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Chapter 8 Slutsky Equation Pages 95-107 422-423
Chapter 8 Slutsky Equation Pages 95-107 422-423
Slutsky Equation
on an indifference curve diagram. blue line parallel to the red line or the black line that you drew before?
• Show the Hicks income and substitution effects of a price change on
an indifference curve diagram.
• Find the Slutsky income and substitution effects for special util Bananas
ity functions such as perfect substitutes, perfect complements, and
Cobb-Douglas. 40 ,--...,....-,.--r----r-----r-�--r----,
1--+----t-----------
decreases demand for the good whose price rose.
• Apply income and substitution effects to draw some inferences about 20
behavior.
10 t---+---t--+--+---t-+--t---1
8.1 {O) Gentle Charlie, vegetarian that he is, continues to consume
apples and bananas. His utility function is U(xA, XB) = XAXB. The price
of apples is $1, the price of bananas is $2, and Charlie's income is $40 a
day. The price of bananas suddenly falls to $1. 0 10 20 30 40
Apples
(a) Before the price change, Charlie consumed ___ _ apples and
bananas per day. On the graph below, use black ink to draw (e) The income effect of the fall in the price of bananas on Charlie's
Charlie's original budget line and put the label A on his chosen consump demand for bananas is the same as the effect of an (increase, decrease)
tion bundle. in his income of $,____ per day. Does the income
{b) If, after the price change, Charlie's income had changed so that he effect make him consume more bananas or less? ____ How many
could exactly afford his old consumption bundle, his new income would
more or how many less?__________________�
have been ___ With this income and the new prices, Charlie would
(/) Does. the substitution effect of the fall in the price of bananas make
consume ____ apples and ____ bananas. Use red ink to draw
the budget line corresponding to this income and these prices. Label the Charlie consume more apples or less? How many more or
bundle that Charlie would choose at this income and the new prices with
the letter B. less? ____ Does the income effect of the fall in the price of bananas
(c) Does the substitution effect of the fall in the price of bananas make make Charlie consume more apples or less? ____ What is the total
effect of the change in the price of bananas on the demand for apples?
him buy more bananas or less bananas? How many
more or less?_______________________
8.2 {O) Neville's passion is fine wine. When the prices of all other
goods are fixed at current levels, Neville's demand function for high
(d} After the price change, Charlie actually buys ___ apples and quality claret is q = .02m - 2p, where m is his income, p is the price
of claret (in British pounds), and q is the number of bottles of claret that
bananas. Use blue ink to draw Charlie's actual budget line he demands. Neville's income is 7,500 pounds, and the price of a bottle
after the price change. Put the label C on the bundle that he actually of suitable claret is 30 pounds.
chooses after the price change. Draw 3 horizontal lines on your graph, one
from A to the vertical axis, one from B to the vertical axis, and one from
C to the vertical axis. Along the vertical axis, label the income effect, the (a) How many bottles of claret will Neville buy?_________
substitution effect, and the total effect on the demand for bananas. Is the
98 SLUTSKY EQUATION (Ch. 8) NAME __________ 99
(b) If the price of claret rose to 40 pounds, how much income would Neville
have to have in order to be exactly able to afford the amount of claret y
and the amount of other goods that he bought before the price change?
40
At this income, and a price of 40 pounds, how many
20 -------------
0 10 20 30 40
(c) At his original income of 7,500 and a price of 40, how much claret X
would Neville demand?___________________
(b) If the price of X falls to $2.50, while income and the price of Y stay
constant, how much X will Zog consume?____________
(d) When the price of claret rose from 30 to 40, the number of bottles (c) How much income must be taken away from Zog to isolate the Hicksian
income and substitution effects (i.e., to make him just able to afford to
that Neville demanded decreased by ___ The substitution effect (in-
reach his old indifference curve at the new prices)?________
creased, reduced)____ his demand by ____ bottles and the
income effect (increased, reduced) ____ his demand by____ (d} The total effect of the price change is to change consumption from
the point ____ to the poin.,________________
(e) The income effect corresponds to the movement from the point
____ to the point ____ while the substitution effect corresponds
Delphiniums
40
30 t---+--t--t----t--t---+---+---t
20
10 t---+---t--t----t----+---+---t
0 10 20 30 40
Hollyhocks
(c) Now let the price of hollyhocks fall to $3 a unit, while the price of
delphiniums does not change. Draw her new budget line in black ink.
Draw the highest indifference curve that she can now reach with red ink.
Label the point she chooses now as B.
(d} How much would Maude's income have to be after the price of holly
hocks fell, so that she could just exactly afford her old commodity bundle
A?__________________________
(e) When the price of hollyhocks fell to $3, what part of the change in
Maude's demand was due to the income effect and what part was due to
8.4 {O) Maude spends all of her income on delphiniums and hollyhocks. the substitution effect?__________________
She thinks that delphiniums and hollyhocks are perfect substitutes; one
delphinium is just as good as one hollyhock. Delphiniums cost $4 a unit
and hollyhocks cost $5 a unit. 8.5 (1) Suppose that two goods are perfect complements. If the price
of one good changes, what part of the change in demand is due to the
(a) If the price of delphiniums decreases to $3.00 a unit, will Maude buy substitution effect, and what part is due to the income effect?____
more of them? ---- What part of the change in consumption is
due to the income effect and what part is due to the substitution effect?
8.6 (0) Douglas Cornfield's demand function for good xis x(px ,Py , m) =
2m/5Px · His income is $1,000, the price of x is $5, and the price of y is
(b) If the prices of delphiniums and hollyhocks are respectively Pd = $4 $20. If the price of x falls to $4, then his demand for x will change from
and Ph = $5 and if Maude has $120· to spend, draw her budget line in to______________________
blue ink. Draw the highest indifference curve that she can attain in red
ink, and label the point that she chooses as A.
102 SLUTSKY EQUATION (Ch. 8) NAME __________ 103
(a) If his income were to change at the same time so that he could exactly {a) In January, the price of cigarettes was $1 per pack, while ice cream
afford his old commodity bundle at Px = 4 and Py = 20, what would his cost $2 per pint. Faced with these prices, Mr. C bought 30 pints of ice
cream and 40 packs of cigarettes. Draw Mr. C's January budget line with
new income be? What would be his demand for x at this blue ink and label his January consumption bundle with the letter J.
new level of income, at prices Px = 4 and Py = 20?________
Ice cream
y
50
80 r---.------.---r-,----.-----.--,r--r---r----,--r---r--,----.--r---,
40
60
30
40 t---+--t---+-+---+--+---+-+--+--+�f--+--+---+-l----1
20
20 i---;--,---1r--t--t---t--t--+--+-+--+--+-+--+--+---I
10
(d} On the graph above, use black ink to draw a budget line with the new
{b} In February, Mr. C again had $100 to spend and ice cream still cost
?
prices but with an income that just allows Douglas to buy his old bundle,
A. Find the bundle that he would choose with this budget line and label $2 per pint, but the price of cigarettes rose to �1.25 per pack. Mr.
this bundle C. consumed 30 pints of ice cream and 32 packs of cigarettes. Draw �r. C s
February budget line with red ink and mark his February bundle w ith the
_
8.7 (1) Mr. Consumer allows himself to spend $100 per month on letter F. The substitution effect of this price change would make him buy
cigarettes and ice cream. Mr. C's preferences for cigarettes and ice cream
are unaffected by the season of the year. (less, more, the same amount of) ---- cigarettes and (less, more,
the same amount of) ____ ice cream. Since this is true and the
104 SLUTSKY EQUATION (Ch. 8)
NAME __________ 105
total change in his ice cream consumption was zero, it must be that the (a) Potato consumption was the same in both years. Real income must
income effect of this price change on his consumption of ice cream makes have gone up between 1850 and 1890, since the amount of food sta
him buy (more, less, the same amount of) ____ ice cream. The ples purchased, as measured by either the Laspeyres or the Paasche
income effect of this price change is like the effect of an (increase, decrease) quantity index, rose. The price of potatoes rose less rapidly than the
price of either meat or milk, and at about the same rate as the price
______ in his income. Therefore the information we have suggests of grain flour. So real income went up and the price of potatoes
went down relative to other goods. From this information, determine
that ice cream is a(n) (normal, inferior, neutral) ____ good. whether potatoes were most likely a normal or an inferior good. Ex-
plain your answer _____________________
(c) In March, Mr. C again had $100 to spend. Ice cream was on sale for $1
per pint. Cigarette prices, meanwhile, increased to $1.50 per pack. Draw
his March budget line with black ink. Is he better off than in January,
worse off, or can you not make such a comparison?______ How
does your answer to the last question change if the price of cigarettes had
increased to $2 per pack?__________________
(b) Can one also tell from these data whether it is likely that potatoes were
8.8 (1) This problem continues with the adventures of Mr. Consumer a Giffen good?_______________________
from the previous problem.
(a) In April, cigarette prices rose to $2 per pack and ice cream was still
on sale for $1 per pint. Mr. Consumer bought 34 packs of cigarettes and
32 pints of ice cream. Draw his April budget line with pencil and label
his April bundle with the letter A. Was he better off or worse off than in
January?______ Was he better off or worse off than in February,
8.10 (1) Agatha must travel on the Orient Express from Istanbul to
or can't one tell?_____________________ Paris. The distance is 1,500 miles. A traveler can choose to make any
fraction of the journey in a first-class carriage and travel the rest of the
{b) In May, cigarettes stayed at $2 per pack and as the sale on ice cream way in a second-class carriage. The price is 10 cents a mile for a second
ended, the price returned to $2 per pint. On the way to the store, how class carriage and 20 cents a mile for a first-class carriage. Agatha much
ever, Mr. C found $30 lying in the street. He then had $130 to spend prefers first-class to second-class travel, but because of a misadventure in
on cigarettes and ice cream. Draw his May budget with a dashed line. an Istanbul bazaar, she has only $200 left with which to buy her tickets.
Without knowing what he purchased, one can determine whether he is Luckily, she still has her toothbrush and a suitcase full of cucumber sand
better off than he was in at least one previous month. Which month or wiches to eat on the way. Agatha plans to spend her entire $200 on her
tickets for her trip. She will travel first-class as much as she can afford
months?_________________________ to, but she must get all the way to Paris, and $200 is not enough money
to get her all the way to Paris in first class.
{c) In fact, Mr. C buys 40 packs of cigarettes and 25 pints of ice cream
in May. Does he satisfy WARP?_______________
(a) On the graph below, use red ink to show the locus of combinations
of first- and second-class tickets that Agatha can just afford to purchase
8.9 (2) In the last chapter, we studied a problem involving food prices with her $200. Use blue ink to show the locus of combinations of first
and consumption in Sweden in 1850 and 1890. and second-class tickets that are sufficient to carry her the entire distance
from Istanbul to Paris. Locate the combination of first- and second-class
miles that Agatha will choose on your graph and label it A.
106 SLUTSKY EQUATION (Ch. 8) NAME __________ 107
exactly afford the combination of first- and second-class tickets that she
First-class miles would have purchased at the old prices. How much money did she lose?
1600 On the graph you started in the previous problem, use black
ink to draw the locus of combinations of first- and second-class tickets
that she can just afford after discovering her loss. Label the point that
1200 l---+--+--1---+--+--l--+----I she chooses with a C. How many miles will she travel by second class
now? __________________________
800 I---+--+-+--+---+--+--+--
(a) Finally, poor Agatha finds her handbag again. How many miles will
she travel by second class now (assuming she didn't buy any tickets before
400 t---+--+-+--+---+--+--+--1
she found her lost handbag)? ____ When the price of second-class
tickets fell from $.10 to $.05, how much of a change in Agatha's demand
0 400 800 1200 1600 for second-class tickets was due to a substitution effect? ____ How
Second-class miles
much of a change was due to an income effect? __________
(b) Let m1 be the number of miles she travels by first-class coach and m2
be the number of miles she travels by second-class coach. Write down two
equations that you can solve to find the number of miles she chooses to
travel by first-class coach and the number of miles she chooses to travel
by second-class coach.____________________
(c) The number of miles that she travels by second-class coach is,___
(d) Just before she was ready to buy her tickets, the price of second-class
tickets fell to $.05 while the price of first-class tickets remained at $.20.
On the graph that you drew above, use pencil to show the combinations
of first-class and second-class tic�ets that she can afford with her $200
at these prices. On your graph, locate the combination of first-class and
second-class tickets that she would now choose. (Remember, she is going
to travel as much first-class as she can afford to and still make the 1,500
mile trip on $200.) Label this point B. How many miles does she travel by
second class now? ____ (Hint: For an exact solution you will have
to solve two linear equations in two unknowns.) Is second-class travel a
8.11 {O} We continue with the adventures of Agatha, from the previous
problem. Just after the price change from $.10 per mile to $.05 per mile
for second-class travel, and just before she had bought any tickets, Agatha
misplaced her handbag. Although she kept most of her money in her sock,
the money she lost was just enough so that at the new prices, she could
Quiz8 NAM.___________ NAME _________ 423
(d) the fraction 1/4 of the change will be due to the income effect.
(e) the fraction 3/4 of the change will be due to the income effect.