social infrastructure requirements
are lower. On the other hand, large projects can ensure the benefit of the surrounding
population by providing employment opportunities. However, the successfulness of the
irrigation system is not determined by its size but by its institutional, physical and
technical factors.
Micro-irrigation is a system is not understood in the same way in the different places of
the country. Sometimes the term is used for small-scale schemes of less than one hectare
developed at household level, such as rainwater harvesting. Others consider micro
irrigation in relation to the technology used. For example, drip irrigation needs treadle
and small power pumps to lift water; and a variety of irrigation application technologies,
such as small bucket and drip systems and small sprinkler systems. Micro irrigation has
the following advantages, it can be used individually, low cost in terms of their capital
and operating costs per farm. They are efficient in use of water with high productivity,
with improving crop quality and reducing labor costs. Currently, the use of micro
irrigation in Somalia is low with regard to area covered or volume of water used.
Actually the use of micro irrigation by poor farmers has not properly begun in successful
and development in the Country production.
2.1.1 Surface irrigation
Is defined as the group of application techniques where water is applied and distributed
over the soil surface by gravity. It is by far the most common form
of irrigation throughout the world and has been practiced in many areas virtually
unchanged for thousands of years. (Walker & Skogerboe, 1987)Surface irrigation is often
referred to as flood irrigation, implying that the water distribution is uncontrolled and
therefore, inherently inefficient. In reality, some of the irrigation practices grouped under
this name involve a significant degree of management (for example surge irrigation).
Surface irrigation comes in three major types; level basin, furrow and border strip.
10
The process of surface irrigation can be described using four phases. As water is applied
to the top end of the field it will flow or advance over the field length. The advance phase
refers to that length of time as water is applied to the top end of the field and flows or
advances over the field length. After the water reaches the end of the field it will either
run-off or start to pond. The period of time between the end of the advance phase and the
shut-off of the inflow is termed the wetting, ponding or storage phase. As the inflow
ceases the water will continue to runoff and infiltrate until the entire field is drained.
The depletion phase is that short period of time after cut-off when the length of the field
is still submerged. The recession phase describes the time period while the water front is
retreating towards the downstream end of the field. The depth of water applied to any
point in the field is a function of the opportunity time, the length of time for which water
is present on the soil surface. (s, 2006)
2.1.2 Drip irrigation:

Drip irrigation, of one kind or another, is the near-perfect way to water a long, narrow
bed of flowers or low shrubs. It's easier to install than sprinklers (no digging trenches)
and about 15% more efficient with water. But many people have a hard time maintaining
or even understanding drip systems. The biggest question is: "How long do I leave them
on," since you can't see the ground getting wet.
Others object to the visible tubing, although it can be covered with mulch and some kinds
can be buried. The tubing can get in the way of ordinary gardening activities, such as
digging or hoeing, and a few plants that root along the stems or spread by rhizomes,
doesn’t, because the surface remains dry. Gardening irrigation consultant Robert Kourik
has written an excellent book, "Drip Irrigation" Metamorphic Press, Santa Rosa, Calif,
and it demystifies the subject with all the details on choosing and installing a drip system.
It singles out in-line emitters as the best all-round choice. In-line emitters: For flowers or
small shrub beds, Kourik and irrigation consultant Bob Galbreath of Garden Technology,
Los Angeles, suggest blanketing the bed with in-line emitters, rather than using
individual emitters on the ends of spaghetti tubing.(ROBERT, July 30, 1995)In-line
emitters are built into the larger one-half tubing and are usually spaced about a foot apart.
11
If you cover the bed with rows of tubing spaced a foot apart, you'll end up wetting the
whole bed, even if the water is barely visible on the surface because the water spreads at
least 12 inches underground in most soils.
This means that the plants get evenly watered but the surface seldom gets wet enough for
weeds to sprout, another big plus for drip.You can hide the tubing under a water-
conserving mulch or even bury some kinds underground. Kourik says that buried in-line
drip systems must be activated everyday, even if it is only for a minute or two, or
deposits in the water will clog them. You need all of the standard drip devices at the
beginning of the line: vacuum breaker, check valve, filter and pressure regulator. These
are more available at stores than they were a few years ago, but you may have to look in
Koori's book to find sources for the sophisticated in-line tubing, an unlikely find at home
supply stores or nurseries.Kourik has found that drip systems typically cost 20% to 30%
more than sprinklers, "But the pay-back comes in only four years from water
savings."None of the consultants recommended "porous tubing" drip because they found
them prone to clogging, but several gardeners we know use these inexpensive soaker
systems and simply replace them every few years.Jim Worcester at Rain Bird also
suggested laser tubing, which has precisely drilled holes spaced 6 or 12 inches apart. It is
designed to be disposable, and he likes it in beds of annuals. Again, the idea is to blanket
the whole area, but toss it out every year. With true drip systems, fertilizing is more work.
You can't just scatter fertilizer on the ground unless rain will carry it into the soil. You
must either install a fertilizer injector on the system, water the fertilizer in by hand or
work it into the soil. Micro-sprays and mini-sprinklers: These little sprays and sprinklers
attach to drip tubing and put the water on much more slowly than conventional
sprinklers. Different kinds vary from 5 to 20 gallons anhour , compared to conventional
sprinklers that deliver 1 to 2 gallons every minute.They are very subject to wind because
the droplets are so small, and they are quite fragile, usually being mounted on top of
slender plastic pipes or tubing attached to stakes. Dogs and kids can wreak havoc;
however, the slender black pipes are nearly invisible in the garden, and many can be
made any height you wish so they are above all the plants.(d, 2009)
12
2.1.3 Manual irrigation:
Manual irrigation systems are very simple, but effective methods for making water
available to crops. Manual irrigation systems are easy to handle and there is no need for
technical equipment. But it is important that they are constructed correctly to avoid water
loss and crop shortfall. The systems allow for high self-help compatibility and have low
initial capital costs. They can be used in almost every area, but they are especially
adapted for arid areas where evaporation rates are high .Manual irrigation systems are
easy to handle, require no technical equipment and are therefore generally cheap (in
contrast to high-tech systems such as sprinkler irrigation or subsurface drip irrigation But
they need high labour inputs. A common and very simple technique for manual irrigation
is for instance the use of watering cans as it can be found in peri-urban agriculture around
large cities in some African countries. A more sophisticated and very water-efficient type
of manual irrigation system is small-scale drip irrigation with buckets Beside these
systems, there are many other methods for manual irrigation, which are easy to install and
simple to use. In general, all of these methods have high self-help compatibility and a
relatively high performance. Therefore such systems are also called HELPFUL irrigation
methods: High-frequency, Efficient, Low-volume, Partial-area, Farm-Unit, and Low-cost
(FAO 1997).
2.2 Economic Impact of micro irrigation and house holding income

The impact studies differ in terms of geographic coverage, scale of analysis, and
approaches Adopted in measuring impacts, accordingly, the analysis varies among
different studies ranging from household, to village, region, national and international
level. The approaches adopted to study the socioeconomic impacts of irrigation in various
studies According to Hussein (2004.) Irrigation benefits the poor through higher
production, higher yields, lower risk of crop failure and higher and year round farm and
nonfarm employment Irrigation enables smallholders to adopt more diversified cropping
patterns, and to switch from low –value staple or subsistence production of high value
available and affordable for the poor. Since irrigation investments lead to production and
supply shifts, indirect linkages operate through regional and national level and have a
strong positive effect on the national economic growth benefiting the poor. The same
13
authors reported that past interventions in irrigated agriculture have yielded immense
benefits, for instance, cereal production in Asia has more than doubled between 1970 and
1995, from 300 million tons to 650 million tones Hussein and (i, 2000) Access to reliable
water can enable farmers to adopt new technologies and intensify cultivation, leading to
increased productivity, overall higher production, and greater returns from farming. This,
in turn, opens up new employment opportunities, both on farm and off- farm, and can
improve incomes, livelihoods, and the quality of life in the rural settings. Hussein and
(Abdinasir, 2000)Identified five key interrelated linkages of how access to good irrigation
water contributes to socioeconomic uplifts of rural communities and alleviates poverty.
These are production, income and consumption, employment, food security, and other
social impacts contributing to overall improved social welfare. They added that access to
good irrigation allows poor people to not only increase their production and incomes, but
also enhances their opportunities to diversify their income base and to reduce their
vulnerability to the seasonality of agricultural production and external shocks. The strong
complementarities between returns to irrigation and household education, specifically
adult primary education, have been uncovered by (d., 2007)in the case of rural Vietnam.
The study hints at the pro-poor character of irrigation investments, given the right
economic environment. An increased investment in adult education would generate gains
accruing primarily to the poor and would have a strong equalizing effect on returns to
irrigation investments, that is, returns to irrigation would be higher for poorer than non-
poor, given the right level of adult education. Therefore, a properly targeted adult
education program would have a substantial equalizing effect through its impacts to
returns on irrigation investment. Conversely, in the presence of inequalities in
educational endowments, returns to irrigation for the poor are likely to remain lower:
knowledge poor will remain income poor. According (Roles, 2010), a socioeconomic
factor like social group, associations, control over land, oxen power ownership,
educational level, family labor, on farm and off-farm income etc, affect the ability of
various groups to command the resources needed for irrigated farming and perhaps even
their ability to get water. It has also a bearing on the willingness of users to take part in
collective action on water management (Ilri workshop, 2010)According to the researchers
of my reference,
14
2.3 Summary and conclusion
In this chapter was covered major related review to the impact of micro irrigation on
house holding income and defined the variables consists for this study. All these
literatures developed outside of the country; finally, the researchers read more studies
related to, micro irrigation on house holding income these articles are conducted other
countries.Comparing Somalia and those countries conducted these studies they are
different because of culture, religious, marketing policy, however, in our best awareness
there is no research on micro irrigation in Afgoye. Therefore the researchers are going to
fill this gap by investigating the impact of micro irrigation on house holding income in
some selected farms in Afgoye Lower Shebelle.
15
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter would be focus on the research methodology of the study. Will
consists of ten sections: First section the study research design, research population,
sample size, sampling procedure, research instrument, research quality with the validity
and reliability, data gathering procedures, data analysis, ethical consideration, of the
study, while final section presents the limitations/suffers of the study.
3.1 Research area

Afgoyeis a town in the southwestern Somalia,and is nearest district in the Capital
of Mogadishu, It is situated about 30 kilometers west of Mogadishu, and the Shebelle
River passes through the middle of the townAnd has population of 79,400 by estimated
research districtsin(UNDP, 2013)
3.2 Research design

Research design defines the general plans of how the research question would be
answered. It is the conceptual structure within which research is conducted. It constitutes
a blue print for collection measurement and analysis of data which was conducted (m l.
w., 2007) A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis
of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy
in procedure. In fact, the research design is the conceptual structure within which
research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and
analysis of data(Kothari, 2004).
The study was used cross sectional strategy because it was based on variables
measured with numbers and analysis with statistical procedures and it’s useful for
resource and time available to researcher. (jd, 2005).
16
There are two types of variables in statistics: quantitative and qualitative analysis, In this
study was conducted with correlation design so the researcher was used quantitative
analysis. Quantitative analysis is a method emphasizes objective measurements and
the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls,
questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data
using computational techniques. Quantitative research focuses on gathering numerical
data and generalizing it across groups of people or to explain a particular
phenomenon.(university, 2010)
This study would be used questionnaire instrument as main tool for collection
data, which uses in quantitative research and questionnaire will adapted from (j B. ,
2000). Questionnaire may be defined as technique of data collection in which each person
is asked to respond to the same set of questions in predetermined order. Questionnaire is
a formalized set of questions for obtaining information from respondents Guidelines for
questionnaire construction are provided at each stage of the process, besides on research
objectives of the study. The selection of this tool has been guided by the nature of data to
be collected, the time available as well as by the objectives of the study and questionnaire
techniques will be adopted in collecting primary data as it provides and efficient way of
collecting responses from a large sample size.
3.3 Research population

. Population is the group of individuals restricted to a geographical region
(neighborhood, city, state, country, continent etc.), or certain institutions (hospitals,
schools, health centers etc.), that is, a set of individuals that have at least one
characteristic in common(s., 2002) Population is a complete set of individuals, cases or
objects with some common observable characteristics, population refer to an aggregate or
totality of all individual or objects, or members that conform to a set of specifications.
Population divides two types: target population and accessible population.
17
Accessible population is the population in a research to which the researcher can
apply their conclusion. This population is a subject of the target population and is also
known as the study population. (Mohamed 2010).
Target population refers to the entire group of individual or objects to which

researcher interested in generalizing the conclusion. The target population usually has
varying characteristics (t, 2010)So that this study will use accessible population in the
study of afgooyedistrict and has 79,400 of population survey of (UNDP, 2013) but the
target population of afgooye district will be 70 Population from (farmers) of afgooye
district.
3.4 Sample size
Sample is a subset of a population that is used to represent the entire group as a

whole(Cherry, 2016). Sampling is the process by which a relatively small number of
individuals or measures of individuals, objects or events is chosen and analyzed in order
to find out something about the entire population from which it was chosen(taddesse m,
2002)
To determine the ideal sample size for a population, the study was used The
N
Slovene’s formula(1978) to determine the minimum sample size n  n=
1  Ne 2
79,400
.Where
1  79,400(0.1) 2
n= sample size
N=population
e=level of significance /marginal error 5%
18
𝐍 𝟕𝟗, 𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝒏= 𝟐
𝒏=
𝟏+𝐍 𝐞 𝟏 + 𝟕𝟗, 𝟒𝟎𝟎(𝟎. 𝟎 𝟏)
𝟕𝟗,𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟕𝟗,𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝒏= 𝒏= n= 100participants
𝟏+𝟕𝟗𝟒 𝟕𝟗𝟓
100 100
N= = = 42
1+ 100−1 /70 2.23
Table 3.4.1 population and sample size distribution

Branches N= population n=sample size
Horseed lemon company 36 15
Mowlac group Company 30 13
Allaaamin firming company 34 14
Total 100 42
3.5 Sampling procedure
The sampling procedure of this study used probability sampling procedure

particularly; simple sample random will be used to select sample. Sample random is the
basic sampling technique where we select a group of objects (a sample) for study from a
larger group (a population). Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each
member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Every
possible sample of a given size has the same chance of selection. (Bowr, 2005).
This study used probability sampling procedure particularly haphazard sampling

technique that is the most appropriate to obtain for the sample, the sample selection
19
process is considering until your selected sample size has been fulfilled (Saunders et al,
2009).
3.6 Research instrument
Thestudywillutilizequestionnaireadaptedfrom asthemajortool forcollectingdata

(Charles, 2004).Theinstrumentusedhastheadvantageofhavingitsexternalvalidity
testedandverifiedinmanycountriesoftheworldQuestionnairesreferstoasetofquestionsdesi
gnedtogeneratedatanecessaryforaccomplishing the objectivesoftheresearchproject
(Sounders, 2000).Researcherwillselectquestionnaire
asthmasthefollowingadvantages:first.Itprovidesefficientwayforcollectingresponses
fromalargesample.Second,itrequireslessskillsandsensitivitythansemi-structuresandin-
depth interviews (merry jd. , 2005).The research instrument of this study was
questionnaire as the tool of data collection, the questionnaire is used in a quantitative
research method, questionnaire may be defined a technique of data collection in which
each person is asked to respond to the same set of questions in predetermined order
(Baker j., 2000). And questionnaire was adopted from (j, 2002). Which made also like
this study in sri-lanka but the questioner is modified. The selection of this tool has
been guided by the nature of data to be collected, the time available as well as by the
objectives of the study and the overall aim of study is to investigate the impact of
micro irrigation on house holding income. In addition, questionnaire techniques have
been adopted in collecting primary data as it provides and efficient way of collecting
responses from a large sample size.
20
3.7 Research Quality
Quality research most commonly refers to the scientific process encompassing all aspects
of study design; in particular, it pertains to the judgment regarding the match between the
methods and questions, selection of subjects, measurement of outcomes, and protection
against systematic bias, nonsystematic bias, and inferential error (zeeman s,
2002)Principles and standards for quality research designs are commonly found in texts,
reports, essays, and guides to research design and methodology. In addition, quality
assessment plays many important roles in the research community. It enlightens crucial
decisions on the funding of projects, teams and whole institutions, on how research is
conducted, on recruitment and promotion, on what is published or distributed, and on
what researchers and others choose to read. It makes trust in the work of the research
community.
3.7.1 Reliability
Reliability means that the scores of an instrument are stable and consistent. The
scores should remain the same when the instrument is administered repeatedly at
different times, and it should remain consistent (Mohamad et al., 2015). To get the
reliability of the study the researcher will analyze Cornbrash’s alpha on SPSS and
the researcher will not accept Cornbrash’s alpha less than 0.83.
3.7.2 Validity
Validity is the extent to which the questions on the instrument and the scores from these
questions represent all possible questions that could be asked about the content or skill.
(nilsson t, 2010)The validity of this study instruments through universal scholars those
have great experience. Content validity index takes care of item validity and sampling
validity.
21
3.8 Data gathering procedures
Toensurethepurposeofthisstudy,datawillbecollectedthroughadoptedquestionnaireasit
istheeasiestwaytogetherrightinformationaccordingthenatureofthisstudy.The
questionnairewillcollectbyhandasitenablestoassisttherespondentstoanswerwhatthey
wanttoclarify.This study the data willbe collected from 42 respondents of farmers in
AfgoyeInorder
tocollectdatafromrespondentstheresearcherwillemployaquestionnaireadaptedfrom
priorliterature.Thequestionnairewillbedeliveredandcollectedfromrespondents byhandin
ordertoguidetherespondent theyneed someclarification about thequestionnaire.
3.9 Data analysis
Quantitative data analysis will be used in this study. Analyses will be carried out with the
aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, (SPSS Version 16.0). Descriptive
statistics are used to describe the data collected in research studies and to accurately
characterize the variables under observation within a specific sample ( lund university.,
2010, )To summarize the data using simple and complex frequency tables. Descriptive
statistics is the use of measure of central tendency provides researcher with a way of
characterizing a data set with a single value. The most widely used measures of central
tendency are the mean, median, and mode (Marczyk, DeMatteo, & Festinger, 2005).
Descriptive statistics is the use of measurement of central tendency such as means, to
describe a group of subject (Bowr, 2005). The same package used to analyze by
computing relative frequencies, means, and standard deviations.
22
Table 3.1.9The following table presents the Mean ranges, Response mode and their
Interpretation.
No Mean Range Interpretation
1 4.3- 5 Excellent
2 3.5- 4.2 Very Good
3 3.4-3.7 Good
4 1.9-2.6 Poor
5 1-1.8 Very poor
3.10 Limitations of the study
The study suffers from the use of questionnaire and also is the major limitations of this
study because, the questionnaire have some limitations such as poorly completed
answers, Limit answers. The language is also the greatest barrier in getting the most
correct answers for the questionnaire, because people working on the institutions are not
all educated and it through compulsory to translate the questionnaire into Somali
language and then distribute to the respondents and when collected to translate into
English again.The survey instrument used in this study was only questionnaire, since
there are other suitable methods like questionnaire with interview and observation
method.
3.11 Ethical considerations
In the process of this study, the issue of ethics is very important in

research. Despite the high value of knowledge gained through research, knowledge
cannot be pursued at the expense of human dignity (m, 2002)Thus, the data collected was
kept confidentiality and was exclusively used for the purpose of Bachelor degree
requirements. The respondents were informed of the contents and the aims of the research
prior to administration of the instrument. This research was fully conducted ethically and
all copyrights were observed and where permission was required to reproduce materials
23
was sought. In addition the researcher will request from the academic department a
certificate of confidentiality so as to get confidentiality and the researcher will provide
the participants with information about the purpose of the research and to maintain
ethical issue the researcher will request to institution’s administration to permit to
allocate questionnaire and will tell them that the information use only for academic
purpose, and the expected duration of participation and the procedure to be fallowed.
24
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.0 introduction
This chapter presents the data analysis of the feedback of data collection; the
result is a quantitative analysis that relates the impact of micro irrigation on household
income. This chapter presents the results of the analysis in tables that containing the type
of responses, its frequencies and percentages .This chapter highlights on data analysis,
presentation and interpretation. The data analysis and interpretation based on research
questions as well as research objectives. Then data representation and analysis under this
heading was presented using the compete research data found from the target population,
major findings was presented in chapter five.
4.1 Demographic characteristics of the respondents

The demographic data of this study looked upon in terms of gender, age, marital
status, experiences and Education of the respondent, therefore the demographic data was
collected in various aspects and following tables presents the summary of the results.
Table 4.1.1Gender of the respondents

Frequency Percent Valid Percent C
Male 28 66.7 66.7 6

Valid Female 14 33.3 33.3 1
Total 42 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary data, 2018
Table 4.1.1 shows that Most of the respondents 27 were male gender, which is
(66.7.0%) out of 42 respondents, and the female of respondents 13 ware gender which is
(33.3%) out of the 42 respondents. So that the most of the respondents where male.
25
Table 4.1.2 marital status of the respondent
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent
Single 38 90.5 90.5 90.5

Valid Married 4 9.5 9.5 100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
Table 4.1.2 shows that Most of the respondents 38 were Single, which is
(90.5.0%) out of 42 respondents, and the married respondents 4 which is (9.5%) out of
the 42 respondents. So that the most of the respondents where Single.
Table 4.1.3 age of the respondents

Percent
20-30 40 95.2 95.2 95.2
Valid 31-40 2 4.8 4.8 100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
Source: primary data, 2018
Table 4.1.3 shows that Most of the respondents 40 were 20-30, which is (95.2%) out of
42 respondents, and the 2 of respondents ware 31-40 which is (4.8%) out of the 42
respondents. So that the most of the respondents where 20-30.
26
Table 4.1.4 Education level of the respondents

Percent
Diploma 2 4.8 4.8 4.8

Valid Bachelor 40 95.2 95.2 100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
Table 4.1.4 shows that Most of the respondents 2 were diploma, which is (8.8%) out of
42 respondents, and the 40 of respondents ware Bachelor which is (95.2%) out of the 42
respondents. So that the most of the respondents where Bachelor.
Table 4.1.5 Experience of the respondents
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Less than one year 20 47.6 47.6 47.6
1-3 years 15 35.7 35.7 83.3
Valid 4-7 years 5 11.9 11.9 95.2
Above 7 years 2 4.8 4.8 100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
Table 4.1.5 shows that Most of the respondents 20 were Less than one year, which is
(47.6%) out of 42 respondents, and the 15 of respondents ware 1-3 years which is
(35.7%) out of the 42 respondents and the 5 of the respondents where 4-7years which
(11.9%) and others of the 2 respondents where above 7years which (4.8%) So that the
most of the respondents where less than one years.
27
Table 4.2 frequencies of the variables
4.2.1 Have you ever faced any conflict in drip irrigation water uses?
Percent
Yes 23 54.8 54.8 54.8
Valid No 19 45.2 45.2 100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
Table 4.2.1 shows that Most of the respondents 23 were say yes, which is (54.8%) out of
42 respondents, and the 19 of respondents ware said No which is (45.2%) out of the 42
respondents. So that the most of the respondents where said No
Table 4.2.2 Which of the following causes drip irrigation conflict?

Percent
water theft taking water
4 9.5 9.5 9.5
out of turn
Water scarcity because
of declining supply from 16 38.1 38.1 47.6
the source
Valid
Water scarcity due to
increasing number of 16 38.1 38.1 85.7
users
Other (specify) 6 14.3 14.3 100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
Table 4.2.2 shows that some of the respondents 4 were choosecauses drip irrigation
conflictwater theft, (9.5%) out of 42 respondents, and the 16 of respondents were choose
causes drip irrigation conflict Water scarcity, (38.1%) out of the 42 respondents. And other
hand other 16 were choose causes drip irrigation conflict Water scarcity due to
increasing number of users (38.1%) while other of the respondents 6 were choose
Other (specify) (14.3%) so that this table indicate most of the respondents was 16
28
Table 4.2.3 is there any maintenance activities in the water source?
Yes 26 61.9 61.9 61.9

Valid No 16 38.1 38.1 100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
Table 4.2.3 shows that Most of the respondents 26 were say yes, which is (61.9%) out of
respondents. So that the most of the respondents where said yes
Table 4.2.4Which of the following are important administrative problems in relation

with drip water distribution?
Percent
No sanction on illegal
5 11.9 11.9 11.9
water users
Distribution is not fair 7 16.7 16.7 28.6
Valid The coordination of the
22 52.4 52.4 81.0
committee is poor
Other (specify) 8 19.0 19.0 100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
Table 4.2.4 shows that some of the respondents 5 were choose important administrative
problems illegal water users, (11.9%) out of 42 respondents, and the 7 of respondents were
choose important administrative problems Distribution is not fair, (16.7%) out of the 42
respondents. And other hand other 22 of them were choose important administrative
problems The coordination of the committee is poor (52.4%) while other of the respondents 8
were choose Other (specify) (19.0%) so that this table indicate most of the respondents
was 22
29
Table 4.2.5Which socio-economic groups get more water for drip irrigation?
Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Farmers with large
9 21.4 22.0 22.0
family size
Head-end farmers 7 16.7 17.1 39.0
Valid Rich farmers 17 40.5 40.5 80.5
All 9 21.4 20.4 97.6
100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary data,2018
Table 4.2.5 shows that some of the respondents 9 were choose those who get more water for
drip irrigationare ,Farmers with large family size (21.4%) out of 42 respondents, and the 7 of
respondents were choose Head-end farmers, (16.7%) out of the 42 respondents. And other
hand other 17 of them were choose Rich farmers (40.5%) while other of the respondents 9
were choose (All) (21.4%) so that this table indicate most of the respondents was 17
Table 4.2.6 Do you get enough water for surface irrigation when required?
Yes 19 45.2 45.2 42.9

No 23 54.8 54.8 97.6
Valid
100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
Table 4.2.6 shows that part of the respondents 19 were say yes, which is (45.2%) out of
respondents. So that the most of the respondents where said No
30
Table 4.2.7What do you think about the reasons for using surface irrigation?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulativ

e Percent
Water scarcity 18 42.9 42.9 42.9
Diversion by traditional
17 40.5 40.5 83.3
irrigators
Seepage loss 4 9.5 9.5 92.9
Valid
Illegal users in the
2 4.8 4.8 97.6
scheme/water theft
I am tail-end irrigator 1 2.4 2.4 100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
Table 4.2.7 shows that some of the respondents 18 were choose the reasons for using surface
irrigation are , Water scarcity (42.9%) out of 42 respondents, and the 18 of respondents were
choose Diversion by traditional irrigators, (16.7%) out of the 42 respondents. And other hand
other 4 of them were choose Seepage loss (9.5%) while other of the respondents 2 were
choose Illegal users in the scheme/water theft (8.4%) and last 1of them choose I am tail-end irrigator
(2.4%) so that this table indicate most of the respondents was 18
Table 4.2.8under what conditions do you use surface irrigation?

Winter 17 40.5 40.5 40.5

Summer 12 28.6 28.6 69.0
Year round 9 21.4 21.4 90.5
Valid
Only in bad
4 9.5 9.5 100.0
year
Total 42 100.0 100.0
Table 4.2.8 shows that some of the respondents 17 were choose the conditions do you use
surface irrigation are , Winter (40.5%) out of 42 respondents, and the 12 of respondents were
choose Summer, (28.6%) out of the 42 respondents. And other hand other 9 of them were
31
choose Year round (21.4%) while other of the respondents 4 were choose Only in bad year
(9.5%) so that this table indicate most of the respondents was 17
Table 4.2.9 Have you ever faced a problem of crop failure when using surface
irrigation?
Yes 25 59.5 59.5 59.5

No 17 40.5 40.5. 97.6
Valid
100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
Table 4.2.10Who is responsible for problem of crop failure?

Percent
Water shortage 7 16.7 16.7 17.1
Crop disease 11 26.2 26.2 41.5
Valid Water logging 9 21.4 21.4 63.4
All 15 35.7 35.7 100.0
100.0
Total 42 100.0
Table 4.2.10 shows that some of the respondents 7 were choose Water shortage (16.7%) out
of 42 respondents and the 11 of respondents were choose Crop disease, (26.2%) out of the
42 respondents. And other hand other 9 of them were choose Water logging (21.4%) while
other of the respondents 15 were choose All (35.7%) so that this table indicate most of the
respondents was 15
32
Table 2.2.11 Do irrigators produce for market using Manual irrigation?
Percent
Yes 25 59.5 59.5 59.5

Valid No 17 40.5 40.5 100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
Table 2.2.12Do all members of the household have equal access to manual irrigation
water?
Percent
Yes 20 47.6 47.6 47.6
Valid No 22 52.4 52.4 100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
33
Table 4.2.13 Do irrigation users get enough water for manual irrigation when
required?
Yes 17 40.5 40.5 40.5

Valid No 25 59.5 59.5 100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
Source Primary data,2018
Table 4.2.14 Are you manual irrigation user?

Percent
Yes 28 66.7 66.7 66.7
Valid No 14 33.3 33.3 100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
34
Table 4.2.15 Do you think that Manual irrigation production systems have both
positive and negative
Percent
Yes 36 85.7 85.7 85.7
Valid No 6 14.3 14.3 100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
Table 4.2.16Household income development partially depends on Agricultural

productivity for private sectors and other livestock institutions, do you agree?
Percent
Yes 35 83.3 83.3 83.3
Valid No 7 16.7 16.7 100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
35
Table 4.2.17 To increase household income we need to reduce un-employment rate
do you agree?
Percent
Yes 30 71.4 71.4 71.4
Valid No 12 28.6 28.6 100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
Table 4.2.18 The main income source of households comes from agricultural and
this indicates the crucial role that agricultural play to develop the economy, do you
agree?
Percent
Yes 29 69.0 69.0 69.0
Valid No 13 31.0 31.0 100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
36
Table 4.2.19To improve credit scheme on food security Production is the most
important factor that causes to increase Household income?
Percent
Yes 30 71.4 71.4 71.4
Valid No 12 28.6 28.6 100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
Table 4.2.20 to enhance the household income Agricultural is very important factor
that has big contributions?
Percent
Yes 32 76.2 76.2 76.2
Valid No 10 23.8 23.8 100.0
Total 42 100.0 100.0
37
Table 4.3 The effect of micro irrigation of house holding income
Statements Mean Std.

Deviation
Have you ever faced any conflict in drip irrigation water uses? 1.45 .504
which of the following causes drip irrigation conflict? 2.57 .859
are there any maintenance activities in the water source? 1.38 .492
Which of the following are important administrative problems in
2.79 .898
relation with drip water distribution?
Which socio-economic groups get more water for drip irrigation? 2.60 1.037
Do you get enough water for surface irrigation when required? 1.57 .501
What do you think about the reasons for using surface irrigation? 1.83 .961
Under what conditions do you use surface irrigation? 2.00 1.012
Have you ever faced a problem of crop failure when using surface
1.40 .497
irrigation?
Who is responsible for problem of crop failure? 3.60 1.415
Do irrigators produce for market using Manual irrigation? 1.40 .497
Do all members of the household have equal access to manual
1.52 .505
irrigation water?
Do irrigation users get enough water for manual irrigation when
1.60 .497
required?
Are you manual irrigation user? 1.33 .477
Do you think that Manual irrigation production systems have both
1.14 .354
positive and negative
Household income development partially depends on Agricultural
productivity for private sectors and other livestock institutions, do 1.17 .377
you agree?
To increase household income we need to reduce un-employment
1.29 .457
rate do you agree?
The main income source of households comes from agricultural
and this indicates the crucial role that agricultural play to develop 1.31 .468
the economy, do you agree?
To improve credit scheme on food security Production is the most
1.29 .457
important factor that causes to increase Household income?
To enhance the Household income. Agricultural is very important
1.24 .431
factor that has big contributions?
Total Average Mean 1.72 0.63
38
Results in this finings last tables indicated that the levels of the effect of micro
irrigation(IV) on house holding income(DV) is generally (very poor) and this is
indicated by the total average of mean is1.72According to the mean population of
respondents by the total average showing generally is poor relation between irrigation
and standard of living in Somali’s farmers to day. Other hand in the world irrigation
system is developed in day to day as technology to develop. The irrigations are part of
factor of production, if the increase irrigation land will increase the output, when the
increase output can reach the economic growth and higher stander of living.
Table 3.1 mean range value

No Mean Range Interpretation
1 4.3- 5 Excellent
2 3.5- 4.2 Very Good
3 3.4-3.7 Good
4 1.9-2.6 Poor
5 1-1.8 Very poor
39
Table 4.4 Correlations Between micro irrigation and household income
Drip Surface manual Household

irrigation irrigation irrigation income
Pearson
.183 .146 .266
Correlation
Drip irrigation
Sig. (2-tailed) .258 .369 .093
N 42 42 42 42
Pearson
.183 .124 -.216
Surface Correlation
irrigation Sig. (2-tailed) .258 .447 .174
N 42 42 42 42
Pearson
.146 .124 .505**
Correlation
manual
Sig. (2-tailed) .369 .447 .001
irrigation
42
N 42 42 42
42
Pearson
.266 -.216 .505**
Household Correlation
income Sig. (2-tailed) .093 .174 .001
N 42 42 42 42
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
According to the table 4.4 shows that there is weak positive relationship between drip
irrigation and household income in afgoye Somalia which was indicated by R-value of
(r=.266) and p-value of (p=0.93), the same way there is a weak negative relationship
among Surface irrigation and household income in afgoye Somalia which was described
by R-value of (r=-0.216) and p-value of (p=0.174), on the other hand there is strong
positive relationship between Manual irrigation and household income which was
delineated by R-value of (r=0.505) and p-value of (p=0.001). This result shows that the
overall relationship between micro irrigation and household income inafgoye Somalia is
low.
40
Correlations
Household MI
Pearson Correlation 1 .199
Household Sig. (2-tailed) .225
N 42 39
Pearson Correlation .199 1
Micro irrigation Sig. (2-tailed) .225
N 39 39
As table above show correlation between Micro irrigation on household income based on
the result of the table above the relationship between Micro irrigation and household
income was analyzed using Pearson product momentum correlation. The result obtained
indicated that there is weak positive relation among variables. The findings indicate that
there is weak positive relationship between effect of Micro irrigation and household
income with correlation coefficient (r= .199) at the level (.225) as shows in the table
41
CHAPTER FIVE
MAJORFINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Introduction
This chapter contains three Sections: First section is the main results and the second
section is conclusion, third section is makes recommendations for future researchers.
5.1 Summary of findings
In this part of the study discusses the role micro-irrigation and household income
in Afgoye lower Shebelle. Micro-irrigation is a system is not understood in the same way
in the different places of the country. Sometimes the term is used for small-scale schemes
of less than one hectare developed at household level, such as rainwater harvesting.
Others consider micro irrigation in relation to the technology used. For example, drip
irrigation needs treadle and small power pumps to lift water; and a variety of irrigation
application technologies, such as small bucket and drip systems and small sprinkler
systems.
Micro irrigation has the following advantages, it can be used individually, low
cost in terms of their capital and operating costs per farm. They are efficient in use of
water with high productivity, with improving crop quality and reducing labor costs.
Currently, the use of micro irrigation in Somalia is low with regard to area covered or
volume of water used. Actually the use of micro irrigation by poor farmers has not
properly begun in successful and development in the Country production.Therefore,the
general objective of this paper is to investigate households’ decision to adopt micro
irrigation and its economic impact, the technology in probably a solution to reduce costs
and prevent loss of resources. (M. d. Monte, 1999)
42
The study was used cross sectional strategy because it was based on variables
measured with numbers and analysis with statistical procedures and it’s useful for
resource and time available to researcher. Cross-sectional studies typically involve the
use of cross-sectional regression, in order to sort out the existence and magnitude of
causal effects of one or more independent variables upon a dependent variable of interest
at a given point in time (jd, 2005).
Therefore, the findings show the total average of mean is1.72According to the
mean population of respondents by the total average showing generally is poor relation
between irrigation and standard of living in Somali’s farmers to day. Other hand in the
world irrigation system is developed in day to day as technology to develop. The
irrigations are part of factor of production, if the increase irrigation land will increase the
output, when the increase output can reach the economic growth and higher stander of
living.4.1. Furthermore, the empirical results show that the probability of participating in
the irrigation programmed is associated with farm experience (age as proxy), household
level of education, family size and labor force availability in the household, credit
constraint and cost of irrigation development. After controlling the selection bias in the
estimation process,
Conclusion
In this section discuss the impact of micro-irrigation on house holding income

inAfgoye district located in lower Shebelle in Somalia, the result is based on the stated
objectives based on this study according.
From the research findings, it could be concluded that irrigation schemes play a
crucial role in ensuring increase household income in the region. Farmers have affirmed that
they benefit greatly from these schemes and that has improved their income, livelihood to
ensuring food security in the region. The average age of the user and non-user of micro-
irrigation shows a statistically significant difference. Similarly, households with larger
number of family size are more likely to participate in micro-irrigation. Households with
social position and extension service are more likely to participate in micro-irrigation.
43
The profit model estimation reflects that, gender, age, education, family size of the
household head, non-farm participation, access to irrigation water, extension service,
frequency of descriptive statistics showed, total livestock unit, and distance to irrigation
water are statistically significant and economically meaning full results..(Kinfe, 2012)
In the empirical evident that micro-irrigation is well positioned to contributing to social

transformation as a strategic asset of poor populations. This is related, in turn, to the
concurrent need to support the poor by means of increasing productivity and protecting
the environment, thus resulting in benefits linked to food security and sustainable
livelihoods.
The correlation based on the result of the relationship between Micro irrigation
and household income was analyzed using Pearson product momentum correlation. The
result obtained indicated that there is strong positive relation among variables. The
findings indicate that there is weak positive relationship between effect of Micro
irrigation and household income with correlation coefficient (r= 0.266) at the level (0.09)
as shows in the table so,
Indeed, the study area still there are many rural households which are not
participating in micro Irrigation, the micro irrigation users they haven’t developed
technically and physically. This is because lack of access to irrigation water, education,
access to a nearby market, lack of extension services and other awareness enhancing
systems
44
5.2Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study the following general recommendations are given:
 Complementary services would enhance the adoption of micro irrigation

technologies. Particularly, affirmative action, in the form of targeted
interventions, is needed to help female headed households benefit from the new
technologies.
 Traditional system of micro irrigation like manual irrigation should substitute
with modern and efficient type of irrigation methods
 Infrastructures like all-weather roads, training centers and access of credit systems in
rural areas should be in place with a minim interest for purchase of input and low cost
technologies.
 The policy maker has to focus on solving the problems related to technical,
managerial and administrative aspects. This is to mean that they need to identify
which problem by who should be solved and mass mobilization leads to in
efficient application of projects. The experts have to focus on solving problems
related to technical aspects.
 The Somali government should establish the policy that improves in irrigation
system in nearest regions of rivers to utilize the farmers who do not skills and
ability to produce more out puts which exceeds their needs, therefore the
government, other associations should influences the production in the region.
45
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49
APP ENDIX A
QUESTIONNAIRE
Dear respondent, I am kindly request to fill this questionnaire which is aimed at collecting
data on the investigation The effect of micro irrigation on Household income in afgoye
Somalia this research is being undertaken as partial fulfillment of a bachelor degree in
Economics (BC). You have been selected randomly to participate in this study. The
information received will be treated with strict confidentiality and shall not be used for any
other purpose except for this study. Your responses are highly appreciated.
SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHC PROFILE

This section of the questionnaire contains five statements of the demographic profile or
respondents profile (RP). The respondent is required to tick in the relevant boxes below:
1. Gender
a)Male b) Female
2. Marital status
a) Single b) Married c) Divorce d) widow i
3. Age
a) 20-30 years b) 31-40 years c) 41-50 years d) above 50 years
4.Education level
a) Secondary b) Diploma c) Bachelor d) Master e) others
5.Experience
a-Less than One Year b- 1-3 years c- 4-7 years D- Above 7 years
SECTION B: DRIP IRRIGATION

Please choose only one option that suits your level of agreement or disagreement for each
of the following statements (tick in the appropriate box)
50
1. Have you ever faced any conflict in drip irrigation water uses?
a) yes b) No
2.Which of fallowing causes drip irrigation conflict?

Water theft/taking water out of turn
Water scarcity because of declining supply from the source
Water scarcity due to increasing number of users-
Other (specify)
3.Are there any maintenance activities in the water source?
a) Yes b) No
4.Which of the following are important administrative problems in relation with drip
water distribution?
No sanction on illegal water users
Distribution is not fair
The coordination of the committee is poor
Other (specify)
5.Which socio-economic groups get more water for drip irrigation?
Farmers with large family size
Head-end farmers
Rich farmers-
All
51
SECTION C: SURFACE IRRIGATION
Please choose only one option that suits your level of agreement or disagreement for each
of the following statements (tick in the appropriate box)
1. Do you get enough water for surface irrigation when required?

a) Yes b) No
2.What do you think about the reasons for using surface irrigation?
Water scarcity
Diversion by traditional irrigators
Seepage loss
Illegal users in the scheme/water theft
I am tail-end irrigator
3. Under what conditions do you use surface irrigation?
Winter
Summer
Year round
Only in bad year
4. Have you ever faced a problem of crop failure when using surface irrigation?
a): Yes b); No
5. Who is responsible for problem of crop failure?

Water shortage
Weed problem
Crop disease
Water logging
All
52
SECTION D: MANUAL IRRIGATION
1. .Do irrigators produce for market using Manualirrigation?
a): Yes b): No
2. Do all members of the household have equal access to manual irrigation water?
a):Yes b): No
3. Do irrigation users get enough water for manual irrigation when required?
a): yes b):No
4. Are you manual irrigation user?
b): Yes b): No
5. Do you think that Manual irrigation production systems have both positive and
negative effects on the household income?
b): yes b): No
SECTION E: HOUSEHOLD INCOME

1.Household income development partially depends on Agricultural productivity for
private sectors and other livestock institutions, do you agree?
a):Yes b): No
2. To increase household income we need to reduce un-employment rate do you agree?
a): Yes b): No
3. The main income source of households comes from agricultural and this indicates the
crucial role that agricultural play to develope the economy, do you agree?
a):Yes b): No
53
4. To improve credit scheme on food security Production is the most important factor that
causes to increase Household income?
a): Yes b): No
5. To enhance the Household income. Agricultural is very important factor that has big
contributions?
a):Yes b): No
54
APPENDIX B BUDGET PLAN
Activities Costs ($ USD)
Transportation expenses $15
Internet Charges $25
Printing Costs $10
Miscellaneous Expenses $10
Research fees $80
Total $140
55

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THE EFEECT OF MICRO IRRIGATION ON HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN

ALINOUR DAHIR SHEIKH MOHAMED

A SENIOR PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE

DEPARTMENTOF ECONOMICS, FACULTY OF

BUSSINESS ADMINISTARATION IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR

DEGREE OF ECONOMICS AND

I declare that this senior project entitled “THEEFEECT OF MICRO IRRIGATION

Name of the Candidate: ALI NOUR DAHIR SH MOHAMED

Date: ............. /.................. /…………….............

Name:Mr. Abdulfatah Abubakar Ahmed

Date: _______ /________ /______________

This senior project entitled “THEEFEECT OF MICRO IRRIGATION ON

Name and Signature of Chairman of Examining Panel

Name and Signature of Panelist

Name and Signature of Dean Faculty of Business Administration

Date: __________ /_________ /________________

colleagues and friends, I love you all.

STUDENT DECLARATION ......................................................................................................... ii

SUPERVİSOR APPROVAL ......................................................................................................... iii

EXAMINING PANEL APPROVAL ............................................................................................ iv

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. vii

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.0 introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of study ................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem:......................................................................................................... 3

1.3 purpose of the study .................................................................................................................. 3

1.4 Objective of the study: .............................................................................................................. 4

1.4.1 General objectives .................................................................................................................. 4

1.4.2 Specific Objectives of the study ............................................................................................ 4

1.5 Research Questions ................................................................................................................... 4

1.6 Scope of the study: .................................................................................................................... 4

1.7 Significance of the Study .......................................................................................................... 5

1.8 Operational definitions.............................................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 8

LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................... 8

2.1 Concepts and Definitions of micro-irrigation: .......................................................................... 8

2.1.1 Surface irrigation ................................................................................................................. 10

2.1.3 Manual irrigation: ................................................................................................................ 13

2.2 Economic Impact of micro irrigation and house holding income........................................... 13

2.3 Summary and conclusion ........................................................................................................ 15

CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 16

3.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 16

3.1 Research area .......................................................................................................................... 16

3.2 Research design ...................................................................................................................... 16

3.3 Research population ................................................................................................................ 17

3.4 Sample size ............................................................................................................................. 18

Table 3.4.1 population and sample size distribution..................................................................... 19

3.5 Sampling procedure ................................................................................................................ 19

3.6 Research instrument ................................................................................................................ 20

3.7 Research Quality ..................................................................................................................... 21

3.7.2 Validity ................................................................................................................................ 21

3.8 Data gathering procedures ...................................................................................................... 22

3.9 Data analysis ........................................................................................................................... 22

3.10 Limitations of the study ........................................................................................................ 23

3.11 Ethical considerations ........................................................................................................... 23

CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 25

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION .......................................................................... 25

4.0 introduction ............................................................................................................................. 25

4.1 Demographic characteristics of the respondents..................................................................... 25

CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 42

MAJORFINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................... 42

Date: _ / /________

Date: ______ /_ /____________