Companion C2

8/16/2019 Upstream Proficiency Companion (2)11111
Companion
Virginia Evans - Jenny Dooley
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/upstream-proficiency-companion-211111 1/174
Original edition published by Express Publishing, 2002
Liberty House, New Greenham Park, Newbury, Berkshire RG19 6HW

Tel.: (0044) 1635 817 363 Fax: (0044) 1635 817 463
e-mail: inquiries@expresspublishing.co.uk
http://www.expresspublishing.co.uk
© Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley 2002
Design and Illustration © Express Publishing, 2002
Polish edition copyright © by EGIS
Redaktor prowadzący: Marta Kapera

Współpraca redakcyjna: Joanna Gołąb, Paweł Gruchała
Tłumaczenie: Maria Jodłowiec, Ewa Willim
Skład: Joanna Chodźko-Gwoździkowska
Naświetlanie: Lettra Graphic
Druk: Zakłady Graficzne „Drukarz”
This Polish edition is published by arrangement with Express Publishing
Made in EU
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, or by any
means, electronic, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the publishers.
Wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone. Żadna część tej pracy nie może być powielana,
czy rozpowszechniana w jakiejkolwiek formie w jakikolwiek sposób,
bądź elektroniczny, bądź mechaniczny, włącznie z fotokopiowaniem,
nagrywaniem na taśmy lub przy użyciu innych systemów, bez pisemnej
zgody wydawcy.
First published 2002
ISBN 960-361-595-1
This edition is published in 2005

Printed in Poland by EGIS
ul. Pilotów 71, 31-462 Kraków
e-mail: egis@egis.com.pl
www.egis.com.pl
ISBN 83-7396-134-8 (Polish edition)
Contents
A. Upstream Proficiency – Coursebook
Unit 1 Getting the Message Across ......................................................................................................... 5
Unit 2 The Happiest Days of Your Life? .................................................................................................. 17
Self-Assessment Module 1 ........................................................................................................................... 27
Unit 3 Extra! Extra! ................................................................................................................................ 30
Unit 4 Planes, Trains and Automobiles ................................................................................................... 44
Unit 5 The Science of Life ...................................................................................................................... 59
Unit 6 The Art of Entertainment ............................................................................................................ 72
Unit 7 Born to Win! ............................................................................................................................... 87
Unit 8 Respect! ...................................................................................................................................... 98
Self-Assessment Module 4 ......................................................................................................................... 109
Unit 9 Another Day, Another Dollar ..................................................................................................... 111
Unit 10 Our Planet, Our Home .............................................................................................................. 121

Self-Assessment Module 5 ......................................................................................................................... 133
Practice Test ............................................................................................................................................... 136
B. Upstream Proficiency – Workbook Glossary ................................................................................ 143
C. Index to the Vocabulary ..................................................................................................................... 153
.............................................................................................................................. 169
D. Key to Companion
Key to Phonetic Symbols – Wykaz symboli fonetycznych

Vowels and diphthongs – Samogłoski i dwugłoski
≤ calm, heart ø note, coat
± act, mass ¥ claw, faun
¡ drive, cry √ boy, joint
¡º fire, tyre µ could, stood
¬ out, down ∂ you, use
¬º flour, sour ∆ lure, pure
e met, lend ª turn, third
Ω say, weight ∑ fund, must
≈ fair, care º pierwsza samogłoska w słowie about
æ fit, win i druga samogłoska w słowie very
∞ feed, me u druga samogłoska w słowie actual
ƒ near, beard º druga samogłoska w słowach takich jak bottle
≥ lot, spot lub shorten, zanikająca w szybkiej wymowie
Consonants – Spółgłoski
b bed, rub s soon, bus
d done, red t talk, bet
f fit, if v van, love
g good, dog w win, wool
h hat, horse z zoo, buzz
j yellow, you « ship, wish
k king, pick » measure, leisure
l lip, bill … sing, working
m mat, ram ∏ cheap, witch
n not, tin ı thin, myth
p pay, lip ∫ then, bathe
r run, read π joy, bridge
r „r” łączące, występujące na końcu takich
wyrazów jak mother lub far, jeśli następuje
po nich samogłoska
Akcent główny oznaczony jest symbolem ` poprzedzającym akcentowaną sylabę (np. attic /`±tæk/), natomiast akcent poboczny
oznaczony jest symbolem ¿ poprzedzającym akcentowaną sylabę (np. disappoint /¿dæsº`p√nt/).
Abbreviations – Wykaz skrótów
abbr = abbreviation (skrót) pl = plural (liczba mnoga)

adj = adjective (przymiotnik) phr v = phrasal verb (czasownik złożony)
adv = adverb (przysłówek) prep = preposition (przyimek)
conj = conjunction (spójnik) pron = pronoun (zaimek)
excl = exclamation (wykrzyknik) sb = somebody (ktoś)
idm = idiom (idiom) sth = something (coś)
n = noun (rzeczownik) v = verb (czasownik)
Getting the Message Across 1

e.g. The sudden appearance of the new disease left
Listen, read and talk about (p. 6)
scientists groping for a cure.
1.1 literacy /`lætºrºsi/ (n) = the ability to read and write / 1.10 assault /º`s¥lt/ (n) = an attack / atak
umiejętność czytania i pisania e.g. The political candidate promised to launch
e.g. There is a great problem with literacy in third-world an assault against poverty if she were elected.
countries. 1.11 tedious /`t∞diºs/ (adj) = boring / uciążliwy, nużący
Der.: literate (adj) e.g. She was given the tedious task of entering lists
Opp.: illiteracy of numbers.
Opp.: interesting
Lead-in (p. 7)
1.12 quaint /kwΩnt/ (adj) = attractively unusual and old /
1.2 rank /r±…k/ (v) = to put in a particular class according staroświecki, osobliwy, urokliwy
to importance, value, ability / ustawić w kolejności e.g. During our tour of Europe we passed through
(np. od najbardziej do najmniej ważnego) quaint villages.
e.g. The academic titles mentioned in the book have 1.13 merchant vessel /`mªt«ºnt vesºl/ (n) = a ship used
been ranked in order of importance. in trade / statek handlowy
1.3 intrusive /æn`tr∂sæv/ (adj) = disturbing / irytujący, e.g. He travelled everywhere while working as a marine
denerwujący engineer on a merchant vessel.
e.g. One problem associated with fame is the intrusive 1.14 bear the flag = to display a flag on a ship /
presence of journalists and cameras in one’s private life. być pod banderą
Der.: intrude (v) e.g. Every ship on these waters has to bear the flag
1.4 versatile /`vªsºt¡l/ (adj) = having different uses / of its country of origin.
wielofunkcyjny 1.15 distress call /dæs`tres ¿k¥l/ (n) = a signal for help /
e.g. This versatile gadget is a valuable addition to any wezwanie pomocy
toolbox. e.g. The Titanic’s distress call was sent too late for help
Der.: versatility /vªsº`tilºti/ (n) to arrive on time.
1.5 customised paper /`k∑stºm¡zd ¿pΩpºr/ (n) = paper 1.16 adrift /º`dræft/ (adj) = not tied to anything, floating /
made according to one’s wishes / papeteria
wykonywana na indywidualne zamówienie dryfujący, znoszony przez prąd
e.g. Four shipwreck victims were found adrift on a raft
e.g. She always uses customised paper, which makes yesterday.
it a joy to read her letters. 1.17 launch /l¥nt«/ (v) = to set into water / spuścić na wodę
1.6 stranded /`str±ndid/ (adj) = helpless, unable to leave e.g. We watched from the quayside as the ship was
a place / nie mogący się skądś wydostać, zdany na launched into the sea.
własne siły 1.18 enduring /æn`djµºri…/ (adj) = continuing for a long
e.g. The holiday makers were stranded on the island time / ciągły, długotrwały
because of the storm. e.g. The 60s had an enduring influence on the British
1.7 transaction /tr±n`z±k«ºn/ (n) = a business deal / society.
transakcja 1.19 legacy /`legºsi/ (n) = sth that exists now because sth
e.g. For some strange reason my last transactions don’t else happened in the past / pozostałość, spuścizna
appear in my bank book. e.g. This polluted river is the legacy of the factories that
1.8 elaborate /æ`l±bºrºt/ (adj) = complicated and carefully used to remove their waste into it.
planned / skomplikowany, wyrafinowany 1.20 commonplace /`k≥mºnplΩs/ (adj) = ordinary, usual /
e.g. His elaborate answer to our question confused powszechny, pospolity
us even further. e.g. Internet cafés are now commonplace in most cities.
Opp.: simple Opp.: unusual, rare
1.21 relay /ræ`lΩ/ (v) = to receive a message and pass it on /
Reading (pp. 8–9)
przekazać (wiadomość)
1.9 grope /grøp/ (v) = to search with difficulty / e.g. The DJ read the note and relayed the news to his
szukać po omacku listeners.
Unit 1
1.22 prudence /`pr∂dºns/ (n) = good judgement / rozwaga, e.g. I don’t envision the building complex being
roztropność constructed before the set date.
e.g. He demonstrated a lack of prudence when he quit 1.34 gist /πæst/ (n) = the general meaning / główna myśl
his job before finding another one. e.g. The gist of his long speech was that the company
Der.: prudent (adj) must cut wages.
1.23 distorted /dæ`st¥tæd/ (adj) = (of a signal) unnatural 1.35 question stem /`kwest«ºn stem/ (n) = the main part
in appearance or sound / zniekształcony of a question / tekst pytania (bez odpowiedzi do
e.g. Our television was so old that its image was wyboru)
becoming more and more distorted. e.g. The question stem is located before the multiple
Der.: distortion (n), distort (v) choice answers.
1.24 infantry /`ænfºntri/ (n) = soldiers who fight on foot / 1.36 laborious /lº`b¥riºs/ (adj) = needing much effort /
piechota żmudny, mozolny
e.g. The infantry cautiously advanced through the open e.g. Cooking for a family of seven is a laborious task.
field. Opp.: easy
1.25 artillery /≤`tælºri/ (n) = soldiers trained to use large, 1.37 redundant /ræ`d∑ndºnt/ (adj) = no longer needed /
heavy weapons / artyleria zbędny, zbyteczny
e.g. He was a captain in the artillery before he retired. e.g. Due to automation many factory workers have
1.26 come out on top (idm) = to be more successful than become redundant.
others; to be in the first position / być górą, Der.: redundancy (n)
na pierwszym miejscu Opp.: essential
e.g. Our ice-cream company came out on top 1.38 neglect /næ`glekt/ (v) = to give no or little attention
by offering a delicious product. to / zaniedbać, lekceważyć
1.27 peck /pek/ (v) = to strike quickly and repeatedly e.g. The government has often neglected the country’s
(e.g. keys in a typewriter) / dosł. dziobać; tu: stukać new immigrants.
(np. w klawisze) Der.: neglectful (adj)
e.g. The secretary spent hours pecking; she had 1.39 strenuous /`strenjuºs/ (adj) = taking great effort,
to finish typing all the letters before the deadline. energy / wyczerpujący, forsowny
1.28 clatter /`kl±tºr/ (n) = a continuous noise caused e.g. Strenuous exercise should be avoided during heat
by objects hitting each other / brzęk waves.
e.g. You could hear a clatter of dishes and cutlery Der.: strenuously (adv)
coming from the kitchen. Opp.: light
1.29 inaugurate /æ`n¥gjµrΩt/ (v) = to introduce, start /
Language Focus (pp. 10–13)
inaugurować, dać początek
e.g. The introduction of free school lunches 1.40 beam /b∞m/ (v) = to give a big smile / uśmiechać się
inaugurated an era of better health for children. promiennie
Der.: inauguration (n) e.g. The contest winner was beaming with pride.
1.30 wire /w¡ºr/ (v) = to send a telegram / przesłać 1.41 glare /gl≈r/ (v) = to stare in an angry manner /
wiadomość telegraficznie piorunować kogoś wzrokiem, patrzeć gniewnie
e.g. We wired her sending her our condolences. e.g. When Mark spoke to his ex-girlfriend, Joanne
1.31 what hath God wrought! = (biblical quotation) glared at him across the room.
what has God done! / (cytat z Biblii) „Czegóż to 1.42 smirk /smªk/ (v) = to smile in an unpleasant manner
dokonał Bóg!“ because one is pleased with oneself / uśmiechać się
e.g. “What hath God wrought!” the man said looking z wyższością
at the soaring skyscraper. e.g. Lara smirked, knowing that she’d soon take her
1.32 recede /ræ`s∞d/ (v) = to move away from the central revenge.
position, to gradually disappear / zniknąć, zacząć 1.43 frown /fr¬n/ (v) = to draw one’s eyebrows together
zanikać because one is annoyed, puzzled, concentrating,
e.g. His enthusiasm for the job started to recede after etc / marszczyć brwi, patrzeć z dezaprobatą
only a few days of hard work in the office. e.g. She developed deep lines on her forehead from
1.33 envision /æn`væ»ºn/ (v) = to imagine sth as frowning all the time.
a possibility / przewidzieć, wyobrażać sobie
Unit 1
1.44 wince /wæns/ (v) = to tighten the muscles in the face e.g. There is a nook in my garden where I can sit and read
to show pain, distress, embarrassment / skrzywić się for hours.
z bólu, wzdrygnąć się 1.56 jack /π±k/ (n) = an electrical socket into which
e.g. He winced at the memory of his embarrassing phone lines are connected / gniazdko telefoniczne
behaviour the night before. e.g. We had telephone jacks installed in every room
1.45 retort /ræ`t¥t/ (v) = to reply quickly and angrily / of the house except the bathroom.
zaripostować, dawać słowną ripostę 1.57 niche /n∞«/ (n) = a hollow area in a wall used
e.g. The way she retorted left us all speechless. to display sth / nisza, wnęka
1.46 shrug /«r∑g/ (v) = to raise one’s shoulders slightly e.g. We decided to display the statue in the niche
to express doubt or lack of interest / wzruszyć in the hallway.
ramionami 1.58 void /v√d/ (n) = a large empty space / próżnia, pustka
e.g. The landlady shrugged when the police asked e.g. Our small motorboat moved slowly into the dark
if she knew the whereabouts of her last tenant. void.
1.47 abruptly /º`br∑ptli/ (adv) = suddenly, unexpectedly / 1.59 headset /`hedset/ (n) = a pair of small headphones
nagle, raptownie, ostro used for the telephone or listening to the radio /
e.g. The bus stopped abruptly when the traffic lights słuchawki
changed to red. e.g. Wearing a headset at work allows me to answer
Der.: abrupt (adj) the telephone and type at the same time.
1.48 profound /prº`f¬nd/ (adj) = very great, intense / 1.60 reel /r∞l/ (n) = a round object on which thread, wire,
głęboki, przemożny cinema film, etc can be wound / rolka, szpul(k)a
e.g. My drama teacher had a profound influence e.g. The camera operator inserted the second reel
on me in high school. of film.
Der.: profoundly (adv) 1.61 keypad /`k∞p±d/ (n) = a small set of buttons that
1.49 rousing /`r¬zæ…/ (adj) = exciting and encouraging / operate a modern telephone, calculator, etc /
porywający przyciski (np. na telefonie, kalkulatorze)
e.g. Her rousing speech on the survival of the planet e.g. She quickly punched in the phone number
touched the crowd. on the keypad and waited for an answer.
1.50 pertinent /`pªtænºnt/ (adj) = relevant / istotny, mający 1.62 switchboard /`swæt«b¥d/ (n) = a place in a company
ścisły związek z tematem where all the telephone calls are connected /
e.g. Since we didn’t have much time, I asked him centrala telefoniczna
the most pertinent questions. e.g. The switchboard was jammed with calls from
Der.: pertinence (n), pertinently (adv) outraged TV viewers.
Opp.: irrelevant 1.63 conventional /kºn`ven«ºnºl/ (adj) = usually used /
1.51 wall-mounted /`w¥l¿m¬ntæd/ (adj) = attached tradycyjny
to the wall / umocowany na ścianie e.g. When I moved to my flat I had enough room
e.g. There was a free-standing bookcase and several for a conventional cooker.
wall-mounted cupboards in the room. Der.: convention (n)
1.52 aerial /`≈riºl/ (n) = an antenna / antena Opp.: unconventional
e.g. We had to adjust our TV aerial to get better 1.64 retract /ræ`tr±kt/ (v) = to move back or in / wciągnąć,
reception. schować
1.53 thrust /ár∑st/ (v) = to push forcefully and suddenly / e.g. The wheels of the aeroplane were retracted after
wepchnąć take-off.
e.g. She thrust the car keys into my hand and told 1.65 recoil /ræ`k√l/ (v) = to suddenly move backwards /
me to drive quickly. cofnąć się odruchowo, odskoczyć
1.54 plug in /`pl∑g `æn/ (phr v) = to push the plug of e.g. She recoiled in disgust when Joe stepped forward
an electrical appliance into a socket so that to hug her.
it can work / włączyć do kontaktu 1.66 materialise /mº`tƒriºl¡z/ (v) = to suddenly become
e.g. We plugged in the Christmas tree lights and gazed visible / pojawić się niespodziewanie, wyłonić się znikąd
at the bright colours. e.g. As she looked out of her window, she saw a man
1.55 nook /nµk/ (n) = a quiet, small, sheltered space / materialise out of the fog.
zakątek, wnęka
Unit 1
1.67 contempt /kºn`tempt/ (n) = a feeling that sb or sth 1.80 piercing /`pƒsæ…/ (adj) = very high, sharp and clear
is not worthy of respect / pogarda in an unpleasant way / przenikliwy
e.g. I feel nothing but contempt for someone who e.g. I covered my ears when he let out a piercing
behaves so cruelly towards others. whistle.
1.68 menacingly /`menæsæ…li/ (adv) = in a threatening way / 1.81 yelp /jelp/ (n) = a sudden cry of fear, pain
groźnie or excitement / skowyt, skomlenie
e.g. ∆he school bully looked menacingly at the e.g. The dog let out a yelp of excitement and ran
frightened little boy. to greet his owner.
1.69 stern /stªn/ (adj) = serious, disapproving / srogi, 1.82 shriek /«ri:k/ (n) = a loud shout in a high voice, made
surowy when one is excited or frightened / wrzask, pisk
e.g. ∆he headmaster’s stern look told the students e.g. The child let out a shriek of delight when he saw
they were in trouble. all the Christmas presents.
1.70 scowl /sk¬l/ (v) = to look angrily at sb / popatrzeć 1.83 subtlety /`s∑tºlti/ (n) = a detail hardly noticeable but
gniewnie na kogoś important / drobny szczegół, subtelność
e.g. ∆he spoiled girl scowled at her nanny and threw e.g. What makes my sauce so delicious is the subtleties
down a vase. of flavour.
1.71 jeer /πæºr/ (v) = to laugh and shout rudely or 1.84 nuance /`nj∂≤ns/ (n) = a very slight difference
insultingly at sb/sth / wygwizdać, wyśmiać, wyszydzić in meaning or appearance / niuans
e.g. The crowd jeered at the speaker during the whole e.g. ∆he two example sentences showed the nuances
of her speech. between the synonyms.
1.72 simper /`sæmpºr/ (v) = to smile in a silly, unnatural 1.85 minimalist /`mænæmºlæst/ (adj) = (of a style) using
way / mizdrzyć się, uśmiechać się kokieteryjnie a small number of simple things / minimalistyczny
e.g. ∆he adoring fan simpered at her idol. e.g. She used a minimalist approach in furnishing her
Der.: simpering (adj), simperingly (adv) bedroom with only a bed.
1.73 growl /grøl/ (v) = to make a deep rough sound 1.86 verbose /vª`bøs/ (adj) = using more words than
in the throat, usually in anger / warknąć necessary / (o stylu) rozwlekły, (o osobie) gadatliwy
e.g. ∏e looked at the report and growled, “What e.g. He answered the student’s question in his usual
is this?” verbose manner.
1.74 munch /m∑nt«/ (v) = to chew food noisily / chrupać Der.: verbosity /vª`b≥sºti/ (n)
e.g. She munched on an apple while doing her 1.87 long-winded /¿l≥…`wændæd/ (adj) = saying too much
homework. in a boring way / rozwlekły, nużąco długi
1.75 mumble /`m∑mbºl/ (v) = to speak very quietly e.g. By the end of the speaker’s long-winded speech
and not clearly / mamrotać, mowić do siebie we were ready to go home.
e.g. Peter has a habit of mumbling in his sleep. 1.88 elongated /`∞l≥…gΩtæd/ (adj) = long and thin /
1.76 muddle /`m∑dºl/ (v) = to confuse, mix up things / pociągły, wydłużony
pomieszać, poplątać e.g. ∆he model’s elongated face on the painting bore
e.g. After years of knowing the identical twins, little resemblance to her.
I still muddle their names. 1.89 stretched-out /`stret«t¿¬t/ (adj) = held straight /
1.77 muster /`m∑stºr/ (v) = to gather, collect / zebrać wyciągnięty
(np. siły), zdobyć się na coś e.g. He begged for money with a stretched-out hand.
e.g. ∆he actress mustered all her courage and went 1.90 mutter /`m∑tºr/ (v) = to speak in a low voice not
to the audition. easily heard, usually to complain / mamrotać,
1.78 gape /gΩp/ (v) = to look in surprise (usually with mruczeć pod nosem
an open mouth) / gapić się z otwartymi ustami e.g. “∏e is an idiot,” she muttered to herself.
e.g. ∆he tourist gaped at the sight of the ancient 1.91 stutter /`st∑tºr/ (v) = to speak with difficulty
pyramids before her. in producing sounds / jąkać się
1.79 ogle /`øgºl / (v) = to look, especially at a woman, e.g. “∏-h-h-help...m-m-m-me,” she stuttered.
in a way that suggets sexual interest / patrzeć 1.92 splutter /`spl∑tºr/ (v) = to speak in a quick, confused
lubieżnie way producing short unclear sounds / bełkotać
e.g. Her boyfriend had a bad habit of ogling women, e.g. “But-but what do you mean?” he spluttered.
which always made her jealous.
Unit 1
1.93 pitch /pæt«/ (n) = the height of a speaking voice 1.106 lounge suit /`l¬nπ s∂t/ (n) = a suit of matching
or musical note / ton jacket and trousers, sometimes worn for a special
e.g. The high pitch of her voice was annoying. occasion / garnitur (wizytowy)
1.94 striking /`str¡kæ…/ (adj) = very noticeable or unusual / e.g. ∏is lounge suit was too casual for the Mayor’s
rzucający się w oczy, uderzający, znamienny reception.
e.g. I spotted her striking pink hair in the crowd. 1.107 tie-dye /`t¡d¡/ (adj) = (of an article of clothing)
1.95 premises /`premæsæz/ (n pl) = the land and buildings that made by tying knots in it and dyeing it /
a business or institution occupies / siedziba, lokal farbowany nierównomiernie
e.g. Alcohol cannot be sold on the premises. e.g. Don’t my tie-dye trousers remind you of the 60s?
1.96 in jest = not seriously / żartem 1.108 pin-striped /`pænstr¡pt/ (adj) = (of a fabric) with very
e.g. ∏is comments about quitting the rock band were narrow lines / prążkowany
not said in jest; he was sincere. e.g. She wore a smart pin-striped suit to the company
1.97 not to mince one’s words (idm) = to say things meeting.
directly to sb even if they can hurt or offend 1.109 trench coat /`trent« køt/ (n) = a long loose raincoat
them / nie owijać w bawełnę with pockets and a belt / trencz
e.g. She didn’t mince her words, but called his idea e.g. She put on her trench coat because it was pouring
“ludicrous.” with rain.
1.98 on the tip of one’s tongue (idm) = used when one 1.110 bomber jacket /`b≥mº π±kæt/ (n) = a short jacket
is trying hard to remember sth / na końcu języka gathered at the waist or hips / krótka dopasowana
e.g. “Oh! ∏is name is on the tip of my tongue!” kurtka (zwykle skórzana)
1.99 be all ears (idm) = to be ready and eager to listen e.g. ∆he bomber jacket I bought last year doesn’t seem
to sb / zamienić się w słuch stylish any more.
e.g. “π am all ears,” she said and sat on the chair 1.111 baggy cords /`b±gi k¥dz/ (n pl) = loose fitting
waiting to hear what I had to say. trousers made of corduroy fabric / luźne
1.100 mutual acquaintance /`mj∂t«uºl º`kwΩntºns/ (n) (workowate) sztruksy
= sb who is known by two or more people / e.g. ∆hese baggy cords are perfect for autumn
wspólny znajomy and winter weather.
e.g. Paul and I met through John, who was a mutual 1.112 negligible /`neglæπæbºl/ (adj) = too small to be
acquaintance. worthy of attention / nieistotny, bez znaczenia
1.101 run for Parliament = to attempt to be elected e.g. ∆he damage to the car was so negligible
to Parliament / stawać do walki o miejsce I hadn’t even noticed it.
w parlamencie 1.113 posture /`p≥st«ºr/ (n) = the way in which sb usually
e.g. ∞fter years of being interested in politics, holds their body / postawa
she decided to run for Parliament. e.g. When she improved her posture her back pain
1.102 keep sth under one’s hat (idm) = not to divulge disappeared.
information / trzymać coś w tajemnicy 1.114 multi-lingual /¿m∑ltæ`læ…gwºl/ (adj) = of many
e.g. π hope you will keep the information under your languages / wielojęzyczny
hat. e.g. ªulti-lingual employees would be an asset to our
1.103 mum’s the word (idm) = used to tell sb or to agree business.
that sth must be kept secret / cicho sza 1.115 lingua franca /¿læ…gwº `fr±…kº/ (n) = a shared language
e.g. “∆hanks for listening to me. And don’t forget, of communication / lingua franca (wspólny język
mum’s the word.” używany jako środek porozumiewania się przez osoby,
1.104 in strictest confidence = secretly / w głębokiej dla których nie jest on językiem ojczystym)
tajemnicy e.g. English is slowly becoming the lingua franca
e.g. ∏e told me in strictest confidence about his of the world.
troubled conscience. 1.116 linguist /`læ…gwæst/ (n) = a person who studies
Listening and Speaking (pp. 14–15) languages or the way they work / językoznawca
e.g. ∆he linguist on the TV programme discussed
1.105 scruffy /`skr∑fi/ (adj) = dirty or untidy / niechlujny the similarities between languages.
e.g. When we found our family pet, she was scruffy 1.117 rivalry /`r¡vºlri/ (n) = competition / rywalizacja,
from living on the streets. konkurencja
Unit 1
e.g. ∂ver since their youth, there has been rivalry e.g. The concept of flying has always intrigued man.
between the two sisters. Der.: intrigued (adj), intriguing (adj),
Der.: rival (n) intriguingly (adv)
1.118 exemplify /æg`zemplæf¡/ (v) = to be a typical example 1.129 indestructible /¿ændæ`str∑ktæbºl/ (adj) = impossible
of / ilustrować, być przykładem to destroy / niezniszczalny
e.g. These recipes exemplify what is referred e.g. ªy playful dog needs indestructible toys.
to as healthy Mediterranean cooking. Der.: indestructibly (adv)
Der.: exemplification (n) 1.130 subscriber /sºb`skr¡bºr/ (n) = a person who makes
1.119 get across /`get º`kr≥s/ (phr v) = to make sth regular payments to receive a service / subskrybent,
understood / przekazać (tak, że słuchacz zrozumie, abonent
o co chodzi) e.g. ∆he cable TV subscribers complained about the
e.g. From the look on people’s faces, she knew she was price increase.
getting her ideas across. Der.: subscribe (v), subscription (n)
1.131 segment /`segmºnt/ (n) = a section; any of the parts
Reading (pp. 16–17)
into which sth is divided / sektor, gałąź, część
1.120 think tank /`ıæ…k t±…k/ (n) = a group of experts e.g. Women make up the larger segment of the
brought together to provide solutions to population.
problems / zespół ekspertów Der.: segmented (adj), segmentation (n)
e.g. The education think tank considered the various 1.132 amid /º`mæd/ (prep) = in the middle of; among /
problems found in bilingual schools. pośród
1.121 armoured /`≤mºd/ (adj) = equipped with sth that e.g. ∆he once happy child found himself amid a bitter
provides protection / zbrojny, opancerzony custody battle.
e.g. The diplomat travelled everywhere in an armoured 1.133 constellation /¿k≥nstº`lΩ«ºn/ (n) = a group of similar
car. things or people / plejada, gwiazdozbiór
1.122 wiring /`w¡ºræ…/ (n) = a system of wires that supplies e.g. There was a constellation of film directors at the
electricity to a building / instalacja elektryczna International Film Festival.
e.g. ∆he power failure was due to faulty wiring. 1.134 get into the act = to participate in sth that was
1.123 vulnerable /`v∑lnºrºbºl/ (adj) = easily attacked, started by sb else, especially for one’s own
harmed or hurt / narażony na niebezpieczeństwo benefit / przyłączyć się, dołączyć
e.g. Small children are especially vulnerable e.g. ¡ow that our business is doing well, many friends
to diseases. want to get into the act.
Der.: vulnerability (n) 1.135 blistering pace /`blæstºræ… `pΩs/ (n) = a great speed /
1.124 conceivable /kºn`s∞vºbºl/ (adj) = possible / możliwy zawrotne tempo
(do wyobrażenia), wyobrażalny e.g. The cyclist set off at a blistering pace
e.g. πãve searched in every conceivable place and took the lead.
for the CD, but I canãt find it. 1.136 upgrade /¿∑p`grΩd/ (v) = to improve / unowocześnić,
Der.: conceivably (adv), conceive (v) podnieść standard
Opp.: inconceivable e.g. Charity donations enabled the hospital to upgrade
1.125 reduce to tatters = to destroy / zniszczyć, rozerwać its facilities.
na strzępy 1.137 confederation /kºn¿fedº`rΩ«ºn/ (n) = a union
e.g. The washing machine reduced the delicate sweater of smaller groups, especially established for
to tatters. business or political reasons / związek, stowarzyszenie
1.126 node /nød/ (n) = a point where one thing joins e.g. Since it joined the confederation, our small
another / węzeł clothing company has expanded its exports.
e.g. The network consisted of more than 1,500 nodes. 1.138 mere /mæºr/ (adj) = nothing more than / zaledwie, jedynie
1.127 wind /w¡nd/ (v) = to follow a curving or twisting e.g. The beach was a mere 200 metres from our rented
course / wić się, posuwać się krętą drogą room.
e.g. ∆he path winds through the forest and ends 1.139 ferocious /fº`rø«ºs/ (adj) = extremely quick /
at the stream. tu: gwałtowny
1.128 intrigue /æn`tr∞g/ (v) = to fascinate, to interest greatly
especially by being unusual / intrygować
10
Unit 1
e.g. The ferocious growth of the industry surprised e.g. πt seems his new income has warped his usual
everyone. sense of judgement.
Der.: ferociously (adv), ferocity /fº`r≥sºti/ (n) 1.150 federally subsidised /`fedºrºli `s∑bsæd¡zd/ (adj)
1.140 bear little resemblance = to be barely similar / = given money by the government to cover
nie być podobnym, mieć mało wspólnego the cost of sth / rządowy, finansowany przez rząd
e.g. The new film bears little resemblance federalny
to the wonderful book. e.g. Immigrants are encouraged to take federally
1.141 seething /’s∞∫æ…/ (adj) = here: rapid, uncontrollable / subsidised language courses.
tu: gwałtowny, niepohamowany 1.151 stumbling /`st∑mblæ…/ (adj) = here: unsteady /
e.g. The seething expansion of the gang’s illegal niepewny, mogący w każdej chwili się zmienić
activities was stopped by the CIA. e.g. After years of financial instability, the company
Der.: seethe (v) is slowly achieving a stumbling balance.
1.142 fungal /f∑…gºl/ (adj) = here: growing rapidly and 1.152 high-capacity /¿h¡kº`p±sæti/ (adj) = able to do sth
suddenly / tu: gwałtownie rozprzestrzeniający się to a great degree; powerful / o wielkiej pojemności,
e.g. The fungal development of the disease surprised wysokowydajny
everyone. e.g. The new high-capacity engines of our racing cars
Der.: fungus (n) should bring us more victories.
1.143 grim /græm/ (adj) = unpleasant, depressing / ponury 1.153 backbone /`b±kbøn/ (n) = the principal support
e.g. The grim weather made me want to stay at home. or most substantial element of a group / trzon,
Der.: grimly (adv) filar
1.144 command grid /kº`m≤nd ¿græd/ (n) = the main system e.g. √ur manager is the backbone of the firm.
of electric wires which distributes power over 1.154 lord it over sb (idm) = to gain advantage or achieve
a large area / centralna sieć (np. energetyczna, dominance over sth / przewyższyć, zdominować
telekomunikacyjna) e.g. Big corporations can lord it over small businesses.
e.g. There was a breakdown in the electric command 1.155 domain /dø`mΩn/ (n) = an area of knowledge
grid of the city. or interest / dziedzina
1.145 jumbled /`d»∑mbºld/ (adj) = mixed up and not e.g. ∏e was a great influence in the domain
in order / pomieszany, w nieładzie of architecture.
e.g. The books and CDs were lying jumbled 1.156 barge in /`b≤π `æn/ (phr v) = to enter or interrupt
on the bookshelf. forcefully and rudely / wtrącać się
1.146 discourse marker /`dæsk¥s `m≤kºr/ (n) = a reference e.g. ∏e barged in on our conversation without even
word, time word or linking word which shows introducing himself.
how discourse is constructed / wskaźnik organizacji 1.157 mull over /`m∑l `øvºr/ (phr v) = to think about
tekstu or consider sth carefully for a while / rozmyślać
e.g. ∞ successful composition should include nad czymś
appropriate discourse markers. e.g. π think I’ll need a few days to mull over your
1.147 cohesion /kø`h∞»ºn/ (n) = unity of the text based on proposal.
its surface elements, such as the linking words / 1.158 daring /`d≈ræ…/ (adj) = bold in a new or unusual
spójność, zwartość way / śmiały, odważny
e.g. I don’t know what ”it” in line 4 refers to; this essay e.g. ∆hey were slightly shocked at my daring
lacks cohesion. suggestion.
1.148 coherence /kø`hƒrºns/ (n) = a clear and logical Der.: daringly (adv)
connection between different parts 1.159 supersede /¿s∂pº`s∞d/ (v) = to replace / zastąpić,
of a speech, text, etc / logiczna spójność, sprawny, wyprzeć
składny wywód e.g. ªÔst of the old road has been superseded
e.g. She was an inexperienced speaker; there wasn’t by a motorway.
any coherence in her arguments. 1.160 censor /`sensºr/ (n) = sb appointed to examine the
Der.: coherent (adj) media and remove anything considered offensive
Opp.: incoherence or politically inappropriate / cenzor
1.149 warp /w¥p/ (v) = to change or influence in a bad e.g. Such bad language will never be approved
way / wypaczyć, wykoślawić by the censors.
11
Unit 1
1.161 stockholder /`st≥khøldºr/ (n) = sb who owns 1.172 notion /`nø«ºn/ (n) = a belief or idea / pojęcie, pogląd
shares/stocks of a company / akcjonariusz e.g. I had only a vague notion of her background.
e.g. The public jumped at the chance of becoming Der.: notional (adj)
stockholders of the prosperous company. 1.173 off the hook = (of a telephone receiver) not put
1.162 toss /t≥s/ (v) = to throw lightly and carelessly / rzucić back correctly / źle odwieszony
e.g. ∏e tossed the ball of paper into the fire. e.g. The phone’s been busy for hours; it must be
off the hook.
English in Use (pp. 18–21)
1.174 technophobe /’teknºfºµb/ (n) = sb who is afraid
1.163 outgoings /`¬tgøæ…z/ (n pl) = financial expenses / of new developments in technology and tries
wydatki to avoid using new inventions / osoba bojąca się
e.g. ªy monthly outgoings on rent and food take up postępu technicznego
most of my salary. e.g. He’s such a technophobe; he’d never use a mobile
1.164 cleanse /klenz/ (v) = to clean thoroughly / oczyścić phone even in an emergency.
e.g. You must cleanse your face properly before going 1.175 fad /f±d/ (n) = a fashion or interest which is not
to bed. likely to last / chwilowa moda
Der.: cleanser (n), cleansing (adj) e.g. Years ago, people believed that television was just
1.165 strike /str¡k/ (v) = to cause sb to have a feeling a fad.
or idea about sth / zrobić wrażenie na kimś, zdumieć 1.176 encroachment /æn`krøt«mºnt/ (n) = intrusion on the
e.g. I was struck by how well she dealt with her father’s rights, property, etc of another person / naruszenie
death. e.g. The UN inspectors found proof of many
Der.: striking (adj), strikingly (adv) encroachments on human rights.
1.166 commend /kº`mend/ (v) = to praise / chwalić 1.177 dignified /`dægnæf¡d/ (adj) = worthy of respect due
e.g. Her article on Byzantine history was highly to calmness, seriousness, grace and control /
commended. pełen godności
Der.: commendable (adj), commendably (adv), e.g. Following her defeat, the presidential candidate
commendation (n) gave a dignified speech.
1.167 assert /º`sªt/ (v) = to make others recognise sth 1.178 tumble /`t∑mbºl/ (v) = to decrease rapidly in value
by behaving firmly and confidently / or amount / gwałtownie spaść
zamanifestować (prawo do czegoś)
e.g. ∆he students asserted their right to participate e.g. ∆he corporation’s share prices tumbled prior to its
take-over.
in university decisions. 1.179 turmoil /`tªm√l/ (n) = a state of confusion,
Der.: assertive (adj), assertion (n), assertively (adv), uncertainty or disorder / zamieszanie, wrzenie
assertiveness (n) e.g. After twenty years, her marriage is in turmoil.
1.168 electrify /æ`lektræf¡/ (v) = to make sb feel excited / 1.180 prospective /prº`spektæv/ (adj) = future or possible /
zelektryzować, zachwycić (np. publiczność) przyszły, potencjalny
e.g. He electrified the audience with his acting e.g. All prospective candidates must send in
performance. an application and undergo an interview .
1.169 mischief /`mæst«æf/ (n) = behaviour which does slight 1.181 cellular phone /¿seljµlº `føn/ (n) = (American
damage, but is not intended to do serious harm / English) a mobile phone / telefon komórkowy
psota, figiel e.g. He turned off his cellular phone as soon as he
e.g. ∞ recreation centre would be a good way to keep entered the cinema.
children busy and away from mischief. 1.182 will /wæl/ (n) = a legal document in which sb states
Der.: mischievous (adj), mischievously (adv) what should be done with their money and
1.170 convey /kºn`vΩ/ (v) = to communicate sth to sb / property after their death / testament
przekazać, wyrazić e.g. She had a new will drawn up, disinheriting her
e.g. ∆he poet was able to convey his innermost feelings spoiled son.
through his work. 1.183 run-down /¿r∑n`daµn/ (adj) = in very poor
1.171 corporate /`k¥pºrºt/ (adj) = relating to a business condition / podupadły, zniszczony
or company / dotyczący spółki, firmy, przedsiębiorstwa e.g. ∆he flourishing part of the city was once
e.g. ∏e is a corporate lawyer, working for such a run-down area.
companies as Sony.
12
Unit 1
1.184 appalling /º`p¥li…/ (adj) = so bad or unpleasant e.g. πf the government reduced unnecessary
that itãs shocking / przerażający, potworny bureaucracy, many matters would be solved
e.g. ∏e ‘s such an appalling driver, I ‘d never go in a car at a much faster rate.
with him. 1.197 civil service minister /`sævæl sªvæs `mænæstºr/ (n)
Der.: appallingly (adv) = the minister responsible for the various
1.185 retain /ræ`tΩn/ (v) = to keep sth / utrzymać, zachować government departments and employees /
e.g. She retained a healthy attitude during difficult szef administracji państwowej
times. e.g. As civil service minister, he initiated state-funded
1.186 in succession = following one after the other; counselling services for the unemployed.
in a row / pod rząd 1.198 overhaul /`øvºh¥l/ (n) = a complete examination
e.g. ∆he estate agent sold four homes in succession. with necessary changes / przegląd
1.187 revelation /revº`lΩ«ºn/ (n) = sth which is made e.g. Organisations demanded a complete overhaul
known, especially sth surprising / rewelacja of international child protection laws.
e.g. During his candid TV interview, he made a few 1.199 state form /`stΩt f¥m/ (n) = an official document
shocking revelations. containing questions and spaces for answers /
1.188 smash into sth /`sm±«/ (v) = to go, drive or hit oficjalny formularz urzędowy
forcefully against sth solid; to crash into sth / e.g. ªany state forms including income tax forms
roztrzaskać się na czymś, uderzyć w coś are now a lot easier to fill out than ten years ago.
e.g. The driver smashed his car into the brick wall. 1.200 jargon /`π≤gºn/ (n) = technical words and
1.189 render /`rendºr/ (v) = to cause sb to be in a particular expressions used by particular groups of people
state / uczynić kogoś (np. niezdolnym do czegoś, and hard to understand / żargon
bezbronnym) e.g. ∆he lawyers’ argument was difficult to follow
e.g. ∏er lack of sympathy rendered me speechless with all the legal jargon they used.
and angry. 1.201 act upon /`±kt º`p≥n/ (phr v) = to take action
1.190 pen /pen/ (v) = to write / napisać, skreślić parę słów as a result of sth / działać na podstawie czegoś
e.g. She sat in the moonlight and penned a verse e.g. ∞cting upon the article I had read, I asked
in her poetry book. my doctor for her professional opinion.
1.191 missive /`mæsæv/ (n) = a letter which is official, long 1.202 premise /`premæs/ (n) = a statement or idea on which
or humorous / pismo, list sth is based / założenie, przesłanka
e.g. She wrote a ten-page missive on the benefits e.g. ∆he basic premise of my psychological therapy
of a single-gender office and gave it to her boss. is that the origin of a particular behaviour isn’t
1.192 scribe /skr¡b/ (n) = a person who made copies important.
of documents before printing was invented / 1.203 pivotal /`pævºtºl/ (adj) = central and important /
skryba, pisarz decydujący, zasadniczy
e.g. ∆he Egyptian scribe wrote the words of his pharaoh e.g. ∆he UN played a pivotal role in the peace talks
on papyrus. between the governments.
1.193 cite /s¡t/ (v) = to quote sth; to mention sth Writing (pp. 22–26)
as an example / cytować, wymienić
e.g. ∆he UN cited several countries which should be 1.204 tremendously /trº`mendºsli/ (adv) = extremely /
held accountable for their human rights violations. niezwykle, wyjątkowo
1.194 epistolatory /e`pæst≥lºtri/ (adj) = written in the form e.g. She’s a tremendously well-organised person
of letters / epistolarny, listowny and that’s what helps her in this hectic job.
e.g. Her novel was written in epistolatory form. 1.205 indispensable /¿ændæ`spensºbºl/ (adj) = absolutely
1.195 tuition /tju`æ«ºn/ (n) = instruction, esp. of individuals essential / niezbędny, konieczny
or small groups / nauka, zajęcia w małych grupach e.g. ∆his book is an indispensable guide for anyone
e.g. Not many families can afford to give their children wishing to discover the hidden beauties of Italy.
private tuition. 1.206 drop /dr≥p/ (v) = to omit sb or sth / opuścić, pominąć
1.196 bureaucracy /bjµº`r≥krºsi/ (n) = all the official rules e.g. ∆he star footballer was dropped from the list
and procedures of an organisation, especially of players going to the World Cup Championship.
complicated and time-consuming ones / biurokracja 1.207 purist /`pjµºræst/ (n) = a person who is against any
13
Unit 1
incorrect or unconventional use of language / 1.211 inclusion /æn`kl∂»ºn/ (n) = the act of making a person
purysta or thing part of sth else / włączenie
e.g. Some purists have complained that slang is being e.g. ∆he inclusion of meals will increase the hotel price
used far too often in writing. by í100.
Der.: purism (n) 1.212 thought-provoking /`ı¥tprºvøkæ…/ (adj) = causing
1.208 abbreviation /º¿br∞vi`Ω«ºn/ (n) = a shortened form people to think seriously about certain matters /
of a word / skrót dający do myślenia
e.g. ∆Ô save space, write the abbreviation UN for the e.g. We agreed that the German film was difficult
United Nations. yet thought-provoking.
1.209 deprive of /dæ`pr¡v ºv/ (phr v) = to take sth away 1.213 columnist /`k≥lºmnæst/ (n) = a person who writes
from sb / pozbawić a regular article for a newspaper or magazine /
e.g. War always deprives children of the innocence felietonista
of their youth. e.g. She is a fashion columnist for the Montreal
Der.: deprived (adj), deprivation (n) Gazette.
1.210 take (all) precautions = to do sth in advance to secure 1.214 light-hearted /¿l¡t`h≤tæd/ (adj) = not serious;
oneself or to avoid problems / przedsięwziąć środki amusing and entertaining / radosny, beztroski,
ostrożności niefrasobliwy
e.g. You must take all precautions to protect this e.g. The company president ended the evening
library against fire. with a light-hearted speech.
1.215 colloquial /kº`løkwiºl/ (adj) = informal and
conversational, more suitable for speech
than writing / potoczny, kolokwialny
e.g. “Cop“ is a colloquial word for “police officer.“
Der.: colloquially (adv), colloquialism (n)
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
A Wybierz odpowiedni wyraz.
1 The new hospital was .......... last week with a lovely 5 New strains of the illness have .......... the once effective
ceremony in the grounds. medicine useless.
A praised C launched A rendered C envisioned
B inaugurated D upgraded B struck D materialised
2 Many magazine .......... have been complaining of its slow 6 His .......... plan was deemed too costly and complicated
delivery. to execute.
A censors C recipients A verbose C long-winded
B administrators D subscribers B elaborate D elongated
3 The air force captain .......... the pilots only minutes 7 I feel only a(n) .......... respect for a person of such dignity
before their secret mission. and humanity.
A projected C briefed A profound C thought-provoking
B conveyed D relayed B rousing D enlightening
4 Our high school teacher encouraged our animated .......... 8 Because the tabloid reporter’s story didn’t give any
concerning human cloning. concrete facts, it was .......... as a wild rumour.
A negotiation C discussion A neglected C dropped
B transaction D conference B dismissed D rejected
14
Unit 1
9 The result of the company’s restructuring was that many 10 The astronomer spent weeks studying the new .......... in
workers were made .......... . the northern sky.
A redundant C negligible A constellation C confederation
B inferior D vulnerable B embrace D inclusion
B Wpisz w luki właściwe wyrazy z listy.

ñ premises ñ conceivable ñ overhauled ñ tedious ñ intrusive ñ outgoings ñ cited ñ encroachment ñ superseded ñ distorted
1 The environmentalist ..................... a 3% decrease in 7 The city’s old trams have been ..................... by new
rubbish as evidence that recycling in the home works. models with wheelchair access.
2 It’s difficult to escape from the constant questions of my 8 The company will decrease its ..................... by cutting
..................... next-door neighbours. down on the number of business trips.
3 During the graduation ceremony, we had to sit through 9 This beach remains unspoiled because of the measures
a few ..................... speeches. that have been taken to protect it against .....................
4 Can anyone understand those ................ announcements by property developers.

made in trains or the underground? 10 The Ministry of Education has recently ..................... the
5 This charming shop makes its own fresh pasta on the school curriculum and parents are still trying to
..................... . comprehend the changes.
6 It is ................... he had enough time during the break to
search through everyone’s personal files before they
returned.
C Uzupełnij luki jednym wyrazem.
1 4
Part of next year’s funds will be allotted to making The pain from her ear infection was almost more than she
a football ..................... on the school field. could ..................... .
The Italian tenor’s voice reached an unexpected high My children ..................... both mine and my husband’s
..................... during the opera. surnames.
The hot ..................... was poured and spread onto the In the opening scene of the play, the two main characters
roof of our house. ..................... a crate into the room and place it in the
middle of the floor.
2 Their friendship provided a solid ..................... for their
marriage. 5 We had a(n) ..................... in the middle of the Nevada
desert and it took hours to get the bus fixed.
All the funds raised by our ..................... go to various
animal causes. This sheet gives a(n) ..................... of the budgetary
There was no ..................... to the accusation he had needs of our school.

made. Her poor mother had an emotional .....................
following the death of her husband.
3 Invertebrate creatures such as the worm and octopus do
not have a(n) ..................... .
The small businesses in this city are in fact its economic
..................... .
Dan doesn’t have the ..................... to tell his superior
what he honestly believes.
15
Unit 1
D Uzupełnij brakujący fragment, wpisując łącznie z wyrazem podanym tłustym drukiem od 3 do 8 słów, tak aby wyrazić to samo
znaczenie. Nie zmieniaj podanego wyrazu.
1 Modernisation is the only way to be in first position. 4 Sam has not accepted that his mother has died.
out The only way ..................................... come Sam ...................................................
........................................ modernise. ............................................... death.
2 Keeping quiet about this for a few days would be greatly 5 There were hardly any similarities between our hotel and
appreciated. the one advertised in the brochure.
under I’d appreciate it ................................. little Our hotel ...........................................
.................................. for a few days. to the one advertised in the brochure.
3 It was hard for Pam to explain her ideas to her audience.
across Pam had difficulties ...........................
................................ to her audience.
E Wpisz w luki wyrazy utworzone od słów podanych wielkimi literami.
With the rise in 1) ........................... of electronic communication, there has also been a POPULAR
significant rise in the theft of mobile phones. It seems that the 2) ........................... of these VERSATILE
devices – what makes them so popular – is also what makes them so attractive to thieves.
So now the same technology that is used to make mobiles more sophisticated is being
applied to protecting them. One 3) ........................... idea involves putting a tiny camera in the INTRIGUE
screen. When someone calls a number that is not in your mobile’s memory, the telephone takes
their picture and sends it on to your home computer. If your mobile is stolen, you can then
send the thief’s photograph directly to the police.
Another 4) ........................... idea involves the use of GPS technology, allowing the phone COMMEND
company to pinpoint exactly where your phone is at any given time and leading you or the
police directly to the thief.
In an 5) ........................... use of the text message, there is a scheme whereby the police CONVENTION
send as SMS message to the stolen phone every three to five minutes saying, “Warning, this
is a stolen telephone.” Although this may not help you get your mobile back, it will make it
more difficult for the thief to sell it.
Other advances in security include dedicated phone chargers which will only fit a particular
phone, special chips that de-activate the phone if it is taken away from its owner, and a range
of alarms that let out 6) ........................... sounds. PIERCE
And it is not 7) ........................... that manufacturers might one day produce low-cost CONCEIVE
models, perhaps even disposable ones, that are not so tempting for thieves.
Until such a day, there are a number of things you can do to reduce your 8) ......................... . VULNERABLE
Always keep your mobile with you and don’t leave it behind in taxis, in restaurants or on the
beach. As 9) ........................... obvious as this sounds, a huge number of people lose their STRIKE
phones in this way. Next, you should exercise 10) ........................... when making calls in PRUDENT
crowded places – don’t make it obvious that you are carrying an expensive piece of equipment.
Keep a record of your serial numbers and, if all of this fails and your phone is stolen, make sure
you tell your service provider to block your calls. Being 11) ........................... of your precious DEPRIVE
mobile is bad enough, but having to pay someone else’s bill will only add insult to injury.
16
The Happiest Days of Your Life? 2

2.12 stunned /st∑nd/ (adj) = extremely surprised / osłupiały,
Lead-in (p. 27)
oniemiały
2.1 foundation /faµn`dΩ«ºn/ (n) = a basis of sth / fundament, e.g. His sudden departure left me totally stunned.
podstawa 2.13 livid /`lævæd/ (adj) = extremely angry / wściekły
e.g. He considered his upbringing the foundation of his e.g. He was absolutely livid about the damage done
success. to his car.
2.2 civics /`sævæks/ (n) = a study of the rights and duties 2.14 curt /kªt/ (adj) = abrupt and rather rude / oschły,
of citizens / wiedza o społeczeństwie szorstki
e.g. Jim has always excelled at civics and knows more e.g. ∆he waiter was rather curt and unhelpful.
about human rights than any other student. Der.: curtly (adv), curtness (n)
2.3 interpersonal /¿æntº`pªsºnºl/ (adj) = concerning 2.15 begrudging /bæ`gr∑πæ…/ (adj) = reluctant, unwilling /
relationships between people / interpersonalny, niechętny
międzyludzki e.g. He expressed only a begrudging consent to their
e.g. The job applicant claimed to have good marriage.
interpersonal skills. Der.: begrudgingly (adv)
2.4 enhance /æn`h≤ns/ (v) = to improve, increase / 2.16 punctuate /`p∑…kt«ueæt/ (v) = to occur at regular
poprawić, wzmocnić intervals / wypełniać, naznaczyć
e.g. Her beauty was enhanced by her simple e.g. The country’s history has been punctuated
but elegant dress. by outbreaks of violence.
Der.: enhancement (n) Der.: punctuation (n)
Reading (pp. 28–29) 2.17 shrug /«r∑g/ (n) = raising the shoulders slightly to
show indifference or ignorance / wzruszenie ramion
2.5 outburst /`¬tbªst/ (n) = a sudden expression e.g. The student simply replied with an indifferent shrug.
of emotions / wybuch 2.18 wary /`weºri/ (adj) = distrustful, expecting sth bad
e.g. There was a violent outburst following the to happen / nieufny, mający się na baczności
announcement that there would be job losses. e.g. The little boy was told to be wary of strangers.
2.6 ignorance /`ægnºrºns/ (n) = lack of knowledge /
nieświadomość, niewiedza 2.19 well up /`wel `∑p/ (v) = (of tears) to rise up
to the surface / (o łzach) zakręcić się w oczach
e.g. He displayed a glaring ignorance of basic grammar. e.g. The girl was visibly upset and tears welled up
2.7 make fair grades = to obtain fairly good marks / in her eyes.
dostawać dostateczne stopnie 2.20 unversed in sth /¿∑n`vªst/ (adj) = not knowing
e.g. Though lazy, he never failed to make fair grades. much about sth / nieobeznany z czymś, nieświadomy
2.8 clique /kl∞k/ (n) = a group of people who spend time e.g. It is sad to see so many people unversed in our
together and don’t allow others to join them / country’s history.
zamknięta grupa, klika Opp.: versed
e.g. She felt a bit of an outsider at the office as most 2.21 fight or flight = a natural human reaction of either
of the staff had formed cliques. using force or running away in a dangerous
2.9 sullen /`s∑lºn/ (adj) = bad-tempered and moody / situation / zachowanie w sytuacji zagrożenia: walka
nadąsany, urażony lub ucieczka
e.g. ∆he boy gave his mother a sullen look when she told e.g. Encountering a bear during your walk in the
him off. mountains can trigger the fight or flight response.
2.10 fly into a rage = to suddenly become very angry / 2.22 pull away /`pµl º`wΩ/ (phr v) = to move away /
wpaść w szał odłączyć się (np. od grupy), odsunąć się
e.g. When she discovered his lies she flew into a rage. e.g. Sensing her dependence on him, he tried to pull
2.11 slam /sl±m/ (v) = to shut noisily and with force / away from her.
trzasnąć 2.23 amplify /`±mplæfaæ/ (v) = to increase strength
e.g. He stormed out of the room and slammed or intensity / wzmocnić
the door behind him. e.g. ∏er fears were amplified by his delay in coming
home.
17
Unit 2
2.24 notion /`nø«ºn/ ( n) = an idea, belief / pogląd, myśl 2.37 introspective /¿æntrº`spektæv/ (adj) = examining
e.g. It is an interesting notion that women tend to make one’s own feelings and thoughts /
better managers than men. introspektywny, refleksyjny
2.25 steer away from /`stæºr º`wΩ frºm/ (phr v) = to stay e.g. He was in an introspective mood.
or to lead gently away from / odwieść od czegoś, 2.38 quote /kwøt/ (v) = to repeat what sb has said
trzymać (się) z daleka od czegoś or written / cytować
e.g. His parents tried to steer him away from a career e.g. She was in the habit of quoting Shakespeare.
in show business. Der.: quotation (n)
2.26 reflective /ræ`flektæv/ (adj) = thinking deeply 2.39 italics /æ`t±læks/ (n pl) = letters which slope
about sth / refleksyjny, introspektywny to the right / kursywa, italika
e.g. John is a quiet and reflective man. e.g. Don’t read the whole text; just focus on the italics.
2.27 impose /æm`pøz/ (v) = to inflict / narzucać Language Focus (p. 30–33)
e.g. I really resent the way he imposes his views on the rest
of us. 2.40 overseer /`øvºs∞ºr/ (n) = a supervisor of other
2.28 a foregone conclusion = sth that is certain people’s work / nadzorca
to happen / pewnik e.g. He was promoted to overseer.
e.g. It’s a foregone conclusion that he will win the race. 2.41 supervisor /`su:pºv¡zºr/ (n) = a university teacher
2.29 diminish /dæ`mænæ«/ (v) = to reduce in size / zmniejszyć (się) who helps students write their theses / promotor
e.g. The desperate leader felt his power diminish e.g. The supervisor of my MA thesis positively evaluated
day by day. my initial research.
Opp.: increase 2.42 illegible /æ`leπæbºl/ (adj) = so unclear that it cannot
2.30 come to grips with sb/sth (idm) = to begin to deal be read / nieczytelny
with sb/sth / zmierzyć się, uporać się e.g. His handwriting is totally illegible.
e.g. She has to come to grips with the fact that Der.: illegibility (n)
he isn’t going to change. Opp.: legible
2.31 unclench /¿∑n`klent«/ (v) = to open up / otworzyć, 2.43 tutor /`tj∂tºr/ (n) = a private teacher / korepetytor
przestać zaciskać e.g. A good tutor is hard to find these days.
e.g. She slowly unclenched her fists. Der.: tutorial (adj, n)
2.44 don /d≥n/ (n) = a lecturer, particularly at Oxford
2.32 /pæºr/clench
peerOpp.: (n) = a person of the same age or status or Cambridge University in England / nauczyciel
as sb else / rówieśnik, kolega (np. po fachu) akademicki (zwłaszcza w Oksfordzie i Cambridge)
e.g. His ideas were in conflict with those of his academic e.g. The position of don carries great prestige
peers. in the academic world.
2.33 counselling session /`k¬nseli… `se«ºn/ (n) 2.45 dean /d∞n/ (n) = the head of a university faculty /
= a meeting with a professional who gives advice dziekan
about a problem / spotkanie ze specjalistą, konsultacja e.g. You will have to contact the Dean if you want
e.g. The couple reluctantly met for a marriage to change courses.
counselling session. 2.46 referee /¿refº`r∞/ (n) = a person giving references
2.34 ridicule /`rædækju:l/ (v) = to poke fun at sb or sth, to sb applying for a job / osoba udzielająca referencji,
to mock sb / naśmiewać się (z kogoś lub z czegoś) rekomendacji
e.g. They ridiculed his strange way of walking. e.g. You will need to enclose the names of at least
2.35 bully /`bµli/ (v) = to use force or threats to make two referees with your CV.
sb do sth / znęcać się nad słabszym, tyranizować 2.47 arbitrator /`≤bætrΩtºr/ (n) = an independent person
e.g. The child refused to go to school as he was being appointed to settle a dispute / rozjemca
bullied by a classmate. e.g. He has an excellent record as an arbitrator in
Der.: bully (n) business disputes.
2.36 snappy /`sn±pi/ (adj) = sharp, unfriendly / opryskliwy, 2.48 grader /`grΩdºr/ (n) = a person who marks students’
szorstki exam papers / osoba poprawiająca prace pisemne na
e.g. He answered her back in a snappy way. egzaminie
e.g. It took the grader two weeks to mark all the tests.
18
Unit 2
2.49 assessor /º`sesºr/ (n) = a person who judges the 2.62 play truant (idm) = to stay away from school
performance of sb else / egzaminator (zewnętrzny) without permission / wagarować
e.g. All exams are marked by external assessors. e.g. Her son was expelled for playing truant.
Der.: assessment (n) 2.63 expel /æk`spel/ (v) = to dismiss / usunąć, wyrzucić
2.50 objectivity /¿≥bπek`tævæti/ (n) = basing one’s opinion e.g. He was expelled from school for stealing.
on facts and not on personal information / 2.64 reprimand /`repræm≤nd/ (v) = to criticise sb for their
obiektywność behaviour or actions / udzielić nagany
e.g. Try to analyse the situation with as much e.g. She was reprimanded for not meeting her
objectivity as possible. deadlines.
2.51 frostbite /`fr≥stbaæt/ (n) = injury to body parts 2.65 cite /saæt/ (v) = to mention sth as an example
due to freezing / odmrożenie or proof / wymienić, przytoczyć
e.g. His toe was amputated as a result of frostbite. e.g. The report cited stress as a major cause of ill health
2.52 apprentice /º`prentæs/ (n) = a trainee / uczeń zawodu, among teachers.
praktykant 2.66 acknowledge /±k`n≥læπ/ (v) = to recognise / uznać,
e.g. After finishing school he became an apprentice wziąć pod uwagę
builder. e.g. He failed to acknowledge my need for attention.
Der.: apprenticeship (n) 2.67 wholesale /`hølseæl/ (adv) = totally, completely /
2.53 undergraduate /¿∑ndº`gr±πuºt/ (n) = a student całkowicie

who hasn’t yet obtained a degree / student na e.g. The company’s offices have been moved wholesale.
studiach licencjackich 2.68 sustain /sº`stΩn/ (v) = to maintain / podtrzymać,
e.g. As a law undergraduate he lived on a scholarship. utrzymać
2.54 post-graduate /¿pºµst`gr±πuºt/ (n) = a student e.g. πt will be particularly difficult for the government
who already obtained a degree and studies for to sustain its electoral success.
a further qualification, such as a master’s / Der.: sustainable (adj)
student podyplomowy (magistrant lub doktorant) 2.69 acquainted /º`kwΩntæd/ (adj) = familiar / zaznajomiony,
e.g. After obtaining her MA in Philosophy, she enrolled obeznany
on a post-graduate course at university. e.g. ∆he lawyer said that his client was well acquainted
2.55 toddler /`t≥dlºr/ (n) = a young child who is learning with the facts.
to walk / dziecko uczące się chodzić Der.: acquaintance (n)
e.g. The room was full of noisy, playful toddlers. 2.70 bear with /`beº `wæ∫/ (phr v) = to be patient, to
2.56 entrant /èntrºnt/ (n) = a person recently admitted listen carefully for a moment / znosić (cierpliwie),
to university / student rozpoczynający studia wysłuchać przez chwilę
e.g. Most university entrants feel overwhelmed e.g. π know you have heard this before but just bear
by the enormity of the campus. with me for a minute.
2.57 archives /`≤k¡vz/ (n pl) = historical sources 2.71 coincide /¿køæn`s¡d/ (v) = to happen at the same
of information / archiwum, archiwa time / zbiegać się, pokrywać się w czasie
e.g. We searched the newspaper archives e.g. It so happens that my birthday coincides
for information about the accident. with a national holiday.
2.58 register /`reπæstºr/ (v) = to put one’s name on a list, Der.: coincidence (n), coincidentally (adv)
to officially join / zarejestrować się, wpisać się na listę 2.72 plead with sb /pl∞d/ (v) = to ask in an intense
e.g. She decided to register as a volunteer. and emotional way / prosić, błagać
Der.: registration (n) e.g. ∆he terrified woman pleaded with her attacker
2.59 query /`kwæºri/ (n) = a question / pytanie to let her go.
e.g. I have some queries about the installation 2.73 succumb to sth /sº`k∑m/ (v) = to give in to sth /
of my new printer. poddać się, ulec
2.60 in instalments = (of payments) in small sums e.g. π’m surprised you haven’t succumbed to pressure
of money at regular intervals / na raty and resigned.
e.g. I will pay for my new TV in instalments. 2.74 by virtue of (idm) = because of / ze względu na
2.61 allocate /`±lºkeæt/ (v) = to give / przydzielić e.g. She managed to become chief executive by virtue
e.g. The new office clerk was allocated a small desk of her connections.
in the corner.
19
Unit 2
2.75 burn the midnight oil (idm) = to stay up very late e.g. π had some reservations about my daughter
in order to study or work / ślęczeć po nocach moving in with her boyfriend.
e.g. ∏e felt completely drained after burning the 2.89 budget /`b∑πæt/ (n) = the amount of money
midnight oil to finish his thesis. available / budżet
2.76 live on a shoestring (idm) = to live using very little e.g. When I was a student I lived on a tight budget.
money / żyć za bardzo małe pieniądze, klepać biedę 2.90 recreational /¿rekri`Ω«ºnºl/ (adj) = entertaining /
e.g. ∏e travelled the world living on a shoestring. rekreacyjny
2.77 down-and-out /¿d¬nºn`¬t/ (n) = a tramp / kloszard, e.g. Àoungsters in the area complained about
bezdomny an obvious lack of recreational centres.
e.g. ∆hey give food and shelter to the city’s down-and- 2.91 underused /¿∑ndº`j∂zd/ (adj) = not used enough /
outs. niedostatecznie wykorzystany
2.78 suss out /`s∑s `¬t/ (phr v) = to work out / rozgryźć e.g. ∆he principal pointed out that most slide projectors
problem, połapać się w czymś in the classrooms were sadly underused.
e.g. π just couldn’t suss out that difficult mathematical 2.92 agenda /º`πendº/ (n) = a list of items to be
problem. discussed at a meeting / porządek, program
2.79 calculus /`k±lkjµlºs/ (n) = a branch of advanced (zebrania)
mathematics / rachunek (np. różniczkowy) e.g. First and foremost on the agenda are the summer
e.g. ∏e is an absolute genius when it comes to the world festivals to be held this season.
of calculus.
Listening and Speaking (pp. 34–35)
2.80 in the same league (idm) = on the same level /
porównywalny, tej samej klasy 2.93 cushion /`kµ«ºn/ (v) = to protect / ochraniać, osłaniać
e.g. These writers just arenãt in the same league. e.g. She did her best to cushion the child from anything
2.81 bookworm /`bµkwªm/ (n) = sb keen on reading / unpleasant.
mól książkowy 2.94 adequate /`±dækwºt/ (adj) = satisfactory / odpowiedni,
e.g. ªy brother is an incorrigible bookworm and will należyty, wystarczający
spend his last penny in bookshops. e.g. Water facilities are not adequate in developing
2.82 sloppy /`sl≥pi/ (adj) = careless / niedbały countries.
e.g. ∆he student’s essay was full of sloppy mistakes. Opp.: inadequate
Der.: sloppily (adv) 2.95 misconception /¿mæskºn`sep«ºn/ (n) = a popular
2.83 avid /`±væd/ (adj) = enthusiastic / zapalony, namiętny but wrong idea / błędne wyobrażenie lub przekonanie
e.g. She is an avid collector of dolls. e.g. πt is a common misconception that women
2.84 operational /¿≥pº`rΩ«ºnºl/ (adj) = functioning well / are able to endure pain better than men.
sprawny 2.96 download /`d¬nlød/ (v) = to transfer to or from
e.g. ∆hese machines will have to be operational a computer / ściągnąć (dane, pliki)
in a matter of months. e.g. Can you download the latest information
2.85 staff-student = here: including both university staff for me please?
and students / tu: z udziałem wykładowców 2.97 portable /`p¥tºbºl/ (adj) = easily carried or moved /
i studentów przenośny
e.g. ∞ staff-student meeting will be held next week e.g. π have a portable radio I can bring to the picnic.
to discuss extracurricular activities. 2.98 awkward /`¥kwºd/ (adj) = difficult to manage /
2.86 curfew /`kªfj∂/ (n) = official rules (e.g. on a campus) niedogodny
forbidding noisy activities at night or leaving the e.g. I couldn’t wrap the present because it’s such
place when it’s too late / cisza nocna an awkward shape.
e.g. All students must be back home before curfew. 2.99 engrossed /æn`grøst/ (adj) = absorbed / pochłonięty,
2.87 hall of residence /¿h¥l ºv `rezædºns/ (n) = a building zaabsorbowany
with rooms or flats in universities or colleges for e.g. ∏e was engrossed in the book he was reading.
students to live in / dom akademicki 2.100 assess /º`ses/ (v) = to evaluate / ocenić
e.g. ∆he student tried to find a room in the college’s e.g. ∏e couldn’t make a decision until he had fully
hall of residence. assessed the situation.
2.88 reservations /¿rezº`vΩ«ºnz/ (n pl) = a feeling Der.: assessment (n), assessor (n)
of uncertainty / zastrzeżenia, wątpliwości
20
Unit 2
2.101 unjust /∑n`d»∑st/ (adj) = unfair / niesprawiedliwy one is angry or frustrated / cholernie
e.g. The courtãs decision was unjust in that there was e.g. π’ve been working damned hard and you don’t
insufficient evidence to convict the suspect. appreciate it.
2.102 liken /`laækºn/ (v) = to compare / przyrównać 2.115 verbalised /`vªbºlaæzd/ (adj) = expressed orally /
e.g. He likens running a business to raising a family. wyrażony słowami
2.103 prospects /`pr≥spekts/ (n pl) = possibilities that sth will e.g. He stands by his verbalised opinion.
happen / perspektywy, szanse Der.: verbalisation (n)
e.g. π decided to learn Japanese to improve my career 2.116 patronise /`p±trºn¡z/ (v) = to behave in a superior
prospects in the business world. way towards sb / traktować protekcjonalnie
2.104 constitute /`k≥nstætj∂t/ (v) = to be part of / stanowić e.g. π stopped being her friend because she always
e.g. What constitutes racial discrimination? patronised me.
Der.: constitution (n) 2.117 tantalisingly /`t±ntº¿laæzæ…li/ (adv) = temptingly close
Reading (pp. 36–37) but beyond reach / nieuchwytnie, boleśnie blisko
e.g. The truth was tantalisingly elusive for the detectives
2.105 bursary /`bªsºri/ (n) = scholarship / stypendium investigating the mysterious murder.
e.g. ∆he university is considering offering bursaries 2.118 speculation /¿spekjµ`leæ«ºn/ (n) = guessing /
next year to attract more students. przypuszczenie, spekulacja
2.106 launch /l¥nt«/ (v) = to establish, initiate / wprowadzić, e.g. There has been much speculation over the cause
zapoczątkować of the fire, but no one really knows how it started.
e.g. ∆he new tax scheme the government is planning 2.119 amphibians /±m`fæbæºnz/ (n pl) = animals that can
to launch is ridiculous. live on land and in water / płazy
2.107 eligible /èlæπæbºl/ (adj) = qualified, entitled to sth / e.g. Frogs and toads are amphibians.
spełniający niezbędne warunki, kwalifikujący się 2.120 primate /`praæmºt/ (n) = a member of the group
e.g. ¡Ôt all students are eligible to receive scholarships. of mammals that includes humans, apes and
Der.: eligibility (n) monkeys / ssak z rzędu naczelnych
2.108 subsequent /`s∑bsækwºnt/ (adj) = following sth / e.g. πt is a misconception that the gorilla is the most
kolejny, następny dangerous primate.
e.g. ∆he crime rate is bound to increase in subsequent 2.121 primatologist /¿praæmº`t≥lºπæst/ (n) = a person who
years. studies primates / znawca, badacz ssaków naczelnych
2.109 potential /pº`ten«ºl/ (n) = abilities that can be further e.g. As a primatologist, she spends most of her time
developed / zdolności, potencjał in the jungle watching apes.
e.g. ªany students that have potential go unnoticed 2.122 inadequacy /æn`±dækwºsi/ (n) = a failing / niedostatek,
due to favouritism. niedoskonałość
2.110 obstinately /`≥bstænºtli/ (adv) = stubbornly / uparcie, e.g. ∆he educational system has inadequacies and must
z uporem be improved.
e.g. She obstinately refused to reveal any information Der.: inadequate (adj)
to the police. Opp.: adequacy
2.111 diminutive /dæ`mænjµtæv/ (adj) = very small / drobny, 2.123 dismiss /¿dæs`mæs/ (v) = to reject as unimportant /
mały odrzucić, zlekceważyć
e.g. I was greeted by a diminutive woman dressed e.g. The minister dismissed reports of his resignation
in black. as vicious rumours.
2.112 dizzying heights = a very high level / poziom 2.124 philistine /`fælæst¡n/ (n) = a person who is ignorant
przyprawiający o zawrót głowy of the arts / filister
e.g. Her popularity reached dizzying heights. e.g. He’s an absolute philistine when it comes down
2.113 appeal /º`p∞l/ (v) = to make a serious request / to modern art.
apelować, wzywać Der.: philistinism (n)
e.g. She appealed to her professor to give her 2.125 indictment /æn`d¡tmºnt/ (n) = an accusation /
a second chance. oskarżenie, potępienie
2.114 damned /d±md/ (adv) = (informal) used to e.g. πt is a sad indictment on education when students’
emphasise what one is saying or doing when annual performance declines.
21
Unit 2
2.126 sorely /`s¥li/ (adv) = very much, seriously / ogromnie, e.g. ∏e wrote a ditty about the Loch Ness monster.
boleśnie 2.140 inspectorate /æn`spektºrºt/ (n) = a body that ensures
e.g. You will be sorely missed if you decide to go abroad. that rules are obeyed / inspektorat, nadzór
2.127 strictures on sb/sth /`strækt«ºz/ (n pl) = severe e.g. A representative from the Health Department
criticism / ostra krytyka Inspectorate examined the working conditions
e.g. ∏is TV comedy contained strictures on the in the hospital.
goverment so it was banned. 2.141 numeracy /`nj∂mºrºsi/ (n) = the ability to do basic
2.128 reign /reæn/ (v) = to rule / królować mathematical operations, such as counting /
e.g. Queen Elizabeth has reigned for 50 years. umiejętność liczenia
2.129 rectify /`rektæfaæ/ (v) = to correct / naprawić e.g. ªy numeracy skills are poor.
e.g. I know the computer system is down, 2.142 efficacy /èfækºsi/ (n) = effectiveness, especially
but I am trying to rectify the situation. of a medicine / skuteczność (np. leku)
e.g. Scientists should always test the efficacy
English in Use (p. 38–41)
and safety of all medication.
2.130 stanza /`st±nzº/ (n) = one of the parts into which 2.143 admissible /ºd`mæsæbºl/ (adj) = allowed / dopuszczalny
a poem is divided / zwrotka e.g. √nly certain evidence is admissible in a court
e.g. Write a poem that has 14 stanzas of six lines each. of law.
2.131 daffodil /`d±fºdæl/ (n) = a yellow spring flower Opp.: inadmissible

with a tube-like centre and a long stem / żonkil 2.144 conspicuous /kºn`spækjuºs/ (adj) = easily noticed /
e.g. Daffodil is the symbol of Wales. widoczny, zwracający uwagę
2.132 girlie stuff /`gªli st∑f/ (n) = things suitable for girls e.g. ∏is reaction was conspicuous despite all his efforts
and women / coś dla dziewczyn, coś babskiego to hide it.
e.g. Cosmetics are considered girlie stuff and don’t interest Opp.: inconspicuous
men. 2.145 compromising /`k≥mprºmaæzæ…/ (adj) = happy to accept
2.133 inadvertently /¿ænºd`vªtºntli/ (adv) = unintentionally / a situation which isn’t perfect / idący na ustępstwa
niechcący e.g. Linda is a very compromising person who is always
e.g. She inadvertently turned the wrong knob on the willing to fit in with her friends’ plans.
cooker. 2.146 audible /`¥dæbºl/ (adj) = loud enough to be heard /
2.134 scorn /sk¥n/ (v) = to reject in a contemptuous way / słyszalny
szydzić, gardzić e.g. ∆he guest speaker’s voice was hardly audible.
e.g. ∏Ômeopathy is scorned by many doctors. Opp.: inaudible
Der.: scornful (adj), scorn (n) 2.147 settling /`setlæ…/ (adj) = calming / uspokajający
2.135 precede /præ`s∞d/ (v) = to come before sth else / e.g. I found his presence very settling.
poprzedzać Opp.: unsettling
e.g. The tornado was preceded by an alarm 2.148 revocable /ræ`vøkºbºl/ (adj) = that can be cancelled /
that lasted for 5 minutes. dający się wycofać, unieważnić
Der.: precedent (n), preceding (adj) e.g. Most laws are revocable.
2.136 replicate /`replækeæt/ (v) = to copy / powtórzyć, Opp.: irrevocable
skopiować 2.149 reducible /ræ`dj∂sæbºl/ (adj) = that can be simplified /
e.g. ∏e replicated my project and still got credit for it. dający się uprościć, zredukować
Der.: replica (n) e.g. Shakespeare’s plays are not reducible to categories.
2.137 conscript /kºn`skræpt/ (v) = to enlist for compulsory Opp.: irreducible
military service / powołać do wojska, werbować 2.150 resistible /ræ`zæstæbºl/ (adj) = not tempting / taki,
e.g. He was conscripted into the army at the age któremu można się oprzeć
of twenty. e.g. Some people consider smoking resistible.
2.138 at a/the tender age /`tendºr eæπ/ (n) = at a very Der.: resist (v), resistance (n)
young age / w (bardzo) młodym wieku Opp.: irresistible
e.g. She was sent to boarding school at the tender age 2.151 resolute /`rezºl∂t/ (adj) = determined / zdecydowany,
of eleven. stanowczy
2.139 ditty /`dætæ/ (n) = a short light-hearted song or poem / e.g. She is a hard working and resolute businesswoman.
rymowanka, krótka (wierszowana) piosenka
22
Unit 2
2.152 legible /`leπæbºl/ (adj) = clear enough to be read / 2.165 commitment /kº`mætmºnt/ (n) = dedication / oddanie,
czytelny zaangażowanie
e.g. ÀÔur writing is barely legible. e.g. ∏is commitment to his job is what helped him get
Der.: legibility (n) ahead in the business.
Opp.: illegible Writing (p. 42–46)
2.153 be silhouetted = to be visible as a dark shape against
a lighter background / zarysować się na tle czegoś 2.166 swag /sw±g/ (n) = things that were stolen; here:
e.g. The castle was silhouetted against the night sky. a great number of sth / łup; tu: mnóstwo (np. nagród)
2.154 assemble /º`sembºl/ (v) = to gather / zgromadzić (się) e.g. The film received a swag of awards and became
e.g. The last Olympic Games featured the best group a smashing hit.
of athletes ever assembled. 2.167 pressing /`presæ…/ (adj) = urgent, that cannot be
Der.: assembly (n) postponed / pilny, niecierpiący zwłoki
2.155 hint /hænt/ (n) = an indirect suggestion / aluzja e.g. There are some pressing issues to be dealt with
e.g. ∆he president of the company gave no hint in his immediately.
speech that things were about to change. 2.168 vocational /vø`kΩ«ºnºl/ (adj) = relating
2.156 tissue /`tæ«∂/ (n) = soft paper for blowing one’s nose / to an occupation / zawodowy
chusteczki higieniczne e.g. ∆echnical colleges provide a great deal of vocational
e.g. Can you get some tissue from the supermarket? courses.
2.157 congestion /kºn`πest«ºn/ (n) = blocking of the nose 2.169 curriculum /kº`rækjµlºm/ (n) = courses taught
which hinders breathing / zapchanie nosa in a school, university or college / program nauczania
e.g. This spray relieves nasal congestion. e.g. Mathematics is a compulsory part of the curriculum
2.158 apprenticeship /º`prentæs¿«æp/ (n) = a period of time in state schools.
spent working with sb who has a skill in order to 2.170 embark on /æm`b≤k ≥n/ (phr v) = to start doing
learn that skill / praktyka zawodowa sth new / rozpocząć
e.g. π am serving an apprenticeship as a plumber. e.g. π have decided to embark on a new career in
Der.: apprentice (n) journalism.
2.159 under the tutelage of = instructed by sb, usually Der.: embarkation (n)
a person of high authority / pod czyimś kierunkiem 2.171 eradicate /æ`r±dækeæt/ (v) = to get rid of sth /
e.g. She studied under the tutelage of an experienced zlikwidować, pozbyć się
pianist. e.g. ∆he world would be a much safer place if we could
2.160 commerce /`k≥mªs/ (n) = trading / handel eradicate crime and terrorism.
e.g. ∏e’s an expert in the field of commerce and has Der.: eradication (n)
written a book on it. 2.172 reflect /ræ`flekt/ (v) = to show / odzwierciedlać
Der.: commercial /kº`mª«ºl/ (adj) e.g. ∆he high level of failure among students reflects
2.161 bound to be = certain to be / na pewno the poor quality of education.
e.g. There’s bound to be a bank somewhere around Der.: reflection (n)
here. 2.173 decline /dæ`kl¡n/ (n) = a reduction in quality,
2.162 superintendent /¿s∂pºræn`tendºnt/ (n) importance or quantity / spadek, obniżenie się
= a supervisor / kierownik, dyrektor e.g. There has been a slight decline in sales this year.
e.g. ªr Smith is the superintendent of the shipping 2.174 suspend /sº`spend/ (v) = to stop sb from attending
company. school temporarily / zawiesić
2.163 turf /tªf/ (n) = short grass and the surface layer of e.g. ∞lex was suspended for beating up Johnny and
soil under it, held together by its roots / darń Mark in the schoolyard.
e.g. ∆he turf in the football stadium has been newly laid. 2.175 prime /pr¡m/ (adj) = the most important thing /
2.164 exposure to sth /æk`spø»ºr/ (n) = experience of sth / główny, pierwszorzędny
kontakt z czymś e.g. ∞ doctor’s prime responsibility is his patients.
e.g. π go to professional seminars because it gives me 2.176 utmost /`∑tmøst/ (adj) = greatest / najwyższy
exposure to new methods on how to improve my e.g. War veterans should be treated with the utmost
career. respect because they have risked their lives for their
Der.: expose (v) country.
23
Unit 2
2.177 alleviate /º`l∞vieæt/ (v) = to make less severe / 2.190 renovation /¿renº`vΩ«ºn/ (n) = a repair, improvement,
złagodzić, zmniejszyć return to former good condition / remont
e.g. Governments must find ways to alleviate world e.g. ∆hese old buildings need extensive renovation.
hunger. 2.191 bulk /b∑lk/ (n) = the most of an amount / większość,
2.178 combat /`k≥mb±t/ (v) = to fight, stop from gros
happening / (z)walczyć e.g. ∆he bulk of the money raised will go to charity.
e.g. ∆here are ways we can combat diseases. 2.192 priority /pr¡`≥rætæ/ (n) = a thing treated as most
2.179 outcome /`¬tk∑m/ (n) = a result, consequence / important / priorytet
wynik e.g. The parents’ priority is their children.
e.g. What do you think the outcome of the investigation 2.193 enrolment /æn`rølmºnt/ (n) = registering as
will be? a student on a course / zapisanie się na kurs,
2.180 in demand = very popular, needed / pożądany wpis na studia
e.g. Computer software will always be in demand. e.g. ∆here has been a decline in enrolments this year.
2.181 labour market /`lΩbº m≤kæt/ (n) = the jobs 2.194 resolve /ræ`z≥lv/ (v) = to find a solution / rozwiązać
available / rynek pracy (np. problem)
e.g. ∆here are few job opportunities in the labour e.g. Relax! Maybe the problem will be soon resolved.
market. Der.: resolution (n)
2.182 offender /º`fendºr/ (n) = sb who breaks the law / 2.195 disruption /dæs`r∑p«ºn/ (n) = an interruption of sth /
winowajca, przestępca zakłócenie, przerwa
e.g. Most of the offenders were arrested. e.g. Road works cause major disruptions to the flow
Der.: offence (n) of traffic.
2.183 brainstorm /`brΩnst¥m/ (v) = to discuss ideas Der.: disruptive (adj)
and suggestions / urządzić „burzę mózgów” 2.196 stem from /`stem frºm/ (phr v) = to originate from /
e.g. We need to meet and brainstorm ideas wywodzić się, brać się z czegoś
on how to increase sales. e.g. ª·ny health problems stemming from stress are
2.184 shortage /`«¥tæπ/ (n) = lack of sth / niedobór, brak hard to deal with.
e.g. ∆he world will face a water shortage in the future. 2.197 implication /æmplæ`kΩ«ºn/ (n) = a likely consequence
2.185 accommodate /º`k≥mºdeæt/ (v) = to provide help / of sth / konsekwencja
pomieścić, przyjąć e.g. ∏is decision to resign will have serious political
e.g. ∆he transportation system accommodates implications for the government.
everyone in the city centre. 2.198 stick one’s nose in sth (idm) = to interfere, get
Der.: accommodation (n) involved with sth that is not one’s concern /
2.186 grant /gr≤nt/ (n) = the money given by the wtykać nos w nie swoje sprawy
government for a particular purpose / grant, dotacja e.g. Why do you stick your nose in other people’s
e.g. ªy application for an educational grant was business?
accepted. 2.199 outweigh /¿¬t`weæ/ (v) = to be more important
2.187 outline /`¬tl¡n/ (v) = to explain in a general way / than sth else / przeważyć nad czymś
przedstawić w skrócie, naszkicować e.g. The advantages of carrying out this project
e.g. ∆he President outlined a plan to improve the far outweigh the disadvantages.
country’s economy. 2.200 implement /`æmplæment/ (v) = to carry out /
2.188 cutback /`k∑tb±k/ (n) = a reduction in sth / cięcia wprowadzić w życie, wdrożyć
(np. w budżecie) e.g. ∆he government is going to implement
e.g. The government is making cutbacks in the state the new housing plan in the next few months.
expenditure. Der.: implementation (n)
2.189 under-stocked /¿∑ndº`st≥kt/ (adj) = not having
enough of sth / niedostatecznie zaopatrzony
e.g. ∏ospital pharmacies should never be under-
stocked.
24
Unit 2
1 He was .......... when he realised that their whole 6 πt took me hours to grade his composition because his
relationship was based on a lie. writing was .......... .
A cautious C curt A legible C illegible
B livid D begruding B audible D eligible
2 He’s a ........... . He’s only 2 years old. 7 Any relationship needs to be built on a solid .......... if it is
A entrant C novice going to last.
B undergraduate D toddler A autonomy C ignorance
B foundation D complexity
3 The .......... from the History Department from Oxford
visited our classroom today. 8 To be a successful businessman you need to have good
A don C dean .......... skills.
B referee D arbitrator A optional C introspective
B civic D interpersonal
4 Did you hear that Scott was .......... from school today for
fighting? 9 The case was .......... as some of the evidence was
A expelled C enrolled doubtful.
B reprimanded D allocated A insufficient C verbalised
B unjust D dismissed
5 She was so furious that she left the house .......... the
door behind her! 10 Heãs a first time .......... as heãs never committed a crime
A slamming C diminishing before.
B unclenching D amplifying A bully C offender
B truant D apprentice

ñ outburst ñ complexity ñ consistent ñ correspondence ñ avid ñ curfew ñ portable ñ damned ñ rectify ñ combat
1 For years now, scientists have tried to find ways to 7 I was studying quietly when I heard a sudden
..................... cancer. ..................... of cheers and applause.
2 Some private schools have a(n) ..................... which 8 ∆hese blood test results are .................. with the previous
doesnãt allow students to stay out late. ones.
3 He is a(n) ..................... reader. 9 Don’t nag me about my studying! I’ve been working
4 We need to find a way to ..................... the situation ..................... hard all week!
before things get worse! 10 I’m sorry, but I just don’t understand the ..................... of
5 When travelling, I take my ..................... TV with me. the situation.
6 I need to catch up on my ..................... .
1 After three months in the Himalayas, he celebrated his 2 I can't believe he's considering getting ..................... to
..................... by throwing a party for all his family. her; we must talk him out of it.
He gave her 5% of his profits in ...................... for her I tried to call him several times, but his line is constantly
assistance in setting up the business. ..................... .
He said he was travelling to Plymouth but that's a lie; He left the room, saying that he did not want to be
I saw a(n) .................... ticket to Norwich in his wallet. .................... in that sort of discussion.
25
Unit 2
3 We must try to protect our natural ..................... . 5 The first ................. was a delicious ratatouille served
The Health Service does not have the ..................... to with a crusty white roll and butter.
care for patients as well as conduct research. The pilot was advised to change ..................
The parents left the children to their own ..................... . approximately 3 minutes before the aircraft disappeared
from the radars.
4 Her poor exam results are not ..................... of her
general ability. On hearing that he had failed the ..................., Carlton
started talking about dropping out of university.
Cyclists are advised to wear ..................... clothing at
night.
George is a very quiet and ..................... man who rarely
acts or speaks without thinking.
1 Alison is an excellent student and she’ll definitely make 3 Paul found it hard to deal with his loss.
an excellent doctor!. difficulty Paul ...................................................
to Alison is such an excellent student that ............................ terms with his loss.
she .................................................... 4 Sylvia has been studying day and night for this exam.
........................... an excellent doctor. midnight Sylvia has been ..................................
2 She accidentally found the treasure during a walk in the .................................... for this exam.
wood. 5 He was used to having to survive on very little money.
taking While.................................................. shoestring Living .................................................
........................... across the treasure. ............................................. used to.
Going to university really is one of the most 1) ........................ experiences you REMARK
will ever have. Apart from being a very sound and worthwhile 2) ....................... INVEST
in your future, it will provide you with valuable knowledge and 3) ........................ VOCATION
skills which will stand you in good stead for a lifetime.
The few months before you actually go will, however, be a 4) ........................ STRESS
time. Make sure you have made proper arrangements for a place to stay! Being
in a city far away from home and having to look for accommodation in the last
minute can be quite 5) ........................ . SETTLE
It is not wise to get into the habit of missing classes, as regular
6) ........................ is vital if you want to make fair grades. But studying is not all ATTEND
there is to it. Involving yourself in various 7) ........................ activities or joining a CREATE
club of your interest will widen your horizons and, in some cases, alter your
8) ........................ of life. You will also have a unique opportunity to make worthy PERCEIVE
9) ........................ and long-lasting friends. When you look back on your time at ACQUAINT
university in years to come, you will certainly feel that it was worth the effort and
the 10) ........................ . COMMIT
26
Self-Assessment Module 1
Vocabulary & Grammar (p. 47) SA1.12 foolproof /`f∂lpr∂f/ (adj) = well designed, easy
to understand or use, reliable / niezawodny
SA1.1 mount /m¬nt/ (v) = to increase in quantity or e.g. ∆he robber had a foolproof plan how to break into
intensity / wzrosnąć, nasilić się the bank.
e.g. Tension mounted as the police tried to prevent SA1.13 loquacious /lø`kwΩ«ºs/ (adj) = talking a lot /
the strikers from continuing their march. gadatliwy
SA1.2 stir /stªr/ (v) = to arouse with a strong emotion / e.g. Usually he’s quite a loquacious person;
pobudzić, zmobilizować (do działania) it seems strange he’s so quiet today.
e.g. ∆he crowd was stirred to action by his rousing SA1.14 arduous /`≤djuºs/ (adj) = difficult, tiring and
speech. involving a lot of effort / żmudny, mozolny
SA1.3 moved /m∂vd/ (adj) = feeling sympathy or sadness / e.g. ∞ building constructor’s job is arduous and
wzruszony dangerous.
e.g. π felt moved by his story of how he met his wife. SA1.15 retreat /ræ`tr∞t/ (v) = to move away from sth or sb /
SA1.4 soar /s¥r/ (v) = to rise greatly and quickly / wycofać się
(gwałtownie) wzrosnąć, podskoczyć, iść w górę e.g. ∆he army retreated from the enemy lines.
e.g. The company wasn’t doing well as the production SA1.16 recede /ræ`s∞d/ (v) = to become weaker, smaller
costs continued to soar. or less intense / oddalić się, zmaleć
SA1.5 contest /kºn`test/ (v) = to formally object to e.g. ∆he violent storm started to recede
a statement or decision one thinks is wrong / after about an hour.
kwestionować, podważyć SA1.17 substantial /sºb`st±n«ºl/ (adj) = large in amount
e.g. He contested his grandfather’s will because or degree / znaczny
he did not inherit anything. e.g. Jennifer has made substantial progress this term.
SA1.6 perceive /pº`s∞v/ (v) = to notice or realise sth / SA1.18 resort to sth /ræ`z¥t/ (v) = to adopt a certain course
dostrzec, uświadomić sobie of action / uciec się do czegoś
e.g. She soon perceived he was not the man for the job. e.g. Unfortunately, we will have to resort to surgery.
Der.: perception (n), perceptive (adj) Use of English (pp. 47–48)
SA1.7 augmented /¿¥g`mentæd/ (adj) = made larger,
stronger or more effective / powiększony SA1.19 enforcement /æn`f¥smºnt/ (n) = action that ensures
e.g. The familyãs income was augmented that a rule or law is obeyed / egzekwowanie,
when the oldest son found a job. wprowadzenie w życie
Der.: augment (v), augmentation (n) e.g. The enforcement of laws should be immediate
SA1.8 elevated /èlævΩtæd/ (adj) = raised; placed in a higher to ensure their efficacy.
position / wzniosły, podniosły; wysoko postawiony SA1.20 out of print = (of books) no longer being printed,
e.g. People of such elevated status rarely give not available / (o nakładzie książki) wyczerpany
interviews. e.g. ∆hat book is now out of print.
Der.: elevation (n) SA1.21 overlook /øvº`lµk/ (v) = to ignore or not notice
SA1.9 defaced /dæ`fΩst/ (adj) = spoiled, e.g. due to writings a problem / przeoczyć, przymknąć oczy na coś
and drawings / zniszczony, zeszpecony (np. przez e.g. ∆he police officer overlooked my parking ticket
graffiti), porysowany and didn’t revoke my driving licence.

e.g. ∆he tourists were shocked at the sight SA1.22 subsistence /sºb`sistºns/ (n) = government money
of the defaced statue in the city centre. helping to support sb at the most basic level /
SA1.10 disfigured /dæs`figºd/ (adj) = having a spoiled zasiłek
appearance / oszpecony e.g. A subsistence allowance is provided for those
e.g. She was disfigured in a terrible car accident. temporarily unemployed.
Der.: disfigurement (n), disfigure (v) SA1.23 struggle for sth /`str∑gºl/ (n) = a long difficult
SA1.11 a foregone conclusion = a certain outcome, attempt to achieve sth very important
sth that will certainly happen / pewnik (e.g. freedom) / walka o coś
e.g. It’s a foregone conclusion that he will win the e.g. ∆here is a constant struggle for human rights.
presidential elections again.
27
SA1.24 pumpkin /`p∑mpkin/ (n) = a large, round orange SA1.37 grave /grΩv/ (adj) = quiet and serious / poważny
vegetable with thick skin / dynia e.g. My father was always grave and strict when
e.g. Have you ever tried pumpkin pie? he punished us.
SA1.25 illiterate /æ`lætºrºt/ (adj) = not knowing how to read SA1.38 make allowance(s) for sb/sth (idm) = to take sth
or write / nie umiejący czytać i pisać into account in your decisions, plans or actions /
e.g. ∆he percentage of illiterate adults has declined wziąć pod uwagę, wziąć poprawkę (na coś)
considerably in the past few years. e.g. You must make allowances for his behaviour;
SA1.26 humiliate /hj∂`mæliΩt/ (v) = to say or do sth to make he’s upset at the moment.
sb feel ashamed or stupid / upokorzyć SA1.39 trifling /`tr¡flæ…/ (adj) = small and unimportant /
e.g. Why do you constantly humiliate me znikomy, błahy, nieistotny
in front of other people? e.g. We paid a trifling sum for the clock.
Der.: humiliation (n) Der.: trifle (n)
SA1.27 grade /grΩd/ (v) = to arrange (coursebooks, reading SA1.40 unrestrained /∑nræ`strΩnd/ (adj) = expressing feelings
materials, etc) according to the level of difficulty / openly and easily; here: feeling at ease, allowing
zróżnicować ze względu na stopień trudności for spontaneity / niepohamowany, bezgraniczny;
e.g. This student’s book is graded as suitable tu: czujący się swobodnie
for the proficiency level. e.g. Due to Jane’s harshenss, Tom could never feel
SA1.28 in terms of = considering the aspect of / ze względu na unrestrained in her presence.
e.g. In terms of difficulty, you’re asking too much √pp.: restrained
of the students. SA1.41 ardently /`≤dºntli/ (adv) = with extremely strong
Reading (p. 49) feelings about sth or sb / żarliwie, gorliwie
e.g. My lawyer fought ardently to prove my innocence.
SA1.29 portion /`p¥«ºn/ (n) = a part / część SA1.42 timid /`tæmæd/ (adj) = shy and nervous, having no
e.g. My portion of the cake is smaller than yours. courage or confidence / nieśmiały, płochliwy
SA1.30 propped up /¿pr≥pt `∑p/ (adj) = supported e.g. ∆eresa is a very timid little girl.
(e.g. with pillows) / oparty (np. na poduszkach) SA1.43 frock /fr≥k/ (n) = (old-fashioned) a woman’s or girl’s
e.g. The patient was uncomfortable so the nurse dress / sukienka
helped her sit propped up with an extra pillow. e.g. π used to like wearing my grandmother’s old frocks
SA1.31 stitch /stæt«/ (v) = to sew / szyć ręcznie
e.g. My grandmother would sit in her armchair when I was a child.
SA1.44 recollect /¿rekº`lekt/ (v) = to remember / przypomnieć
and stitch away for hours making clothes. sobie
SA1.32 elbow /èlbø/ (n) = the arm of a chair / oparcie krzesła e.g. π find it hard to recollect things from my childhood.
(na ręce), podłokietnik Der.: recollection (n)
e.g. π leaned on the elbow of my mum’s armchair SA1.45 austere /¥`stƒr/ (adj) = strict and serious / surowy, srogi
and listened to her stories. e.g. My father’s austere look always frightened me.
SA1.33 tenderly /`tendºli/ (adv) = in a gentle and caring way / SA1.46 day boarder = a student that stays at school during
czule, delikatnie the day only and doesn’t sleep there / uczeń nie
e.g. My mother always touched my cheek tenderly mieszkający w internacie szkolnym, dochodzący do szkoły
and calmed my fears. e.g. My grandfather was a day boarder at school and
Der.: tender (adj), tenderness (n) worked in the evenings.
SA1.34 vanity /`v±nætæ/ (n) = great pride / próżność SA1.47 stiff /stæf/ (adj) = formal, not friendly / sztywny, oficjalny
e.g. There is no end to his vanity! He thinks he’s perfect! e.g. My father wrote a stiff letter to the headmaster
Der.: vain (adj) to complain about my unfair punishment.
SA1.35 remembrance /ræ`membrºns/ (n) = a memory of sth SA1.48 rejoicings /ræ`π√si…z/ (n pl) = celebrations / radosne
or sb / wspomnienie świętowanie
e.g. I still have fond remembrances of my grandfather. e.g. ∆here were rejoicings in every home when the war
SA1.36 prayer /preºr/ (n) = the act of speaking to God, was over.
or the words spoken when speaking to God / SA1.49 confide in /kºn`f¡d æn/ (phr v) = to tell sb a secret /
modlitwa, nabożeństwo zwierzać się komuś
e.g. I used to say my prayers every night before e.g. ÀÔu are the only person I can confide in, Mum!
I went to bed.
28
SA1.50 vacant expression = a blank expression which implies SA1.59 indignant /æn`dægnºnt/ (adj) = shocked or angry
that sb doesn’t understand sth or isnãt thinking because sth is unfair or unjust / oburzony
about anything / bezmyślna mina e.g. The strikers were indignant that the government
e.g. I tried to find out what was bothering her, but she had ignored their requests.
just stared at me with a vacant expression on her face. SA1.60 self-deprecating /¿self`deprºkΩti…/ (adj) = critical of
SA1.51 perceptive /pº`septæv/ (adj) = good at noticing or oneself or representing oneself in a modest, light-
realising things that are not obvious / hearted way / niedoceniający siebie, zbyt skromny
spostrzegawczy, wnikliwy e.g. I related my childhood in a self-deprecatingway.
e.g. She will be a wonderful psychologist as she’s very SA1.61 apprehensive /¿±prº`hensæv/ (adj) = afraid that sth
perceptive and understanding. bad will happen / pełen obaw
Der.: perception (n) e.g. Do you feel apprehensive about the future?
SA1.52 bearable /`b≈rºbºl/ (adj) = able to be accepted
Listening (p. 50)
or endured / znośny
e.g. ∆he only thing that made the heat bearable SA1.62 visual aid = a thing you can look at to help you
was a light breeze that came from the north. understand sth or remember information
√pp.: unbearable (e.g. films, models, slides) / pomoc wizualna
SA1.53 unrequited /¿∑nræ`kw¡tæd/ (adj) = (of feelings) not e.g. Our professor uses a lot of visual aids in his class
returned, not mutual / nieodwzajemniony presentations.

e.g. Unfortunately, my love for him was unrequited SA1.63 unwittingly /¿∑n`witæ…li/ (adv) = doing sth or getting
as he didn’t feel the same way. involved in sth without realising it / nieświadomie,
SA1.54 condescending /k≥ndæ`sendi…/ (adj) = disapproving niechcący
of sbãs behaviour; patronising / protekcjonalny e.g. I was unwittingly involved in the plan to get
e.g. ªy grandmother always had a condescending Johnson expelled from school.
attitude towards those outside the family. SA1.64 relevant /`relºvºnt/ (adj) = important or significant
SA1.55 self-righteous /¿self`r¡t«ºs/ (adj) = being sure (often in a situation / istotny
falsely) that one is right and morally superior / e.g. Your composition doesnãt have enough relevant
zadufany w sobie, przekonany o własnej nieomylności information to support your argument.
e.g. She’ll never admit sheãs wrong. Sheãs very self- Der.: relevance (n)
righteous and narrow-minded. √pp.: irrelevant
SA1.56 unaffectionate /¿∑nº`fek«ºnºt/ (adj) = not showing
Writing (p. 50)
any love or fondness to others / nieczuły
e.g. ªy grandfather was very unaffectionate towards SA1.65 extract /èkstr±kt/ (n) = a part of a book or piece
me – as if I didnãt exist. of writing / fragment, urywek
√pp.: affectionate e.g. We had to read an extract from one
SA1.57 withhold /wi∫`høld/ (v) = (formal) not to give of Shakespeare’s plays and analyse it.
sb what they want / zataić, nie ujawniać SA1.66 coverage /`k∑vºriπ/ (n) = the reporting of sth
e.g. The criminal withheld valuable information from (e.g. the news) / miejsce poświęcone jakiemuś
his lawyer which she needed in order to defend him tematowi (np. w gazecie), relacja, sprawozdanie
properly. e.g. The news coverage was very detailed.
SA1.58 well disposed /¿wel dæ`spøzd/ (adj) = likely to agree SA1.67 update /`∑pdΩt/ (n) = the latest information on sth /
or support sb / przychylnie nastawiony aktualności, najświeższe wiadomości
e.g. On my first day of school, everyone was well e.g. There was a special weather update
disposed towards me as I was very nervous and about the strength of the tornado.
frightened.
29
3 Extra! Extra!
Lead-in (p. 53) 3.10 virtue /`vªt«∂/ (n) = a good quality or way
of behaving / zaleta
3.1 stock market crash = a drastic fall in the price e.g. She has many virtues, the most important of which
of stocks / krach na giełdzie is her ability to sympathise.
e.g. The 1929 stock market crash was the worst
in history.
3.2 unbiased /¿∑n`b¡ºst/ (adj) = fair and able to judge 3.11 macho /`m±t«ø/ (adj) = proud of one’s masculinity /
sth in a balanced way / obiektywny, bezstronny dumny z bycia (stuprocentowym) mężczyzną, wyznający
e.g. ∆he report presented the case in an unbiased way. kult męskości
Opp.: biased e.g. ∏is macho behaviour really puts me off.
3.3 hard-hitting /¿h≤d`hætæ…/ (adj) = talking about Can’t he just act normally?
or dealing with a difficult situation in a direct 3.12 evasive /æ`vΩsæv/ (adj) = avoiding giving a straight
way / demaskatorski answer / wymijający, stosujący uniki
e.g. He made many enemies with his hard-hitting e.g. The politician was deliberately evasive,
journalism. not wanting to answer the journalists’ questions.
3.4 incisive /æn`s¡sæv/ (adj) = expressing ideas and Der.: evasiveness (n), evasively (adv)
thoughts clearly, briefly and forcefully / celny, 3.13 vested interest = a strong reason for acting
wnikliwy, cięty in a certain way / żywotny lub osobisty interes
e.g. ∏e was chosen to lead the project due to his e.g. Those with a vested interest in this company
incisive nature. will want to see profits increase.
Der.: incisiveness (n), incisively (adv) 3.14 dormitory /`d¥mætri/ (n) = here: a large room
3.5 bow to sth /b¬/ (v) = to agree to do sth, especially in a boarding school where several children
when it is not what one wanted / ugiąć się przed sleep / tu: duża sala sypialna w internacie
czymś e.g. ∞ll was quiet in the dormitory when suddenly
e.g The government bowed to the pressure of miners a small boy cried out in his sleep.
and increased their wages. 3.15 officious /º`fæ«ºs/ (adj) = eager to tell people
3.6 uncompromising /¿∑n`k≥mprºm¡zæ…/ (adj)
= determined not to change one’s opinions what to do, bossy / nadgorliwy, natrętny
e.g. ¡Ôbody in the office likes her because she is very
in any way / bezkompromisowy officious and always bossing everyone around.
e.g. They split up because they were both 3.16 prefect /`pr∞fekt/ (n) = an older pupil with special
uncompromising and unwilling to change their ways. duties who helps control younger pupils / uczeń
Opp.: compromising starszej klasy odpowiedzialny za dyscyplinę
3.7 sensitise sb to sth /`sensæt¡z/ (v) = to make sb e.g. The prefect ordered pupils to stand quietly in line.
aware of sth / uwrażliwić, wyczulić kogoś na coś 3.17 frog-march /`fr≥gm≤t«/ (v) = to take sb somewhere
e.g. Many environmental groups try to sensitise by force, to hold sb by the arms and walk along /
people to the problems of rainforest destruction. zaprowadzić siłą
Der.: sensitivity (n) e.g When the pupil had misbehaved for the third time,
3.8 sponsorship /`sp≥nsº«æp/ (n) = financial support the teacher frog-marched him off to the headmaster’s
(usually for sporting events by large companies) / office.
sponsoring, patronat Der.: frogmarch (n)
e.g. Our local team is on the lookout for sponsorship 3.18 intone /æn`tøn/ (v) = to speak in a slow and serious
to fund its weekly matches. way / powiedzieć, recytować monotonnym głosem
3.9 quotation /kwø`tΩ«ºn/ (n) = a sentence or phrase e.g. He intoned the verses of the poem in a solemn way.
taken from a book, film, etc, repeated by sb else / Der.: intoner (n)
cytat 3.19 cane /kΩn/ (n) = a long stick used to strike pupils
e.g. He used a quotation from Shakespeare to illustrate in school / trzcinka do bicia
his point. e.g. “If you keep that up, you‘ll get a few whacks of the
Der.: quote (v, n) cane, I’m warning you.”
30
Unit 3
3.20 spool /sp∂l/ (v) = to roll up quickly, to go forward 3.30 be a thorn in sb’s side/flesh (idm) = to be
quickly / przewinąć (np. taśmę) a continuous problem which cannot be solved /
e.g. If we spool forward to the 21st century, we can see być komuś solą w oku
the huge changes which have come about. e.g. This pupil is a thorn in the side of the whole school:
3.21 preoccupied /pri`≥kjµp¡d/ (adj) = having oneãs he disrupts everyone and we can do nothing about it.
thoughts taken up with a problematic situation / 3.31 the establishment /∫º æ`st±blæ«mºnt/ (n) = those
pochłonięty, zaabsorbowany who have power or influence in the country
e.g. She seems preoccupied today; maybe she is having or in society in general / establishment, grupa
problems at home. społeczna u władzy lub mająca wpływ na rząd
Der.: preoccupation (n) e.g. There is no point in fighting against
3.22 grump /gr∑mp/ (v) = to make sounds which suggest the establishment – it is too strong.
dissatisfaction or irritation / pomrukiwać 3.32 in our midst (idm) = among our group /
z niezadowolenia wśród nas, w naszym gronie
e.g. There is no point in grumping at the situation; e.g. The traitor was in our midst all along
just sort it out. and we never realised it.
Der.: grumpy (adj), grumpily (adv), grump (n) 3.33 sneering /`snæºræ…/ (adj) = expressing contempt /
3.23 platitude /`pl±tætj∂d/ (n) = a trivial statement / szyderczy
frazes, komunał e.g. His sneering countenance showed me he cared
e.g. Politicians are famous for their platitudes nothing for what I was saying.
in the face of criticism. Der.: sneer (v), sneeringly (adv)
3.24 inception /æn`sep«ºn/ (n) = a beginning / powstanie, 3.34 encounter /æn`k¬ntºr/ (n) = a meeting /
rozpoczęcie (przypadkowe) spotkanie, kontakt
e.g. ∆he inception of the new channel made the e.g. After the encounter with his boss, he promised
directors of other channels uncomfortable because himself that he would never misbehave again.
it posed a threat to their ratings. 3.35 scrap /skr±p/ (v) = to do away with, get rid of /
3.25 a household name/word (idm) = a name or word wyrzucić, pozbyć się
that is very well known / powszechnie znana nazwa, e.g. √ur car got so old that we decided
marka, itp. to scrap it rather than get it fixed again.
e.g. “General Motors” is a household name. 3.36 consumer-oriented = targeted at the wishes of
3.26 cajoling /kº`πølæ…/ (adj) = persuading sb in a very consumers / nastawiony na konsumentów, komercyjny
insistent way to do sth / przymilny, schlebiający e.g. Most shopping centres are consumer-oriented,
e.g. She can be persistent and cajoling when with parking and baby-minding facilities available.
she wants to get her own way. 3.37 oversee /¿øvº`s∞/ (v) = to be in control of sth,
Der.: cajolery (n), cajolingly (adv) to make sure it is done right / nadzorować
3.27 intimidating /æn`tæmædΩtæ…/ (adj) = frightening and e.g. The foreman oversees the whole construction
making others lose confidence / budzący grozę, of the building.
onieśmielający Der.: overseer (n)
e.g. ∆he headmaster can be very intimidating. 3.38 relaunch /¿r∞`l¥nt«/ (v) = to re-introduce sth in a new
ªy knees shake whenever he speaks. format / wprowadzić ponownie (na rynek)
3.28 persistent /pº`sæstºnt/ (adj) = continuing to do sth e.g. We decided to relaunch the perfume after figures
in spite of the opposition of others / uparty, showed that it would prove more popular with older
nieustępliwy women.
e.g. She is so persistent that she will keep nagging 3.39 inner city areas = areas near the centre of a city,
until I agree to buy her that new coat. suffering from economic or social problems /
Der.: persistently (adv), persistence (n) ubogie dzielnice śródmiejskie
3.29 come across /`k∑m º`kr≥s/ (phr v) = to seem to have e.g. The police are intent on curbing crime in inner city
particular qualities / wypaść, zrobić dobre wrażenie, areas.
wydawać się 3.40 overwhelmed /¿øvº`welmd/ (adj) = affected very
e.g. On television the minister came across as being strongly by sth / przytłoczony, głęboko poruszony
very intelligent. e.g. I was overwhelmed by the sight of the ship sinking
before my eyes.
31
Unit 3
3.41 perceive /pº`s∞v/ (v) = to see and understand sth / 3.52 circulation /¿sªkju`lΩ«ºn/ (n) = the number of
postrzegać, dostrzegać newspapers or magazines sold (in a given time) /
e.g. Many people are not able to clearly perceive nakład
what the problems of our society are. e.g. If we include some articles aimed at young people,
Der.: perception (n), perceptive (adj) circulation might increase.
3.42 ill-inspired /¿ælæn`sp¡ºd/ (adj) = badly thought out / 3.53 readership /`r∞dº«æp/ (n) = the number of people
niefortunny who read a newspaper or magazine / czytelnicy
e.g. This ill-inspired decision will have lasting e.g. Our readership remains at around 70%
repercussions. of the population of those over 50 years old.
3.43 harbour /`h≤bºr/ (v) = to have sth on one’s mind 3.54 obituary /º`bæt«uºri/ (n) = a newspaper note or article
for a long time / żywić (np. uczucie, urazę) about a dead person / nekrolog lub krótki artykuł
e.g. Since the dispute, he had harboured feelings poświęcony zmarłej osobie
of resentment for his colleague. e.g. My father has a creepy fascination with the
3.44 lay down /`lΩ `d¬n/ (phr v) = to officially state obituaries. Reading who has died is the first thing
the way to do sth / ustanowić, określić he does when he gets the newspaper.
e.g. ªanagement has laid down that all staff 3.55 supplement /`s∑plæmºnt/ (n) = a separate section,
must be at their desks by 9 o’clock. especially a colour magazine, added
3.45 highbrow /`h¡br¬/ (adj) = intellectual, academic / to a newspaper / dodatek
intelektualistyczny, „uczony”, przeintelektualizowany e.g. I only buy that newspaper for the Arts supplement.
e.g. He tends to watch highbrow documentaries 3.56 broadsheet /`br¥d«∞t/ (n) = a large-sized newspaper
about political events. usually considered serious in content / gazeta
3.46 perplexed /pº`plekst/ (adj) = confused / zdumiony, dużego formatu (kojarzona z wyższą jakością)
skonsternowany e.g. ∆he Times is one of Britain’s main broadsheets.
e.g. He looked at me with a perplexed expression 3.57 feature /`f∞t«ºr/ (n) = a newspaper article / (obszerny)
as if he didn’t know what to do. artykuł
Der.: perplexity (n) e.g. The editor asked me to write a feature
3.47 dismissive /¿dæs`mæsæv/ (adj) = treating sb or sth on inner-city slums.
as if they had no value / lekceważący 3.58 tabloid /`t±bl√d/ (n) = a small-sized newspaper
e.g. When I tried to explain the problem, her attitude containing light articles and gossip / gazeta
was dismissive and uncaring. brukowa
Der.: dismissively (adv) e.g. The tabloids got hold of the photos of the couple
3.48 discomfort /dæs`k∑mfºt/ (n) = not feeling well and printed them on the front page.
or at ease / zakłopotanie, skrępowanie 3.59 censorship /`sensº«æp/ (n) = an official examination
e.g. The politician began to feel extreme discomfort of books, films, etc before they are available to
when the journalist asked him personal questions. the public, and removal of unnacceptable parts /
3.49 acute /º`kj∂t/ (adj) = sensitive and powerful, well cenzura
developed / doskonały, ostry, wyostrzony e.g. Press censorship prevents journalists from
e.g. ∞n owl’s acute sense of hearing helps it to hunt including certain details in their reports.
at night. 3.60 glossy /`gl≥si/ (adj) = (of a magazine or photograph)
Der. : acutely (adv) printed on shiny, high quality paper / błyszczący,
3.50 far-reaching /¿f≤`r∞t«æ…/ (adj) = extensive / dogłębny, połyskliwy
daleko idący, dalekosiężny e.g. I love the feel of these glossy pages in Vogue.
e.g. ∆he invention of the computer had far-reaching 3.61 treaty talks /`tr∞ti `t¥ks/ (n pl) = official negotiations
effects on the way people work. between countries before an agreement is
Language Focus (pp. 56–59) made / rozmowy przed podpisaniem traktatu, układy
e.g. During the treaty talks, both sides agreed
3.51 editorial /¿edæ`t¥riºl/ (n) = part of the newspaper to a reduction in the number of nuclear warheads.
in which the editor writes his or her comments / 3.62 negotiable /næ`gø«ƒbºl/ (adj) = (of prices, terms
artykuł wstępny („od Redakcji”) of employment, etc) that can be changed /
e.g. This week’s editorial includes an appraisal do negocjacji, do uzgodnienia
of the latest political upheaval.
32
Unit 3
e.g. The price of this land is negotiable – let’s haggle e.g. π have pledged to send some money to help famine
and reach an agreement. victims in Africa.
Der.: negotiate (v), negotiation (n) 3.75 capacity /kº`p±sætæ/ (n) = as many people as a place
3.63 reshuffle /¿r∞`«∑fºl/ (n) = rearranging, interchanging can hold / maksymalna pojemność
the positions, especially of the cabinet members / e.g. The arena was filled to capacity for the Rolling
przetasowanie (np. w rządzie) Stones concert.
e.g. Most of the ministers were moved to different 3.76 biannual /b¡`±njµºl/ (adj) = occurring twice a year /
ministries in the last reshuffle. ukazujący się dwa razy w roku
3.64 cynicism /`sænæsæzºm/ (n) = cynizm e.g. The company produces a biannual report,
3.65 backbencher /`b±kbent«ºr/ (n) = a member of in June and December, on its profits and turnover.
Parliament who is not a minister and does not Der.: biannually (adv)
hold a position in the party / szeregowy poseł 3.77 fortnightly /`f¥tn¡tli/ (adv) = every two weeks /
e.g. Although he was only a backbencher, co dwa tygodnie
he was vocal in his criticism of the press. e.g. The magazine is published fortnightly;
3.66 FTSE (100) index, Footsie /`fµtsi/ (abbr) = the so you get two every month.
Financial Times Stock Exchange index that is 3.78 fanzine /`f±nz∞n/ (n) = a magazine for fans of
published in the Financial Times and indicates the a particular person or football team / fanzine
relative price of shares on the London Stock (gazeta dla fanów)
Exchange on the basis of Britain’s one hundred e.g. ∞˜ · sports enthusiast, he enjoyed reading
largest public companies / indeks giełdy londyńskiej the athletics fanzine.
publikowany przez Financial Times, obliczany dla stu 3.79 flyer /`fl¡ºr/ (n) = a small sheet of paper advertising
największych brytyjskich spółek akcyjnych a product or event / ulotka reklamowa
e.g. To prepare our business presentation, we have to e.g. The concert was advertised only on flyers.
check last week’s Dow Jones index and FTSE 100 index. 3.80 host /høst/ (v) = to introduce a TV show and talk
3.67 weigh on /`wΩ `≥n/ (phr v) = to worry sb / ciążyć, to guests who appear on it / prowadzić program,
leżeć na sercu być gospodarzem programu
e.g. This health problem is weighing on my mind. e.g. Lou Dobbs hosts a programme on CNN.
I hope it will be sorted out soon. 3.81 feature /`f∞t«ºr/ (v) = to present / przedstawić, ukazać
3.68 equities /èkwætiz/ (n pl) = assets (usually in the stock e.g. ∆he programme featured an interview
market) / akcje zwykłe with a famous footballer.
e.g. π decided to invest in equities but lost all my money. Der.: feature (n)
3.69 probe /prøb/ (v) = to investigate, to look into / 3.82 dispute /dæ`spj∂t/ (n) = disagreement / spór
zbadać, przeprowadzić śledztwo e.g. Workers are involved in a dispute with
e.g. While probing into the crime, detectives found management regarding safety practices.
a lot of evidence to suggest that other crimes Der.: disputable (adj)
had been committed by the same person. 3.83 die down /`d¡ `d¬n/ (phr v) = to become less
3.70 riddle /`rædºl/ (n) = a puzzle / zagadka intense / przycichnąć, ustąpić
e.g. πn order to solve the riddle, the police have e.g. √nce all the fuss has died down, we’ll look into
to find the mastermind of the robbery. the situation and find a peaceful solution.
3.71 plunge /pl∑nπ/ (n) = a drop, a reduction / gwałtowny 3.84 overnight /`øvºn¡t/ (adv) = throughout the night /
spadek natychmiast (z dnia na dzień); nocą, w nocy
e.g. ∆here has been a dramatic plunge in the price e.g. π travelled overnight on the train to Newcastle
of stocks. and arrived at 6 am.
3.72 ordeal /¥`d∞l/ (n) = a difficult or unpleasant 3.85 drag on /`dr±g `≥n/ (phr v) = to go on for a long
situation / męka, ciężka próba time tediously / ciągnąć się, przedłużać się
e.g. After the kidnapping ordeal, the family just wanted e.g. ∆he lecture dragged on for such a long time
to forget the whole thing. that I nearly fell asleep.
3.73 row /r¬/ (n) = a quarrel / kłótnia, sprzeczka 3.86 egg on /èg `≥n/ (phr v) = to encourage sb to do
e.g. After another row, they decided to part. sth / namówić kogoś do czegoś
3.74 pledge /pleπ/ (v) = to promise, undertake / przyrzec, e.g. Although all her friends were egging her on to
zobowiązać się bungee jump, she refused because she was too scared.
33
Unit 3
3.87 something to fall back on = sth one uses when 3.98 commercial break /kº`mª«ºl brΩk/ (n) = a break
everything else has failed, the last resort / in a programme for advertisements to be shown /
ostatnia deska ratunku, coś, na czym można się oprzeć przerwa na reklamy
e.g. We’d better keep some money in the bank so that e.g. When the commercial break comes on,
we have something to fall back on if the business fails. I usually flick to another channel.
3.88 get the office fitted out = to equip the office with 3.99 gritty /`græti/ (adj) = tough, unpleasant, showing
the necessary machinery to function properly / sth in a realistic way / naturalistyczny
wyposażyć biuro (np. w sprzęt), zaopatrzyć w coś e.g. ∆he documentary presented a gritty look
e.g. We will never be organised unless we get the office at the real problems of an inner-city ghetto.
fitted out properly. Der.: grittiness (n)
3.89 sub-editor /¿s∑bèdætºr/ (n) = sb who checks and 3.100 grinding /`gr¡ndæ…/ (adj) = making a harsh noise /
changes the text of a newspaper before it is zgrzytliwy
printed / adiustator e.g. ∆he train came to a grinding halt.
e.g.The sub-editor has his own column in our Der.: grindingly (adv)
magazine. 3.101 gripping /`græpæ…/ (adj) = extremely exciting /
3.90 follow things through = to continue with sth until porywający
it is finished / doprowadzić do końca, dokończyć e.g. ∆he book was so gripping that I couldn’t
e.g. You always give up on tasks. You never follow put it down.
things through to the end. 3.102 grasping /`gr≤spæ…/ (adj) = greedy for money
3.91 perseverance /¿pªsæ`væºrºns/ (n) = continuing and unwilling to spend it / pazerny
sth even though it is difficult / wytrwałość e.g. ¡Ô wonder he is so rich, he is a very grasping type
e.g. Despite his injury, he showed perseverance of person who never buys anything.
and managed to win a medal. 3.103 grating /`grΩtæ…/ (adj) = annoying, bothering /
3.92 doom /d∂m/ (v) = to condemn / skazać drażniący, działający na nerwy
(na niepowodzenie) e.g. ∏i˜ character is very grating – he manages
e.g. ∆he dispute between the band members to annoy everyone.
was so severe that they were doomed to split up. Der.: gratingly (adv)
3.93 repel /ræ`pel/ (v) = to drive back, push away / odeprzeć 3.104 commentator /`k≥mºntΩtºr/ (n) = a person who
e.g. ∆he army finally managed to repel the enemy describes an event or broadcasts it over the radio
from their territory. or TV / komentator
Der.: repellant (n) e.g. ∆he football match was made much more
3.94 biased /`b¡ºst/ (adj) = partial, unfair, supporting exciting by the commentator’s thorough
one group as opposed to another / stronniczy, knowledge of the game.
nieobiektywny 3.105 in some respects = in some ways / pod pewnymi
e.g. ∆he referee was definitely biased as he favoured względami
the away team. e.g. √verall, his ideas are very strange, but in some
√pp.: unbiased, impartial respects I think he’s right.
3.95 innuendo /ænjµèndø/ (n) = an indirect reference 3.106 at short notice (idm) = within a short space
to sth unpleasant / insynuacja of time / w ostatniej chwili
e.g. π object to that innuendo - if you want to say e.g. We were told at very short notice
something, say it straight out. that the order had to be sent as soon as possible.
3.96 analogue /`±nºl≥g/ (adj) = measuring or storing 3.107 endeavour /æn`devºr/ (n) = an effort, attempt /
large amounts of information by using physical wysiłek, staranie, przedsięwzięcie
quantities such as voltage / analogowy e.g. Despite his best endeavours, he failed to reach
e.g. Analogue TV is the forerunner of digital TV. the finals of the tennis tournament.
Opp.: digital 3.108 pundit /`p∑ndæt/ (n) = sb who knows a lot about sth
3.97 allude /º`l∂d/ (v) = to refer to sth, mention in an and is often asked for his/her opinion / specjalista,
indirect way / robić aluzję, nawiązywać do czegoś ekspert
e.g. ∞lthough subtle, her comments alluded to the fact e.g. The political pundit gave a well-informed opinion
that accounts had been tampered with. of the new bill.
34
Unit 3
3.109 crucial /`kr∂«ºl/ (adj) = vital, very important / 3.120 benevolent /bº`nevºlºnt/ (adj) = kind and fair /
decydujący, rozstrzygający życzliwy, dobrotliwy
e.g. How we do in the next match is crucial, if we don’t e.g. His benevolent behaviour earned him the respect
win, we are out of the competition altogether. of his employees.
3.110 fixtures /`fækst«ºz/ (n pl) = sporting events which take Der.: benevolence (n)
place at a particular time and place / (planowa) 3.121 coin /k√n/ (v) = to be the first person to use an
impreza sportowa expression or word / ukuć (wyrażenie), utworzyć
e.g. Saturday’s fixtures have been cancelled (nowe słowo)
due to the bad weather. e.g. ∆he word “Taylorism,” referring to a management
3.111 surveillance /sº`vΩlºns/ (n) = continued watching philosophy, was coined in the 20th century.
of sb or sth / obserwacja, inwigilacja 3.122 fictional /`fæk«ºnºl/ (adj) = occurring only in stories,
e.g. ∆he police have had the gang under surveillance plays or films and not actually true / fikcyjny
for a long time and are expecting to make arrests e.g. ∏e had made up a whole series of fictional
shortly. characters to people his stories.
3.112 plagued /plΩgd/ (adj) = infested, tormented Der.: fiction (n)
by sth / nękany, dręczony 3.123 prejudiced /`preπµdæst/ (adj) = having an unfounded
e.g. The small town was plagued by reporters like or dislike for sb based on a general belief
after the scandal. about a group of people / uprzedzony, stronniczy

3.113 sitcom /`sætk≥m/ (n) = a situation comedy, e.g. ∏er contempt for working class people reveals
an amusing TV series about a group of people / how prejudiced she is.
serial komediowy 3.124 scrutiny /`skr∂tænæ/ (n) = close examination
e.g. The new sitcom on Wednesday nights presents or observation / baczna obserwacja, analiza
a humorous view of sharing a house. e.g. Following rumours of their intention to marry,
3.114 convention /kºn`ven«ºn/ (n) = a meeting of experts the celebrity couple came under scrutiny from the press.
in a particular field / zjazd, kongres Der.: scrutinise (v)
e.g. Delegates are requested to return the application 3.125 outright /¿¬t`r¡t/ (adv) = completely, totally,
form for the convention as soon as possible. immediately / kategorycznie, z miejsca
Listening & Speaking (pp. 60–61) e.g. He was opposed to their proposals and rejected
them outright.
3.115 entail /æn`tΩl/ (v) = to involve, include / pociągać 3.126 sighting /`s¡tæ…/ (n) = an occasion of seeing
za sobą, wiązać się z czymś sth strange or unusual / zgłoszony, zarejestrowany
e.g. Could you tell me exactly what the job entails przypadek zaobserwowania czegoś niezwykłego
before I accept it? e.g. Several UFO sightings have been reported
3.116 web browsing /`web br¬zæ…/ (n) = searching in recent weeks.
the Internet / przeglądanie stron w Internecie 3.127 improvise /`æmprºv¡z/ (v) = to make or do sth
e.g. In some countries, web browsing is a slow with whatever is available / improwizować
and costly process. e.g. She didn’t have a hammer so she improvised
3.117 phase out /`fΩz `¬t/ (phr v) = to gradually stop and used a large stone.
using sth / stopniowo wycofywać Der.: improviser (n), improvisation (n)
e.g. ∆he company is phasing out typewriters
and introducing computers.
3.118 download /`d¬nlød/ (v) = to transfer data to/from 3.128 inaugural /æ`n¥gjµrºl/ (adj) = first, marking
a computer via a communication link or computer the beginning of sth important / inauguracyjny
network / przesyłać dane do lub z komputera e.g. The president’s inaugural speech was designed
e.g. Since she was connected to the network, she could to pacify his opponents.
download files from another computer terminal. Der.: inauguration (n)
3.119 ratings /`rΩtæ…z/ (n pl) = a record of the numbers of 3.129 policy /`p≥læsi/ (n) = a set of ideas or plans that is
people watching particular programmes on TV / used for making decisions / polityka, strategia
wskaźniki oglądalności e.g. The school policy clearly states that students
e.g. When ratings fell suddenly, they decided to cancel must not smoke on the premises.
the show.
35
Unit 3
3.130 stilted /`stæltæd/ (adj) = formal, unnatural / wyniosły, 3.142 outlets /`¬tlets/ (n pl) = here: means by which sth
sztuczny can be broadcast / tu: możliwości reklamowania się
e.g. I could tell that he was not a native English speaker e.g. There are many outlets available to advertisers
due to his stilted language. for their products.
3.131 bogey /`bøgi/ (n) = sth people worry about, usually 3.143 reinstate /¿r∞æn`stΩt/ (v) = to reintroduce sth /
without reason / postrach, obawa przywrócić
e.g. Models’ main bogey is the fear of getting old. e.g. The ban on cigarette advertising was reinstated
Der.: bogeyman (n) due to increases in smoking-related illnesses.
3.132 depraved /dæ`prΩvd/ (adj) = morally bad or evil / 3.144 twist /twæst/ (n) = an unexpected ending or turn
zdeprawowany in a story / zwrot (akcji)
e.g. ∆his gruesome murder was certainly the work e.g. Everyone was taken by surprise by the twist
of depraved individuals. at the end of the film.
3.133 uplifted /¿∑p`læftæd/ (adj) = cheerful, feeling positive 3.145 liven up /`lævºn `∑p/ (phr v) = to make sth more
about sth / podniesiony na duchu active and cheerful / ożywić
e.g. Having panicked about the situation, I felt uplifted e.g. Why don’t we play some pop music
when she said that everything was fine. to liven up the party!
3.134 innocuous /æ`n≥kjµºs/ (adj) = harmless, inoffensive / 3.146 gloss /gl≥s/ (n) = shine, attractiveness / blask, blichtr
nieszkodliwy e.g. TV commercials may seem attractive

e.g. ∞lthough most people are up in arms about the new but don’t let the gloss trick you.
advertising campaign, I think it is quite innocuous. Der.: glossy (adj)
3.135 no-man’s-land = land between the borders of two 3.147 slot /sl≥t/ (n) = available broadcasting time /
states or armies that is not controlled by either czas antenowy przeznaczony na reklamę
of them / dosł. ziemia niczyja; tu: działalność e.g. During peak time viewing, advertising slots
niepodporządkowana żadnej konkretnej dziedzinie are more expensive.
e.g. ∏·ving just started our business, we are still 3.148 tingling /`tæ…glæ…/ (adj) = slightly stinging; here:
in the no-man‘s-land between success and failure. exciting / kłujący; tu: ekscytujący
3.136 abolish /º`b≥læ«/ (v) = to do away with, to get rid of / e.g. ∆he prospect of the escapade gave me a pleasant,
znieść, położyć czemuś kres tingling feeling.
e.g. The government has introduced a bill to abolish 3.149 jerky /`πªki/ (adj) = characterised by sudden, sharp
the death penalty. movements or changes / nierówny, urywany
Der.: abolition (n) e.g. ∏is movements are so jerky that he looks like
3.137 outlandish /¬t`l±ndæ«/ (adj) = unusual, strange, a robot.
unreasonable / dziwaczny, cudaczny Der.: jerkiness (n)
e.g. His outlandish dress made him stand out 3.150 caption /`k±p«ºn/ (n) = words written underneath
in the crowd. a picture explaining what it is about / napis pod
Der.: outlandishly (adv), outlandishness (n) zdjęciem
3.138 demise /dæ`m¡z/ (n) = an end, downfall, death / e.g. I didn’t understand the cartoon until I read
upadek the caption underneath.
e.g. Falling ratings spelled the demise of the sitcom. 3.151 detractor /dæ`tr±ktºr/ (n) = sb who criticises sth /
3.139 ad mag = a type of advertising which uses a storyline krytyk
to sell a product / reklama oparta na historyjce e.g. The film was a success despite
e.g. ∞dvertising using ad mags has not appeared what the detractors said.
on TV for many years. Der.: detract (v)
3.140 proprietor /prº`pr¡ºtºr/ (n) = an owner / właściciel 3.152 bound up with /`b¬nd `∑p wæ∫/ (adj) = closely
e.g. My father bought out his partner and became connected with and inseparable / związany z czymś
the sole proprietor of the business. e.g. The successful launch of a new product is bound up
3.141 cartel /k≤`tel/ (n) = an association of similar with good timing.
companies which act as one / kartel 3.153 spur on /`spªr `≥n/ (phr v) = to encourage /
e.g. ∆he chairman of the company suggested that dopingować, zachęcać
we would be more powerful if we formed a cartel. e.g. πn the final stretch of the race, all the supporters
shouted at the top of their voices to spur him on.
36
Unit 3
3.154 subject sb to sth /sºb`πekt/ (v) = to make sb 3.166 CEO /¿s∞ ∞ `ø/ (abbr) = chief executive officer,
experience sth (usually unpleasant) / poddać kogoś the highest ranking official in a business
czemuś, wystawić, narazić na coś company / dyrektor naczelny, dyrektor generalny
e.g. ∞t the health farm, we were subjected to all sorts e.g. Betty had to work really hard for years before
of exercise routines, which left us completely exhausted. she became CEO in her company.
3.155 extol /æk`støl/ (v) = to praise / wychwalać 3.167 baggage handler = a person who loads and unloads
e.g. ∞fter you have finished extolling the virtues luggage from aircraft / bagażowy
of the resort, can you tell me how much it will cost e.g. All flights are grounded due to the baggage
to stay there? handlers’ strike.
3.156 recap on sth /`r∞k±p/ (v) = to repeat some points 3.168 whereabouts /`w≈rºb¬ts/ (n) = the exact location,
already mentioned / zreasumować place of residence / miejsce pobytu, miejsce,
e.g. Let me just take a moment to recap on the points gdzie ktoś lub coś się znajduje
covered so far. e.g. The police know the whereabouts of the criminal
3.157 set /set/ (n) = the scenery used for a play, film, etc / but donãt have enough proof to arrest him.
scenografia, dekoracje 3.169 derive /dæ`r¡v/ (v) = to come or develop from sth /
e.g. We need four people to design and paint powstać z czegoś, pochodzić od czegoś
the set for our play. e.g. The word “television” is derived from the Greek
3.158 frame /frΩm/ (n) = one of the separate photos word “tele” and the Latin word “visio”.
that a film is made up of / klatka (filmu) Der.: derivative /dæ`rævºtæv/ (n)
e.g. π watched the scene frame by frame and still 3.170 varnish /`v≤næ«/ (n) = a liquid which hardens to
could not make you out. provide a protective coat for wood / lakier, werniks
3.159 outcome /`¬tk∑m/ (n) = a result / wynik, rezultat e.g. ∞ thick layer of varnish on the door will protect it
e.g. Although we know he’s guilty, we’ll have to wait from the bad weather over the winter.
for the outcome of the trial. 3.171 distract /dæ`str±kt/ (v) = to take sbãs attention away
3.160 inoffensive /ænº`fensæv/ (adj) = harmless, not from what they are doing / rozproszyć, odwrócić
unpleasant / nieszkodliwy uwagę
e.g. He made a small inoffensive remark which didnãt e.g. π am sure having the TV Ôn while studying
upset anybody. will distract him from his work.
3.161 enhancing /æn`h≤nsæ…/ (adj) = improving in value, 3.172 draught /dr≤ft/ (n) = a current of air flowing through
quality or attractiveness / poprawiający a place / przeciąg
e.g. Drinking plenty of water is said to have e.g. π think I caught this cold from sitting in a draught
an enhancing effect on the skin. all afternoon.
3.162 strained /strΩnd/ (adj) = under pressure, looking 3.173 GP /¿π∞ `p∞/ (abbr) = general practitioner, a doctor
worried or nervous / pełen napięcia who is trained in general medicine and works
e.g. √verwork has given him a strained look. in the local community / lekarz rodzinny
e.g. Doctor Hopkins has been our GP for twenty years.
3.174 proofread /`pr∂fr∞d/ (v) = to check a written text
3.163 talent scout /`t±lºnt sk¬t/ (n) = sb who looks for for mistakes / zrobić korektę
gifted or skilled people in unusual places / łowca e.g. ∞lways proofread your compositions
talentów before handing them in to the teacher.
e.g. π hope I’ll play well in the match today; a talent Der.: proofreader (n)
scout from a big team will be there. 3.175 wig /wæg/ (n) = false hair / peruka
3.164 alleviate /º`l∞viΩt/ (v) = to make sth less intense e.g. ∏is wig blew off to reveal his bald head.
or severe / złagodzić, zmniejszyć 3.176 aspiring /º`sp¡ºræ…/ (adj) = trying to become
e.g. ¡ew houses in the suburbs were built to alleviate successful in a certain field / początkujący,
the problem of overpopulation in the city. z ambicjami
3.165 overflow /¿øvº`flø/ (v) = to flow over the edge e.g. These lectures will be of interest to any aspiring
due to overfilling / wysypywać się, przelewać się, writers among you.
wylewać się Der.: aspiration (n)
e.g. Don’t fill the glass up to the top; it will overflow! 3.177 solid /`s≥læd/ (adj) = well founded, firm / solidny,
Der.: overflow (n) rzetelny
37
Unit 3
e.g. πf you have a solid educational background, 3.189 aftermath /`≤ftºm≤á/ (n) = a situation resulting
you are bound to succeed. from a major event / następstwo
3.178 land sth /l±nd/ (v) = to get sth that is difficult e.g. People were left homeless in the aftermath
to obtain / zdobyć coś, załapać się of the hurricane.
e.g. Joanna landed the main part in a Hollywood film! 3.190 unrestrained /¿∑nræ`strΩnd/ (adj) = expressing feeling
3.179 apprenticeship /º`prentæs¿«æp/ (n) = working for sb in a strong, extreme or intense manner /
for a period of time to learn skills for that job / bezgraniczny, nieograniczony, niepohamowany
praktyka zawodowa e.g. She let out an unrestrained cry of joy
e.g. Once he had completed his apprenticeship when she won the tennis match.
at the garage, he became a fully-trained mechanic. 3.191 outwit /¿¬t`wæt/ (v) = to outsmart, to trick, to be
3.180 sensationalism /sen`sΩ«ºnºlæzºm/ (n) = presentation cleverer than sb / przechytrzyć
of the facts in such a way as to provoke strong e.g. The fox outwitted the hunters by walking
feelings / pogoń za sensacją in the river and covering its scent.
e.g. ªÔst tabloid newspapers depend on 3.192 court sb /k¥t/ (v) = to have a romantic relationship
sensationalism to increase their circulation. with sb before getting married / zalecać się
3.181 assassin /º`s±sæn/ (n) = a person hired to kill do kogoś, spotykać się z sympatią
sb (e.g. a politician) / zamachowiec e.g. They had been courting for a year before
e.g. ∆he murder was obviously carried out they married.

by a hired assassin. Der.: courtship (n)
Der.: assassination (n), assassinate (v) 3.193 craftsman /`kr≤ftsmºn/ (n) = sb skilled in a certain
3.182 infant /`ænfºnt/ (n) = a small baby / niemowlak handicraft / rzemieślnik
e.g. ∆he woman walked out of the maternity ward e.g. πt is clear from the finish on this vase that
holding the infant in her arms. the craftsman who made it is highly skilled.
Der.: infantile (adj), infancy (n) 3.194 fragile /`fr±π¡l/ (adj) = easily broken or damaged /
3.183 subsequent /`s∑bsækwºnt/ (adj) = happening after / delikatny, kruchy
późniejszy e.g. ∆his crystal glass is extremely fragile;
e.g. ∆he interest-rate cut and subsequent increase handle it with care.
in investment helped to restore the economy. Der.: fragility /frº`πælºti/ (n)
3.184 unfold /∑n`føld/ (v) = to develop and become 3.195 resilient /ræ`zæliºnt/ (adj) = able to recover easily
known / rozgrywać się from unpleasant or damaging events / odporny
e.g. ∆he full horror of the disaster unfolded e.g. µeing a resilient man, he soon recovered from
before our eyes on the TV screen. the shock of losing his job.
3.185 detachment /dæ`t±t«mºnt/ (n) = objectivity / 3.196 resonant /`rezºnºnt/ (adj) = having a deep,
bezstronność, obiektywizm strong sound / donośny
e.g. ∞ journalist must show complete detachment e.g. His resonant voice could be heard all over the room.
when covering a story. 3.197 ointment /`√ntmºnt/ (n) = a smooth thick substance
3.186 usurp /j∂`zªp/ (v) = to take over sth when Ône put on sore skin to heal it / maść
has no right to do so / uzurpować sobie coś e.g. Although the ointment stung, it helped the wound
e.g. You have no right to usurp my position; heal more quickly.
I was here long before you. 3.198 morality /mº`r±læti/ (n) = principles governing good
3.187 hindsight /`h¡nds¡t/ (n) = the ability to understand behaviour, distinction between good and bad
sth about an event after it has happened / ocena conduct / moralność
sytuacji z perspektywy czasu e.g. µeing fair and just, she is regarded as having high
e.g. With hindsight, we could have done things standards of morality.
differently. 3.199 condense /kºn`dens/ (v) = to make a text shorter
3.188 galvanise /`g±lvºn¡z/ (v) = to cause sb to take by removing irrelevant material / skrócić
action by making them feel excited or angry / e.g. This speech is too long; you will have to condense it.
zelektryzować 3.200 competence /`k≥mpætºns/ (n) = the ability to do sth
e.g. ∆he report on child labour galvanised charity well or effectively / kwalifikacje, umiejętności
organisations worldwide. e.g. Having proved her competence to do the job,
she was taken on at the end of her trial period.
38
Unit 3
3.201 quantifier /`kw≥ntæf¡ºr/ (n) = a grammatical term e.g. Spying on competitors is a very sneaky way
for words which describe the quantity of sth / of doing business.
zaimek lub liczebnik określający liczbę lub ilość czegoś 3.212 dried-up sources = people who had previously given
e.g. It is essential to use quantifiers when describing unofficial information to journalists but stopped
amounts of things. doing so / utracone źródła informacji
3.202 ply sb with sth /pl¡/ (v) = to keep giving sb large e.g. The lack of exclusive information in our articles
amounts of sth / zasypywać kogoś (np. prezentami) is due to dried-up sources.
e.g. Granny always plied me with dolls and teddy bears. 3.213 upfront /∑p`fr∑nt/ (adj) = honest, open / szczery,
3.203 violation /¿v¡º`lΩ«ºn/ (n) = breaking of an otwarty
agreement, rule or promise / naruszenie, pogwałcenie e.g. Instead of being upfront about the incident,
e.g. Not wearing a seatbelt is a violation of traffic laws. he told us a pack of lies.
Der.: violator (n), violate (v) 3.214 lawsuit /`l¥s∂t/ (n) = a court case against sb /
3.204 NCAA /¿en s∞ Ω `Ω/ (abbr) = the National Collegiate proces, sprawa sądowa
Athletic Association, a US voluntary organisation e.g. The employee brought a lawsuit against
through which the US colleges and universities the company for unfair dismissal.
govern their athletic programmes / w Stanach 3.215 testimony /`testimºni/ (n) = a formal statement
Zjednoczonych, organizacja koordynująca uniwersyteckie for legal purposes / zeznanie
programy sportowe e.g. ∆he testimony of the witnesses led

e.g. The NCAA has more than one thousand members. to the prosecution of the accused.
3.205 counter /`k¬ntºr/ (v) = to act against sth / odeprzeć, 3.216 indisputable /¿ændæ`spj∂tºbºl/ (adj) = unquestionable /
odrzucić niepodważalny, bezsporny
e.g. To counter increasing vandalism, strict fines were e.g. The fact that the earth revolves around the sun
introduced. is indisputable.
3.206 recanting /ræ`k±ntæ…/ (n) = stating publicly that 3.217 recklessly /`reklºsli/ (adv) = carelessly / lekkomyślnie
one’s previous opinions have changed / e.g. ∏e was arrested for driving recklessly and knocking
odwołanie, wyparcie się down an old lady.
e.g. ∆hey prevented any recanting by using a tape 3.218 law enforcement officer = a member of the police
recorder. force / funkcjonariusz organu ochrony porządku
Der.: recantation (n) publicznego
3.207 inhibited /æn`hæbætæd/ (adj) = embarrassed, not feeling e.g. ∞fter being tipped off, law enforcement officers
free to express oneself / skrępowany raided the house and arrested the gang.
e.g. Being admonished as a child made me feel 3.219 abhorrent /ºb`h≥rºnt/ (adj) = hateful, disgraceful,
inhibited about expressing my feelings. unacceptable / odrażający, wstrętny
Opp.: uninhibited e.g. I cannot stand cruelty to animals. I find it
3.208 forthcoming /¿f¥ı`k∑mæ…/ (adj) = willing to talk / abhorrent.
otwarty, chętnie udzielający informacji Der.: abhorrence (n), abhorrently (adv)
e.g. She obviously didn’t want to discuss her plans; 3.220 glut /gl∑t/ (n) = an excessive amount of sth / nadmiar
she wasn’t forthcoming about the details. e.g. The European Union has a glut of milk; cows are
3.209 consent /kºn`sent/ (n) = permission / zgoda simply producing too much.
e.g. πn Britain, you cannot get married before 3.221 scam /sk±m/ (n) = (informal) a clever and dishonest
the age of 18 without your parents’ consent. plan (e.g. for making money) / szwindel, przekręt
Der.: consent (v) e.g. I’m tired of all your scams, why don’t you get
3.210 federal /`fedºrºl/ (adj) = connected with national a decent job instead?
rather than local institutions / federalny 3.222 gotcha /`g≥∏º/ (excl) = (informal) an exclamation
e.g. While the federal government has control over used when one has caught sb or won sth from
foreign affairs, each state is individually responsible them, a written representation of the way some
for law enforcement. people pronounce ”(I) have got you” / Mam cię!
Der.: federalism (n), federalist (n), federation (n), e.g. Hidden cameras are responsible for all the ” gotcha”
federally (adv) pieces on TV which show famous people in
3.211 sneaky /`sn∞ki/ (adj) = doing sth in a secret, embarrassing situations.
suspicious way / przebiegły, podstępny
39
Unit 3
3.223 breach /br∞t«/ (n) = a rupture, break / naruszenie 3.234 abuse /º`bj∂z/ (v) = to use sth in a bad way or for
(np. przepisów); ochłodzenie, zerwanie a bad purpose / nadużywać, używać niewłaściwie
e.g. His unwillingness to compromise caused a breach e.g. ∏e abused his power by making unreasonable
in their relationship. demands on people.
3.224 deception /dæ`sep«ºn/ (n) = tricking sb / oszustwo, Der.: abusive /º`bj∂sæv/ (adj), abuse /º`bj∂s/ (n)
podstęp 3.235 bear out /`beºr `¬t/ (phr v) = to prove / potwierdzić,
e.g. He dressed as a waiter as part of his deception zaświadczyć o czymś
to get into the celebrity wedding. e.g. The fact that I am right will be borne out eventually
3.225 principle /`prænsæpºl/ (n) = a rule of conduct / zasada and then you will all have to agree with me.
(moralna), prawo, reguła 3.236 infer /æn`fªr/ (v) = to decide that sth is true on the
e.g. He refuses to gossip about people because it goes basis of certain information / wywnioskować
against his principles. e.g. Looking at the results of the survey, we can infer
3.226 elusive /æ`l∂sæv/ (adj) = difficult to find or get that children are influenced by advertising.
hold of / nieuchwytny, trudno osiągalny Der.: inference (n)
e.g. For years the criminal had proved too elusive for 3.237 in one’s capacity = in one’s position / jako
the police until he finally made the mistake they had (np. dyrektor)
been waiting for. e.g. In my capacity as Headmaster, I welcome you to
3.227 profound /prº`f¬nd/ (adj) = very great, intense / Sunnyhill School.

głęboki 3.238 CBE /¿s∞ b∞ `∞/ (abbr) = Commander (of the Order)
e.g. Losing the match had a profound effect on him; of the British Empire, an award instituted in 1917,
he was upset for days. given in Britain both to men and women for
3.228 concrete proof = clear evidence / jasny, oczywisty services to their country, originally to the British
dowód Empire / Komandor Orderu Imperium Brytyjskiego,
e.g. ∆he video tape of the thief was concrete proof wysokiego odznaczenia państwowego w Wielkiej Brytanii
that he was guilty of the crime. e.g. My grandfather was Sir John Killingback, CBE.
3.239 urge /ªπ/ (v) = to strongly advise / namawiać,
Writing (pp. 68–72)
nakłaniać
3.229 register /`reπæstºr/ (n) = the style of language e.g. The meteorological office urged people to stay
(formal or informal) / styl, odmiana języka, rejestr at home because of the strong winds.
języka 3.240 blessing /`blesæ…/ (n) = sth good that you are
e.g. ∞ letter of complaint should always be written grateful for / błogosławieństwo
in a formal register. e.g. ∆he rain was a blessing after so many months
3.230 be inclined = to be likely to think or act in a certain of drought.
way / skłaniać się ku czemuś 3.241 curse /kªs/ (n) = damnation / przekleństwo, klątwa
e.g. ∞fter hearing the testimony of the witness, e.g. It is often said that there is a curse on the Kennedy
I am inclined to believe that she was innocent. family as they have suffered so many misfortunes.
3.231 grossly /`grøsli/ (adv) = extremely / rażąco Der.: cursedly (adv), cursed (adj)
e.g. This film was grossly overrated; I really 3.242 boon /b∂n/ (n) = an advantage, sth that makes
don’t see what all the fuss was about. life easier / dobrodziejstwo
Der.: gross (adj) e.g. ∆he invention of the electric vacuum cleaner
3.232 beyond dispute = that cannot or should not be was a real boon to housewives.
questioned or discussed / poza dyskusją 3.243 stir up /`stªr `∑p/ (phr v) = to cause problems,
e.g. The fact that smoking is bad for our health trouble / wzbudzić, wznieść, wywołać
is beyond dispute. e.g. He loves to stir up trouble in the office by starting
3.233 take issue with sb about/on/over sth (idm) = to rumours and gossiping.
disagree or start arguing with sb about sth / 3.244 medium /`m∞diºm/ (n) = a means of expressing
nie zgodzić się z kimś or communicating ideas / środek wyrazu, przekazu
e.g. π am sorry, I would like to take issue with you on e.g. ∆he medium of film is often used to convey images
what you just said – do you really expect us to accept of society.
that? 3.245 adverse /`±dvªs/ (adj) = negative / niekorzystny,
niepożądany, wywołujący sprzeciw
40
Unit 3
e.g. Due to adverse criticism, the producer withdrew 3.250 ally /`±l¡/ (n) = a helper, supporter / sojusznik
the film. e.g. You have found a good ally in him;
Der.: adversary (n), adversely (adv), adversity (n) he will stand by you no matter what.
3.246 distorted /dæ`st¥tæd/ (adj) = reported or represented 3.251 vice versa /¿v¡sæ `vªsº/ (adv) = used to indicate
in an untrue or inaccurate way / zniekształcony, that the reverse of what one has said is also true /
wypaczony odwrotnie, na odwrót
e.g. µy only showing the negative aspects of the city, e.g. People can travel freely from France to Spain
the report gave a distorted view of the area. and vice versa.
3.247 attribute /º`træbj∂t/ (v) = to say or think that 3.252 insurmountable /ænsº`m¬ntºbºl/ (adj) = impossible
a particular thing is the cause of sth / przypisywać to overcome or deal with / nie do pokonania
coś komuś lub czemuś e.g. Reversing the effects of global warming seems
e.g. The bad weather was attributed to a low-pressure an insurmountable task.
belt coming in from the west. Der.: insurmountability (n), insurmountably (adv)
Der.: attributive (adj), attribution (n) 3.253 humble /`h∑mbºl/ (adj) = ordinary, not special in any
3.248 animosity /¿±næ`m≥sºti/ (n) = a strong feeling way / skromny, zwyczajny
of dislike or anger / niechęć, animozja e.g. The little hotel looked humble from the outside
e.g. The crowd could sense the animosity but inside it was extremely luxurious.
between the rival players. Der.: humbly (adv)
3.249 pertain /pº`tΩn/ (v) = to relate to sth / dotyczyć, 3.254 consumerism /kºn`sj∂mºræzºm/ (n) = the belief
odnosić się that buying or using many products is good /
e.g. Everything pertaining to staff must be discussed konsumpcjonizm, postawa konsumpcyjna
with the personnel manager. e.g. ∞dvertising encourages consumerism to the extent
that people buy products they don’t really need.
1 The economy was severely affected by the stock market 6 Few newspaper reports are .........., presenting opinion
.......... . rather than fact.
A crash C comment A objective C depicted
B collision D consequence B updated D reflective
2 Discussing the effects of the new law was the main item 7 Not having played a fatherly role before, his acting was
on the .......... . .......... and unnatural.
A calendar C agenda A undreamt C stilted
B diary D rota B formatted D bound
3 Despite its initial success, the programme’s producer 8 Small enterprises struggle to compete with international
.......... fears about the future. .......... .
A inspired C suffered A outlets C proprietors
B harboured D pursued B landlords D corporations
4 Having a strong interest in environmental issues, he 9 The Royal wedding was broadcast .......... on major TV
decided to .......... the new ecology magazine. channels around the world.
A dispose of C feature in A reportedly C simultaneously
B subscribe to D vote on B grossly D fortnightly
5 Critics of .......... television believe that it has a negative 10 If you are interested in celebrity .........., then tabloid
effect on society’s view of reality. newspapers are best for you.
A overactive C interactive A incidents C rumours
B inactive D reactive B gossip D editorials
41
Unit 3

ñ unbiased ñ host ñ outwit ñ evasive ñ supplement ñ inaugural ñ discomfort ñ columnist ñ scrutiny ñ innocuous
1 The Sunday newspaper contained a full colour ................ 6 During the chat show, the footballer was ...................
on medicinal plants. about the dispute with the team manager.
2 Being a gossip ..................... , she knows all the latest 7 Despite their great ..................... the victims talked to the
show business news. journalist about their ordeal.
3 Despite his lack of experience, he was chosen to .............. 8 The ..................... editorial in the newspaper said that the
the children’s TV show. opposition had a long way to go in order to win the
4 The interviewer tried to ................ the politician by asking election.
questions he couldn’t answer. 9 Although the reporter felt that his remarks were
5 After brawling in public, the pop singer’s life came under ..................... , the actor was quite offended.
much ..................... from the press. 10 Technical problems marred the new channelãs
..................... broadcast.
1 I felt quite sick when the dentist started to ..................... 4 In my ..................... as project leader, I am pleased to
around my mouth. welcome you to the team.
Sniffer dogs were brought along to ..................... the The refugee camp was at full ..................... and couldn’t
area for clues. house any more people.
The press are well known for the way they ..................... Her creative ..................... helped her to succeed in the
into people’s backgrounds. position of fashion editor.
2 During the scandal, the newspaper’s ..................... 5 On a hot summer’s day, there is nothing I like more than
figures were higher than ever. to ..................... into an outdoor swimming pool.
Cold feet and hands can be caused by poor ................. . Investors were frantic when stock market prices began to
Fake fifty pound notes have been found in ..................... ..................... .
in some areas of the country. They decided to take the ..................... and go and work
overseas.
3 Although he has a gentlemanly appearance, there is
something ..................... about him.
Only those with licence plates that end in a(n)
..................... number can drive through the town centre
today.
He can’t find a matching pair of socks since they are all
..................... .
42
Unit 3
1 The audience grew bored of the politician’s never-ending 4 The manager flatly refused to consider the proposal.
speech. outright The proposal .....................................
dragged As the politician’s .............................. ..................................... the manager.
................, the audience grew bored. 5 Please don’t start the task unless you intend to complete
2 The article strongly supported the decision to make it.
students pay tuition fees. follow If you .................................................
biased The article ......................................... ........................ , please don’t start it.
the decision to make students pay
tuition fees.
3 Ever since the magazine started it has had a problem
attracting enough advertisers.
thorn Attracting enough advertisers has
been ..................................................
........... the magazine since it started.
There was time when 1) ........................... in sport were limited to the arena, ADVERTISE
pitch or court where games were played. The boom in 2) ........................... deals SPONSOR
has revived a number of sports, giving the advertisers and the sport itself more
television coverage. Alongside this, 3) ........................... breaks are flooded with COMMERCE
top performers promoting anything from sportswear to shampoos.
Now businesses and 4) ........................... have reached beyond the medium CORPORATE
of TV and have struck right at the heart of 5) ........................... . Familiar logos, CONSUME
names and faces from the sporting world now appear on all kinds of goods so
that advertisers can 6) ........................... get their message across when you SNEAKY
least expect it. Thus, when you buy that carton of milk, you not only get a
picture of your favourite footballer, but you also get the name of his team’s
sponsor, which will filter through to your subconscious while you are
7) ........................... with something else. OCCUPY
While some consider this to be only a minor 8) ........................... , there are DISTRACT
others who view it as a significant and unwelcome 9) ........................... which is INTRUDE
taking over our lives.
There is also the 10) ........................... damaging effect on existing POTENTIAL
businesses to consider – the advantage that large wealthy companies have over
smaller ones is 11) ........................... . The more money you put into sports DISPUTE
sponsorship, it seems, the more you get out of it.
43
4 Planes, Trains and Automobiles
Lead-in (p. 73)

4.12 predator /`predºtºr/ (n) = an animal that preys
on other animals / drapieżnik
4.1 versatile /`vªsºt¡l/ (adj) = having many different e.g. Lions, tigers and crocodiles are predators.
Der.: predatory (adj)
uses / uniwersalny, wszechstronny, wielofunkcyjny 4.13 terrain /tº`rΩn/ (n) = the physical features
e.g. ∆his kitchen blender is amazingly versatile.
Der.: versatility /vªsº`tælæti/ (n) of a stretch of land / teren
4.2 pricey /`pr¡si/ (adj) = expensive / drogi e.g. ÀÔu need a Jeep to travel through such rough
e.g. I really like that dress, but it’s a bit pricey. terrain.
4.3 stow /stø/ (v) = to store / schować 4.14 obstacle /`≥bstºkºl/ (n) = sth that prevents you
e.g. ∆he bus driver stowed the passengers’ luggage from doing sth / przeszkoda
in the baggage compartments before leaving. e.g. In the Camel Trophy Race, you have to overcome
4.4 deck /dek/ (n) = the floor of a ship / pokład many difficult obstacles.
e.g. ∞lison stood on the deck of the huge cruise liner 4.15 puncture /`p∑…kt«ºr/ (v) = to make a hole in a tyre /
and waved goodbye to her parents. „złapać gumę”
4.5 mind the gap (excl) = watch out for a hole or space / e.g. ∞s I was driving to work this morning, I punctured
napis lub ostrzeżenie na kolei lub w metrze, by uważać my rear tyre.
na odstęp pomiędzy pociągiem a peronem 4.16 diverge from sth /daæ`vªd»/ (v) = to depart from
e.g. ∞t train stations passengers are warned to mind sth and go in a different direction / rozwidlać się,
the gap between the platform and the train. rozchodzić się
4.6 moderately /`m≥dºrºtli/ (adv) = not extremely / e.g. When you reach the point where two paths diverge
umiarkowanie from the main road, take the first one.
e.g. ∆he majority of commuters seem to be moderately Der.: divergence (n), divergent (adj)
satisfied with the new transport system. 4.17 unpaved /∑n`pΩvd/ (adj) = not covered with
Der.: moderation (n) concrete or paving stones / nieutwardzony,
4.7 figure /`fægºr/ (n) = a particular amount or number bez asfaltu
given in official information / cyfra, liczba, wielkość e.g. The path to their front door was unpaved.
e.g. Unemployment figures have increased by 0.5% 4.18 treacherous /`tret«ºrºs/ (adj) = extremely dangerous
since last year. and unpredictable / zdradliwy, podstępny
4.8 distraction /dæ`str±k«ºn/ (n) = an activity intended e.g. ∆hey were glad to have survived their treacherous
to entertain and amuse sb / oderwanie się journey around Alaska.
(np. od pracy), rozrywka, odmiana Der.: treacherously (adv), treachery (n)
e.g. Edward’s sole distraction is the occasional visit 4.19 hazardous /`h±zºdºs/ (adj) = dangerous,
to the amusement arcade. involving risk / niebezpieczny, ryzykowny
4.9 fulfilment /fµl`fælmºnt/ (n) = satisfaction from e.g. Smoking is hazardous to our health.
achieving sth / satysfakcja, zaspokojenie, spełnienie 4.20 trail /trΩl/ (n) = a rough path / szlak
e.g. π will never forget the feeling of fulfilment I had e.g. ∆he trail that went through the gorge was rough
when I graduated from university. and treacherous.
4.21 immersed /æ`mªst/ (adj) = submerged / zanurzony
Reading (pp. 74–75) e.g. ∆he cars were totally immersed in water due
4.10 conquer /`k≥…kºr/ (v) = to defeat, overcome / zdobyć, to the flood.
podbić, zawojować Der.: immersion (n)
e.g. Sir Edmund Hillary was the first man to conquer 4.22 penultimate /pº`n∑ltæmºt/ (adj) = the one before
Mt Everest. the last in a series / przedostatni
Der.: conqueror (n), conquest (n) e.g. ∆he penultimate paragraph should state your
4.11 a raw/rough deal (idm) = unfair treatment / opinion.
niesprawiedliwe traktowanie 4.23 deface /dæ`fΩs/ (v) = to spoil sth, e.g. a wall, by
e.g. I feel Jackie is getting a raw deal from the teacher: writing or drawing on it / zeszpecić, zniszczyć
she is never praised for her hard work. e.g. ∆he beautiful statue was defaced with graffiti.
44
Unit 4
4.24 impassable /æm`p≤sºbºl/ (adj) = impossible to travel 4.37 hard-core /`h≤dk¥r/ (n) = small pieces of stone,
through / nieprzejezdny, nie do przebycia brick, etc used for building roads / podłoże (drogi)
e.g. πn winter, some roads are i mpassable. z kamieni, gruzu, itp.
Der.: impassability (n) e.g. We need a ton of hard-core to repair this stretch
4.25 hit the trail/road (idm) = to start a journey / of the road.
wyruszyć na szlak, w podróż 4.38 crawler /`kr¥lºr/ (n) = here: a person or vehicle
e.g. We hit the trail early so as to reach the first rest moving steadily forward / tu: osoba lub pojazd
stop by noon. poruszający się wytrwale naprzód
4.26 be riddled with sth (idm) = to be full of sth (often e.g. ªy new Jeep is a powerful crawler.
bad or unpleasant) / być pełnym czegoś, upstrzonym 4.39 hand-picked /¿h±nd`pækt/ (adj) = chosen carefully /
czymś, roić się od czegoś starannie wyselekcjonowany
e.g. The student’s composition was riddled with e.g. The research team, hand-picked for the difficult
mistakes. mission, carried out the task successfully.
4.27 arid /`±ræd/ (adj) = dry / (np. o klimacie) suchy 4.40 hub /h∑b/ (n) = the central part of a wheel / piasta
e.g. Desert areas are arid due to the lack of rain. e.g. In the accident, I broke the hub in the wheel
4.28 the dead of winter = the middle of winter / of my bike.
środek zimy 4.41 deceptively /dæ`septævli/ (adv) = encouraging to
e.g. πt is dangerous to travel by boat in the dead believe sth that is not true / zwodniczo, pozornie
of winter. e.g. ∏e gave a deceptively simple explanation for his
4.29 in bloom = having flowers / kwitnący, obsypany actions.
kwiatami, w rozkwicie 4.42 dirt road /`dªt rød/ (n) = a rough road in the
e.g. Spring is a beautiful season as all the flowers country, made from hard earth / droga polna,
and trees are in bloom. nieutwardzona
4.30 traverse /trº`vªs/ (v) = to go across / przemierzyć, e.g. To reach John’s farm, follow this dirt road
przecinać for about ten miles.
e.g. ∏e tried to traverse the wooden bridge but it was 4.43 tackle /`t±kºl/ (v) = to deal with / stawić czoło,
too frail and collapsed. pokonywać przeszkodę
4.31 meandering /mi`±ndºræ…/ (adj) = bending, winding / e.g. π always tackle my problems. I never give up.
wijący się, kręty 4.44 /kleft/ (n) = a narrow opening / szczelina,
e.g. Àou can easily get lost in a jungle because of all its cleftrozpadlina
meandering paths. e.g. ∆he climber tried to go through a cleft in the rocks,
4.32 flash flood /`fl±« fl∑d/ (n) = a sudden flood after but it was too narrow.
heavy rain / gwałtowna powódź 4.45 tip over /`tæp `øvºr/ (phr v) = to turn over / wywrócić
e.g. Last years we had a flash flood after just a few (się), przewrócić (się)
hours of heavy rain. e.g. Racing cars are always in danger of tipping over.
4.33 run-off /`r∑n≥f/ (n) = the rainwater that is not 4.46 leg /leg/ (n) = a stage of a journey or process /
absorbed by the soil / płynąca woda deszczowa faza, stadium, etap
e.g. ∞fter the downpour, the run-off was collected e.g. The return leg of his journey across Africa
and used for washing. was a dangerous one.
4.34 scatter /`sk±tºr/ (v) = to spread things all over 4.47 opt for /`≥pt fºr/ (phr v) = to choose, decide /
an area / rozrzucić, rozproszyć, rozsiać wybierać, zdecydować się na coś
e.g. ∆he children scatter their toys all over the house. e.g. We opted for a small cottage as we couldn’t afford
4.35 rocky outcrop /`r≥ki `¬tkr≥p/ (n) = part of a rock a five-star hotel.
sticking out of the ground / wyrastający z ziemi 4.48 ravine /rº`v∞n/ (n) = a very deep narrow valley
fragment skały with steep sides / wąwóz
e.g. ∆he rocky outcrops in the gorge made it difficult e.g. ∆he helicopter nearly crashed into the ravine
to go through. due to poor visibility.
4.36 boulder /`bøldºr/ (n) = a large rounded rock / głaz 4.49 traction /`tr±k«ºn/ (n) = the hold that sth
e.g. Crossing that valley is dangerous because boulders (e.g. a vehicle) has on the ground / przyczepność
quite often fall from the cliffs. e.g. ÀÔu should use all-weather tyres because they have
good traction.
45
Unit 4
4.50 strewn /str∂n/ (adj) = scattered / rozrzucony, rozsypany a rope or chain so that it can’t move away /
e.g. ∞s I was driving, I noticed that there were rocks zacumować
of all sizes and shapes strewn over the fields. e.g. We moored the yacht away from the crowded
4.51 vulnerable /`v∑lnºrºbºl/ (adj) = weak, without beach to have more privacy.
protection and easily hurt / bezbronny, narażony 4.63 disembark /dæsæm`b≤k/ (v) = to leave, get off a ship
na niebezpieczeństwo, bezradny or aeroplane at the end of a journey / wysiąść
e.g. She has been feeling very vulnerable since e.g. ∆he sailors were glad to disembark after their
her divorce. four-month voyage.
Der.: vulnerability (n) Der.: disembarkation (n)
4.52 ledge /led»/ (n) = a piece of rock on the side Opp.: embark
of a cliff or mountain that looks like a shelf / 4.64 fleet /fl∞t/ (n) = a group of ships / flota
występ, półka skalna e.g. Aristotle Onassis once owned the largest fleet
e.g. ∆he mountain ledge was difficult to reach. of ships in Greece.
4.53 contend with /kºn`tend wi∫/ (phr v) = to deal 4.65 gangway /`g±…wΩ/ (n) = a small bridge linking the
with or face / zmagać się, borykać, stawić czoło ship and the shore across which people can get
e.g. πn this competition you will have many obstacles on and off / trap
to contend with. e.g. Mike walked down the gangway and met his
4.54 sheet metal /`«∞t metºl/ (n) = metal that has been family on the shore.
made into thin sheets / blacha (np. karoserii) 4.66 run aground = (of a ship) to touch the ground in
e.g. ∆Ô make cars, you need to use sheet metal. a shallow part of a river, lake, sea or ocean /
4.55 unyielding /∑n`j∞ldæ…/ (adj) = solid, hard / twardy, osiąść na mieliźnie
nieustępliwy, nieugięty e.g. ∆he tanker’s engine broke down and the vessel
e.g. The engineers were forced to blast their way ran aground.
through the unyielding rock. 4.67 mainland /`mΩnl±nd/ (n) = the largest part of
4.56 meticulously /mº`tækjµlºsli/ (adv) = carefully, a country or continent (when compared to
thoroughly / skrupulatnie, drobiazgowo the islands around it) / ląd stały
e.g. She does her job meticulously. e.g. We must hurry or we’ll miss the ferry
4.57 pick one’s way (idm) = to move carefully and slowly / to the mainland.
4.68 permit /`pªmæt/ (n) = an official document stating
iść,
e.g.posuwać
We picked sięour
ostrożnie wybranąthe
way through drogą
thick Amazon that sb may do sth / pozwolenie, przepustka
jungle. e.g. To get a job in a foreign country you need to have
4.58 mishap /`mæsh±p/ (n) = an unfortunate event, an a work permit.
accident / niefortunny wypadek, pechowe zdarzenie 4.69 stand-by /`st±ndb¡/ (adj) = (of tickets) unreserved,
e.g. Lately, I seem to be having lots of mishaps. cheaper and subject to availability / miejsce
4.59 drenched /`dren∏t/ (adj) = (of clothes or skin) rezerwowane w ostatniej chwili
completely wet / przemoknięty, przemoczony e.g. I was lucky as I had at least a stand-by ticket.
e.g. When the clouds burst I got drenched 4.70 meagre /`m∞gºr/ (adj) = small in quantity or poor
since I didn’t have an umbrella. in quality / mizerny, nędzny
4.60 part and parcel (idm) = an essential part of sth / e.g. ∞ll civil servants got a meagre pay rise of 3%.
nieodłączna część 4.71 deficient in sth /dæ`fæ«ºnt/ (adj) = not having enough
e.g. ∏aving children and paying bills is part and parcel of sth / niedostateczny, ubogi w coś
of married life. e.g. Her diet is deficient in iron.
Der.: deficiency (n)
4.72 coarse /k¥s/ (adj) = rough, not smooth or soft /
4.61 drift /dræft/ (v) = to float or be carried by the szorstki, chropowaty
movement of water or wind / dryfować, e.g. The beach was beautiful except for the coarse
płynąć z prądem pebbles which hurt my feet.
e.g. ∆hey abandoned the boat and it was left to drift 4.73 starboard /`st≤bºd/ (n) = the right side of a ship
away in the ocean. when one is facing forward / sterburta, prawa burta
4.62 moor /mµºr/ ( v) = to stop and secure a ship with e.g. ∆he captain saw dolphins along the starboard.
46
Unit 4
4.74 aisle /¡l/ (n) = a long narrow gap between rows 4.86 pamper /`p±mpºr/ (v) = to spoil with comfort and
of seats or shelves / nawa; przejście attention / rozpieszczać
e.g. The aisles in the cinema were full of people trying e.g. Many parents pamper their children too much.
to get to their seats. 4.87 indulge in /æn`d∑lπ æn/ (phr v) = to allow oneself to
4.75 turbulence /`tªbjµlºns/ (n) = a violent and uneven do or have sth that one will enjoy / dogodzić sobie,
movement / turbulencja, zawirowanie sprawić przyjemność
e.g. ∞s the aeroplane reached Greek airspace it e.g. π indulge in an expensive dinner from time to time.
encountered some turbulence which made the flight Der.: indulgent (adj), indulgence (n)
quite uncomfortable. 4.88 exult /æg`z∑lt/ (v) = to feel and show great happiness
Der.: turbulent (adj) and pleasure in a triumph or success / cieszyć się,
4.76 stern /stªn/ (adj) = severe / surowy, poważny nie posiadać się z radości
e.g. ∆he Minister stated that stern measures would be e.g. He was still exulting in his success when I saw him
taken against motorcyclists who were not wearing their later in the day.
helmets. Der.: exultant (adj), exultation (n)
4.77 rekindle /r∞`kændºl/ (v) = to bring back the feelings 4.89 mischievous /`mist«ævºs/ (adj) = naughty / szelmowski,
one had for one’s companion / rozpalić, rozbudzić figlarny
na nowo (np. uczucie) e.g. When children are very quiet, they are usually being
e.g. Janice and Tom rekindled their romance when mischievous.
they went to Paris. Der.: mischievously (adv)
4.78 be sited /`b∞ `s¡tæd/ (v) = to be put, placed or built 4.90 bullet train /`bµlºt ¿trΩn/ (n) = (informal) a Japanese
in a particular area / być lub zostać usytuowanym, high-speed passenger train / japoński szybkobieżny
mieścić się pociąg pasażerski
e.g. ∆he new cinema is to be sited behind the e.g. We took a bullet train from Tokyo to Kyoto.
supermarket. 4.91 maze /meæz/ (n) = a complex system of paths or
4.79 relocation /¿r∞lø`kΩ«ºn/ (n) = moving to a new passages designed to confuse people / labirynt
place / przeniesienie (się) e.g. He got lost into the hospital’s maze of corridors.
e.g. ∆he government voted in f·vour of the relocation 4.92 super-conducting /¿s∂pºkºn`d∑ktæ…/ (adj) = allowing
of their offices. electricity to pass without resistance /
Der.: relocate (v) nadprzewodzący
4.80 shift /«æft/ (n) = movement, change / zmiana e.g. Superconductingmetals are quite economical.
e.g. ∞s he made a sharp turn there was a shift in weight Der.: superconductor (n), superconductivity (n)
and the truck tipped over. 4.93 levitate /`levætΩt/ (v) = to appear to rise and float in
4.81 incorporate /æn`k¥pºrΩt/ (v) = to include / włączyć, the air without any support / unieść się w powietrzu
zawrzeć (siłą woli), lewitować
e.g. ∆he police have incorporated former gang leaders e.g. Some magicians seem to have the ability
into their task force to help control gang violence. to levitate.
Der.: incorporation (n), incorporated (adj) Der.: levitation (n)
4.82 integrate /`æntægrΩt/ (v) = to become a part of 4.94 pulse /p∑ls/ (n) = a temporary increase in level
or to be accepted by sth / włączyć, zintegrować (się) (of light, sound or electrical current) / impuls
e.g. When moving to a new country, it can be difficult e.g. The machines are operated by electronic pulses.
to integrate into a new way of life. Der.: pulsation (n)
Der.: integration (n) 4.95 twinkle /`twænkºl/ (n) = brightness, shine / błysk,
4.83 track /tr±k/ (n) = a narrow road or path / ścieżka, iskierka, migotanie
droga e.g. She looked at me with a twinkle in her eye.
e.g. The mountain track was uneven and bumpy. 4.96 speck /spek/ (n) = a very small mark, stain or piece
4.84 spell /spel/ (n) = a short period of time / okres, czas of sth / drobina, plamka, punkcik
e.g. ∆here was a spell of dry weather before the rainy e.g. ∏e was angry when he saw a speck of dirt
season began. on his new white shirt.
4.85 rejoice /ræ`π√s/ (v) = to show great joy / radować się 4.97 wink /wæ…k/ (n) = the brief closing of an eye /
e.g. When the Presidential candidate won the election, mrugnięcie oka
everyone in his political party rejoiced.
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Unit 4
e.g. ∏e gave me a wink to show me he was going 4.110 lounge /l¬nπ/ (n) = a place where you can sit
to play a trick on Susan. and relax / hol, poczekalnia
4.98 bequeath /bæ`kw∞∫/ (v) = to hand down, to leave e.g. The airport lounge was full of people waiting
as a legacy / pozostawić, przekazać (w spadku) for their flights.
e.g. ∆he Minister bequeathed his successor 4.111 negligence /`neglæπºns/ (n) = failure to do sth
a well-planned educational system. one ought to have done / zaniedbanie
Der.: bequest (n) e.g. She was charged with parental negligence
4.99 oversee /øvº`s∞/ (v) = to see that sth is done after leaving her children at home alone.
or works properly / nadzorować Der.: negligent (adj), negligently (adv)
e.g. The manager went to oversee the new workers. 4.112 slide /sl¡d/ (v) = to move smoothly and quickly /
Der.: overseer (n) ślizgać się, ześlizgnąć się, zsunąć się
4.100 overlook /øvº`lµk/ (v) = to have a view from e.g. When the roads are icy my bike slides
above / (o oknie) wychodzić na coś; górować nad czymś all over the place.
e.g. ∆heir flat on the eighth floor overlooked the city. Der.: slide (n)
4.101 overhang /øvº`h±…/ (v) = to stick out and hang 4.113 skid /skæd/ (v) = to slide sideways or forwards while
over and above sth / zwisać, zwieszać się (nad czymś) moving or trying to stop (e.g. a car) / wpaść
e.g. The plants overhang the balcony and almost reach w poślizg
the streets below. e.g. ∆he car’s brakes didn’t work so I skidded
4.102 overlap /øvº`l±p/ (v) = to cover part of the other and hit the road sign.
thing / zachodzić na coś, pokrywać się częściowo 4.114 retract /ræ`tr±kt/ (v) = to move or pull (sth) back /
e.g. ∆Ô close this bag, you must fold the top part cofnąć, wycofać, schować (się)
so that it overlaps the bottom part. e.g. When the aircraft’s wheels were retracted,
4.103 twirl /twªl/ (v) = to turn around and around in we were allowed to unfasten our seatbelts.
a smooth, fairly fast movement / wirować, kręcić się Der.: retraction (n), retractable (adj)
e.g. π love watching the leaves twirl as they fall 4.115 adjust /º`π∑st/ (v) = to change so as to suit
to the ground in autumn. particular needs / dostosować, wyregulować
4.104 coil /k√l/ (v) = to wind into a series of loops e.g. ∆he Minister adjusted the new tax law to better
or into the shape of a ring / zwijać (się) serve the public.
e.g. A python coils around its prey in order to kill it. Der.: adjustment (n), adjustable (adj)
4.105 snake /snΩk/ (v) = to move like a snake / wić się 4.116 modify /`m≥dæf¡/ (v) = to change sth slightly
e.g. ∆he ten-mile race snaked through the city. in order to improve it / zmodyfikować, zmienić
4.106 thaw /á¥/ (v) = to melt / roztopić się, stajać e.g. ∆he club decided to modify its policy to attract
e.g. πf the ice at the North Pole starts to thaw, more members.
it will cause severe environmental damage. Der.: modification (n)
Opp.: freeze 4.117 veer /væºr/ (v) = to suddenly move in one direction /
4.107 pluck /pl∑k/ (v) = to pull sth (e.g. a flower) in order zjechać z drogi, skręcić gwałtownie, obrócić się
to remove it from where it is growing / zerwać, (w poprzek drogi)
wyszarpnąć, wyrwać e.g. ∞ll of a sudden, the car in front of me veered across
e.g. ∆he gardener plucked out the weeds the motorway and hit the crash barrier.
from the garden. 4.118 down under = (informal) in or to Australia or New
4.108 propel /prº`pel/ (v) = to cause sth to move Zealand / do lub w Australii lub Nowej Zelandii;
in a particular direction / wprawić w ruch, na antypody, na antypodach
popchnąć, napędzić e.g. I’d love to see kangaroos and koalas down under.
e.g. The boat is propelled by an inboard engine. 4.119 grass-roots /¿gr≤s`r∂ts/ (adj) = of the ordinary
Der.: propellant (n), propeller (n) people in an organisation or movement /
4.109 rotate /rø`tΩt/ (v) = to turn in a circular movement / dotyczący szeregowych członków organizacji
obracać (się), wprawić w ruch obrotowy e.g. Greenpeace continues to gain grass-roots support
e.g. ∆Ô loosen up the tight muscle in your shoulder, from all over the world.
stretch your arm out to the side and rotate it. 4.120 pound /p¬nd/ (v) = to hit with great force / walić,
Der.: rotation (n) uderzać o coś; iść lub biec głośno tupiąc
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Unit 4
e.g.∆he waves pounded against the giant cliffs during e.g. Don’t confront him right now, you’ll only make
the violent storm. things worse.
4.121 flourishing /`fl∑ræ«æ…/ (adj) = growing healthily / Der.: confrontation (n)
kwitnący, dobrze prosperujący 4.134 mule /mj∂l/ (n) = the offspring of a horse and
e.g. France is well-known for its flourishing wine a donkey / muł
production. e.g. π’ve never ridden a mule before.
4.122 vineyard /`vænjºd/ (n) = a place where grape vines 4.135 merge /mªπ/ (v) = to combine or come together
are grown in order to produce wine / winnica to make a whole / połączyć (się)
e.g. Germany, France and Italy are well-known for e.g. When the companies merged they became
having the finest vineyards in the world. more successful.
4.123 dotted with sth /`d≥tæd/ (adj) = having many things Der.: merger (n)
scattered over the surface / pokryty czymś 4.136 ultimate /`∑ltæmºt/ (adj) = the most important /
e.g. The countryside was dotted with apple and peach ostateczny, największy
orchards. e.g. ∆he ultimate challenge for me would be
4.124 stuffed /st∑ft/ (adj) = filled / wypchany parachuting.
e.g. I bought lots of stuffed animals for my young niece. Der.: ultimately (adv)
4.125 banner /`b±nºr/ (n) = a long strip of cloth with sth 4.137 upkeep /`∑pk∞p/ (n) = maintenance / koszty utrzymania
written on it / transparent, sztandar e.g. Governmental funding will go towards the upkeep
e.g. ∆he strikers held up huge banners with slogans of the Archaeological Museum.
on them. 4.138 familiarise sb with sth /fº`mæliºr¡z/ (v) = to give
4.126 sausage sizzlers = a sausage barbecue / rożen, grill sb a thorough knowledge of sth / zapoznać kogoś
z kiełbaskami z czymś
e.g. When I went to Australia, I really enjoyed going e.g. πt took me a while to familiarise myself with
to sausage sizzlers! the use of the computer.
4.127 marshal /`m≤«ºl/ (n) = an official who supervises Der.: familiar (adj), familiarity (n)
a public event (usually a sports event) / 4.139 lane /lΩn/ (n) = a part of a main road marked by one
organizator imprezy sportowej or two painted division lines / pas drogi
e.g. ∆he marshals at the National Horse Race e.g. When driving on the motorway, always be careful
made sure it was well organised. when you change lanes.
4.128 sheer /«ƒr/ (adj) = complete / czysty (np. przypadek) 4.140 hard shoulder /¿h≤d `«øldºr/ (n) = a strip of ground
e.g. πt was sheer luck that saved her from getting killed with a hard surface along a motorway where
in that accident. vehicles can stop / utwardzone pobocze
4.129 rock the boat (idm) = to upset a calm situation / e.g. John felt sick and we had to pull over
namieszać, narozrabiać onto the hard shoulder.
e.g. I’m not going to tell her what happened because 4.141 lay-by /`lΩb¡/ (n) = a short strip of road by the side
I don’t want to rock the boat. of a main road where cars can stop for a while /
4.130 fly off the handle (idm) = to suddenly and zatoczka
completely lose one’s temper / wyjść z siebie, e.g. After driving non-stop for four hours, we stopped
stracić panowanie nad sobą in a lay-by to have lunch.
e.g. ∏e couldn’t listen to any more criticism 4.142 slip road /`slæp rød/ (n) = a road which cars use to
and flew off the handle. drive on and off a motorway / wjazd na autostradę
4.131 drive sb round the bend (idm) = to make sb crazy, lub zjazd z autostrady
to annoy sb very much / doprowadzać do szału e.g. Unfortunately, I got off on the wrong slip road
e.g. Jerry really drives me round the bend with his and ended up in a strange neighourhood.
constant complaining. 4.143 execute /èksækj∂t/ (v) = to carry out and complete
4.132 outrageous /¬t`rΩπºs/ (adj) = shockingly bad an action successfully / wykonać
or excessive / skandaliczny, oburzający e.g. We should be very careful when we execute
e.g. π didn’t buy the theatre tickets as they were this plan.
at such an outrageous price. Der.: execution (n)
4.133 confront /kºn`fr∑nt/ (v) = to deal with a problem / 4.144 considerate /kºn`sidºrºt/ (adj) = caring / uprzejmy,
stanąć twarzą w twarz z kimś lub czymś taktowny, liczący się z innymi
49
Unit 4
e.g. She has always been considerate towards 4.155 envisage /æn`væzæπ/ (v) = to imagine that sth is true
other people. or likely to happen / przewidzieć, wyobrazić sobie
Der.: consideration (n) e.g. ¡Ô Ône envisaged that Albert Einstein would
4.145 overtake /øvº`tΩk/ (v) = to pass a car that is become the most famous scientist of the 20th century.
moving in the same direction / wyprzedzić 4.156 prospect(s) of/for sth /`pr≥spekt/ (n) = the chances
e.g. πt is illegal to overtake cars on the left in Britain. of being successful / szanse, widoki, perspektywy
4.146 hazard lights = flashing lights on a car, used when na coś
other drivers have to be warned of possible e.g. At thirty, he was a street musician with
danger / światła awaryjne no prospects of employment.
e.g. In an emergency, pull over to the side 4.157 delve /delv/ (v) = to search deeply / zagłębić się w coś,
of the road and turn your hazard lights on. badać wnikliwie
4.147 Morocco /mº`r≥kø/ (n) = Maroko e.g. ∆he police are delving into the circumstances
Der.: Moroccan /mº`r≥kºn/ (n, adj) surrounding Mr Jones’ death.
4.148 vaccination /¿v±ksæ`nΩ«ºn/ (n) = an injection that 4.158 charabanc /`«±rºb±…/ (n) = an early type of bus,
prevents you from getting a disease / szczepienie used mainly for pleasure trips / omnibus, dawny
ochronne autobus wycieczkowy
e.g. π always have a flu vaccination in September e.g. π have never ridden in a charabanc before.
before schools open. 4.159 jet lag /`πet l±g/ (n) = the feeling of tiredness and
confusion after a long journey between places
Listening & Speaking (pp. 80–81)
that have a time difference / zmęczenie po podróży
4.149 carpooling /`k≤p∂læ…/ (n) = (of a group of people) samolotem związane ze zmianą stref czasowych
taking turns to drive each other to work or drive e.g. πt takes me two days to recover from jet lag every
each others’ children to school / podwożenie się time I return from Australia.
wzajemne do pracy lub do szkoły, korzystanie z „puli“ Der.: jetlagged (adj)
samochodów
e.g. Carpooling is very common among working
parents in the United States . 4.160 etiquette /ètæket/ (n) = a set of customs and rules
4.150 commute /kº`mj∂t/ (v) = to travel a long distance of polite behaviour / etykieta
between home and work every day / dojeżdżać e.g. Diplomats have a special type of etiquette
do pracy to follow, especially on formal occasions.
e.g. ªike commutes from Watford to London 4.161 kick off /`kæk `≥f/ (phr v) = to begin / rozpocząć,
every day. otworzyć
Der.: commuter (n) e.g. ∆he team leader kicked off the game
4.151 density /`densæti/ (n) = many people or things after the national anthem had been sung.
in a specific area / gęstość, zagęszczenie 4.162 complementary /¿k≥mplæ`mentºri/ (adj) = (of two
e.g. ªexico City has the highest population density or more things or people) having an attractive
in the world. combination of skills, qualities, etc / uzupełniający,
Der.: dense (adj) dopełniający się
4.152 detrimental /¿detræ`mentºl/ (adj) = harmful or e.g. ∆he two new strategies for improving
damaging to sth or sb / szkodliwy, ujemny health care are complementary.
e.g. ¡Ôwadays, many foods have become detrimental 4.163 rack /r±k/ (n) = a piece of equipment consisting of
to our health due to all the chemicals they contain. metal or wooden bars, used for holding things in
4.153 incentive /æn`sentiv/ (n) = encouragement / position / stojak, pojemnik; tu: bagażnik na rowery
motywacja, zachęta e.g. My car is equipped with a bike rack.
e.g. Children need incentive to study. 4.164 up in arms about/over sth (idm) = very angry
4.154 leak /l∞k/ (v) = (of a liquid or gas) to escape or leave about sth / oburzony czymś
through a crack or hole in a container / ulatniać e.g. The farmers are up in arms about the new tax
się, wyciekać laws.
e.g. We need to call a plumber because I saw water 4.165 unwarranted /∑n`w≥rºntæd/ (adj) = not authorised,
leaking from the washing machine. unjustified / nieuzasadniony
Der.: leakage (n)
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Unit 4
e.g. The police officer used unwarranted brutality 4.180 reassess /¿r∞º`ses/ (v) = to think about sth and
against many prisoners. decide whether you need to change your opinion
4.166 unruly /∑n`r∂li/ (adj) = disorderly / niezdyscyplinowany about it / ponownie rozważyć, zweryfikować ocenę
e.g. His unruly behaviour got him into a lot of trouble. e.g. You may not have a great job, but you will have to
4.167 encounter /æn`k¬ntºr/ (v) = to face / natknąć się, reassess the whole situation before changing careers.
napotkać 4.181 ingrained /æn`grΩnd/ (adj) = deeply fixed / ustalony,
e.g.You never know what you may encounter sztywny
in the jungle, so be prepared. e.g. Most people have ingrained political and religious
4.168 forge ahead /`f¥π º`hed/ (phr v) = to progress beliefs.
steadily / posuwać się do przodu 4.182 engender /æn`πendºr/ (v) = to cause to occur /
e.g. ∏is small company forged ahead and soon zrodzić, przyczynić się do powstania czegoś
became world famous. e.g. Becoming a parent for the first time engenders
4.169 rampant /`r±mpºnt/ (adj) = widespread, increasing a new responsibility.
uncontrollably / szalejący, wybujały 4.183 assumption /º`s∑mp«ºn/ (n) = a supposition /
e.g. Crime is rampant in large cities. założenie
4.170 wrapped up /¿r±pt `∑p/ (adj) = absorbed, e.g. Don’t base your decision on the assumption
engrossed / pochłonięty that he is innocent.
e.g. ∏e gets so wrapped up in his work that Der.: assume (v)
he has no time to socialise. 4.184 restlessness /`restlºsnºs/ (n) = being bored,
4.171 logistics /lº`πæstæks/ (n) = organisation of services / impatient and wanting to do sth / niepokój,
logistyka nerwowość
e.g. Solving the issue of homelessness in the city was e.g. The children displayed signs of restlessness.
hindered by problems of logistics. Der.: restless (adj)
4.172 despair /dæ`speºr/ (v) = to feel hopeless / rozpaczać Opp.: calmness
e.g. She was despairing over the possibility that things 4.185 yearning /`jªnæ…/ (n) = a strong desire for sth /
would just get worse. pragnienie, tęsknota za czymś
Der.: despair (n), desperation (n) e.g. ∏e has always had a yearning to travel
4.173 unfold /∑n`fºµld/ (v) = to develop / rozwinąć (się) round the world.
e.g. ∆he police were eager to see how the murder case 4.186 cold sweat /¿køld `swet/ (n) = a state in which one
would unfold. sweats and feels cold at the same time due to
4.174 multi-layered /¿m∑lti`lΩºd/ (adj) = with many layers / fear or nervousness / zimny pot
wielowątkowy, wielowarstwowy e.g. ∆he nightmare I had was so real that I woke up
e.g. ∏e produced a multi-layered film of intrigue, in a cold sweat.
horror, love and adventure. 4.187 pore over /`p¥r `øvºr/ (phr v) = to read sth and
4.175 weave /w∞v/ (v) = to make a complicated story or study it carefully / studiować, ślęczeć nad czymś
pattern with closely linked details / dosł. tkać; e.g. πt was hard to decide where to go on holiday, so we
tu: snuć (np.opowieść), wplatać (np. wątek) pored over several travel brochures.
e.g. He weaves such interesting details into his stories. 4.188 utilise /`j∂tæl¡z/ (v) = to use / wykorzystywać
4.176 hardship /`h≤d«æp/ (n) = misfortune, difficulty / e.g. We should try to utilise our natural resources
ciężkie położenie, bieda in the best way.
e.g. In times of war, most people experience hardship. Der.: utilisation (n)
4.177 articulate /≤`tækjµlΩt/ (v) = to say sth clearly so that 4.189 aviation /¿Ωvi`Ω«ºn/ (adj) = of the operation
it can be understood / wymawiać; jasno się wysławiać and production of aircraft / lotniczy
e.g. When he gives a speech, he articulates every word. e.g. πn order to get into the air force, you need to have
4.178 windowsill /`wændøsæl/ (n) = a shelf along the some experience in the aviation business.
bottom of a window either inside or outside Der.: aviator (n)
a building / parapet 4.190 debunk /¿d∞`b∑nk/ (v) = to show that sth is untrue /
e.g. A couple of pigeons were perching on the obalić, podważyć
windowsill outside my house. e.g. ∆he professor debunked the myths about
4.179 unsettling /∑n`setli…/ (adj) = worrying / niepokojący the life of Rembrandt in his biography.
e.g. ∆he thought of losing my job was quite unsettling. Der.: debunker (n)
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Unit 4
4.191 two-pronged /¿t∂`pr≥…d/ (adj) = having two parts / e.g. She was watching television when all of a sudden
składający się z dwóch części she dozed off.
e.g. He had a two-pronged plan for the success 4.203 bent on sth /`bent ≥n/ (adj) = determined
of his advertising campaign. to do sth / zdecydowany, zdeterminowany
4.192 hamper /`h±mpºr/ (v) = to hinder, obstruct / e.g. ∏e’s really bent on learning how to fly.
utrudnić, przeszkodzić 4.204 snooze /sn∂z/ (v) = to sleep lightly for a short
e.g. ∏is severe allergies hampered his lifestyle period of time / uciąć sobie drzemkę
dramatically. e.g. ∏e snoozed in the afternoon.
4.193 lift /læft/ (v) = to end a law or rule / znieść, wycofać Der.: snooze (n)
e.g. ∆he government has lifted the tax on the purchase 4.205 deter /dæ`tªr/ (v) = to prevent sb from doing sth /
of new cars. odstraszyć
e.g. ¡Ôthing deterred her from becoming a successful
scientist.
4.194 confirm /kºn`fªm/ (v) = to make sure sth is true or Der.: deterrent (n)
definite / potwierdzić 4.206 distract /dæ`str±kt/ (v) = to take sb’s attention
e.g. ÀÔu should always confirm your flight before going away from sth / rozproszyć, odwrócić uwagę
to the airport. e.g. π don’t want anyone to distract me tonight.
Der.: confirmation (n) I have a lot of work to do.
4.195 the Highway Code /∫º ¿h¡wΩ `kød/ (n) = an Der.: distraction (n)
official book published by the Department of 4.207 regale sb with sth /ræ`gΩl/ (phr v) = to tell sb stories
Transport which has the rules people need or jokes whether they want to listen or not /
to use public roads safely / kodeks drogowy raczyć kogoś, zabawiać (opowieściami lub dowcipami)
e.g. ¡ew drivers should study the Highway Code e.g. Grandfather used to regale us with stories from
carefully and keep it nearby in case they need it. his past.
4.196 compensation /¿k≥mpºn`sΩ«ºn/ (n) = money paid 4.208 drift off /`dræft `≥f/ (phr v) = to gradually fall asleep /
for loss or damage / odszkodowanie, rekompensata zapadać w sen
e.g. He was awarded compensation after the accident. e.g. ∏e slowly drifted off to sleep while I read him
4.197 carrier /`k±riºr/ (n) = a passenger airline / przewoźnik his favourite fairy tale.
e.g. ªany European carriers are in debt and may have 4.209 snore-stopper = sth or sb that wakes you or
to close down. prevents you from sleeping / przeszkoda w zaśnięciu
4.198 bump /b∑mp/ (v) = to refuse sb a reserved place e.g. Noisy children can be real snore-stoppers.
on a flight / skreślić z listy pasażerów 4.210 get white knuckled = to be very excited but
e.g. Certain airlines are known for overbooking their frightened / jednocześnie bać się i być
flights and bumping passengers. podekscytowanym
4.199 the early bird catches/gets the worm (idm) = the e.g. π got white knuckled at the way he was driving!
person who arrives in a place first usually gets 4.211 bare /beºr/ (adj) = mere / nędzny, marny
what they want / kto rano wstaje, temu Pan Bóg daje; e.g.They are getting a pay rise of a bare 2 percent!
kto pierwszy, ten lepszy 4.212 garment /`g≤mºnt/ (n) = a piece of clothing /
e.g. Don’t go to the sales at the last minute, the early część garderoby
bird catches the worm! e.g. Dark-coloured garments should be washed
4.200 for good measure (idm) = in addition to a number together.
of other things / na dokładkę 4.213 thud /á∑d/ (n) = a dull sound a heavy object makes
e.g. Our instructor gave us a few extra details about when falling down / głuchy odgłos
the experiment for good measure. e.g. I was watching television when I heard a thud
4.201 insomnia /æn`s≥mnæº/ (n) = not being able to sleep / in the other room.
bezsenność 4.214 strike /str¡k/ (v) = to come to mind / przychodzić
e.g. ªany people suffer from insomnia na myśl
when they are under stress. e.g. What’s the first thing that strikes you
Der.: insomniac (n) about the pyramids?
4.202 doze /døz/ (v) = to sleep lightly for a while / 4.215 tuneful /`tj∂nfºl/ (adj) = having a pleasant tune /
zdrzemnąć się melodyjny
52
Unit 4
e.g. ªy mother speaks in a tuneful way. e.g. The chair was upholstered in red velvet.
Der.: tune (n) Der.: upholstery (n), upholsterer (n)
4.216 formalities /f¥`m±lætiz/ (n pl) = formal actions 4.229 decay /dæ`kΩ/ (n) = very bad condition / upadek, ruina
carried out as part of a particular activity or e.g. Crime, violence and economic decay are a problem
event / formalności in big cities.
e.g. When getting an identification card, you will have 4.230 proximity /pr≥k`sæmæti/ (n) = the nearness to a place
to go through all the necessary formalities like finger- or person / bliskość
printing and photo taking. e.g. Living in the city centre puts you in close proximity
Der.: formal (adj), formality (n) to all public services.
4.217 rinse /ræns/ (v) = to wash sth in clean water 4.231 amenity /º`m∞næti/ (n) = facility / udogodnienie
to remove dirt or soap / płukać e.g. ∆he holiday resort has all the necessary amenities
e.g. The dishes need to be rinsed after you wash them. to make your stay as pleasant as possible.
4.218 fray /frΩ/ (v) = (of sb’s nerves or temper) to become 4.232 impenetrable /æm`penºtrºbºl/ (adj) = impossible
strained / (o nerwach) puszczać or difficult to get through / nieprzenikniony,
e.g. π need to go on holiday and relax because my nie do przebycia
nerves are beginning to fray. e.g. ∆he vegetation in the jungle made it impenetrable.
4.219 cater for /`kΩtº `f¥r/ (phr v) = to provide / troszczyć Der.: impenetrably (adv)
się o coś Opp.: penetrable

e.g. ∂verything is catered for at holiday resorts like 4.233 impeccable /æm`pekºbºl/ (adj) = perfect, having
Club Med. no faults / nienaganny, bez zarzutu
4.220 the Mediterranean /∫º ¿medætº`rΩniºn/ (n) = Morze e.g. I was surprised that he reacted the way he did,
Śródziemne his behaviour is usually impeccable.
4.221 the Caribbean /∫º ¿k±rº`b∞ºn/ (n) = Morze Karaibskie 4.234 enchanting /æn`t«≤ntæ…/ (adj) = charming, very
lub Karaiby attractive / czarujący, zachwycający
4.222 the Maldives /∫º `m¥ld¡vz/ (n) = Malediwy e.g. πt was such an enchanting village.
Der.: Maldivian /m¥l`dævæºn/ (adj, n) Der.: enchantment (n)
4.223 Mexico /`meksækø/ (n) = Meksyk 4.235 insight /`æns¡t/ (n) = an accurate and deep
Der.: Mexican /`meksikºn/ (adj, n) understanding of sth / zrozumienie, trafne
4.224 crèche /kre«/ (n) = a place where small children spostrzeżenie, wgląd, ogląd
can be left to be looked after while their parents e.g. √nce you experience certain situations in life,
are doing sth else / żłobek you gain insight into how life works.
e.g. Let’s leave the children at the crèche Der.: insightful (adj)
while we go to the supermarket. 4.236 unhygienic /∑nh¡`π∞næk/ (adj) = dirty and likely to
cause infection or disease, unclean, unhealthy /
niehigieniczny, brudny
4.225 cork /k¥k/ (n) = a soft, light substance from the bark e.g.∆he bar was fined for being dirty and unhygienic.
of a Mediterranean oak tree / korek Der.: hygiene (n)
e.g. We could use wood and cork to insulate the walls Opp.: hygienic
of the house. 4.237 hang around /`h±… º`r¬nd/ (phr v) = to spend
4.226 drape /drΩp/ (v) = to loosely cover sth / przykryć, a lot of time in a place doing nothing / kręcić się
udrapować wokół jakiegoś miejsca
e.g. ∞thletes that win a race or competition usually e.g. Criminals often hang around poorly lit
drape their country’s flag over their shoulders. neighbourhoods.
Der.: drapery (n) 4.238 Tannoy /`t±n√/ (n) = a system of loudspeakers used
4.227 maroon /mº`r∂n/ (adj) = dark reddish-purple / for making announcements / megafon(y), system
rdzawoczerwony, kasztanowy głośników
e.g. ∏er couch has beautiful, maroon upholstery. e.g. We heard our flight being announced
4.228 upholstered /∑p`hølstºd/ (adj) = (of items of over the Tannoy.
furniture) having a soft covering / tapicerowany, 4.239 hitchhiking /`hæt«h¡kæ…/ (n) = going from place
wyściełany to place by getting lifts from people in passing
vehicles without paying / autostop
53
Unit 4
e.g. π remember hitchhiking when I first visited the 4.246 irritable /`ærætºbºl/ (adj) = easily annoyed / drażliwy,
United States. rozdrażniony
4.240 radiator /`rΩdieætºr/ (n) = a metal device with pipes e.g. Don’t bother your father now because he’s
used to heat a room / grzejnik, kaloryfer irritable.
e.g. We need to repair that leaky radiator Der.: irritably (adv), irritant (n), irritate (v)
before it causes more problems. 4.247 humpback bridge /¿h∑mpb±k `bræπ/ (n) = in
4.241 ominous /`≥mænºs/ (adj) = suggesting that Britain, a small road bridge with a steep ascent
sth bad is going to happen / złowieszczy and descent / mostek w kształcie ostrego łuku,
e.g. ∆he dark clouds and sound of thunder were spotykany w Wielkiej Brytanii
ominous signs of a possible storm. e.g. I took a picture of a beautiful humpback bridge
Der.: omen /`ømen/ (n) the other day.
4.242 precaution /præ`k¥«ºn/ (n) = an act intended to 4.248 cast /k≤st/ (v) = to make e.g. a light or shadow
prevent sth from happening / środek ostrożności, appear / rzucić (np. cień, światło)
środek zapobiegawczy e.g. The dark clouds were casting a shadow
e.g. ∞fter being alerted about a possible tornado over the lake.
we locked ourselves in the basement as a safety 4.249 mesmerised /`mezmºr¡zd/ (adj) = spellbound /
precaution. zafascynowany, zahipnotyzowany
Der.: precautionary (adj) e.g. We were mesmerised by the beautiful sunset.
4.243 unwind /∑n`w¡nd/ (v) = to relax / odprężyć się Der.: mesmerising (adj)
e.g. ∞fter a hectic day at work I had a long, hot bath 4.250 winding /`w¡ndæ…/ (adj) = going in a particular
to help me unwind. direction with a lot of bends or twists / kręty
4.244 meticulous /mº`tækjµlºs/ (adj) = careful, cautious / e.g. We walked along the winding path and enjoyed
drobiazgowy, szczegółowy the beauty of the countryside.
e.g. ∆hat doctor is very meticulous when he examines 4.251 lushness /`l∑«nºs/ (n) = (of vegetation) richness,
his patients. abundance / bujność
Der.: meticulously (adv) e.g. ∞ll I could do was marvel at the lushness
4.245 recuperation /ræ¿kj∂pº`rΩ«ºn/ (n) = recovery / of the jungle as I flew over it in the helicopter.
wyzdrowienie, regeneracja sił Der.: lush (adj)
e.g. His recuperation took less time than the doctors
had expected.
Der.: recuperate (v), recuperative (adj)
1 When I travel by ship, I like to sleep on .......... at night. 3 Animals such as lions, tigers and wolves are considered to
A deck C starboard be .......... .
B board D gangway A crawlers C conquerers
B humpbacks D predators
2 The rough .......... made travelling through the jungle a bit
difficult. 4 I took the wrong .......... off the motorway and ended up
A coarse C mainland in the wrong district.
B terrain D track A lay-by C slip road
B lane D trail
54
Unit 4
5 He has a .......... in his eyes every time he sees her. 9 I travelled along the long .......... river until I reached
A speck C wink a beautiful, exotic waterfall.
B twinkle D pulse A coiling C merging
B twirling D winding
6 He wanted to show off his driving skills, so he decided to
.......... three cars at once. 10 She .......... cleaned her house as she was expecting
A overtake C overlap guests for dinner.

B skid D slide A moderately C meticulously
B unyieldingly D deceptively
7 He .......... at the good news.
A rejoiced C indulged
B kissed D pampered
8 I need to finish my report by tomorrow, so please keep it

quiet - I want no .......... .
A obstacles C fulfilments
B distractions D mishaps

ñ pricey ñ puncture ñ impassable ñ vineyard ñ carpooling ñ etiquette ñ unruly ñ purchase ñ sweat ñ rampant
1 I broke out in a cold ..................... just before taking my 7 Fear of flying is ..................... nowadays.
driving test. 8 Before travelling to a foreign country you should try to
2 That train ticket was a bit .................... , don’t you think? learn the local ..................... , customs and traditions.
3 Most drivers carry a spare tyre in case of a(n) ................ . 9 When planning your summer holiday it’s wise to
4 When in France, we drove past the largest ..................... ..................... your tickets during low season since there
I’ve ever seen. are better prices then.
5 The path through the jungle was ..................... due to 10 If ..................... was encouraged in today’s busy cities, it
the thick vegetation. would help to reduce the problem of pollution.
6 Children that show ..................... behaviour on the plane
will be reprimanded accordingly.
1 The rebels decided to give up the armed ................ and 3 Overnight, snow had ..................... up against the door,
call a truce. so we could not get out.
Life was a ..................... for Roger because he was from The lecture was so boring that he ..................... off to
a very poor family and had to work from a very young sleep after 15 minutes.
age. The boat had come loose from its moorings and
The government has not yet recognised the strikers’ ..................... out to sea.
..................... for better working conditions.
2 Jones is a key ..................... in the trade union 4 The witch cast a ..................... on a dog to see if she
movement. could change it into something else.
James is like a father ..................... to me. I was under her ................. from the moment I saw her.
We don’t have an exact ..................... , but it could cost We have had a long ..................... of bad weather lately,
as much as í10,000. haven’t we?
55
Unit 4
5 Just one day was enough for them to ................ up

a close friendship.
Lightning can ..................... if you stay under a tree in
a thunderstorm.
He decided to ..................... a deal with the lawyers to
lessen his sentence.
1 We should set off early if we want to reach the first rest 4 Although the situation seems calmer right now,
area by noon. I wouldn’t discuss it with him again today.
hit Only if we .......................................... rock I wouldn’t ..........................................
..................... early will we get to the .............................. until the situation
first rest area by noon. calms down entirely.
2 If you want to be a good driver, you need to be alert and 5 If you want to find a bargain in the sales you must get
careful.
parcel Being alert and careful is all ............... there early.
worm If you want to find a bargain in the
...................... of being a good driver.
sales, remember that ........................
3 I forgot my umbrella, so of course I got very wet in
........................................................ .
today’s thunderstorm.
skin I got ..................................................
................ in today’s thunderstorm as
I had forgotten my umbrella.
Nowadays it is possible to travel huge distances in a matter of hours rather than

weeks or months. Travel by air has never been more popular and at the same time
more 1) ..................... . COMFORT
Because business is 2) ...................... , more and more seats are crammed on to FLOURISH
planes to accommodate the number of passengers who wish to travel in this way. Just
as the 3) ..................... of the train revolutionised travel in the Victorian era, planes VERSATILE
did the same in the 20th century, so what is next?
There may soon be an acceptable alternative to the plane as a means of rapidly
getting from one place to another – the train. This train will be different, however.
Currently under 4) ..................... by at least two countries is the Maglev train. This DEVELOP
train does not rely on a conventional engine for 5) ..................... and there are no PROPEL
wheels. Instead, 6) ..................... coils allow powerful electromagnets in a guide rail CONDUCT
to repel similar magnets on the underside of the train, lifting the whole train up to
four inches above the rail. 7) ..................... of other powerful magnets push and pull PULSE
the train forward.
8) ..................... of the train means that there is very little friction. This means that LEVITATE
speeds of up to 310 mph could 9) ..................... be achieved. When one considers THEORY
that commercial aircraft fly at up to 500 mph, this ”supertrain” could well be an
attractive alternative for 10) ..................... , especially for distances of less than 1,000 COMMUTE
miles. When one takes into consideration the 11) ..................... business of baggage TEDIUM
handling, check-in times and the time spent getting to and from airports, being able
to travel from Paris to Rome for example in just over two hours is an attractive proposition.
56
Vocabulary & Grammar (p. 93)
SA2.12 settler /`setlºr/ (n) = sb who takes up residence
in a new or foreign place / osadnik
SA2.1 drenched /drent«t/ (adj) = thoroughly wet / e.g. The first settlers on the American continent
przemoczony, przemoknięty
e.g. He was drenched to the skin as he was caught SA2.13 were mainly English convicts.
trailing stick = a stick used for hiking / kij, laska
in a sudden downpour. e.g. The hikers made sure they had their trailing sticks
SA2.2 innocuous /æ`n≥kjµºs/ (adj) = harmless / nieszkodliwy, with them before setting off into the forest.
niewinny SA2.14 stampede /st±m`p∞d/ (n) = a rush, running
e.g. My remark was totally innocuous but she seems in an uncontrollable way / ucieczka
to have been insulted by it. w popłochu, paniczny pęd
SA2.3 stilted /`stæltæd/ (adj) = formal / wyniosły, podniosły, e.g. There was a stampede for the exit
napuszony when fire broke out.
e.g. The author’s style was extremely stilted SA2.15 radiation /¿rΩdæ`Ω«ºn/ (n) = small particles
and I didn’t enjoy his book. of a radioactive substance / promieniowanie
SA2.4 coincidence /kø`ænsædºns/ (n) = a simultaneous e.g. After the leak at the nuclear power station,
occurrence of events / zbieg okoliczności thousands of people in the area were exposed to high
e.g. It was by sheer coincidence that I met Jack levels of radiation.
on the train. I hadn’t planned it. SA2.16 tilted /`tæltæd/ (adj) = slanted, moved slightly
Der.: coincidental (adj) backwards, forwards or to the side / przekrzywiony,
Use of English (pp. 93–94) zsunięty
e.g. Michael looked very handsome in his nonchalantly
SA2.5 inefficiency /¿ænæ`fæ«ºnsi/ (n) = incompetence, inability tilted hat.
to be productive / nieudolność, niekompetencja SA2.17 terraced /`teræst/ (adj) = with steps that have been
e.g. His inefficiency in the workplace led to his dismissal. cut into the side of a hill, where crops can be
Der.: inefficient (adj) grown / tarasowy, ułożony w tarasy
SA2.6 commentary /`k≥mºntri/ (n) = a description (spoken e.g. Terraced hills and fields of crops make up the
or / sprawozdanie, relacja, komentarz landscape of the area.

e.g.written)
His commentary on the football game was SA2.18 vine /v¡n/ (n) = a plant which produces grapes /
excellent. winorośl
SA2.7 round the bend = to go round a curve in the road / e.g. The farm land was used to grow wheat and vines.
wziąć zakręt SA2.19 byway /`b¡wΩ/ (n) = a small road which is not used
e.g. As I rounded the bend, a beautiful cottage by many people / boczna droga
appeared in the distance. e.g. The byways of Britain are an undiscovered wonder
SA2.8 rival /`r¡vºl/ (n) = an opponent / przeciwnik, konkurent for the traveller.
e.g. The boxer beat his rival in the second round. SA2.20 juncture /`π∑…kt«ºr/ (n) = a place where the roads
Der.: rivalry (n) join / miejsce przecinania się dróg, krzyżówka,
SA2.9 intimidated /æn`tæmædΩtæd/ (adj) = frightened / skrzyżowanie
zastraszony e.g. The train crashed at the juncture of two main lines.
e.g. She felt intimidated by the tone of his voice SA2.21 fiery /`f¡ºri/ (adj) = having the colour of fire /
and didn’t raise any objections. płomienny, ognisty
SA2.10 brevity /`brevæti/ (n) = briefness / zwięzłość, lakoniczność e.g. Her most attractive feature was her fiery red hair.
e.g. The brevity of my report made it easy SA2.22 chestnut /`t«esn∑t/ (n) = a tall tree with wide leaves
for my professor to mark it quickly. which has edible nuts / kasztanowiec
e.g. We had a picnic under the large chestnut tree in
the park yesterday.
SA2.11 tier /`tƒr/ (n) = a row or layer of sth, placed SA2.23 beech /b∞t«/ (n) = a tree with a smooth grey trunk,
one above the other / warstwa, piętro valued for its pale wood / buk
e.g. For birthday, I got a chocolate cake with three tiers.
57
e.g. The beech tree is a valuable commodity SA2.35 steeply /`st∞pli/ (adv) = very quickly; sharply / stromo;
in the timber industry. gwałtownie
SA2.24 emerge /æ`mªπ/ (v) = to come out from a position e.g. Prices rose steeply due to the recession.
where you could not be seen / pojawić się, wyłonić, SA2.36 arras /`±rºs/ (n) = a wall-hanging / arras
wyjść e.g. A magnificent arras beautified the dining hall
e.g. The robber emerged from his hiding place of the castle.
after the police had gone. SA2.37 unnerve /¿∑n`nªv/ (v) = to worry sb, make sb feel
Der.: emergence (n) uncomfortable / zdenerwować, wytrącić z równowagi
SA2.25 hedge /heπ/ (n) = a row of bushes or small trees / e.g. I was unnerved by the scrutiny I was subjected to
żywopłot upon entering the auditorium.
e.g. The large garden was surrounded by hedges. Der.: unnerving (adj), unnervingly (adv)
SA2.26 procession /prº`se«ºn/ (n) = a group of people who SA2.38 obscure /ºb`skj∆r/ (v) = to hide, prevent sth from
are walking in a line / pochód, procesja, orszak being seen / zasłonić
e.g. The funeral procession stopped once it reached e.g. A tall man sat in front of me during the film
the cemetery. and obscured my view.
SA2.27 bossy /`b≥si/ (adj) = telling other people what to do, Der.: obscurity (n)
ordering people around / apodyktyczny, rządzący się SA2.39 misinterpret /¿mæsæn`tªpræt/ (v) = to misunderstand /
jak szara gęś błędnie zinterpretować
e.g. Her collegues resent her bossy nature. e.g. The politician’s speech was misinterpreted, leading
Der.: bossiness (n) to a breakdown in relations between the two countries.
SA2.28 extravagantly /æk`str±vºgºntli/ (adv) = wildly, Der.: misinterpretation (n)
terribly / okropnie SA2.40 distract /dæ`str±kt/ (v) = to draw sb’s attention away
e.g. Little Martin cried extravagantly when the older with sth else / rozproszyć, odwrócić uwagę
boys broke his plane. e.g. I was distracted from my work by the beauty
SA2.29 tug /t∑g/ (v) = to give sth a quick and strong pull / of the scenery outside my window.
szarpać, pociągać SA2.41 predicament /præ`dækºmºnt/ (n) = a dilemma,
e.g. The little girl tugged at her mother’s skirt an unpleasant situation / trudna, kłopotliwa sytuacja,
to get her attention. położenie
SA2.30 shut-in /¿«∑t`æn/ (adj) = shy, withdrawn / skryty,
zamknięty w sobie e.g. We didn’t realise our predicament until the
avalanche was already half way down the mountain.
e.g. Sheila is a very shut-in teenager, a little too serious SA2.42 competent /`k≥mpætºnt/ (adj) = able, having the
for her age. ability to do sth well / zdolny, kompetentny
SA2.31 composed /kºm`pøzd/ (adj) = calm and self- e.g. Many adults are not competent enough
controlled / opanowany, spokojny to deal with a medical emergency.
e.g. I was expecting her to be very anxious, Der.: competently (adv)
but she was very calm and composed. Opp.: incompetent
SA2.32 inward /`ænwºd/ (adj) = existing in the mind, not SA2.43 obliterate /º`blætºrΩt/ (v) = to cause to become
shown to other people / skryty, ukryty, skierowany invisible / zatrzeć, zamazać, zasłonić
do wewnątrz e.g. The dark clouds obliterated the sun.
e.g. She gave an inward smile when she discovered Der.: obliteration (n)
her firend’s little secret. SA2.44 stray /strΩ/ (v) = to move away from the course /
Der.: inwardly (adv) zboczyć z kursu, z trasy
SA2.33 agitation /¿±πæ`tΩ«ºn/ (n) = anxiety / wzburzenie, e.g. In the dark, we strayed from the path and got losts.
poruszenie
Listening (p. 96)
e.g. Her agitation at her child’s disappearance
was obvious. SA2.45 ascent /º`sent/ (n) = an upward journey / wspinaczka
SA2.34 vapour /`vΩpºr/ (n) = tiny drops of liquid in the air pod górę, wejście na górę
which appear as mist / para, opary e.g. The climber began his ascent from the base of the
e.g. The polluted water gave off a toxic vapour. mountain, and reached the summit five hours later.
Opp.: descent
58
The Science of Life 5

Listen, read and talk about... (p. 98) and ankle at the back of the leg / łydka
e.g. Ballet dancers develop muscular calves.
5.1 breakthrough /`brΩkır∂/ (n) = an important 5.12 tonsils /`t≥nsælz/ (n pl) = two soft small organs found
achievement or development / przełom
e.g. The AIDS vaccine would be a breakthrough at
e.g.the
∆heback of the
little boy mouth
asked / migdałki
his sister to open her mouth
in medicine. to check whether or not she had tonsils.
5.2 ailment /`Ωlmºnt/ (n) = a minor illness / dolegliwość 5.13 knuckles /`n∑kºlz/ (n pl) = the joints of the fingers,
e.g. She is not seriously ill, but has a few minor ailments. especially those connecting the fingers and the
Lead-in (p. 99) rest of the hand / kłykcie
e.g. She gripped the bar so hard that her knuckles were
5.3 ECG /¿∞ s∞ `π∞/ ( abbr) = electrocardiogram, a medical white.
test that measures and records electrical activity 5.14 ribcage /`ræbkΩπ/ (n) = the structure of ribs in the
of the heart / elektrokardiogram, EKG chest, protecting the lungs and other organs /
e.g. The doctor examined me and wanted klatka piersiowa
to see my ECG. e.g. Jack was so skinny that you could see his ribcage
5.4 3D, three-D /¿ır∞`d∞/ (adj) = three-dimensional / in detail.
trójwymiarowy 5.15 malaria /mº`l≈riº/
e.g. This cinema is very popular as it shows 3D films. 5.16 eradicate /æ`r±dækΩt/ (v) = to get rid of sth
5.5 geriatrics /πeri`±træks/ (n) = the study of medical completely / zlikwidować, wykorzenić
care and illness that relates to elderly people / e.g. ∆he Health Authority’s report mentions that
geriatria smallpox has been eradicated.
e.g. The requirement for the position in the nursing 5.17 life expectancy /¿l¡f æks`pektºnsi/ (n) = the length
home was a degree in geriatrics. of time a person is likely to live / średnia długość
5.6 shin /«æn/ (n) = the front part of the leg between życia
the ankle and knee / goleń e.g. ∆he life expectancy of humans has increased
e.g. ∏e was limping because the football hit him over the centuries.
5.7
in the shin.
retina /`retænº/ (n) = the area at the back 5.18 vaccine /`v±ks∞n/ (n) = a substance containing
harmless germs which is given to a person
of the eye / siatkówka to produce antibodies and provide immunity /
e.g. During the medical examination, szczepionka ochronna
the ophthalmologist discovered a problem e.g. ∆hey can take the vaccine orally or by injection.
that had to do with the retina of her eye. Der.: vaccination (n)
5.8 sternum /`stªnºm/ (n) = the long, flat bone that 5.19 activist /`±ktævæst/ (n) = sb who works to bring
your ribs are attached to which goes from your about social or political change / działacz, aktywista
throat to the bottom of your ribs / mostek e.g. He became an environmental activist and
e.g. The professor pointed out the sternum and organised protest marches against the dumping
explained that the ribs are attached to it. of radioactive waste.
5.9 abdomen /`±bdºmºn/ (n) = the area of the body
below the chest where the stomach and Reading (pp. 100–101)
intestines are / brzuch 5.20 Laënnec /lΩ`nek/
e.g. The gym instructor advised her to do fifty sit-ups 5.21 quote /kwøt/ (n) = a passage or phrase
a day to tone her abdomen. from a book, poem, play or speech / cytat
5.10 shoulder blade /`«øldº blΩd/ (n) = one of two e.g. He ended his speech with a quote from
large, flat triangular bones that are below the an ancient philosopher.
shoulders in the upper part of the back / łopatka Der.: quotation (n)
e.g. ∏er left shoulder blade was injured in the car 5.22 fully-fledged /¿fµli`fleπd/ (adj) = fully developed /
accident. pełnoprawny, w pełni rozwinięty
5.11 calf /k≤f/ (n) = the thick part between the knee
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e.g. What started as a small business is now a fully- e.g. From an ethical standpoint, experimenting
fledged multi-national corporation. on animals is always wrong.
5.23 unwieldy /∑n`w∞ldi/ (adj) = hard to move or carry 5.34 imprudent /æm`pr∂dºnt/ (adj) = not very wise
because of weight, size or shape / nieporęczny, or well thought out / nierozsądny, nierozważny
niewygodny e.g. The report criticises the government for being
e.g. The wardrobe was too unwieldy for him to move imprudent in its education policies.
by himself. Der.: prudent (adj), prudence (n)
5.24 quire /`kw∑æº/ (n) = 25 pieces of writing paper / 5.35 proponent /prº`pønºnt/ (n) = sb who supports
libra (25 kartek) a particular idea or plan of action and speaks
e.g. I needed a quire of paper to finish my assignment. about it in public / orędownik
5.25 perceive /pº`s∞v/ (v) = to see, notice or realise sth, e.g. The new minister is a leading proponent of free
especially when itãs not obvious; health care.
to regard sth as / zauważyć, spostrzec, postrzegać 5.36 tuberculosis /tj∂¿bªkjµ`løsæs/ (n) = an infectious
e.g. I can’t understand how they perceive dancing disease that affects the lungs / gruźlica płuc
as relaxing. e.g. In some countries, it is compulsory for children
Der.: perception (n) to be tested for tuberculosis before they attend
5.26 distinct /dæ`stæ…kt/ (adj) = clear or separate from sth nursery school.
else / wyraźny, zdecydowany 5.37 principle /`prænsæpºl/ ( n) = a basic rule or law /
e.g. There has been a distinct improvement in his work. reguła, zasada, prawo
Der.: distinctive (adj) e.g. Very few people understand the principles
√pp.: indistinct of molecular physics.
5.27 dissection /dæ`sek«ºn/ (n) = cutting up of a dead body 5.38 makeshift /`mΩk«æft/ (adj) = temporary and low
so that it can be scientifically examined / sekcja in quality / prowizoryczny
e.g. πn next week’s biology class, we are going e.g. ∆he children’s makeshift tent was made from
to perform a dissection on a dead mouse. a tablecloth and chairs.
Der.: dissect (v) 5.39 scourge /skªπ/ (n) = sth that causes suffering
5.28 revelation /¿revº`lΩ«ºn/ (n) = disclosing sth previously or trouble / dopust boży, plaga
secret or unknown / rewelacja, odkrycie, ujawnienie e.g. Unemployment is the scourge of the young today.
e.g. ∆he book was a revelation to her as far as 5.40 cavity /`k±væti/ (n) = a hole or space between two
sociological theory was concerned. surfaces / dziura, ubytek
Der.: reveal (v) e.g. ∆he cavity in the wall was filled with a plaster
5.29 valve /v±lv/ (n) = a small piece of tissue in the heart mixture.
or in a vein which controls the flow of blood and 5.41 ravage /`r±væπ/ (v) = to destroy or damage /
keeps it flowing in one direction only / zastawka spustoszyć, wyniszczyć
e.g. The doctor said my heart couldn’t work properly e.g. ∆he antique chair was ravaged by time and use.
because of the faulty valve. 5.42 solidify /sº`lædæf¡/ (v) = to become solid / stwardnieć,
5.30 autopsy /`¥t≥psi/ (n) = an official examination skrzepnąć, zgęstnieć
of a dead body by a doctor who is to identify e.g. The broth was left out overnight and solidified.
the cause of death / sekcja zwłok 5.43 tissue /`tæ«∂/ (n) = the material that animals and
e.g. The doctor performed an autopsy, as requested plants are made of / tkanka
by the police. e.g. Human tissue is made up of cells.
5.31 thoracic /ı¥`r±sæk/ (adj) = of the thorax, enclosed 5.44 yield /j∞ld/ (v) = to provide or produce sth /
by the ribs / piersiowy, znajdujący sięw klatce piersiowej dostarczać, dawać, przynosić
e.g. Doctor Gold is a specialist in thoracic surgery. e.g. This year’s crop yielded fifty tons of wheat.
5.32 auscultation /¿¥skºl`tΩ«ºn/ (n) = listening carefully 5.45 rale, bruit, egophony /r≤l br∂t ∞`g≥fºni/ (n)
to the sounds coming from the chest = sounds detected by lung examination /
of a patient / osłuchiwanie furczenie, szmer, rzężenie
e.g. ∆he doctor performed a careful auscultation e.g. The doctor told his students that rale, bruit and
on the patient. egophony are sounds made by different lung tissues.
5.33 standpoint /`st±ndp√nt/ (n) = a point of view / 5.46 compact /kºm`p±kt/ (adj) = made up of parts that
punkt widzenia are positioned closely together, using very little
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Unit 5
space / niewielkich rozmiarów, funkcjonalny e.g. Most doctors correlate smoking with lung cancer.
e.g. Although her bag was small, it was compact 5.60 probe /prøb/ (v) = to investigate / zbadać, zgłębić
and held quite a few things. e.g. The detectives are probing into the missing
5.47 binaural /b¡`n¥rºl/ (adj) = for both ears / person’s case.
dwuuszny, obuuszny 5.61 palpate /`p±lpΩt/ (v) = to examine medically
e.g. ∆he doctor used a sophisticated binaural by touch / obmacać, zbadać palpacyjnie (dotykiem)
stethoscope to examine the child. e.g. After palpating the affected area, the doctor
5.48 ivory-tipped /`¡vºr∞¿tæpt/ (adj) = with one end made diagnosed the patient.
from elephants’ tusks / z końcówką z kości słoniowej 5.62 tumour /`tj∂mºr/ (n) = abnormal tissue that has
e.g. My granddad’s paper-knife was ivory-tipped. grown in the body / guz, narośl
5.49 ebony /èbºni/ (adj) = made of very hard, heavy e.g. ∆he vet diagnosed the animal as having a stomach
dark-coloured wood / hebanowy, z hebanu tumour.
e.g. The ebony cabinet was made in Jamaica. 5.63 impact /`æmp±kt/ (n) = a sudden or powerful effect /
5.50 modestly /`m≥dºstli/ (adv) = a little bit / umiarkowanie wpływ, efekt czegoś
e.g. My attitude towards him changed only modestly e.g. ∆he impact of the violent storm was apparent
when I heard he was found not guilty. a few hours later.
5.51 interchangeable /¿æntº`t«Ωnπºbºl/ (adj) = that can 5.64 contagious /kºn`tΩπºs/ (adj) = (of illnesses) easily
be exchanged for or replaced by sth else / caught by contact with an ill person / zaraźliwy
wymienny e.g. Unfortunately the rare disease proved to be
e.g. Luckily the car’s engine parts were interchangeable contagious.
with those from another model. 5.65 meticulously /mº`tækjµlºsli/ (adv) = very carefully
Der.: interchange (v) and with great attention to detail / starannie,
5.52 diaphragm /`d¡ºfr±m/ (n) = a thin piece of material drobiazgowo
or tissue forming a partition / błona, membrana e.g. He worked meticulously until the painting was
e.g. The diaphragm and the bell were two different completed.
”heads” used with old stethoscopes. 5.66 resemble /ræ`zembºl/ (v) = to be or look similar /
5.53 mitral valve /`m¡trºl ¿v±lv/ (n) = one of the valves przypominać
of the heart / zastawka mitralna e.g. They may be twins, but they don’t resemble each
e.g. The doctor diagnosed a problem with the mitral other.
valve. Der.: resemblance (n)
5.54 prolapse /`prøl±ps/ (n) = a condition in which 5.67 gravity /`gr±vætæ/ (n) = the force which causes things
a body organ moves forwards or down from to drop to the ground / przyciąganie ziemskie
its normal position / wypadanie, opadanie e.g. There is no gravity in outer space.
e.g. She is in bed with a prolapsed disc. 5.68 property /`pr≥pºti/ (n) = a quality or characteristic
5.55 domelike /`døml¡k/ (adj) = shaped like or in a substance or object / właściwość, własność
resembling a dome / w kształcie kopuły, kopulasty e.g. Many herbs have healing properties.
e.g. ∆he architect designed the new building Language Focus (pp. 102–105)
with a domelike roof.
5.56 rumbling /`r∑mblæ…/ (adj) = making a low, gurgling 5.69 clot /kl≥t/ (n) = a sticky lump which forms when
sound / bulgoczący, dudniący, burczący blood becomes thick or dries up / zakrzep
e.g. ∆he volcano was making a rumbling sound e.g. Research has shown that spending many hours
a few days before it erupted. on an aeroplane can make you more prone
Der.: rumble (v), (n) to developing blood clots.
5.57 solely /`sølli/ (adv) = exclusively / wyłącznie, tylko, 5.70 concussion /kºn`k∑«ºn/ (n) = temporary damage
jedynie to the brain caused by a fall or hit on the head /
e.g. I came here solely to meet with you in private. wstrząśnienie mózgu
5.58 emit /æ`mæt/ (v) = to produce or send out light, gas, e.g. ∞fter the accident, he suffered from concussion.
smell or heat / wydawać, wydzielać 5.71 disorder /dæs`¥dºr/ (n) = illness, malfunction /
e.g. Fire emits both heat and light. zaburzenia, choroba
5.59 correlate /`k≥rºlΩt/ (v) = to connect / powiązać, e.g. ∆he doctor advised gentle exercise as part
skorelować of the treatment for his lower back disorder.
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5.72 fracture /`fr±kt«ºr/ (n) = a break or slight crack / 5.84 gasp /g≤sp/ (v) = to take a short, quick breath
złamanie, pęknięcie through the mouth, especially when one is
e.g. The doctor advised the athlete to remain in bed shocked, surprised or in pain / dyszeć, łapać
for ten days to allow the fracture to heal. powietrze, wydać okrzyk zdumienia lub strachu
5.73 inflammation /ænflº`mΩ«ºn/ (n) = redness or swelling e.g. When she saw the cute pet dog that her father
of part of the body, often from an infection, got her, she gasped in delight.
illness or injury / zapalenie, stan zapalny 5.85 pant /p±nt/ (v) = to breathe with difficulty and
e.g. The inflammation was due to a spider bite. make a sound / sapać, dyszeć, ziać
Der.: inflame (v) e.g. Puffing and panting, he made it to the finish line.
5.74 sprain /sprΩn/ (v) = to cause an injury to a joint 5.86 wheeze /w∞z/ (v) = to breathe with difficulty and
by a sudden movement / skręcić, nadwerężyć make a whistling sound / mieć chrapliwy lub
e.g. He sprained his ankle playing cricket. świszczący oddech
5.75 predisposition /¿pr∞dæspº`zæ«ºn/ (n) = inclination / e.g. ∏e had a bad cold and was wheezing for most
skłonność of the night.
e.g. People’s predisposition to illness is believed 5.87 eyelash /`¡l±«/ (n) = a hair that grows on the edge
to be correlated with their genes. of the eyelid / rzęsa
Der.: predispose (v) e.g. Girls use mascara on their eyelashes and curl them.
5.76 recurrence /ri`k∑rºns/ (n) = repetition / nawrót 5.88 ward /w¥d/ (n) = a hospital section for patients with
e.g. There was a recurrence of the epidemic in 1947. similar illnesses / oddział
Der.: recur /ri`kªr/ (v) e.g. ∆he cleaners did the rounds of the hospital wards
5.77 stranded /`str±ndæd/ (adj) = trapped, left in before they started on the doctors’ offices.
difficulties / uwięziony, nie mogący się sam skądś 5.89 slide /sl¡d/ (n) = a small piece of photographic film
wydostać that you project onto a screen / przeźrocze, slajd
e.g. After the flood, they were stranded on the terrace e.g. ∆hey showed their friends slides of their trip
of their home. to Malaysia.
5.78 ribs /ræbz/ (n pl) = the curved bones that surround 5.90 beaker /`b∞kºr/ (n) = a glass or jar that is used
the chest area / żebra in chemistry / zlewka
e.g. In the rugby match, he received bruised ribs e.g. ∆he scientist warned them not to touch the beaker
from a rough tackle. with the red liquid in it.
5.79 heal /h∞l/ (v) = to become healthy after an injury 5.91 vial /`v¡ºl/ (n) = a very small bottle that usually
or illness / zagoić się holds medicine or perfume / fiolka, flakonik
e.g. At last, his wound healed and he was able to leave e.g. ∆he vial contained an exotic smelling aromatic oil.
the hospital. 5.92 thigh /ı¡/ (n) = the upper part of the leg between
5.80 swelling /`swelæ…/ (n) = (of a body part) becoming the knee and hip / udo
larger and rounder than normal / obrzęk, opuchlizna e.g. After years of athletics and training, he has
e.g. His allergy to mosquito bites meant painful well toned and muscular thighs.
swelling every time one bit him. 5.93 consultant /kºn`s∑ltºnt/ (n) = a doctor who
Der.: swell (v) specialises in a particular area of medicine /
5.81 blister /`blæstºr/ (n) = a painful swelling on the lekarz specjalista, konsultant
surface of the skin, filled with liquid / pęcherz e.g. It was during his years as a medical consultant
e.g. ∞fter walking for six hours, I got blisters on my feet. that his brilliance was recognised.
5.82 bronchitis /br≥…`k¡tæs/ (n) = an illness of the 5.94 respiratory /ræ`spærºtºri/ (adj) = related to breathing /
bronchial tubes leading to the lungs / oddechowy
zapalenie oskrzeli e.g. Smoking affects the respiratory system.
e.g. Paul had bronchitis and could not go to school. 5.95 strenuous /`strenjuºs/ (adj) = tiring / wyczerpujący,
5.83 eardrum /`ƒdr∑m/ (n) = a thin piece of tightly forsowny
stretched skin in the ear that vibrates when e.g. After a strenuous work-out at the gym, she slept
sound waves reach it / bębenek, błona bębenkowa well.
e.g. The loud dance music made her feel like her 5.96 intake /`æntΩk/ (n) = consumption / spożycie
eardrums were going to burst! e.g. Diabetics should be careful with their sugar intake.
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5.97 congenital /kºn`πenætºl/ (adj) = (of a disease) e.g. She warned her friend not to become involved
existing since or before birth / wrodzony in petty gossip.
e.g. The baby was diagnosed with a congenital 5.109 trivial /`træviºl/ (adj) = unimportant and not serious /
disorder. banalny, trywialny, błahy
5.98 holistic /hø`læstik/ (adj) = treating the whole person e.g. I don’t wish to concern myself with trivial details.
rather than particular symptoms of diseases / Der.: triviality (n)
holistyczny 5.110 noxious /`n≥k«ºs/ (adj) = poisonous / trujący, szkodliwy
e.g. She prefers to resort to holistic healing e.g. The fumes coming from the chimney were noxious.
rather than traditional medicine. 5.111 adverse /`±dvªs/ (adj) = (of conditions, decisions
5.99 stabbing /`st±bæ…/ (adj) = (of pain) sharp / kłujący or effects) unfavourable / niepożądany
e.g. The stabbing pain that she felt was due e.g. She developed an adverse reaction to the medicine
to a migraine. and had to see a doctor.
Der.: stab (v) Der.: adversity (n)
5.100 piercing /`pƒsæ…/ (adj) = penetrating / przenikliwy, 5.112 incision /æn`sæ»ºn/ (n) = a sharp cut made in sth /
przeszywający nacięcie
e.g. The piercing sound of the siren made me run e.g. The surgeon made an incision in Peter’s leg
for cover. to remove a piece of glass.
Der.: pierce (v) 5.113 tenderness /`tendºnºs/ (n) = soreness and

5.101 needle /`n∞dºl/ (v) = to bother or annoy / dokuczać sensitiveness / wrażliwość (np. na dotyk), obolałość
e.g. He was constantly needling and disturbing me. e.g. ”If the tenderness in the abdomen persists, we’ll
5.102 non-conformist /¿n≥nkºn`f¥mæst/ (adj) = not give you an injection,“ said the doctor.
following ordinary ways of thinking or behaving / 5.114 hoarse /h¥s/ (adj) = sounding rough and unclear /
niekonformistyczny, bezkompromisowy zachrypnięty, ochrypły
e.g. ∏e was proud of his non-conformist ways which e.g. He talked for so long that his voice was hoarse.
included refusing to cut his hair. 5.115 nausea /`n¥ziº/ (n) = the feeling of being unwell
Der.: conform (v) and likely to vomit / mdłości, nudności
5.103 undergo /¿∑ndº`gø/ (v) = to experience or go e.g. A feeling of nausea grips me when I travel by boat.
through sth necessary or unpleasant / odbyć, 5.116 vertigo /`vªtægø/ (n) = the feeling of unsteadiness
poddać się and sickness due to looking down from a high
e.g. I’ve had to undergo many hours of hard work place / zawroty głowy
and study to get to where I am. e.g. Sarah suffered from vertigo when she had to walk
5.104 niggling /`nægli…/ (adj) = annoying / uporczywy, dręczący across a bridge.
e.g. The niggling pain in my leg was becoming 5.117 prescription /præ`skræp«ºn/ (n) = an order for
unbearable. a medicine which a doctor writes on a piece
Der.: niggle (v) of paper / recepta
5.105 recurring /ræ`kªræ…/ (adj) = happening more than e.g. The particular medicine that he wanted was only
once / powtarzający się, nawracający available on prescription.
e.g. He had recurring nightmares and decided 5.118 exertion /æg`zª«ºn/ (n) = effort / wysiłek
to seek the help of a psychologist. e.g. After much physical exertion, she finally managed
Der.: recurrence (n) to climb the tree.
5.106 inflammatory /æn`fl±mºtºri/ (adj) = causing 5.119 matron /`mΩtrºn/ (n) = a senior nurse who supervises
or involving inflammation / zapalny the work of other nurses / przełożona pielęgniarek
e.g. ∆he inflammatory condition prevented her e.g. The matron did a tour of the wards before she went
from swimming for a week. off duty.
Der.: inflammation (n) 5.120 recuperate /ræ`kj∂pºrΩt/ (v) = to recover one’s
5.107 terminal /`tªmænºl/ (adj) = slowly and incurably strength and health after one has been ill /
causing death / nieuleczalny, śmiertelny wracać do zdrowia
e.g. It was difficult for Sheila to come to terms e.g. It took him only a few days to recuperate
with her father’s terminal illness. from the operation.
5.108 petty /`peti/ (adj) = of little importance, trivial / Der.: recuperation (n), recuperative (adj)
błahy
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Unit 5
5.121 with (the benefit of) hindsight = understanding 5.133 misconception /¿mæskºn`sep«ºn/ (n) = a false idea
a situation differently after it has happened / or belief / błędne wyobrażenie, przekonanie
(patrząc) z perspektywy czasu e.g. There are many misconceptions about the causes
e.g. With the benefit of hindsight, he should have never of cancer.
had the operation. 5.134 faith healer /`fΩı ¿h∞lºr/ (n) = sb who cures ill people
5.122 detrimental /¿detræ`mentºl/ (adj) = injurious / szkodliwy using the power of belief and prayer / uzdrowiciel
e.g. Obesity can be detrimental to your health. e.g. ∏er next step in search of a cure was to consult
Der.: detriment (n) a faith healer.
5.123 decline /dæ`kl¡n/ (v) = to refuse / odmówić 5.135 efficacy /èfækºsi/ (n) = effectiveness / skuteczność,
e.g. She declined to answer the inspector’s questions. efektywność
5.124 reluctant /ræ`l∑ktºnt/ (adj) = unwilling, hesitant / e.g. The company vouched for efficacy of their products.
niechętny, ociągający się Der.: efficient (adj)
e.g. I was reluctant to go to the dentist, but the 5.136 disreputable /dæs`repjµtºbºl/ (n) = not respectable
toothache was getting worse and worse. or trustworthy / podejrzany, cieszący się złą sławą
Der.: reluctance (n) e.g. She didn’t want her son to mix with such
5.125 commit oneself to sth /kº`mæt/ (v) = to promise to a disreputable group of people.
follow a certain course of action / zobowiązać się √pp.: reputable
do czegoś, jednoznacznie zadeklarować 5.137 fallacy /`f±lºsi/ (n) = a false idea that many
e.g. Both parties committed themselves to finding people think is true / błędne przekonanie
a solution to the problem. e.g. It’s a fallacy that affluent people live longer.
Der.: commitment (n) 5.138 gullible /`g∑læbºl/ (adj) = easily tricked, naive /
5.126 sneaking /`sn∞kæ…/ (adj) = (of a feeling) not fully naiwny, łatwowierny
recognised, unexpressed / niejasne (np. wrażenie) e.g. He’s so gullible he’ll believe anything you say.
e.g. The man had a sneaking suspicion that his wife 5.139 persecute /`pªsækj∂t/ (v) = to harass, pester /
had something to do with the crime. prześladować
Der.: sneak (v) e.g. He was persecuted by his neighbours
5.127 deadline /`dedl¡n/ (n) = the date or time by which because of his religious beliefs.
sth must be finished / ostateczny termin Der.: persecution (n)
e.g. He handed in his work only minutes before 5.140 exaggerated /æg`z±πºrΩtæd/ (adj) = made to seem
the deadline. larger, better or worse than it is / przesadzony,
5.128 contamination /kºn¿t±mæ`nΩ«ºn/ (n) = dirt, wyolbrzymiony
pollution / skażenie, zanieczyszczenie e.g. She gave an exaggerated account
e.g. The contamination in the river was caused of her symptoms.
by factory waste. 5.141 ultimately /`∑ltæmºtli/ (adv) = finally / ostatecznie,
5.129 esteem /æ`st∞m/ (n) = admiration, respect / szacunek, w końcu
poważanie e.g. All she ultimately wanted was to have a family
e.g. My father is held in high esteem in this town of her own.
because he has helped many people. 5.142 remedy /`remºdi/ (n) = cure / lekarstwo
5.130 slot /sl≥t/ (n) = a free position or a time e.g. She used her grandmother’s remedy for colds
(e.g. in a list) / okienko, wolne miejsce and was well in no time.
e.g. πf I find a slot in my timetable, I will squeeze you in. 5.143 pensiveness /`pensævnºs/ (n) = thoughtfulness /
zaduma
e.g. There was an air of pensiveness about him as if
5.131 witch doctor /`wæt« ¿d≥ktºr/ (n) = a person believed he was constantly immersed in his thoughts.
to have magical powers who uses them to treat 5.144 patronising /`p±trºn¡zæ…/ (adj) = condescending /
ill people / szaman protekcjonalny
e.g. The witch doctor in the film wore a costume made e.g. ∏e didn’t mean to appear patronising
of straw and used snake venom to cure a sick man. to his employees, he just wanted them to listen.
5.132 wrought /r¥t/ (adj) = prepared / przygotowany Der.: patronise (v)
e.g. The novel cure wrought by the scientist caused 5.145 hands-on /¿h±ndz`≥n/ (adj) = practical / praktyczny,
much turmoil in the medical world. bezpośredni
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Unit 5
e.g. At the job interview, he explained that he had 5.157 dandelion /`d±ndæl¡ºn/ (n) = a small bright yellow
over ten years of hands-on experience. wild flower with long thin petals / mlecz, mniszek
5.146 mindful /`m¡ndfºl/ (adj) = conscious of sth, lekarski
considering it / świadomy e.g. The meadow was bright yellow with dandelions.
e.g. People should be more mindful of the needs 5.158 burdock /`bªd≥k/ (n) = a large herbaceous plant /
of others. łopian
5.147 supplement /`s∑plæmºnt/ (n) = an addition, sth extra / e.g. The herbalist recommended burdock as a cure.
uzupełnienie, suplement (np. witaminowy) 5.159 cordial /`k¥diºl/ (n) = a pleasant-tasting medicine /
e.g. In order to remain healthy, you should take vitamin nalewka lecznicza
supplements. e.g. This sweet herbal cordial is recommended
5.148 resort to sth /ræz¥t/ (v) = to turn to or adopt sth / for children.
sięgać po coś, uciekać się do czegoś 5.160 barley /`b≤li/ (n) = grain that is used to make some
e.g. They had no alternative but to resort to violence. foods, beer and whisky / jęczmień
e.g. One of the dishes that I think my mother made best
was barley soup.
5.149 database /`dΩtºbΩs/ (n) = a collection of data 5.161 ginger /`πænπºr/ (n) = the root of the ginger plant
that is stored in a computer / baza danych that is used to flavour food or drinks / imbir
e.g. The bank’s central database has a copy of the e.g. Take a teaspoon of ground ginger to make these
relevant transactions. cookies.
5.150 rudimentary /¿r∂dæ`mentri/ (adj) = simple, basic / 5.162 brew /br∂/ (v) = to make by boiling or fermentation /
podstawowy zaparzyć, warzyć
e.g. Her knowledge of physics was rudimentary, e.g. I’ll brew the coffee before I get dressed.
so she employed a tutor. 5.163 tincture /`tæ…kt«ºr/ (n) = a medicine made
5.151 admissions /ºd`mæ«ºnz/ (n pl) = people admitted by dissolving a drug in alcohol / nalewka
to hospital / pacjenci przyjęci do szpitala e.g. The herbalist made up a special tincture
e.g. Her job was to take the details of all hospital for her dermatitis.
admissions. 5.164 herbalist /`hªbºlæst/ (n) = sb who uses, grows
Der.: admit (v) or sells herbs for medicinal purposes / zielarz
5.152 enrolment /æn`rølmºnt/ (n) = joining a club e.g. She left her job as a nurse and decided to become
or institution / zapisanie się (np. do szkoły) a herbalist instead.
e.g. Enrolments from overseas students are accepted 5.165 dwelling /`dwelæ…/ (n) = residence / miejsce
from 1st August. zamieszkania, mieszkanie
Der.: enrol (v) e.g. His dwelling was a converted warehouse.
5.153 outpatient /`¬tpΩ«ºnt/ (n) = sb who receives Der.: dwell (v)
hospital treatment without spending the night ]5.166 tone /tøn/ (v) = (of the body or muscles) to make
there / pacjent leczony ambulatoryjnie (dochodzący firm / wzmocnić, ujędrnić, uelastycznić
na badania, zabiegi itp.) e.g. There was a new piece of equipment at the gym
e.g. He attends the hospital as an outpatient. especially for toning the thigh muscles.
5.154 casualty (department/ward) /`k±»uºlti/ (n) = this 5.167 tense /tens/ (v) = to keep muscles tight / napinać
part of a hospital where people are taken for e.g. The relaxation technique that she taught me
the treatment of severe injuries or illness / involved tensing and relaxing various parts of the body.
oddział nagłych wypadków 5.168 distend /dæ`stend/ (v) = to cause sth to swell / rozdąć
e.g. After the hurricane, the casualty ward e.g. The children’s bellies were distended from hunger.
of the hospital was full. 5.169 chore /t«¥r/ (n) = a boring task / uciążliwy obowiązek
5.155 hike /h¡k/ (n) = a long walk, especially in the e.g. I’ll meet you at the cafe as soon as I finish my
countryside / piesza wycieczka, wędrówka w terenie chores.
e.g. Their favourite form of exercise was long hikes. 5.170 by-product /`b¡pr≥d∑kt/ (n) = sth that happens
5.156 culinary /`k∑lænºri/ (adj) = concerned with cooking / as a result of an event or situation and is usually
kulinarny unexpected or unnecessary / produkt, efekt uboczny
e.g. ∆he chef prepared a variety of culinary delights e.g. A by-product of industrialisation is pollution.
such as smoked salmon tarts.
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Unit 5
5.171 bygones /`b¡g≥nz/ (n pl) = past events, earlier e.g. ∆he police stopped him for driving erratically.
disagreements / dawne urazy, rzeczy minione Der.: erratic (adj)
e.g. Let bygones be bygones. 5.184 currency /`k∑rºnsi/ (n) = the money used
5.172 by-law /`b¡l¥/ (n) = a regulation made by a local in a particular country / waluta
authority / rozporządzenie władz lokalnych e.g. Greece’s currency changed from the drachma
e.g. The council’s by-laws forbid the use of car horns. to the euro.
5.173 strain /strΩn/ (v) = to pull hard / naprężyć, naciągnąć, 5.185 allegation /¿±lº`gΩ«ºn/ (n) = a claim made without
nadwerężyć proof / zarzut, oskarżenie
e.g. Paul strained his muscles when lifting heavy e.g. The security guard denied allegations that
weights. he had used unnecessary force to stop a customer
5.174 antidote to sth /`±ntædøt/ (n) = a substance that from entering the building.
cures a disease or prevents poisoning / odtrutka, Der.: allege /º`leπ/ (v)
antidotum na coś 5.186 embezzle /æm`bezºl/ (v) = to take money illegally
e.g. We have no antidote to the poison of this snake. from an organisation / zdefraudować, sprzeniewierzyć
5.175 debunk /¿d∞`b∑…k/ (v) = to show that a widely held e.g. The accused was found guilty of embezzling
belief is false / obalić, podważyć the company’s funds.
e.g. The scientist’s discovery debunked the myths 5.187 defendant /dæ`fendºnt/ (n) = sb accused of a crime /
regarding Atlantis. oskarżony

e.g. The defendant told the press that he had the best
English In Use (pp. 110–113)
lawyer that money could buy.
5.176 scattered /`sk±tºd/ (adj) = spread over a large area Der.: defend (v)
or a long period of time / przelotny 5.188 vicinity /væ`sænæti/ (n) = neighbourhood / pobliże, okolica
e.g. There were scattered showers in the area yesterday e.g. The thief was in the vicinity according to the police
evening. report.
5.177 salve /s±lv/ (n) = ointment / balsam, maść 5.189 crouch /kr¬t«/ (v) = to stoop with one’s legs bent /
e.g. π applied a salve on my dry skin and it seemed przykucnąć, przyczaić się
to soothe it. e.g. I crouched down on the floor and hid behind the
5.178 sterilized /`steræl¡zd/ (adj) = safe from germs sofa until the burglar left.
and clean / sterylny 5.190 mongrel /`m∑…grºl/ (n) = a dog that is a mixture
e.g. Make sure to use a sterilised needle when you of different breeds / kundel, mieszaniec
pierce your ear. e.g.The children begged their father to take the stray
Der.: sterilization (n) mongrel home.
5.179 treacherous /`tret«ºrºs/ (adj) = dangerous / 5.191 petrified /`petræf¡d/ (adj) = very scared / przerażony,
zdradliwy, niebezpieczny sztywny ze strachu
e.g. Sailing in this weather can be particularly e.g. She stood there petrified as the thief made his
treacherous. getaway through the bathroom window.
5.180 saturated fat /`s±t«µrΩtæd ¿f±t/ (n) = a type of fat 5.192 turn tail (and run, flee, etc) (idm) = to run away
found in some foods like butter, believed to from a dangerous situation / uciec, wziąć nogi za pas
contribute to heart disease and other ailments / e.g. When the burglar saw the police, he turned tail
tłuszcz nasycony and disappeared in the dark.
e.g. The doctor advised him to cut down on all 5.193 undergrowth /`∑ndºgrøı/ (n) = bushes and plants
saturated fats. growing together under the trees in a forest /
5.181 imperative /æm`perºtiv/ (adj) = extremely important / zarośla, podszycie leśne
konieczny, niezbędny e.g. The thick undergrowth served as a home
e.g. πt’s imperative that you attend the tutorials as well for hundreds of insects.
as the lectures. 5.194 (baby) walker /`bΩbi w¥kºr/ (n) = a wheeled frame
5.182 pledge /pleπ/ (v) = to promise / przyrzec, zobowiązać for a baby who can walk around in it / chodzik
się e.g. When Vanessa was born, Aunt Sheila bought
e.g. I pledged my support and offered to help. a pram and a walker for her.
5.183 erratically /æ`r±tæklæ/ (adv) = in an unexpected or 5.195 plonk /pl≥…k/ (v) = to put down heavily
irregular way / w sposób nieskoordynowany, nieskładnie
66
Unit 5
and carelessly / postawić (z hukiem) e.g. She made a conscientious effort to finish
e.g. He plunked his glass down on the bar. her homework on time.
5.196 contraption /kºn`tr±p«ºn/ (n) = a machine or device Der.: conscientiously (adv)
that looks strange / machina, „ustrojstwo“ 5.208 explicit /æks`plæsæt/ (adj) = stated clearly / wyraźny,
e.g. Can you tell me how to operate this contraption? jawny, otwarty
I have never seen it before. e.g. It was made explicit that no bikes were allowed
5.197 lingering /`læ…gºræ…/ (adj) = remaining for a long in the park.
time / utrzymujący się, długotrwały Der.: explicitly (adv)
e.g. The lingering pain in his chest was beginning 5.209 sift through /`sæft `ır∂/ (phr v) = to examine carefully
to worry him. a large number of things in order to select sth /
Der.: linger (v) przeszukać, przesiać (np. informacje)
5.198 feedback /`f∞db±k/ (n) = being told how well e.g. Investigators are now sifting through the evidence.
or badly you are doing / reakcje, opinie 5.210 disseminate /dæ`semænΩt/ (v) = to spread widely /
e.g. She hasn’t yet received any feedback from her rozpowszechnić, szerzyć
teacher regarding her essay. e.g. The government disseminated the information
5.199 refine /ræ`f¡n/ (v) = to improve / udoskonalić, poprawić through pamphlets and posters.
e.g. If you want to succeed in this job, you must refine 5.211 clinician /klæ`næ«ºn/ (n) = a doctor who has direct
your skills. contact with patients / lekarz praktyk, klinicysta

5.200 limb /læm/ (n) = an arm or leg / kończyna e.g. He chose to be a clinician because he wanted
e.g. Many soldiers lose a limb as a result of stepping to work with patients.
on mines. 5.212 paternalism /pº`tªnºlæzºm/ (n) = taking all the
5.201 milestone /`m¡lstøn/ (n) = an important decisions for people that you supervise or govern
development / kamień milowy so that they can’t or don’t have to make their
e.g. Obtaining a master’s degree in psychology was own decisions / paternalizm
a milestone in his life. e.g. Many criticised the paternalism of the previous
5.202 coordinate /kø`¥dænΩt/ (v) = to make different parts government.
of the body work together efficiently to perform Der.: paternal (adj)
particular movements / koordynować 5.213 ally /`±l¡/ (n) = a supporter, defender / sojusznik
e.g. The patient underwent intensive treatment e.g. Great Britain is a political ally of the United States.
which enabled him to coordinate his limbs better. 5.214 revaluation /¿r∞v±lj∂`Ω«ºn/ (n) = assessing the value
Der.: coordination (n) of sth again / ponownie wycenić, ocenić
5.203 crawling /`kr¥læ…/ (n) = moving around on one’s e.g. The employee went through revaluation before
hands and knees / raczkowanie, czołganie się being promoted.
e.g. The baby gets around by crawling on all fours. 5.215 wavering /`wΩvºræ…/ (adj) = weak / drżący, słaby,
Der.: crawl (v,n) niepewny
5.204 inherent /æn`herºnt/ (adj) = inborn / tkwiący w czymś, e.g. She gave a wavering smile and began her speech.
nieodłączny, przyrodzony 5.216 discourse /`dæsk¥s/ (n) = spoken or written
e.g. I believe that it is inherent in dogs to be friendly. communication between people / dyskurs,
Der.: inherently (adv) komunikacja językowa, rozmowa
5.205 impede /æm`p∞d/ (v) = to delay, prevent, restrict / e.g. The tone of their discourse sounded serious.
utrudnić, przeszkodzić 5.217 hefty /`hefti/ (adj) = larger than expected /
e.g. Bad weather conditions are impeding the progress niespodziewanie duży, wysoki itp.
of the rescue workers. e.g. ∆he advertsing campaign proved successful
Der.: impediment /æm`pedæmºnt/ (n) and the company made a hefty profit.
5.206 mutually /`mj∂t«uºli/ (adv) = being felt by both 5.218 prompt /pr≥mpt/ (v) = to encourage, to cause /
parties / wzajemnie, dla obu stron skłonić, sprowokować, doprowadzić do czegoś
e.g. ∆he agreement was mutually beneficial. e.g. I prompted my husband to see a doctor about
Der.: mutual (adj) his sore leg.
5.207 conscientious /k≥n«ièn«ºs/ (adj) = careful to do 5.219 placebo /plº`s∞bø/ (n) = a substance that has no
one’s work well / sumienny physical effects, given to the patients who believe
it to be a medicine / placebo
67
Unit 5
e.g. In clinical tests, one group of patients took the new e.g. The customer was irate about having to return the
medicine while the control group was given a placebo. faulty TV for a second time.
5.220 corpus /`k¥pºs/ (n) = a large collection of written 5.233 reimburse /¿r∞æm`bªs/ (v) = to repay / zwrócić (koszty)
texts / zbiór, korpus danych, tekstów e.g. Our company reimburses travelling expenses
e.g. There was a particularly interesting corpus of those who commute to work.
on archaeological findings in Peru at the University. Der.: reimbursement (n)
5.221 dubious /`dj∂biºs/ (adj) = not to be relied upon / 5.234 monies /`m∑niz/ (n pl) = separate sums of money
wątpliwy that form a larger amount that is spent or
e.g. His qualifications seemed rather dubious. received for a particular purpose / fundusze, kwoty
5.222 compulsory /kºm`p∑lsºri/ (adj) = obligatory, e.g. ∆he monies donated to the charity were used for
required by law or a rule / obowiązkowy the construction of shelters for the homeless.
e.g. School uniform is compulsory in the UK. Writing (pp. 114–118)
5.223 outcry /`¬tkr¡/ (n) = a reaction of strong
disapproval and anger expressed by the public 5.235 welfare /`welfeºr/ (adj) = related to helping people
or media about a current event / oburzenie, protest with problems / dotyczący spraw socjalnych, pomocy
e.g.There was a public outcry following the proposed społecznej
putting down of stray dogs. e.g. It takes four years of study to become a welfare
5.224 quota /`kwøtº/ (n) = a limited or fixed amount officer in my country.

or number of sth / przydział, ustalona ilość, 5.236 the handicapped /∫º `h±ndæk±pt/ (n pl) = the
kontyngent, kwota disabled / niepełnosprawni
e.g. The government introduced import quotas e.g. The handicapped gain access to the theatre
to protect domestic producers. via a special ramp.
5.225 humane /hj∂`mΩn/ (adj) = showing kindness 5.237 cater for /`kΩtº fºr/ (phr v) = to provide sth,
to people and animals and preventing their especially a service, that a particular person
suffering / humanitarny needs / zaspokajać (potrzeby)
e.g. Our organisation promotes humane killing e.g. The school caters for students with learning
of animals in slaughterhouses. difficulties.
5.226 outraged /`¬trΩπd/ (adj) = feeling angry and 5.238 five-a-side /f¡vº`s¡d/ (adj) = with five players in
shocked / oburzony each team / z drużynami po pięć osób (np. w halowej
e.g. The school principal was outraged by the students’ piłce nożnej)
strike. e.g. You need ten people to play a game of five-a-side
5.227 hydro dam /`h¡drø d±m/ (n) = a wall that is built football.
across a river to stop the water flowing and to 5.239 compile /kºm`p¡l/ (v) = to put together or produce
make a lake / tama by collecting pieces of information about sth /
e.g.The hydro dam wasn’t pretty but it did provide sporządzić, opracowywać, skompilować
water in the otherwise dry and barren surroundings. e.g. At the moment I’m compiling a collection
5.228 livelihood /`l¡vlihµd/ (n) = a means of earning of Renaissance sonnets.
money in order to live / środki utrzymania, środki 5.240 dilapidated /dæ`l±pædΩtæd/ (adj) = old and in bad
do życia condition / rozsypujący się, zniszczony
e.g. The livelihood of farmers depends on their crops. e.g. The dilapidated building will soon be renovated
5.229 halt /h¥lt/ (v) = to stop / zatrzymać, zahamować and restored.
e.g.The roadworks halted the traffic for a few minutes 5.241 poll /pøl/ (n) = a survey in which people give their
longer than usual. opinions / ankieta, sondaż
5.230 downtown /`d¬nt¬n/ (adj,adv, n) = (in/to) the e.g. The news quoted the latest poll as being in favour
centre of a city or town / (w/do) centrum of the law against smoking.
e.g. He has an apartment in downtown Chicago. 5.242 obesity /ø`b∞sæti/ (n) = being extremely overweight /
5.231 arcade /≤`kΩd/ (n) = a covered passage with shops otyłość
or a market stall / pasaż (handlowy); stoisko e.g. Many doctors claim that there is a link between
e.g.The new arcade has shops and cafés in it. obesity and heart disease.
5.232 irate /¡`rΩt/ (adj) = angry / wzburzony 5.243 proportion /prº`p¥«ºn/ (n) = part of a group
or an amount / część
68
Unit 5
e.g. Only a small proportion of employees in the 5.249 stringent /`strænπºnt/ (adj) = very strict / rygorystyczny,
accounting section are part-time. surowy
5.244 moderate /`m≥dºrºt/ (adj) = not extreme / e.g. Stringent measures are being taken by the police to
umiarkowany reduce crime.
e.g. ∆he gym instructor explained that moderate 5.250 initiative /æ`næ«ºtæv/ (n) = an important act or
exercise is better than very strenuous exercise. statement intended to solve a problem / inicjatywa
5.245 intensity /æn`tensæti/ (n) = a high level of sth / e.g. The government announced a new initiative
intensywność, natężenie against car theft.
e.g. The intensity of the blast shattered all the windows. Der.: initiate (v)
Der.: intense (adj) 5.251 confine /kºn`f¡n/ (v) = to keep sth within certain
5.246 on average = used to indicate that a number is the limits / ograniczyć
average of several numbers; here: usually / e.g. Her duties are confined to answering the phone
przeciętnie; zwykle and typing letters.
e.g. Research shows that, on average, women live Der.: confinement (n)
longer than men. 5.252 thriving /`ır¡væ…/ (adj) = doing well and being
5.247 portion /`p¥«ºn/ (n) = a serving / porcja successful, healthy or strong / kwitnący, dobrze
e.g. π helped myself to another portion of the delicious prosperujący
cheesecake. e.g. She had a thriving business before the age of thirty.
5.248 household /`h¬shøld/ (n) = all the people in 5.253 exploited /æk`spl√tæd/ (adj) = taken advantage of,
a family or group that live together / rodzina, abused / wyzyskiwany, wykorzystywany
gospodarstwo domowe e.g. A lot of immigrant workers are exploited in Greece.
e.g. When I was growing up, the father was always head 5.254 untapped /¿∑n`t±pt/ (adj) = not yet used /
of the household. niewykorzystany
e.g. There are untapped reserves of oil under the sea.
1 Monkeys that had been used in experiments were set free 5 Using lavender oil on burns can help them to ..........
by animal rights .......... . quickly.
A geriatrics C activists A heal C ache
B proponents D scourges B clot D gash
2 All of his research notes were ........... written in neat 6 Vitamin .......... need not be taken if a healthy and
handwriting. balanced diet is followed.
A unwieldy C modestly A ailments C supplements
B leaky D meticulously B intakes D remedies
3 Computerising patient details was part of the .......... of 7 Even though it is widely accepted that smoking is ..........
change. to health, it is still allowed in public places.
A gravity C expectancy A piercing C noxious
B wave D horn B detrimental D reluctant
4 It is standard practice to keep a patient suffering from 8 Drowsiness is one of the .......... of these tablets.
.......... in hospital for observation. A discomforts C by-products
A cramp C sprain B side-effects D deadlines
B genetics D concussion
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Unit 5
9 The lake was closed off to the public due to .......... from 10 A sweet smell filled the room as the aromatherapist
rats. .......... a mixture of herbs.
A beakers C impact A steamed C emitted
B contamination D pursuit B brewed D dissected

ñ standpoint ñ pant ñ ward ñ sterilized ñ holistic ñ tissue ñ blister ñ compile ñ inflammation ñ strenuous
1 From Dr Smith’s ..................... Sam’s condition has 6 The children’s ..................... at the hospital is being
stabilized. redecorated.
2 The stitching inside the shoe rubbed her feet so much 7 Research assistants ..................... notes taken during
that it caused a painful ..................... . experiments into a readable form.
3 From the look of the athlete’s well toned body it was 8 ∞fter having a heart by-pass, the managing director was
obvious
muscles.that she had very little fatty ..................... on her 9 told
The to avoidcar
long anyjourney
.....................
in theactivity.
heat made the dog
4 One of the symptoms of hay fever is ..................... of the ..................... for breath.
eyelids. 10 Not all scientists believe in ..................... medicine.
5 To reduce the possibility of infection all medical
equipment must be ..................... .
1 At medical school, Peter had to ................... himself to 4 Despite the convincing results, Dr Peres was ...................
his studies instead of socializing. about using alternative medicine to treat illnesses.
The severe penalty put people off the temptation to Claims about the success of diet pills for weight loss are
................... crime. ................... .
The medical board decided to ................... more money The country has earned the ................... distinction of
to the children’s ward. having the worst health care system in Europe.
2 Before making a phone call, please insert a coin into the 5 One month in a peaceful and unpopulated ...................
................... . helped Dennis to recuperate from his illness.
The cost of a half-hour landing ................... at the new We hope to be able to solve the dispute through
airport is the highest in Europe. negotiation without ................... to strike action.
If your problem is urgent, I might be able to find time to ∞s a last ..................., the leg will have to be amputated
................... you in this evening. to stop the poison spreading.
3 A cathode is the technical term for the positive

................... of a battery.
Please check which ................... your plane leaves from
before we go to the airport.
Alicia scanned the technology lab for a free computer
..................., but none were available.
70
Unit 5
1 The doctor said that he would need surgery if the 4 All medical students must complete a year’s training in
problem persisted. a community hospital.
undergo ∆he doctor said that .......................... compulsory It .......................................................
................... if the problem persisted. complete a year’s training in
2 Dr Smith is a respected member of the medical a community hospital.
community. 5 You can obtain a refund from the company for any
esteem Dr Smith is ........................................ medical expenses incurred.
.................... the medical community. reimbursed Any medical expenses incurred ..........
3 Not having an international research centre has held back ................................ by the company.
progress in DNA testing.
hindered DNA testing ......................................
not having an international research
centre.
The National Healthcare System has had a face lift. Doctors of 1) ...................... CONVENTION
medicine are now working alongside therapists of 2) ............... practices. Whilst COMPLEMENT
these radical changes were met with some 3) ........................ from Public Health HOSTILE
ministers and senior 4) ......................, the general public and many GP’s CONSULT
throughout the country have been most receptive towards such 5) ..................... TREAT
having been made available.
However, not all forms of alternative therapies are being offered on
6) ....................... . Although osteopathy and acupuncture have been approved, PRESCRIBE
other practices such as colour therapy have been omitted. The government has
also set up standards to prevent 7) .............................. practitioners from COMPETENCE
entering the profession.
Despite accusations that it was 8) ................................. to make alternative PRUDENCE
medicine part of the NHS, it does show a 9) ........................ to the patient’s COMMIT
choice and preference. In light of the 10) ......................... increase in demand for PROPORTION
unconventional medicine, the government is taking steps in the right direction
towards the system, even if such steps are in 11) ......................... . MODERATE
71
6 The Art of Entertainment
Lead-in (p. 119) 6.10 stature /`st±∏ºr/ (n) = importance / znaczenie, ranga
e.g. Sarah Bernhardt was an actress of considerable
6.1 amplifier /`±mplæf¡ºr/ (n) = an electronic device in stature.
a stereo or linked to musical instruments which 6.11 remastered /r∞`m≤stºd/ (adj) = re-recorded to
makes sounds louder / wzmacniacz improve the sound quality / nagrany na nowo
e.g. There was a technical problem with the amplifiers, w celu poprawy jakości dźwięku
so the concert had to be cancelled. e.g. All the tracks have been remastered from the
6.2 vocalist /`vøkºlæst/ (n) = a singer who sings with original tapes.
a pop group / wokalista, wokalistka 6.12 commentary /`k≥mºntrÈ/ (n) = information given
e.g. The band’s lead vocalist came down with the flu verbally / relacja, komentarz
in the middle of the world tour. e.g. The event included live commentary on the
6.3 backing singer /`b±kæ… sæ…ºr/ (n) = a singer in England-Brazil match.
a group who sings the supporting tune, not 6.13 tycoon /t¡`k∂n/ (n) = sb successful in business /
the main part / piosenkarz wspomagający solistę, potentat
wykonujący podkład e.g. Onassis had been a major shipping tycoon
e.g. The backing singers were better than the lead in his lifetime.
vocalist! 6.14 flattering /`fl±tºræ…/ (adj) = making sth seem
6.4 blockbuster /`bl≥kb∑stºr/ (n) = a very successful attractive / korzystny, pochlebny
film, show, play, concert, etc. / przebój, hit e.g. It’s not a very flattering photograph, he’s much
e.g. Spielberg’s new film turned out to be a real better-looking in real life.
blockbuster! Der.: flatteringly (adv)
6.5 conductor /kºn`d∑ktºr/ (n) = the person who stands 6.15 startling /`st≤tlæ…/ (adj) = surprising / zdumiewający
in front of an orchestra or choir and directs its e.g. There was a startling resemblance between
performance / dyrygent the two cousins.
e.g. None of the members of the orchestra appeared Der.: startlingly (adv)
to be looking at the conductor. 6.16 RKO /¿≤ k∞ `ø/ (abbr) = the Radio-Keith-Orpheum
Reading (pp. 120–121) Corporation

6.17 MGM /¿em π∞ èm/ (abbr) = Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
6.6 controversy /`k≥ntrºvªsi/ (n) = a lot of discussion 6.18 suppress /sº`prºs/ (v) = to prevent from release /
and argument about sth, often involving strong wycofać (np. z obiegu, z druku), zataić
feelings of anger or disapproval / kontrowersja e.g. The report concerning the health risks of
e.g. There was a huge controversy over the new income genetically-modified foods was suppressed.
tax law. Der.: suppressor (n), suppressive (adj)
Der.: controversial (adj) 6.19 flashback /`fl±«b±k/ (n) = a part of a film, play, etc
6.7 brainwash /`brΩnw≥«/ (v) = to force sb into believing showing a scene that precedes in time the main
sth by constantly telling them it is true / zrobić story / retrospekcja, scena z przeszłości
komuś pranie mózgu e.g. The protagonist’s childhood was shown in a series
e.g. She was brainwashed into believing that people of flashbacks.
from different cultures are inferior. 6.20 chiaroscuro /k∞¿≤rº`sk∆rø/
6.8 clash /kl±«/ (n) = a collision, confrontation / utarczka, 6.21 refine /ræ`f¡n/ (v) = to improve in quality and detail /
potyczka słowna udoskonalić
e.g. There have been a number of clashes between e.g. By the end of his days, the great painter had
the headmaster and the students concerning considerably refined his technique.
the school dress code. 6.22 embrace /æm`brΩs/ (v) = to include, contain /
Der.: clash (v) obejmować
6.9 remotely /ræ`møtli/ (adv) = in the least / e.g. His theory embraces ancient Greek thought
w najmniejszym stopniu as well as that of contemporary literary criticism.
e.g. We had never seen anything remotely like it before. Der.: embrace (n)
Der.: remote (adj), remoteness (n)
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Unit 6
6.23 overlapping /øvº`l±pæ…/ (adj) = taking place or 6.35 footnote /`fµtnøt/ (n) = sth or sb not considered
occurring more or less simultaneously / zachodzący, to be especially important / osoba lub rzecz bez
nakładający się na siebie znaczenia
e.g. The overlapping layers of pastry prevent the filling e.g. He is largely forgotten these days and is considered
from falling out during cooking. to be a footnote in the history of the period.
6.24 angle /`±ngºl/ (n) = the point of view or direction 6.36 outlive /`¬tlæv/ (v) = to survive, to live longer than
from which one looks at sth / kąt, punkt widzenia sb / przeżyć, żyć dłużej
e.g. Because of the angle at which he was sitting, e.g. She outlived both of her children and her husband.
he was the only one who could see the sunset. 6.37 nomination /¿n≥mæ`nΩ«ºn/ (n) = an official suggestion
6.25 abrupt /º`br∑pt/ (adj) = sudden, unexpected / that sb should be given an award / nominacja
nagły, niespodziewany e.g. There were five nominations for the best actress
e.g. The car made an abrupt turn and skidded. award.
Der.: abruptly (adv), abruptness (n) 6.38 scoring /`sk¥ræ…/ (n) = (composing) music for
6.26 dissolve /dæ`z≥lv/ (n) = the technique of moving a movie, play, etc / muzyka do filmu, sztuki, itp.
gradually to a different scene or picture / lub jej komponowanie
efekt szybkiego przechodzenia jednej sceny w drugą, e.g. Alan Menken has won eight Oscars for Scoring
przenikanie and Best Song in Disney films.
e.g. The film was hard to follow due to the number 6.39 surmise /sº`m¡z/ (v) = to guess, to make
of confusing dissolves. a supposition / snuć domysły, przypuszczać
6.27 imagery /`æmæπri/ (n) = vivid images in literature e.g. It had been surmised that her suicide attempt
and film / metaforyka, obrazowanie had to do with her financial difficulties.
e.g. The director relies heavily on the use of religious 6.40 notoriety /¿nøtº`r¡ºti/ (n) = being famous, well-
imagery to get his message across. known in a negative way / zła sława, zła reputacja
6.28 multitude /`m∑ltætj∂d/ (n) = a large number / mnóstwo e.g. The school gained notoriety as a place that
e.g. There is a multitude of interesting books to choose would tolerate any kind of conduct from the students.
from in this second-hand bookshop. Der.: notorious (adj)
6.29 spare /sp≈r/ (v) = to refrain from giving / oszczędzić 6.41 aside /º`s¡d/ (n) = an additional remark, a short
(komuś czegoś) digression / uwaga na marginesie
e.g. I decided to spare him the knowledge of the precise e.g. As an aside, he said he had always liked me.
details of the accident. 6.42 on the/sb’s tab (idm) = to be paid by sb / na czyjś
6.30 unabashed /¿∑nº`b±«t/ (adj) = not ashamed or rachunek, koszt
embarrassed / niespeszony e.g. Billy told the waiter to put everything on the tab.
e.g. She seemed quite unabashed when she got 6.43 innovative /`ænºvΩtæv/ (adj) = new and original /
caught shoplifting. nowatorski, innowacyjny
6.31 newsreel /`nj∂zr∞l/ (n) = a short film of national, e.g. The new headmaster introduced innovative
international or special interest news / kronika teaching methods.
filmowa Der.: innovation (n)
e.g. The newsreel on the latest developments 6.44 fusion /`fj∂»ºn/ (n) = the joining of two or more
of the war in Palestine caused unease. things to form one / połączenie, fuzja
6.32 call sheet /`k¥l «∞t/ (n) = a list of all that is involved e.g. The dancer achieves a fusion of classical ballet
in filming a particular scene (actors, extras, props, technique and contemporary dance.
special equipment) / zdjęciowy plan pracy 6.45 slander /`sl≤ndºr/ (v) = to say untrue things
e.g. The local Museum of Film boasts a large collection about sb in order to damage their reputation /
of old posters and call sheets. szkalować, zniesławić
6.33 memorabilia /¿memºrº`bæliº/ (n pl) = things that one e.g. The newspaper is accused of slandering the
collects because they are connected to a person politician.
or an event that one has an interest in / pamiątki Der.: slander (n), slanderous (adj)
e.g. I was amazed at the amount of Elvis memorabilia 6.46 outcast /`¬tk≤st/ (n) = sb not accepted by
she had collected over the years. a group of people or by society / wyrzutek
6.34 PBS /¿p∞ b∞ ès/ (abbr) = (in the US) the Public e.g. At public school, he had been an outcast because
Broadcasting Service he was from a working class background.
73
Unit 6
6.47 aspiring /º`sp¡ºræ…/ (adj) = trying to succeed / na wyobraźnię, sugestywny

ambitny choć początkujący e.g. The magnificence of the castle is highly
e.g. In her early years as an aspiring actress, she often evocative of the medieval period.
had to work as a waitress. Der.: evocatively (adv)
Language Focus (pp. 122–125) 6.58 pottery /`p≥teri/ (n) = objects made of baked clay /
garncarstwo
6.48 conduct /kºn`d∑kt/ (v) = to stand in front of an e.g. When she retired, she took a course in pottery
orchestra or choir and direct its performance / and gardening.
dyrygować 6.59 charcoal /`∏≤køl/ (n) = a black substance obtained
e.g. He had conducted a number of orchestras in his by burning wood without much air / węgiel
lifetime, one of which was the National Symphony drzewny
Orchestra. e.g.∆he food was cooked over a charcoal fire.
Der.: conductor (n) 6.60 brush stroke /`br∑« strøk/ (n) = a mark made
6.49 accomplished /º`k∑mplæ«t/ (adj) = very good at sth / on a surface by a painter’s brush / pociągnięcie
znakomity pędzlem, ślad pędzla
e.g. Before she became a doctor, she had already e.g. His brush strokes are harsh and violent,
been an accomplished business woman. conveying intense emotions.
Der.: accomplishment (n) 6.61 oppressive /º`presæv/ (adj) = depressing and
6.50 endowed with sth /æn`d¬d/ (adj) = having uncomfortable / przytłaczający
a particular quality or asset / obdarzony e.g. The living room was cluttered with all sorts of
(np. talentem) useless objects, making it quite an oppressive place
e.g. He was endowed with great physical strength. to be in.
6.51 fictitious /fæk`tæ«ºs/ (adj) = imaginary / fikcyjny 6.62 gloomy /`gl∂mi/ (adj) = dark or poorly lit, especially
e.g. All the characters in this film are fictitious, to appear frightening / mroczny, ponury
and any resemblance to real people is coincidental. e.g. It was damp and gloomy inside the cave.
Der.: fiction (n) Der.: gloom (n), gloomily (adv)
6.52 riveting /`rævætæ…/ (adj) = extremely interesting 6.63 surrealist /sº`r∞ºlæst/ (n) = an artist or writer who
and exciting / pasjonujący, zajmujący uses ideas and images in a strange way, like in
e.g. I find tennis riveting although I don’t often
have a chance to play. a dream / surrealista, artysta tworzący według zasad
surrealizmu
6.53 zealous /`zelºs/ (adj) = eager, enthusiastic / e.g. Dali was a surrealist and his paintings
żarliwy, zagorzały met with much criticism.
e.g. She was a zealous supporter of human rights Der.: surreal (adj), surrealism (n)
and frequently went on protest marches. 6.64 sizeable /`s¡zºbºl/ (adj) = fairly large in size or
Der.: zeal /z∞l/ (n) number / pokaźny, spory
6.54 gripping /`græpæ…/ (adj) = holding the attention or e.g. The portions in this restaurant are quite sizeable.
interest / porywający, zajmujący 6.65 incorporate /æn`k¥pºrΩt/ (v) = to include in
e.g. The film on television last night was so gripping a whole / zawierać
I didn’t get to bed until 1 a.m. e.g. The new edition of the dictionary will incorporate
6.55 congenial /kºn`π∞nƒl/ (adj) = pleasant / miły, a great deal of contemporary idioms.
przyjemny Der.: incorporated (adj), incorporation (n)
e.g. She had such a congenial personality that 6.66 distinct /dæ`stæ…kt/ (adj) = different or separate /
she was popular with everyone at work. wyraźny, zdecydowany
Der.: congeniality (n) e.g. There is a distinct difference between
6.56 figurative /`fægºrºtæv/ (adj) = having a metaphorical contemporary and classical music.
meaning / przenośny Der.: distinctly (adv), distinctive (adj)
e.g. What she said was quite figurative, 6.67 stand-up comedy /`st±nd∑p `k≥mºdi/ (n)
I’m sure she didn’t mean it literally. = a show presented by a comedian standing up
Der.: figuratively (adv) alone in front of an audience / występ komediowy
6.57 evocative /æ`v≥kºtæv/ (adj) = bringing strong jednego artysty
memories or feelings to mind / działający
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Unit 6
e.g. I enjoyed all aspects of the performing arts festival e.g. The river was surrounded by lush vegetation.
apart from the stand-up comedy which I found slightly Der.: lushness (n)
vulgar. 6.79 bio-dome /`b¡ødøm/ (n) = a building with
6.68 spellbound /`spelb¬nd/ (adj) = entranced, a round roof that houses plants and flowers /
fascinated / oczarowany, zauroczony budynek zwieńczony kopułą, pod którą uprawia się
e.g. I was spellbound by the performance of the actor kwiaty i inne rośliny
who played Hamlet. e.g. Bio-domes are popular with nature-loving
6.69 unanimously /j∂`n±næmºsli/ (adv) = in agreement individuals.
with everybody else / jednogłośnie, jednomyślnie 6.80 villain /`vælºn/ (n) = a bad character (e.g. in a novel,
e.g. The board members voted unanimously for the film or play) / łajdak, czarny charakter
president’s proposals. e.g. The police managed to catch the villain in no time.
Der.: unanimous (adj), unanimity (n) Der.: villainous (adj)
6.70 condemn /kºn`dem/ (v) = to disapprove of, criticise / 6.81 lair /l≈r/ (n) = sb’s secret or private place / kryjówka
potępić e.g. My dad’s lair is his woodwork shed.
e.g. ∏is ideas were condemned by the members of the 6.82 inundate /`æn∑ndΩt/ (v) = to send or give too many
committee. things / zalać, zasypywać
Der.: condemnation (n) e.g. The shipping company was inundated with letters
6.71 chamber orchestra /¿∏Ωmbºr `¥kæstrº/ (n) = an of complaint concerning the service provided.
orchestra performing classical music written for 6.83 walk/tread a tightrope (idm) = to be in a difficult
a small number of instruments / orkiestra kameralna situation / dosł. chodzić po linie; być w trudnej sytuacji
e.g. John plays the violin in a chamber orchestra. e.g. He’s been walking a tightrope between success
6.72 method acting = acting based on Stanislavski and failure ever since he began that new business.
Method, according to which a performer 6.84 jump on the bandwagon (idm) = to become involved
identifies with the character to be portrayed in an activity or movement because it is
and renders the part in a highly individualistic, fashionable or likely to succeed and not because
naturalistic and non-declamatory style / (w grze one is really interested in it / ulec powszechnym
aktorskiej) system Stanisławskiego trendom lub modzie, wykorzystywać koniunkturę
e.g. I like to work with directors who advocate method e.g. Until recently, few people trusted alternative
acting. medicine, but now more and more people are jumping
6.73 confirm /kºn`fªm/ (v) = to make definite / potwierdzić on the bandwagon.
e.g. The spokesman confirmed that the terrorists had 6.85 strike the wrong note (idm) = to say or do sth
been arrested. the wrong way / uderzyć w złą strunę, zrobić coś
Der.: confirmed (adj), confirmation (n) niestosownego
6.74 venue /`venj∂/ (n) = the place of a meeting or e.g. He struck the wrong note when he criticised
event / miejsce (np. spotkania, koncertu, konferencji) her family.
e.g. The popular rock band will be playing in a number 6.86 read between the lines (idm) = to look at sth
of venues during their visit to Poland. and perceive more than what is obvious
6.75 tapestry /`t±pæstri/ (n) = a piece of embroidered at first glance / czytać między wierszami
fabric / gobelin, arras e.g. She was quite polite to the new employee, but if you
e.g. Most of the walls in the castle had once been read between the lines, you can see she wasn’t really
covered in huge tapestries. taken in by him.
6.76 overbearing /øvº`b≈ræ…/ (adj) = domineering / 6.87 in the wings (idm) = waiting for one’s turn /
apodyktyczny (oczekujący) za kulisami, w pełnej gotowości
e.g. His overbearing personality drove everyone away. e.g. The position wasn’t very popular at all and hardly
6.77 awestruck /`¥str∑k/ (adj) = very impressed and anyone was waiting in the wings for it.
amazed by sth / oniemiały z wrażenia 6.88 play second fiddle (idm) = to occupy a secondary
e.g. She was awestruck by the magnificent view from position in a job or activity / grać drugie skrzypce
her hotel window. e.g. She never made a name for herself. She always
6.78 lush /l∑«/ (adj) = having a lot of green grass or played second fiddle in every production she was in.
plants / bujny 6.89 bring the curtain down (idm) = to close down /
zamknąć coś; zakończyć
75
Unit 6
e.g. After the recent mismanagement of the company, 6.101 forecourt /`f¥k¥t/ (n) = an open area in front of
bringing the curtain down seems to be the most likely a large building or petrol station / podjazd, plac
option for the stockholders. przed wejściem do budynku
6.90 put sb in the picture (idm) = to inform sb / e.g. The forecourt of the new university was quite
wprowadzić kogoś w sytuację, poinformować kogoś impressive.
o bieżącej sytuacji 6.102 pick-pocket /`pækp≥kæt/ (v) = to steal sth from sb’s
e.g. On my first day at work, the manager made sure to pocket without them noticing / dokonywać
put me in the picture about exactly what I was to be kradzieży kieszonkowych
doing. e.g. It’s easy to be pick-pocketed while riding a crowded
6.91 a hard/tough act to follow (idm) = a person or bus.
group that is so excellent that it will be difficult 6.103 origami /≥ræ`g≤mi/ (n) = the craft of folding paper to
to replace them / ideał trudny do naśladowania make models of animals, people and objects /
e.g. Joan is a unique manager and she’ll be a hard act origami
to follow by anyone. e.g. Origami can be a very time-consuming activity.
6.92 budding /`b∑dæ…/ (adj) = beginning to develop, just 6.104 Moorish /`m∆ræ«/ (adj) = Arab, Muslim / arabski,
becoming successful / początkujący muzułmański, mauretański
e.g. Steve is a budding writer with just one novel to his e.g. Moorish architecture can be admired in many
name. Spanish towns.

6.93 intimidating /æn`tæmædΩtæ…/ (adj) = frightening, 6.105 train spotting /`trΩn sp≥tæ…/ (n) = the hobby of
making others lose confidence / nieprzyjazny, groźny watching trains and collecting numbers of
e.g. The teacher stared at the naughty child in an locomotives / hobby polegające na obserwowaniu
intimidating manner. i rozpoznawaniu pociągów
6.94 hilarious /hæ`l≈riºs/ (adj) = extremely funny / e.g. I think train spotting is an extremely boring hobby.
bardzo śmieszny, komiczny 6.106 incomprehensible /æn¿k≥mpræ`hensæbºl/ (adj)
e.g. Benny Hill’s comedies are so hilarious I can’t stop = obscure, difficult to understand or grasp /
laughing every time I happen to see one. niezrozumiały
6.95 adaptation /¿±d±p`tΩ«ºn/ (n) = a film or television e.g. Her recent behaviour has been incomprehensible.
programme based on a book or play / adaptacja Opp.: comprehensible
e.g. The new hit film is an adaptation of Orwell’s 1984. 6.107 busking /`b∑skæ…/ (n) = playing music or singing for
Listening & Speaking (pp. 126–127) money in the streets or other public places / granie
i śpiewanie w miejscach publicznych dla zarobku
6.96 shake off /`«Ωk `≥f/ (phr v) = to manage to recover e.g. If you visit Covent Garden, you will find busking to
from sth or to get rid of sth / pozbyć się czegoś be quite a common activity.
e.g. As she grew older, she managed to shake off the 6.108 radical /`r±dækºl/ (adj) = favouring drastic solutions /
habit of biting her nails. radykalny, zasadniczy
6.97 banquet /`b±…kwæt/ (n) = a grand formal dinner / e.g. We decided to make radical changes in the quality
bankiet control procedures.
e.g. The conference was followed by a banquet. Der.: radical (n)
6.98 trespasser /`trespºsºr/ (n) = sb who enters sb else’s 6.109 pragmatic /pr±g`m±tæk/ (adj) = dealing with issues
space or land without permission / intruz, osoba in a practical rather than theoretical way /
winna naruszenia własności pragmatyczny
e.g. There was a sign outside the building saying that e.g. ∏e dealt with the problem in a pragmatic manner.
trespassers would be prosecuted. Der.: pragmatically (adv)
6.99 brainchild /`brΩnt«¡ld/ (n) = sth that sb came up 6.110 inner /`ænºr/ (adj) = hidden inside, private, secret /
with, created or invented / pomysł wewnętrzny, skryty
e.g. The new theatre was the brainchild of a very e.g. No one could ever guess what his inner thoughts
distinguished actor. were.
6.100 deceased /dæ`s∞st/ (adj) = dead / zmarły Opp.: outer
e.g. His recently deceased mother was a wonderful
woman.
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Unit 6
Reading (pp. 128–129) imaginative in an eccentric way / wyrafinowany,

wymyślny
6.111 muddy /`m∑di/ (adj) = covered in mud / ubrudzony e.g. That new artist’s work is really spaced out!
błotem I’ve never seen anything like it before!
e.g. I walked in the rain for an hour and my shoes were 6.123 networking /`netwªkæ…/ (n) = meeting and talking to
quite wet and muddy. people who may prove valuable contacts in one’s
6.112 bedraggled /bæ`dr±gºld/ (adj) = looking wet, dirty future work / nawiązywanie kontaktów zawodowych
and untidy / brudny, utytłany e.g. I was doing some networking at the party last
e.g. Having travelled for days on end, he looked really night.
bedraggled. 6.124 diverse /d¡`vªs/ (adj) = having a wide variety,
6.113 percussive /pº`k∑sæv/ (adj) = sounding like drums / different / różnorodny
perkusyjny, przypominający dźwięk perkusji e.g. There was a number of diverse activities to choose
e.g. Loud percussive sounds came from the house next from at the funfair.
door. Der.: diversity (n)
Der.: percussion (n) 6.125 rub shoulders (with sb) (idm) = (informal) to meet
6.114 frenzy /`frenzi/ (n) = great excitement or wild and talk to influential people / poznawać wpływowe
behaviour / rozgorączkowanie, ekscytacja osoby
e.g. The audience was driven to · frenzy as their e.g. I used to rub shoulders with many VIPs
favourite pop star appeared on stage. when I worked for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
6.115 recoup /ræ`k∂p/ (v) = to recover the money one has 6.126 forego /f¥`gø/ (v) = to let go of sth, to forget about
spent or lost / zrekompensować (sobie), odzyskać sth, to do without sth although you’d like it /
e.g. The theatre group will try to recoup their costs odmówić sobie, zrezygnować z czegoś
by giving two extra performances. e.g. We will have to forego our holiday if we want
Der.: recoupable (adj), recoupment (n) to buy a new house.
6.116 dashing /`d±«æ…/ (adj) = very stylish and attractive / 6.127 scrapped /skr±pt/ (adj) = cancelled / odwołany
wystrzałowy e.g. The forthcoming meeting had to be scrapped
e.g. The bridegroom looked dashing as he stood due to the current train strike.
at the altar waiting for his bride. 6.128 prosecution /¿pr≥sæ`kj∂«ºn/ (n) = charging sb with
6.117 torment /t¥`ment/ (v) = to cause suffering / dręczyć a crime and then putting them on trial /
e.g. Stop tormenting yourself about whether you did wniesienie oskarżenia, ściganie
the right thing or not! e.g. The prosecution of war criminals is essential.
Der.: tormentor (n) Der.: prosecute (v), prosecutor (n)
6.118 summon up /`s∑mºn `∑p/ (phr v) = to make a great 6.129 sneak into /`sn∞k æntº/ (phr v) = to enter quietly
effort to do sth / zebrać (np. siły) without being noticed / wśliznąć się
e.g. I couldn’t even summon up the energy to undress e.g. She sneaked into the manager’s office and stole
and go to bed. the file.
6.119 nonchalantly /`n≥n«ºlºntli/ (adv) = in a relaxed way / Der.: sneaky (adj)
nonszalancko 6.130 Fleadh revellers = people listening to traditional Irish
e.g. She walked past nonchalantly as if nothing terrible music / miłośnicy tradycyjnej muzyki irlandzkiej
had happened. e.g. Fleadh revellers dominated the music festival.
6.120 diffidence /`dæfædºns/ (n) = shyness, timidity / brak 6.131 soaking /`søkæ…/ (n) = getting very wet /
pewności siebie przemoknięcie
e.g. To speak of his success, he had to overcome his e.g. During the storm, the football fans ran for cover
natural diffidence. to avoid a soaking.
6.121 shelve /«elv/ (v) = to put on a shelf / układać na 6.132 Mojo tent /`møπø tent/ (n) = a large tent for
półkach, odłożyć na półkę public events / duży namiot na wystawy, koncerty, itp.
e.g. As soon as the librarian received the new books, e.g. We prefer to give concerts in Mojo tents rather
she shelved them. than in concert halls.
Der.: shelf (n) 6.133 impassioned /æm`p±«ºnd/ (adj) = expressing strong
6.122 spaced out /¿spΩst `¬t/ (adj) = unusual or feelings / płomienny
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Unit 6
e.g. She gave an impassioned speech about the plight

of the homeless.
6.134 vocal delivery /`vøkºl dæ`lævºri/ (n) = the way in 6.146 dread /dred/ (v) = to fear sth intensely / bać się
which a song is expressed and sung by a vocalist / e.g. Mark always dreads going to the dentist.
przekaz wokalny, śpiew Der.: dreaded (adj), dreadful (adj)
e.g. Their vocal delivery was almost impeccable! 6.147 stroll /strøl/ (n) = a walk one takes for pleasure
6.135 tinged /tænπd/ (adj) = having the shade of a feeling in a slow, relaxed way / przechadzka, spacer
or quality / zabarwiony e.g. He took a stroll in the forest after dinner.
e.g. Her voice was tinged with disappointment. 6.148 patronise /`p±trºn¡z/ (v) = to treat sb in a superior
6.136 zip /zæp/ (v) = (informal) to move at high speed / way / traktować protekcjonalnie
pędzić, gnać e.g. My sister has always patronised me, even though
e.g. I’m just zipping to the shop to buy some food. I’m older than her.
6.137 bland /`bl±nd/ (adj) = showing no strong emotions, Der.: patronising (adj), patronised (adj),
saying nothing interesting / bez wyrazu patronisingly (adv)
e.g. I hate this bland expression on his face. 6.149 scholar /`sk≥lºr/ (n) = sb who studies an academic
6.138 stoke up /`støk `∑p/ (phr v) = to make people feel subject and knows a lot about it / uczony
sth more strongly / podsycać (uczucia) e.g. University scholars are pillars of society.
e.g. She stoked up the interest of her audience 6.150 popularise /`p≥pjµlºr¡z/ (v) = to cause sth
with her controversial ideas about the death penalty. to become generally liked / popularyzować
6.139 heave /h∞v/ (v) = to move up and down in regular e.g. Bruce Lee’s films did much to popularise
movements / podnosić się i opadać combat sports.
e.g. ∞s the storm increased, the ship heaved Der.: popular (adj), popularity (n)
over the raging waves. 6.151 enlightening /æn`l¡tºnæ…/ (adj) = illuminating /
6.140 gyrate /π¡`rΩt/ (v) = to dance or move in circles / pouczający
wirować e.g. The lecture proved to be quite enlightening
e.g. The woman began to gyrate to the music. on nineteenth-century literature.
Der.: gyration (n) 6.152 connotation /¿k≥nº`tΩ«ºn/ (n) = an implication /
6.141 textured /`tekst«ºd/ (adj) = composed of various konotacja, wydźwięk
elements in a special way / uwzględniający swoiste e.g. There were racist connotations in her report
właściwości brzmieniowe i techniczne danego instrumentu on unemployment.
lub zespołu wykonawczego 6.153 iconised /`¡k≥n¡zd/ (adj) = deified, becoming
e.g. The ensemble’s textured compositions fully caught a symbol / podniesiony do rangi symbolu
one’s attention. e.g. Soon after his first big hit, Elvis was iconised
Der.: texture (n) by millions of people worldwide.
6.142 rumble /`r∑mbºl/ (v) = to make a low continuous Der.: icon (n)
noise / grzmieć, dudnić 6.154 transparently /tr±ns`p±rºntli/ (adv) = in an easily
e.g. As soon as the children heard the thunder perceptible way / jawnie, otwarcie, w przejrzysty
rumbling , they ran to find shelter. sposób
6.143 pelt down /`pelt `d¬n/ (phr v) = to rain very e.g. He conducts his affairs transparently without fear
heavily / lać jak z cebra of criticism.
e.g. It was pelting down and we couldn’t see a thing Der.: transparent (adj), transparency (n)
through the windscreen. 6.155 notion /`nø«ºn/ (n) = an idea, concept / pojęcie, idea
6.144 incessantly /æn`sesºntli/ (adv) = continuously / e.g. His notion of equality was clearly distorted
bez przerwy, nieustannie by prejudice.
e.g. She complains incessantly; nothing pleases her. 6.156 workshop /`wªk«≥p/ (n) = a room or building
6.145 rafter /`r≤ftºr/ (n) = one of the sloping pieces of which contains tools / warsztat
wood, metal, etc supporting a roof / dosł. krokiew; e.g. The artist’s workshop was full of canvases and
tu: podpora namiotu unfinished paintings.
e.g. It snowed so heavily that one of the rafters broke 6.157 art fair /`≤t f≈r/ (n) = an event at which people
and we had to have the roof repaired. display and sell works of art / targi sztuki, kiermasz
sztuki
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Unit 6
e.g. She was in the habit of visiting art fairs 6.169 slur /slªr/ (v) = to make an insulting remark
to buy new paintings. or comment about sb, aimed to ruin their
6.158 commission /kº`mæ«ºn/ (n) = an order / zlecenie, reputation / szkalować
zamówienie e.g. The prosecutor attempted to slur the reputation
e.g. She had a commission to paint the portrait of the witness by making him look like a liar.
of the Prime Minister. 6.170 tight-lipped /¿t¡t`læpt/ (adj) = refusing to talk
Der.: commissioner (n) about an issue, or saying very little /
6.159 aptly /`±ptli/ (adv) = suitably, appropriately / małomówny, oszczędny w słowach
odpowiednio e.g. She was so tight-lipped when it came to her
e.g. The bad-tempered horse was aptly named ”Firefly”. personal life that no one knew anything about her.
Der.: apt (adj) 6.171 the apple of sb’s eye (idm) = the most favourite
6.160 glib /glæb/ (adj) = clever but not sincere and not person / czyjeś oczko w głowie, ulubieniec
showing much thought / gładki, wygadany e.g. Her younger son had always been the apple
e.g. Politicians are glib speakers. of her eye.
6.161 fathom /`f±∫ºm/ (v) = to understand, to figure out / 6.172 steadfastly /`stedf≤stli/ (adv) = insistently, firmly /
zgłębić, pojąć niezłomnie, nieugięcie
e.g. I was unable to fathom what exactly was going on. e.g. Pamela steadfastly refused to marry Joseph even
6.162 novelty /`n≥vºlti/ (n) = sth new and interesting / though her father insisted on it.
nowość 6.173 flourishing /`fl∑ræ«æ…/ (adj) = successful, developing
e.g. Mobile phones are so commonplace that quickly / kwitnący, świetnie prosperujący
they are no longer a novelty. e.g. His career was flourishing and he was determined
6.163 minefield /`m¡nf∞ld/ (n) = a subject or situation to get to the top.
presenting unseen hazards / dosł. pole minowe; 6.174 chasm /`k±zºm/ (n) = a gap / przepaść
grząski grunt e.g. The chasm between the couple had become
e.g. Going for dinner to Sue and Tom’s house is a real unbearable for both of them, so they had to divorce.
minefield; you never know what might trigger an 6.175 widen /`w¡dºn/ (v) = to expand / rozszerzać się,
argument between them. zwiększać się
6.164 adversary /`±dvºsºri/ (n) = an enemy, competitor / e.g. The gap between the two half-sisters widened
przeciwnik, adwersarz when their father’s will was read, and they realised
e.g. He had a name for treating his adversaries harshly. they hadn’t been treated equally.
Der.: adversity (n), adverse (adj) 6.176 lot /l≥t/ (n) = sb’s luck or situation in life / los, dola
Opp.: ally e.g. I’m happy with what I have and satisfied
6.165 summit /`s∑mæt/ (n) = a peak / szczyt with my lot.
e.g. The mountaineers were determined to reach 6.177 ensconced /æn`sk≥nst/ (adj) = settled firmly and
the summit of the mountain. comfortably somewhere / wygodnie i bezpiecznie
6.166 blizzard /`blæzºd/ (n) = a very bad snowstorm with ulokowany
strong winds / śnieżyca, burza śnieżna e.g. She sits ensconced in her luxurious house,
e.g. The blizzard made it impossible to drive to town. not really caring about others who are less fortunate.
6.167 be tied to one’s mother’s apron strings (idm) = to 6.178 eke out a living/existence (idm) = to get enough
be dependant on one’s mother / trzymać się food or money to live but not more / wiązać
matczynej spódnicy koniec z końcem
e.g. He could never make an important decision on his e.g. It’s hard to eke out a living on our farm.
own; he always had to consult his mother. It was 6.179 be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth (idm)
obvious he was still tied to her apron strings. = to be born into a rich family / urodzić się w bogatej
6.168 be from the wrong side of the tracks (idm) = to rodzinie
come from a lower social class / pochodzić z nizin e.g. Kathy was born with a silver spoon in her mouth
społecznych and she has never really worried about money.
e.g. When he went to Oxford University, he found 6.180 envy /ènvi/ (n) = intense jealousy / zazdrość, zawiść
himself cast out by certain upper class individuals e.g. Philip was green with envy when he was told that
because they thought he was from the wrong side of Susan, with whom he had been in love for years, was
the tracks. dating Mark Allen.
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Unit 6
6.181 stuck-up /¿st∑k`∑p/ (adj) = very proud and unfriendly / e.g. The thriller we saw yesterday was so compelling
nadęty, zadufany that we watched it straight through without a break.
e.g. She was so stuck-up that she never said ”hello” 6.194 twisted /`twæstæd/ (adj) = having a lot of sudden
to anyone at the office. changes of direction / zawiły, kręty
6.182 decked out /¿dekt `¬t/ (adj) = decorated or dressed e.g. The path through the woods was so twisted and
for a special occasion / wystrojony turned so abruptly that we eventually lost our way.
e.g. She was decked out in an expensive evening gown, Der.: twist (n)
even though she was only going to the pub next door. 6.195 deadened /`dedºnd/ (adj) = made less strong or
6.183 unfounded /∑n`f¬ndæd/ (adj) = having no loud / uśmierzony, stłumiony
justification / bezpodstawny e.g. My pain was deadened by the drugs prescribed
e.g. Her suspicions of her husband cheating on her by my doctor.
were completely unfounded. 6.196 amateurish /`±mºtºræ«/ (adj) = not skilful / amatorski
6.184 be on the verge of sth = to be about to do sth / e.g. The whole production was rather amateurish with
być bliskim (czegoś), być u progu (czegoś) the exception of the leading lady’s performance.
e.g. She was on the verge of a mental breakdown Der.: amateur (n)
when she found out she had lost her job. Opp.: professional
6.185 stockowner /`st≥kønºr/ (n) = sb who owns shares 6.197 star-studded /`st≤¿st∑dæd/ (adj) = including a large
in a company / właściciel akcji, akcjonariusz number of famous performers / rojący się od gwiazd
e.g. He had been a major stockowner of the business e.g. When Cats was first performed in London, it was
that went under. a star-studded production; everyone rushed to see it.
6.186 fight (sb/sth) tooth and nail (idm) = to fight in 6.198 hackneyed /`h±knæd/ (adj) = seen, heard or
a determined way / walczyć do upadłego mentioned many times before / oklepany,
e.g. I’m prepared to fight tooth and nail to get this job. wyświechtany
6.187 hallowed /`h±lød/ (adj) = highly respected and e.g. Most of the punch lines were hackneyed
admired, renowned / otaczany czcią, szanowany and that made the whole episode rather dull.
e.g. It was the first time I visited the hallowed Cathedral. 6.199 stunt /st∑nt/ (n) = a dangerous and exciting piece
6.188 stockbroker /`st≥kbrøkºr/ (n) = a person whose of action in a film / wyczyn kaskaderski
job is to buy and sell shares for people who e.g. The actor insisted on performing his own stunts
want to invest money / makler giełdowy and he got seriously injured.
e.g. He embarked on a new career as a stockbroker 6.200 bin-liner /`bænl¡nºr/ (n) = a plastic bag that is placed
hoping to make a lot of money for himself. inside a dustbin / worek foliowy na śmieci
6.189 gallantly /`g±lºntli/ (adv) = politely, honourably / e.g. We had run out of bin-liners so I used a plastic
z galanterią, szarmancko carrier bag instead.
e.g. He gallantly opened the door for her as she 6.201 scruffy /`skr∑fi/ (adj) = dirty and untidy / niechlujny
stepped out of the car. e.g. He was told that his clothes were too scruffy
Der.: gallant (adj) to wear to work, and that he would have to dress
6.190 trampled /`tr±mpºld/ (adj) = stepped on / zdeptany in a more business-like manner.
e.g. She got trampled in the panic-stricken crowd. 6.202 recapture /¿r∞`k±pt«ºr/ (v) = to re-create / odtworzyć
e.g. In the new play he wrote, the playwright managed
to recapture the atmosphere of World War Two.
6.191 rapport /r±`p¥r/ (n) = good relationship, 6.203 sinister /`sænæstºr/ (adj) = evil or harmful / ponury,
understanding / dobre stosunki złowrogi
e.g. The film didn’t work because there was no rapport e.g. There was something sinister about her that
between the lead actors. I found rather disturbing.
6.192 prose /prøz/ (n) = ordinary written language 6.204 furious /`fj∆riºs/ (adj) = extremely angry / wściekły
as opposed to poetry / proza e.g. He was furious when he found out that his son
e.g. Prose has always been more popular with readers had failed the exam.
than poetry. Der.: furiously (adv)
6.193 compelling /kºm`pelæ…/ (adj) = very interesting / 6.205 manipulated /mº`næpjµlΩtºd/ (adj) = controlled /
zajmujący, arcyciekawy manipulowany
80
Unit 6
e.g. She felt constantly manipulated by her husband 6.217 black-clad /`bl±k¿kl±d/ (adj) = dressed in black /
as she was always doing things she didn’t want to do. ubrany na czarno
Der.: manipulation (n) e.g. He caught sight of a black-clad figure disappearing
6.206 drawling /`dr¥læ…/ (adj) = (of speech) slow and lazy, in the dark.
with long vowel sounds / (o sposobie mówienia) 6.218 captivate /`k±ptævΩt/ (v) = to enthral, fascinate,
cechujący się przeciąganiem samogłosek attract / zauroczyć, zniewolić
e.g. His drawling speech and vague expression e.g. Her beauty captivated me.
made others think he wasn’t very bright. Der.: captivating (adj), captivated (adj), captive (n)
6.207 animated /`±næmΩtæd/ (adj) = enthusiastic, lively 6.219 panache /pº`n±«/ (n) = a confident, stylish and
and expressive / ożywiony, pełen energii elegant manner / polot, błyskotliwość
e.g. Everyone at the party was animated and e.g. Her panache at dealing with the media is quite
determined to have a good time. astonishing.
Der.: animatedly (adv), animation (n) 6.220 menacing /`menæsæ…/ (adj) = threatening / groźny
6.208 crude /kr∂d/ (adj) = rude, offensive, unsophisticated / e.g. There was something menacing in the tone
niewybredny, prostacki of her voice.
e.g. He liked to make crude jokes that were offensive Der.: menacingly (adv), menace (n)
to women. 6.221 mastery /`m≤stºri/ (n) = a complete knowledge
Der.: crudely (adv), crudity (n), crudeness (n) of a skill / mistrzostwo

6.209 persecutor /`pªsækj∂tºr/ (n) = sb who treats sb else e.g. MacAlistair’s faithful translation of the novel
cruelly and unfairly, especially because of their demonstrates his mastery of the Russian language.
religious or political beliefs or their race / Der.: masterful (adj), masterfully (adv),
prześladowca masterfulness (n)
e.g. He decided to fight his persecutors in every 6.222 rubric /`r∂bræk/ (n) = a set of rules or instructions /
possible way. instrukcje, polecenia
Der.: persecution (n) e.g. The exam paper rubrics have to be read very
6.210 intricate /`æntrækºt/ (adj) = complicated, quite carefully.
complex / zawiły, skomplikowany 6.223 durability /¿dj∆rº`bælæti/ (n) = the ability to last
e.g. Applying for citizenship is an intricate procedure. for a long time / trwałość
Der.: intricately (adv) e.g. The company’s products were famous for
6.211 conspiracy /kºn`spærºsi/ (n) = secret planning by their durability and quality.
a group of people to do sth illegal / spisek Der.: durable (adj)
e.g. There had been a conspiracy to kill the president. 6.224 sleek /sl∞k/ (adj) = smooth and shiny / lśniący
6.212 facilitator /fº`sælætΩtºr/ (n) = a person or organisation e.g. The furnishings were both sleek and stylish.
that helps to achieve sth / osoba lub organizacja 6.225 courteous /`kªtiºs/ (adj) = polite, respectful /
odgrywająca rolę pomocnika uprzejmy
e.g. Each working team will meet with its facilitator. e.g. His refusal was courteous but firm.
6.213 dispute /dæ`spj∂t/ (n) = an argument or Der.: courteously (adv)
disagreement / spór 6.226 punctual /`p∑…kt«uºl/ (adj) = on time / punktualny
e.g. There was a dispute between the management e.g. She was always punctual at work and never gave
and the workforce over wage rises. anyone reason to complain.
6.214 hard-line /`h≤dl¡n/ (adj) = strict and extreme / Der.: punctuality (n)
bezkompromisowy 6.227 intended for /æn`tendæd fºr/ (adj) = designed for /
e.g. A lot of countries disagreed with the United States’ przeznaczony na coś lub dla kogoś
hard-line stance towards the war in the Middle East. e.g. The money he gave her was intended
6.215 compromise /`k≥mprºm¡z/ (n) = agreement / for the purchase of a new car.
kompromis 6.228 Titian /`tæ«ºn/
e.g. The warring factions agreed to reach a compromise 6.229 Carracci /kº`r±∏i/
regarding the release of political prisoners. 6.230 collaboration /kº¿l±bº`rΩ«ºn/ (n) = working together
6.216 pitted against sb = in competition with sb / to produce a piece of work / współpraca
rywalizujący z kimś, w opozycji do kogoś e.g. Close collaboration between teachers and parents
e.g. She was pitted against two other candidates. is necessary for the best interest of the students.
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Unit 6
6.231 be acclaimed = to be praised enthusiastically / 6.236 perceptive /pº`septæv/ (adj) = having insight /
spotkać się z uznaniem spostrzegawczy
e.g. Her books for children were acclaimed e.g. She is quite perceptive when it comes to other
as soon as they were published. people’s emotions.
Der.: acclaim (n) Der.: perception (n), perceptiveness (n)
6.232 impact /`æmp±kt/ (n) = effect / wpływ 6.237 unparalleled /∑n`p±rºleld/ (adj) = having no equal /
e.g. Last year’s reforms had a great impact on the niezrównany, niespotykany
average person’s standard of living. e.g. His success in the field of genetics remains
6.233 intertwine /¿æntº`tw¡n/ (v) = to be twisted together, unparalleled.
closely connected / splatać, przeplatać się 6.238 blend /blend/ (n) = a mixture / połączenie, mieszanka
e.g. The lives of the two friends were closely intertwined. e.g. He uses a blend of conventional and modern
6.234 depiction /dæ`pæk«ºn/ (n) = the way sth is portrayed or techniques in his work.
described / przedstawienie, obraz
e.g. The film’s depiction of racism in the southern states
of America was very realistic.
6.235 etching /è∏æ…/ (n) = engraving / akwaforta
e.g. The museum exhibited a wide collection of etchings
of wild flowers and animals.

1 The lead .......... of that rock group last night was excellent! 6 That comedy I saw last night was just .......... !
A conductor C villain A radical C innovative
B vocalist D scholar B hilarious D enlightening
2 James Cameron’s film Titanic was a .......... . 7 Harry Potter doesn’t really exist. He’s only a ..........
A controversy C blockbuster character.
B footnote D notion A figurative C fictitious
B spellbound D awestruck
3 Benjamin makes a .......... income and he’s only just
8 My father can be very strict and .......... at times.
started at the company.
A distinct C pragmatic
A
B sizeable
flattering C
D startling
riveting B zealous D overbearing
9 Anastasia’s house has all kinds of Elvis .......... because
4 Aristotle Onassis was one of the most well-known oil
she’s a big fan of his.
.......... in the world.
A memorabilia C imagery
A surrealists C adversaries
B newsreels D etchings
B facilitators D tycoons
10 You need to get a new .......... for your electric guitar. The
5 Evening dress was compulsory at the state .......... . old one isn’t any good.
A banquet C workshop A spare C backing singer
B art fair D stunt B amplifier D angle
82
Unit 6

ñ embraces ñ inner ñ diverse ñ summon up ñ deceased ñ gallantly ñ sinister ñ punctual ñ envy ñ scruffy
1 The performing arts course ..................... a number of 6 Celine Dion is very talented and appeals to
activities; acting, singing and dancing to name but a few. a ....................... audience because she keeps up with the
latest music trends.
2 She’s writing a biography of the ..................... actress.
7 Nick Nolte played a ................ tramp in one of his films.
3 To be a successful actor, one must be able to get into the
.................... thoughts of the character one is going to 8 Kathleen finally had to ..................... all her courage to
play. go to the audition for the lead role in the musical.
4 Young girls tend to ..................... famous actresses and 9 Naomi Campbell is well-known for not being ..................
models and try to be like them. for her photo-shoots and for her bad temper.
5 Donald Sutherland is best-known for playing ................... 10 Russell Crowe fought ..................... in The Gladiator, don’t
characters in thrillers. you think?
1 The colours of your clothes do not match – they 4 I.Q. tests are a .................... way of measuring someone’s
..................... . intelligence and are not always accurate.
I don’t get on well with my brother because our Petrol is found in its ..................... form and then is
personalities ..................... . refined for use.
Unfortunately, I won’t be able to go to both Theresa’s and I will not tolerate .................... language in my classroom.
Jane’s weddings as the dates ........................ .
5 The building was leaning at a 30 degree ..................... .
2 My mother ..................... me warmly as if she hadn’t “It’s hard to see his face from this ..................... .”
seen me for ages. We discussed the problem from every conceivable
Most trade union leaders ..................... the new ..................... , but we just couldn’t find a solution.
European rulings regarding pay and working conditions.
His first novel ..................... a whole range of emotions,
however, I found his second book rather shallow.
3 Mr Brown is going to ..................... the Junior

Philharmonic in its first performance.
Be careful how you ......................... yourself when you
visit my parents.
The government is going to ............................... an
experiment.
83
Unit 6
1 Out of all her eight children, Adam, her youngest, was 6 The old filing system was changed totally when
Mrs Conner’s favourite. computers were introduced.
apple Mrs Conner considered Adam, the youngest down Computers ........................................ on the
out of her eight children, to be ..................... old filing system when they were introduced.
eye. 7 The President of the company was informed in detail
2 It is said that he comes from a very bad neighbourhood about the workers’ plan to start a riot.
as well as from a very poor family. put The President of the company was ...............
side People say that he comes from ..................... ......... about the workers’ plan to start a riot.
......................................................... tracks . 8 Joshua is too dependent on his mother. He can’t make his
3 Before you sign a contract with any record company, read own decisions and always asks her for advice.
it very carefully. strings Joshua is ......................................................;
lines Always ............................................... before he can’t make his own decisions and always
signing a contract with any record company. asks her for advice.
4 The new record company was such a success that many 9 I don’t know if I’ll get the part as Tonia is more talented
artists joined it. than I am in every way.

jump The success of the new record company led hard Tonia is .........................................................
many artists .................................................. ................ so I don’t know if I’ll get the part.
................................................. bandwagon. 10 There’s going to be a lot of competition for the lead role
5 Beau Bridges isn’t as famous as his brother Jeff Bridges in James Cameron’s new adventure film.
even though he is a better actor. wings There are many actors just ............................
second Even though he’s a better actor, Beau Bridges for the lead role in James Cameron’s new
........................................ to his brother Jeff. adventure film.
The entertainment business has always been 1) ........................... and CAPTIVATE

attractive to people all around the world. It seems to be growing in
2) ........................... with each passing year. POPULAR
The younger generation defines entertainment as cool and
3) ........................... and this often leads to the misconception that by being AWE
famous you live an easy and less stressful life and that you can get whatever
you want. Why? Why, because you are rich of course!
However, it is an 4) ........................... fact that becoming famous in your DISPUTE
chosen field (whether it be music of fine arts) is a very difficult task and quite
an 5) ........................... if you can deal with the pressure that comes with it. ACCOMPLISH
Fame has a price. Put quite simply – it’s the violation of your private life. It is
6) .................................. to the common person what exactly many ”stars” go COMPREHEND

through. They are in a constant battle with 7) ......................................... DREAD
”paparazzi” reporters and 8) ........................... tabloids. It has caused SLANDER
9) .................................... situations for many stars and they have filed lawsuits OPPRESS
in order to protect themselves. Ever since the untimely death of Princess Diana,
there has been worldwide 10) ............................... of the ”paparazzi” as they CONDEMN
will stop at nothing to get a story.
So, before one decides to go into the entertainment business, one should
consider all the pros and cons. You have to be tough as there is a lot to deal with.
If you need any 11) ........................... , just read the headlines of any tabloid. CONFIRM
84
e.g. There is an insufficiency of well-trained staff
in public hospitals.
SA3.1 inept /æ`nept/ (adj) = unskilled or ineffective / nieudolny, SA3.12 defect /`d∞fekt/ (n) = a flaw or imperfection / wada,
usterka, defekt
nieporadny e.g. The new plane was grounded because of a defect
e.g. He is a great salesman, but he is totally inept at
collecting money from his clients. in the cabin pressure control system.
Der.: ineptitude/ineptness (n), ineptly (adv) Der.: defective /dæ`fektæv/ (adj)
SA3.2 treatable /`tr∞tºbºl/ (adj) = (of a disease) that can be SA3.13 mainstay /`mΩnstΩ/ (n) = the basis of sth / podstawa,
cured / uleczalny filar
e.g. Thanks to advances in modern medicine, many e.g. Macaroni with cheese was the mainstay of our diet
contagious diseases are now treatable. when we were university students.
Der.: treat (v), treatment (n) SA3.14 piecework /`p∞swªk/ (n) = work that is paid for
SA3.3 blight /bl¡t/ (n) = sth that harms or damages according to the number of produced items /
sth else / cień, piętno praca akordowa
e.g. The fact that her father didn’t come to her wedding e.g. My mother used to do piecework for a local shirt
was a blight on her happiness. factory; she got paid í2.00 per shirt.
Der.: blight (v), blighted (adj) SA3.15 wayside /`wΩs¡d/ (n) = the edge of a road or path /
SA3.4 toil /t√l/ (n) = hard physical work / harówka, znój skraj drogi
e.g. After the toil of picking olives all day, we would all e.g. We saw several cars abandoned along
go to the local restaurant for dinner. the wayside.
Der.: toil (v) Der.: wayside (adj)
SA3.5 chore /∏¥r/ (n) = a boring or unpleasant job that has SA3.16 astound /º`st¬nd/ (v) = to shock, surprise /
to be done / uciążliwy obowiązek zdumiewać, wprawiać w osłupienie
e.g. When I lived at home one of my chores was to mow e.g. He astounded me by asking me to marry him.
the lawn. Der.: astounding (adj), astoundingly (adv)
SA3.6 discrepancy /dæs`krepºnsi/ (n) = a difference between SA3.17 sedentary /`sedºntºri/ (adj) = involving very little
two things that should be the same / rozbieżność physical activity / siedzący
e.g. There was a large discrepancy between the price e.g. My lifestyle has become a lot more sedentary
we had been quoted and the bill they sent us. since I started working in an office.
Der.: discrepant (adj) SA3.18 outbreak /`¬tbrΩk/ (n) = a sudden start of sth
SA3.7 disparity /dæs`p±ræti/ (n) = a noticeable difference unpleasant / wybuch
between two or more things / dysproporcja, różnica e.g. Poor sanitary conditions caused an outbreak
e.g. There was a huge disparity between the affection of malaria.
my parents showed to me and my younger sister. SA3.19 incompetence /æn`k≥mpætºns/ (n) = inability to do sth
Der.: disparate (adj) properly / brak kompetencji, niekompetencja
SA3.8 deluge /`delj∂π/ (n) = a great quantity of sth / zalew, e.g. Due to the incompetence of my accountant,
potop I had to pay a large amount of income tax this year.
e.g. The popular movie star receives a deluge of fan Der.: incompetent (adj), incompetently (adv)
mail every day.
Use of English (pp. 139–140)
SA3.9 horde /h¥d/ (n) = (negative) a large group of people /
chmara, horda SA3.20 subside /sºb`s¡d/ (v) = to become less strong or
e.g. A horde of football hooligans got onto the train. intense / ucichnąć, zmniejszyć się
SA3.10 deficiency /dæ`fæ«ºnsi/ (n) = lack or shortage of sth / e.g. By the next morning, her pain subsided and she
niedobór was beginning to feel better.
e.g. The child is suffering from calcium deficiency. SA3.21 ulcer /`∑lsºr/ (n) = an open sore inside or outside
Der.: deficient (adj) the body / wrzód
SA3.11 insufficiency /¿ænsº`fæ«ºnsi/ (n) = not enough of sth / e.g. He can’t eat fried foods because they upset
niedostatek, brak his stomach ulcer.
85
SA3.22 sibling /`sæblæ…/ (n) = a brother or sister / brat lub siostra, SA3.34 ponder /`p≥ndºr/ (v) = to think about sth carefully /
ktoś z rodzeństwa zastanawiać się, rozmyślać
e.g. I have three siblings, one brother and two sisters. e.g. The chess player pondered over his every move.
SA3.23 revel /`revºl/ (v) = to celebrate noisily / świętować, SA3.35 parish /`p±ræ«/ (n) = a small area or community with
bawić się its own church / parafia
e.g. They revelled all weekend when their team won e.g. The church in the parish where he lives dates back
the football championship. to the 13th century.
Der.: reveller (n), revelry (n) Der.: parishioner (n)
SA3.36 under the auspices of = with the support of /
pod auspicjami, pod patronatem
SA3.24 rebel /`rebºl/ (n) = sb who opposes and fights against e.g. The housing project continued under the auspices
a government or people in authority / buntownik of the Community Housing Association.
e.g. Fighting broke out between the rebels and the army SA3.37 vicar /`vækºr/ (n) = a priest in a particular parish
when the democratic elections were postponed. or area / pastor
Der.: rebellion (n), rebel (v) e.g. Our local vicar often organises charity events.
SA3.25 breeding /`br∞dæ…/ (n) = upbringing / wychowanie SA3.38 recite /ræ`s¡t/ (v) = to say sth from memory /
e.g. She’s always polite; you can tell she has good recytować
breeding. e.g. The schoolchildren recited short poems during
SA3.26 empyrean /¿empæ`r∞ºn/ (n) = (very formal or literary) their end-of-term celebration.
heaven, sky / empireum, siedziba bogów, niebo Der.: recitation (n), reciter (n)
e.g. She gazed into the starry empyrean. SA3.39 composure /kºm`pø»ºr/ (n) = calmness and self-
SA3.27 dazzling /`d±zlæ…/ (adj) = extremely impressive, control / spokój, opanowanie
beautiful or skilful / olśniewający e.g. The teacher lost his composure when the students
e.g. The soprano gave a dazzling performance. refused to sit down and stop talking.
Der.: dazzle (v) Der.: compose (v), composed (adj)
SA3.28 executante /æg`zekjutºnt/ (n) = a performer, musician SA3.40 herald /`herºld/ (v) = to be a sign that sth
or artist / wykonawca will happen / zapowiadać, być zwiastunem
e.g. As a pianist she does have passion, e.g. The dark clouds heralded the storm.
but is not a great executante. Der.: herald (n)

SA3.29 Beethoven /`bΩthøvºn/ SA3.41 stroke /strøk/ (n) = a blow, a hit / uderzenie
SA3.30 gainsay /¿gΩn`sΩ/ (v) = to deny, contradict / e.g. His last stroke with the cricket bat meant
zakwestionować, zaprzeczyć victory for his team.
e.g. He has taught for thirty years and his competence Der.: stroke (v)
cannot be gainsaid. SA3.42 intricacy /`æntrækºsi/ (n) = complexity / zawiłość,
SA3.31 linger /`læ…gºr/ (v) = to stay behind, to be unwilling złożoność
to leave / zostać dłużej, ociągać się z odejściem e.g. I couldn’t understand the intricacies
e.g. After the play, some members of the audience of the hi-tech computer game.
lingered at the stage door, hoping to catch a glimpse Der.: intricate (adj), intricately (adv)
of the actors. SA3.43 clap /kl±p/ (v) = to hit one’s hands together
SA3.32 disperse /dæ`spªs/ (v) = to leave in different to make a loud noise / klaskać
directions / rozproszyć się e.g. The young children clapped their hands
e.g. The football fans dispersed noisily after the final to the music.
match. SA3.44 stamp /st±mp/ (v) = to bring down one’s foot
Der.: dispersal (n) heavily on the ground / tupać
SA3.33 intoxicate /æn`t≥ksækΩt/ (v) = here: to excite, e.g. The angry child stamped his foot and refused
to exhilarate / odurzyć; tu: olśnić to put his coat on.
e.g. The audience was intoxicated by the brilliant SA3.45 perversity /pº`vªsæti/ (n) = unreasonable
performance of the young violinist. stubbornness / przewrotność, przekora
Der.: intoxication (n), intoxicated (adj) e.g. He refused to cooperate out of perversity.
Der.: perverse (adj), perversely (adv)
86
Unit 7
SA3.46 disjoin /dæs`π√n/ (v) = to separate / oddzielić SA3.50 duty-bound /`dj∂ti¿b¬nd/ (adj) = (morally or legally)
e.g. The school became disjoined from the church obliged to do sth / zobligowany, zobowiązany
when the council took over from the nuns. e.g. The policeman was duty-bound to give him
SA3.47 stool /st∂l/ (n) = a seat with no back or arms / stołek a speeding ticket.
e.g. The café had a long counter with stools for
Listening (p. 142)
customers to sit on.
SA3.48 meringue /mº`r±…/ (n) = a baked dessert made SA3.51 pain reliever /`pΩn ræ`l∞vºr/ (n) = sth that reduces
with egg whites and sugar / beza pain / środek przeciwbólowy
e.g. My mother makes delicious lemon meringues. e.g. The doctor recommended that I take a mild pain
SA3.49 vet /vet/ (v) = to carefully check the contents or reliever such as Panadol or Depon.
quality of sth / sprawdzić, skontrolować SA3.52 analgesic /±nºl`π∞zæk/ (n) = a painkiller / środek
e.g. All articles are vetted by the editor before przeciwbólowy
publication. e.g. Paracetamol is a mild analgesic.
Born to Win! 7
7.1 preconception /¿pr∞kºn`sep«ºn/ (n) = a belief formed e.g. Adam didn’t squander his money, he invested it
about sth before one has enough information or in shares and property.
experience / z góry przyjęty osąd 7.8 triumphant /tr¡`∑mfºnt/ (adj) = victorious /
e.g. He allowed his preconceptions about other cultures triumfalny, triumfujący
to prevent him from travelling. e.g. The triumphant team celebrated their victory.
7.2 ageism /`Ωπæzºm/ (n) = discrimination against old Der.: triumphantly (adv)
people / dyskryminacja z powodu wieku 7.9 precede /præ`s∞d/ (v) = to come before sth else /
e.g. Although he was only forty, he was confronted poprzedzać
by ageism whenever he applied for a job. e.g. The parade will precede the annual ball.
Der.: preceding (adj), precedent (n)
Lead-in (p. 145)
7.10 literal /`lætºrºl/ (adj) = (of sense or meaning) the most
7.3 agility /º`πælæti/ (n) = the ability to move quickly and basic / dosłowny, literalny
easily / zręczność, zwinność e.g. The people are fighting, in a literal sense, for their
e.g. He was impressed by the gymnast’s agility. lives.
7.4 strive /str¡v/ (v) = to make great effort to achieve Der.: literally (adv)
sth / dążyć do czegoś 7.11 implication /¿æmplæ`kΩ«ºn/ (n) = the things that are
e.g. The people of this country are striving for their likely to happen as a result of sth / konsekwencja,
independence. następstwo
e.g. The implications of his actions could be
devastating.
7.5 on the verge of sth = about to do sth / bliski (zrobienia 7.12 cliché /`kl∞«Ω/ (n) = an idea or phrase which has
czegoś), na progu been used so many times that it has lost effect
e.g. ∏e was on the verge of leaving when he realised or meaning / komunał, truizm
he had forgotten his keys. e.g. I’ve learned that the cliché about life not being fair
7.6 intent on squandering one’s talent = deliberately is true.
not using one’s natural skills / uparcie trwoniący Der.: clichéd (adj)
swój talent 7.13 inattention /¿ænº`ten«ºn/ (n) = lack of attention /
e.g. People believed that he was intent on squandering nieuwaga
his talent when he refused to play chess. e.g. A moment’s inattention allowed the other team
7.7 squander /`skw≥ndºr/ (v) = to waste / trwonić to score.
87
Unit 7
7.14 sacrilegious /¿s±krº`læπºs/ (adj) = showing great e.g. Taking antibiotics for too long may increase your
disrespect towards sth holy or sth that people vulnerability to infection.
think should be respected / świętokradczy 7.27 highly-strung /¿h¡li`str∑…/ (adj) = nervous, easily
e.g. A number of sacrilegious acts were committed upset / bardzo nerwowy
inside the church during the riot. e.g. He is highly-strung and hard to deal with
7.15 impairing /æm`p≈ræ…/ (adj) = weakening / osłabiający at the moment.
e.g. After a physically impairing year he deserved 7.28 frame /frΩm/ (n) = the body / ciało
a break. e.g. The tailored jacket suited his slim frame.
7.16 draining /`drΩni…/ (adj) = exhausting / wycieńczający 7.29 rawness /`r¥nºs/ (n) = power and naturalness /
e.g. Working in an office for eight hours a day szczerość, spontaniczność
is draining. e.g. The rawness of his grief could be felt by all who
7.17 resurgence /ræ`sªπºns/ (n) = reappearance and witnessed it.
growth / odrodzenie się 7.30 exacerbate /æg`z±sºbΩt/ (v) = to make a problem or
e.g. We hope for a period of economic resurgence a situation worse, to aggravate / pogorszyć, zaognić
in this country. e.g. Simple misunderstandings exacerbated the
7.18 unprecedented /∑n`presædentæd/ (adj) = that has already tense relationship between the two countries.
never happened before / bezprecedensowy Der.: exacerbation (n)
e.g. The president’s decision to stand trial is 7.31 succession /sºk`se«ºn/ (n) = a number of things
unprecedented in history. that happen one after the other / seria, sekwencja
7.19 fleeting /`fl∞tæ…/ (adj) = lasting for a very short time / e.g. The restaurant had a succession of owners,
chwilowy, przelotny none of whom were able to make a profit.
e.g. The young actor’s success was fleeting, after a year 7.32 devastating /`devºstΩtæ…/ (adj) = shocking,
no one remembered him. upsetting / druzgocący, niszczycielski
Der.: fleetingly (adv) e.g. A devastating flood hit Bangladesh, leaving
7.20 double over /`d∑bºl `øvºr/ (phr v) = to suddenly thousands of people homeless.
bend forward when in pain or laughing very 7.33 relentlessly /ræ`lentlºsli/ (adv) = without stopping /
much / zgiąć się w pół bez przerwy
e.g. When Ralph finished the joke, I doubled over, e.g. He trained relentlessly in his pursuit of the gold
laughing hysterically. medal.
7.21 be washed-up = to be no longer successful / wypalić 7.34 scrutiny /`skr∂tæni/ (n) = careful examination /
się, skończyć się (np. w swoim zawodzie) analiza, baczna obserwacja
e.g. The critics say I am washed-up as an actress, e.g. His private life was constantly under media
but that’s not true! scrutiny.
7.22 vomit /`v≥mæt/ (v) = to be sick / wymiotować 7.35 internal /æn`tªnºl/ (adj) = connected with the inside
e.g. Any product made from cow’s milk made him of sth / wewnętrzny
vomit. e.g. He struggled to overcome his internal feelings
7.23 flowerpot /`fl¬ºp≥t/ (n) = a container used for of guilt after the accident.
growing plants / doniczka Der.: internally (adv)
e.g. Paul planted geraniums in a flowerpot to put on √pp.: external
his balcony. 7.36 compelling /kºm`pelæ…/ (adj) = interesting,
7.24 courtside /`k¥ts¡d/ (n) = the area next to a tennis irresistible / interesujący, porywający
court / pas obok kortu tenisowego e.g. The film was frightening but compelling.
e.g. The ball flew high in the air and landed 7.37 archetypal /¿≤kæ`t¡pºl/ (adj) = typical of a certain
on the courtside. type or thing / archetypowy
7.25 toll /tøl/ (n) = a price / cena e.g. He is an archetypal hero, always helping people
e.g. Working for so many hours took a toll and fighting against evil.
on his health. 7.38 solipsistic /¿s≥læp`sæstæk/ (adj) = believing that only the
7.26 vulnerability /¿v∑lnºrº`bælæti/ (n) = being more likely to self can be known to exist / solipsystyczny, uznający,
be hurt, fall ill, etc than others / wrażliwość, że istnieje tylko jednostkowy podmiot poznający, zaś cała
podatność rzeczywistość jest jedynie kompleksem jego wrażeń
88
Unit 7
e.g. Many celebrities are so solipsistic: they live in 7.52 debilitating /dæ`bælætΩtæ…/ (adj) = weakening,
a world of their own that has nothing to do with reality. exhausting / osłabiający, wyniszczający
Der.: solipsism (n) e.g. A debilitating illness has been the cause of his
7.39 at odds with (idm) = in conflict with / current loss of form.
e.g. His strong feelings were at odds with his calm
appearance.
7.40 quibble /`kwæbºl/ (v) = to argue / spierać się 7.53 midfielder /`mædf∞ldºr/ (n) = a footballer who usually
e.g. Let’s not quibble over whose turn it is, I’ll do plays in the centre of the pitch, both attacking
the washing up this time. and defending / (w piłce nożnej) środkowy
7.41 prodigy /`pr≥dæπi/ (n) = a young person who has e.g. David Beckham is one of the world’s best
a great natural talent for sth / cudowne dziecko, midfielders.
osoba obdarzona wyjątkowym talentem 7.54 striker /`str¡kºr/ (n) = a footballer whose main role
e.g. The Russian chess prodigy is on her way to is to try and score goals / napastnik
becoming the youngest world champion of all time. e.g. Michael Owen is a striker for Liverpool.
7.42 blaze /blΩz/ (n) = a sudden show or occurrence / 7.55 groundsman /`gr¬ndzmºn/ (n) = sb who maintains
blask, wybuch sports grounds or the grounds of an institution /
e.g. The royal couple disinherited the Prince in a blaze zarządca, gospodarz terenu
of publicity. e.g. Our groundsman maintains our sports facilities
7.43 hype /h¡p/ (n) = mass media coverage, discussions in perfect condition.
or advertisements focusing on one topic or one 7.56 lane /lΩn/ (n) = a narrow path on an athletics track
product / krzykliwa reklama; szum medialny which is marked by lines / tor
e.g. Don’t believe a word of this marketing hype! e.g. The runner in lane three appears to be having
7.44 strung out /¿str∑… `¬t/ (adj) = nervous, deeply difficulties.
affected by sth / wycieńczony 7.57 pitch /pæ∏/ (n) = an area that is marked out and
e.g. He is so strung out by the project that he will used for playing a game such as football,
never finish it on time. cricket or hockey / boisko
7.45 notoriety /¿nøtº`r¡ºti/ (n) = bad fame / zła sława e.g. Their behaviour both on and off the pitch was
e.g. He achieved notoriety as the leader of a terrorist a credit to the game.
group. 7.58 course /k¥s/ (n) = an area where races are held or
Der.: notorious (adj) golf is played / bieżnia, tor wyścigowy lub pole golfowe
7.46 precipitate /præ`sæpætΩt/ (v) = to cause sth to happen e.g. Mr Killingback often holds business meetings at his
sooner than normal / przyspieszyć private golf course.
e.g. A slight mistake could precipitate a disaster. 7.59 court /k¥t/ (n) = an area where one plays games
Der.: precipitation (n) such as tennis, squash, basketball or badminton /
7.47 pensive /`pensæv/ (adj) = deep in thought / zadumany, kort, boisko
zamyślony e.g. The hotel has several squash and badminton
e.g. He looked pensive at the mention of the deadline. courts inside the sports hall.
7.48 stress-induced /`stresæn¿dj∂st/ (adj) = caused by 7.60 formidable /`f¥mædºbºl/ (adj) = frightening and
stress / spowodowany stresem impressive / budzący respekt, potężny
e.g. His nervous breakdown was stress-induced. e.g. He has a formidable reputation on the pitch.
7.49 aloof /º`l∂f/ (adj) = not very friendly or willing 7.61 prevail /præ`vΩl/ (v) = to win / zwyciężyć
to spend time with other people / wyniosły, e.g. Liverpool hope to prevail in their match against
z dystansem Leeds United on Saturday.
e.g. He kept himself aloof and preferred his own 7.62 dribble /`dræbºl/ (v) = to kick the ball lightly to keep
company. it moving / dryblować
Der.: aloofness (n) e.g. He tried to dribble the ball past the defender,
7.50 irate /¡`rΩt/ (adj) = very angry, furious / wzburzony but he was not quick enough.
e.g. The owner was so irate that he almost threw me 7.63 suspend /sº`spend/ (v) = to delay an action or
out of the place. prevent sb from holding a position / zawiesić
7.51 awed /¥d/ (adj) = amazed / zaskoczony, zdziwiony e.g. The referee decided to suspend Batistuta for
e.g. The crowd listened to the song in awed silence. the vicious tackle he made.
89
Unit 7
7.64 runner-up /¿r∑nºr`∑p/ (n) = the person who comes e.g. The Cup was won for the third consecutive year
second in a race / zdobywca drugiego miejsca by the Chicago Bulls.
e.g. The runner-up finished only three seconds behind Der.: consecutively (adv)
the winner. 7.78 reigning /`rΩnæ…/ (adj) = currently holding a title /
7.65 umpire /`∑mp¡ºr/ (n) = the person whose job is aktualny
to make sure that a sports match or contest is e.g. Connors has been the reigning champion
played fairly and that the rules are followed / for 169 consecutive weeks.
sędzia sportowy Der.: reign (v)
e.g. The tennis player argued with the umpire’ s 7.79 mediocre /m∞di`økºr/ (adj) = average / mierny,
decision, but it was a waste of time. pośledni
7.66 handicap /`h±ndæk±p/ (n) = a disadvantage / e.g. The fans were displeased with his mediocre
przeszkoda, utrudnienie performance.
e.g. Losing their star player was a handicap Der.: mediocrity (n)
to the team. 7.80 contender /kºn`tendºr/ (n) = sb who takes part
7.67 feat /f∞t/ (n) = an achievement / osiągnięcie in a competition / uczestnik zawodów
e.g. A racing car is an extraordinary feat of engineering. e.g. She is a strong contender for a place in the British
7.68 jersey /`πªzi/ (n) = a jumper / sweter Olympic Squad.
e.g. Which football jersey do you intend to buy? 7.81 partisan /¿p≤tæ`z±n/ (adj) = strongly supporting
7.69 strip /stræp/ (n) = the uniform of a particular team / a person or cause / stronniczy
barwy drużyny e.g. He is clearly too partisan to be a referee.
e.g. Everton will be playing in their blue strip today. Der.: partisan (n)
7.70 outfit /`¬tfæt/ (n) = a set of clothes / strój 7.82 precious little = very little / bardzo mało
e.g. I spent a lot of money on a new outfit for work. e.g. The banks of Japan have had precious little
7.71 exhaustive /æg`z¥stæv/ (adj) = tiring either physically to celebrate recently due to the economic crisis.
or mentally / wyczerpujący 7.83 rejoice /ræ`π√s/ (v) = to be very pleased about
e.g. The team were subjected to weeks of exhaustive sth and show it in one’s behaviour / cieszyć się
training before the big match. e.g. The rescue team rejoiced at the happy outcome
Der.: exhausting (adj), exhaust (v) of the events.
7.72 potent /`pøtºnt/ (adj) = powerful, effective / 7.84 keep/have one’s wits about one (idm) = to be alert
potężny, mocny and ready to act in a difficult situation / mieć się
e.g. Their most potent weapon was the Exocet missile. na baczności, zachować zimną krew
√pp.: impotent /`æmpºtºnt/ e.g. Travellers need to keep their wits about them
7.73 faculty /`f±kºlti/ (n) = a physical or mental ability / in foreign countries.
zdolność, zmysł 7.85 play ball (with sb) (idm) = to cooperate, work
e.g. It is a myth that the faculty of hearing is greatly with other people / współdziałać
increased in blind people. e.g. If you would play ball, we could finish this today.
7.74 capacity crowd = a great number of people filling 7.86 start the ball rolling (idm) = to begin sth / zacząć coś,
all the space or all the seats / pełna widownia brać się do dzieła
e.g. The comedy was so popular that the actors played e.g. We need to start the ball rolling now if we hope
to a capacity crowd for several months. to be ready by May.
7.75 bleak /bl∞k/ (adj) = not hopeful / ponury, marny 7.87 conduct /kºn`d∑kt/ (v) = to carry sth out /
e.g. John’s future in football looks bleak now przeprowadzać
that he has broken his ankle. e.g. The way in which you conducted your research
Der.: bleakness (n) is totally unacceptable.
7.76 undisputed /¿∑ndæ`spj∂tæd/ (adj) = generally 7.88 jump the gun (idm) = to do sth before one is
accepted / niekwestionowany, bezsporny supposed to / zrobić falstart, pospieszyć się
e.g. After winning ten matches, she is the undisputed e.g. Why did you have to jump the gun and tell them
champion of the world. the news?
7.77 consecutive /kºn`sekjµtæv/ (adj) = happening one 7.89 off one’s own bat (idm) = of one’s own accord,
after the other without interruption / kolejny, without the influence or help of others /
pod rząd z własnej inicjatywy
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Unit 7
e.g. Mark organised the Christmas party off his own 7.101 grandstand /`gr±ndst±nd/ (n) = a covered area
bat, we didn’t need to ask him. with rows of seats for people to sit on at sports
7.90 bad sport /¿b±d `sp¥t/ (n) = sb who behaves badly events / trybuny
if they do not win a game / osoba nie umiejąca e.g. The grandstand was filled to capacity on the day
przegrywać of the Cup Final.
e.g. You’re such a bad sport, it’s no wonder people
refuse to play tennis with you! Listening & Speaking (pp. 152–153)
7.91 beat sb at sb’s own game (idm) = to use the same 7.102 customise /`k∑stºm¡z/ (v) = to adapt or modify
skills or behaviour that sb displays to put oneself to meet a particular need or task / specjalnie
in a better position / pobić kogoś jego własną bronią dostosować (do wymogów klienta)
e.g. If you want to win, you’ll have to beat him at his e.g. We should customise our programmes to suit
own game; use his tactics against him. the viewers’ needs.
7.92 two can play at that game (idm) = one person can Der.: customised (adj)
behave in the same (usually bad) way as the 7.103 website /`webs¡t/ (n) = an Internet location that
other / miarka za miarkę; każdy może odpłacić pięknym maintains one or more web pages / witryna
za nadobne internetowa
e.g. If he is cheating, then so will I; two can play at that e.g. I looked at a number of websites while doing
game! research for my new book.

7.93 a level playing field (idm) = a situation that is fair, 7.104 physically challenged = physically disabled /
because no competitor has an advantage over niepełnosprawny
another / wyrównane szanse e.g. Sports competitions for the physically challenged
e.g. American businessmen ask for a level playing field are becoming more and more popular.
when they compete with foreign companies. 7.105 prosthetic /pr≥s`ıetæk/ (adj) = (of parts of the body)
7.94 lead the field (idm) = to be ahead of other artificial / sztuczny
competitors / dzierżyć ster e.g. John was badly injured in an accident and now
e.g. Chanel leads the field in the fashion industry. has a prosthetic arm.
7.95 dismal /`dæzmºl/ (adj) = disgraceful, very bad / 7.106 springboard /`spræ…b¥d/ (n) = a flexible board from
kiepski, fatalny which sb may jump into a swimming pool or onto
e.g. My prospects of finding a suitable job are dismal. a piece of gymnastic equipment / trampolina
7.96 run out of steam (idm) = to stop doing sth because e.g. The acrobat used a springboard to leap onto his
one has no more energy left / opaść z sił partner’s shoulders.
e.g. After running for 5 miles, Jim had to pull out 7.107 tenacity /tº`n±sæti/ (n) = determination not to give
of the race because he had run out of steam. up / nieustępliwość
7.97 put all one’s faith in sth/sb (idm) = to give complete e.g. Hard work and tenacity are crucial to career
trust to sth or sb / pokładać wiarę w kimś lub czymś success.
e.g. The public put all their faith in the government’s Der.: tenacious /tæ`nΩ«ºs/ (adj)
ability to improve the situation. 7.108 versatile /`vªsºt¡l/ (adj) = that can be used for
7.98 dispenser /dæ`spensºr/ (n) = a machine from which many different purposes / wielofunkcyjny,
one can buy drinks and snacks / automat z napojami wszechstronny
lub słodyczami e.g. Never before have computers been more versatile.
e.g. I was thirsty so I went to the drinks dispenser Der.: versatility (n)
for some coffee. 7.109 defiance /dæ`f¡ºns/ (n) = resistance, disobedience /
7.99 revenue /`revºnj∂/ (n) = money that an organisation sprzeciw, nieposłuszeństwo
receives from people / dochód, wpływy e.g. Thousands of people have taken to the streets
e.g. One study claimed that the government would in defiance of the new law.
receive about í1 billion in tax revenues this year. Der.: defiant (adj)
7.100 prefabricated /pr∞`f±brækΩtæd/ (adj) = consisting 7.110 acquiescence /¿±kwièsºns/ (n) = agreement to do
of parts that can be easily put together / what is expected even though one does not
z prefabrykatów agree with it / zgoda, przyzwolenie
e.g. The refugees were given accommodation e.g. Everyone was surprised at her acquiescence after
in prefabricated homes. she had been so opposed to the plan.
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Unit 7
7.111 apprehension /¿±præ`hen«ºn/ (n) = a fear or worry 7.125 tumbling /`t∑mblæ…/ (adj) = involving rapid jumps
that sth bad will happen / lęk, obawa and falls / (o skoku) karkołomny
e.g. The public outcry reflects real anger e.g. The acrobat performed a tumbling act for the
and apprehension about the future. crowd.
7.112 limb /læm/ (n) = an arm or leg / kończyna 7.126 at the drop of a hat (idm) = immediately, without
e.g. All her limbs were paralysed as a result hesitating / natychmiast, bez namysłu
of a stroke. e.g. But darling, you can’t expect me to divorce my wife
at the drop of a hat.
7.127 flip /flæp/ (v) = to turn into a different position in
7.113 fraction /`fr±k«ºn/ (n) = a small amount of sth / a quick movement / fiknąć kozła
ułamek e.g. The gymnast broke her leg after trying to flip
e.g. She hesitated for a fraction of a second before off the bar.
responding. 7.128 incorporate /æn`k¥pºrΩt/ (v) = to include sth / włączyć
7.114 rim /ræm/ (n) = the edge of a circular object / e.g. We can incorporate your ideas into the new
brzeg, krawędź campaign.
e.g. The mirror had a metal rim. Der.: incorporation (n)
7.115 brim /bræm/ (n) = the edge / brzeg 7.129 digest /d¡`πest/ (v) = to think about sth carefully
e.g. The cup was filled to the brim. so as to understand it / przetrawić, pojąć
7.116 discrepancy /dæs`krepºnsi/ (n) = a noticeable e.g. It took me a while to digest the news.
difference / rozbieżność Der.: digestion (n), digestible (adj)
e.g. A major discrepancy has been found in the figures. 7.130 comprise /kºm`pr¡z/ (v) = to be made up of
7.117 deviation /d∞vi`Ω«ºn/ (n) = doing sth different a number of things / obejmować, składać się z
from what people consider to be normal or e.g. The exhibition comprises 50 paintings and 25
acceptable / odchylenie, odstępstwo, dewiacja sculptures.
e.g. Deviation from the norm is not tolerated 7.131 merit /`meræt/ (n) = an advantage / zaleta
in this society. e.g. The only merit of the new shopping centre
7.118 interval /`æntºvºl/ (n) = a break in an event / przerwa is its parking facilities.
e.g. There was a short interval during the film. English in Use (pp. 156–159)
7.119 a contradiction in terms (idm) = a statement that
contains conflicting words or ideas / zdanie lub 7.132 facelift /`fΩslæft/ (n) = a procedure to improve the
wyrażenie wewnętrznie sprzeczne appearance of sth / renowacja, retusz, nowy wygląd
e.g. ”Struggle for peace“ is a contradiction in terms. e.g. A fresh coat of paint gave the room a much needed
7.120 surge /sªπ/ (n) = a sudden large increase / facelift.
gwałtowny wzrost 7.133 impeccable /æm`pekºbºl/ (adj) = perfect, having
e.g. The recent surge in sales is the result of a successful no faults / nienaganny
advertising campaign. e.g. Her manners and behaviour are impeccable.
7.121 lucid /`l∂sæd/ (adj) = clear and easy to understand / Der.: impeccably (adv)
przejrzysty, jasny, klarowny 7.134 debut /`dΩbj∂/ (n) = the first performance
e.g. As always, his poetry is lucid and compelling. or appearance / debiut
Der.: lucidly (adv), lucidity (n) e.g. Their debut was a great success.
7.122 flagrant /`flΩgrºnt/ (adj) = shocking / rażący 7.135 Sicily /`sæsºli/ (n) = Sycylia
e.g. His flagrant disregard for the rules cannot Der.: Sicilian /sæ`sælæºn/ (adj)
be tolerated. 7.136 endurance /æn`dj∆rºns/ (n) = the ability to continue
7.123 cheerleading /`∏ƒl∞dæ…/ (n) = an activity of a group with a difficult activity / wytrzymałość
of girls who lead the crowd in cheering at sports e.g. Constant training will improve your endurance.
events / dopingowanie zawodników przez cheerliderki 7.137 eligible /èlæπæbºl/ (adj) = qualified or able to do sth /
e.g. Cheerleading requires a high level of fitness. spełniający niezbędne warunki
7.124 endeavour /æn`devºr/ (n) = an attempt to achieve e.g. I would like to know if I am eligible for
a goal / próba, usiłowanie unemployment benefit.
e.g. His first endeavour to reach the summit of Mount Der.: eligibility (n)
Everest was a failure.
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Unit 7
7.138 assail /º`sΩl/ (v) = to challenge, to attack / nękać, situations / opanowany, trzeźwo myślący
atakować e.g. We need someone cool-headed to run the business.
e.g. She was assailed by doubts and fears on the eve 7.152 mercurial /mª`kj∆riºl/ (adj) = frequently changing /
of her wedding. zmienny
Der.: assailable (adj), assailant (n) e.g. His mercurial temperament intimidated his friends.
7.139 make a clean sweep of sth (idm) = to win all games 7.153 epitomize /æ`pætºm¡z/ (v) = to be a perfect example
in a series or tournament / zgarnąć wszystkie of sth / być typowym przykładem
wygrane e.g. The closure of the mines epitomizes the problems
e.g. Chelsea made a clean sweep of all that year’s faced by British industry at this time.
tournaments. Der.: epitome /æ`pætºmi/ (n)
7.140 precedent /`presºdºnt/ (n) = sth that has occurred 7.154 back-to-back /¿b±ktº`b±k/ (adj) = consecutive /
before / precedens kolejny
e.g. We have seen no precedents for such a disaster. e.g. Our team can boast of ten back-to-back victories.
7.141 equine /èkw¡n/ (adj) = related to horses / koński 7.155 transcend /tr±n`send/ (v) = to go beyond normal
e.g. The race has been cancelled due to an equine virus limits / wykraczać poza
which has not yet been identified. e.g. Jane’s work transcends the usual standard
7.142 incentive /æn`sentæv/ (n) = sth that encourages sb / of writing.
bodziec, zachęta Der.: transcedence (n), transcendental (adj),
e.g. A cash incentive was offered for witnesses transcendent (adj)
of the crime to come forward. 7.156 attain /º`tΩn/ (v) = to gain, achieve / zdobyć, osiągnąć
7.143 relish /`relæ«/ (v) = to get a lot of enjoyment from sth, e.g. He managed to attain the rank of colonel.
to look forward to sth / cieszyć się z czegoś Der.: attainable (adj), attainment (n)
e.g. I would relish the chance to work for that company. 7.157 feathery touch = soft or gentle hitting / lekkie
7.144 stablemate /`stΩbºlmΩt/ (n) = a racehorse that uderzenie
comes from the same stable / koń z tej samej stajni e.g. His feathery touch could not compete with his
e.g. The owner decided to race both Auron and his opponent’s force.
stablemate Tidus at the next meeting. 7.158 jab /π±b/ (n) = a sudden, sharp punch / prosty (cios),
7.145 near miss /¿nƒ `mæs/ (n) = a situation where sth very proste uderzenie
nearly happens / zdarzenie, do którego o mało co nie e.g. The boxer won the match after a right-handed jab
doszło that knocked his rival out.
e.g. Joanna could have won the contest, it was a near 7.159 flick /flæk/ (n) = a sudden upward movement / szybki
miss. ruch, machnięcie
7.146 dominant /`d≥mænºnt/ (adj) = the most powerful e.g. With a sudden flick of the wrist, he sent the ball
or important / ważny, dominujący flying.
e.g. He is the dominant figure in politics today. 7.160 unfathomable /∑n`f±∫ºmºbºl/ (adj) = that cannot
7.147 embrace /æm`brΩs/ (v) = to accept, include in be understood or explained / niezgłębiony
a larger group / przyjąć e.g. The mystery of the Loch Ness monster is
e.g. The villagers embraced him as one of their own. unfathomable.
7.148 pole position /`pøl pº`zæ«ºn/ (n) = the leading 7.161 angled /`±…gºld/ (adj) = placed or made at
position at the start of a car or bicycle race / an angle / po krosie, ukośny
najlepsza pozycja na starcie e.g. He sent an angled shot into the net.
e.g. He holds the record of twenty pole positions 7.162 artistry /`≤tæstri/ (n) = creative skill or ability /
in a racing season. sztuka, mistrzostwo
7.149 mar /m≤r/ (v) = to spoil, damage / popsuć, zepsuć e.g. Tennis is a game of technique and artistry.
e.g. The election was marred by a scandal. 7.163 brat /br±t/ (n) = a person, especially a child, who
7.150 ill-fated /¿æl`fΩtæd/ (adj) = ended in an unsuccessful behaves badly / łobuz, bachor
way / feralny, niefortunny e.g. My son is not allowed to play with your spoilt brat.
e.g. Schumacher is back home after an ill-fated trip 7.164 lambast(e) /l±m`bΩst/ (v) = (formal) to criticise sb
to Monaco. very harshly, especially in public / ostro skrytykować
7.151 cool-headed /¿k∂l`hedæd/ (adj) = calm in difficult e.g. The journalists lambasted the Prime Minister for his
foreign policy.
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Unit 7
7.165 stuffy /`st∑fi/ (adj) = very serious and formal / 7.177 franchise /`fr±n∏¡z/ (v) = to allow to sell one’s
sztywny, oficjalny goods or services / dać koncesję, udzielić franszyzy
e.g. I never wanted to meet his stuffy family. na coś
7.166 be the pits (idm) = (informal) to be the worst e.g. Our firm has decided to franchise its business
of the kind / być najgorszym w swojej dziedzinie in order to expand into other cities.
e.g. The service in this restaurant really is the pits. 7.178 sublet /¿s∑b`let/ (v) = to allow sb to use a building
7.167 tirade against sb/sth /t¡`rΩd/ (n) = a long speech or part of a building and pay you rent, even
criticising sb or sth / tyrada, miażdżąca krytyka though you are not the owner and pay rent
e.g. In Hyde Park you can hear many tirades against for it yourself / podnająć
politicians. e.g. The company agreed to rent the whole building
7.168 soliloquy /sº`lælºkwi/ (n) = a speech delivered by on condition that they could sublet the top floor.
a dramatic character who is left alone on the 7.179 benefactor /`benºf±ktºr/ (n) = sb who helps people
stage, speaking his or her thoughts aloud / or organisations by giving them money /
solilokwium, monolog ofiarodawca, dobroczyńca
e.g. The world’s most famous soliloquy is Hamlet’s e.g. The rich company owner became a benefactor
”To be or not to be.“ of the local hospital.
7.169 run amok (idm) = to suddenly start behaving 7.180 venture /`ven∏ºr/ (n) = a project which is exciting
violently, in anger or excitement / dostać szału but difficult as it involves the risk of failure /
e.g. The crowd of fans ran amok when their team won. przedsięwzięcie
7.170 self-flagellation /¿self fl±πº`lΩ«ºn/ (n) = the act of e.g. Her latest venture was to break into the world
criticising oneself / samokrytycyzm of advertising.
e.g. The psychiatrist believed Frank’s self-flagellation 7.181 stationery /`stΩ«ºnri/ (n) = paper, envelopes and
was a result of his strict upbringing. other materials used for writing / artykuły
7.171 self-loathing /¿self`lø∫æ…/ (n) = the feeling of disgust papiernicze
or great dislike for oneself / wstręt do samego siebie e.g. The popularity of e-mails has led to a drop in the
e.g. After stealing money from her friend, she felt sales of stationery.
nothing but self-loathing. 7.182 appalled /º`p¥ld/ (adj) = shocked or disgusted /
zbulwersowany
e.g. I was appalled at the insensitive way the news
7.172 exceed /æk`s∞d/ (v) = to be greater or larger than sth / report was handled.
przekroczyć, przewyższyć 7.183 warehouse /`w≈h¬s/ (n) = a large building where
e.g. His performance in the exams exceeded our goods are stored until they are taken to shops to
expectations. be sold / magazyn, hurtownia
7.173 conservative /kºn`sªvºtæv/ (adj) = cautious / ostrożny e.g. We should order another batch of dolls from the
e.g. At a conservative estimate, I’d say the house warehouse since they are so popular with customers.
is worth í50,000. 7.184 vacant /`vΩkºnt/ (adj) = empty / wolny
Der.: conservatively (adv) e.g. The hotel has only one room vacant, so we will
7.174 estimate /èstæmºt/ (n) = an approximate evaluation / have to share.
ocena, szacunek 7.185 conversion /kºn`vª«ºn/ (n) = changing sth into
e.g. The official estimate was that employment a different shape or form / adaptacja, przeróbka
increased by 2 per cent. e.g. A loft conversion will provide you with an extra
Der.: estimation (n) bedroom.
7.175 outlet /`¬tlet/ (n) = a shop or organisation which 7.186 premises /`premæsæz/ (n pl) = all the buildings and
sells goods by a particular manufacturer / punkt land a business occupies in one place / lokal, teren
sprzedaży wraz z zabudowaniami
e.g. Their ambition is to become the city’s largest retail e.g. These premises are too small now that the
outlet. company has expanded; we’ll need to look for
7.176 enterprise /èntºpr¡z/ (n) = a business or company / something bigger.
biznes, przedsiębiorstwo 7.187 imminent /`æmænºnt/ (adj) = almost certain
e.g. The new enterprise is expected to bring in profits to happen / nieuchronny, wiszący w powietrzu
of over í1 million in its first year.
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Unit 7
e.g. The people were advised to leave the area although 7.193 eventuality /æ¿ven∏u`±læti/ (n) = a possible future
they were in no imminent danger. event or result / ewentualność
Der.: imminence (n) e.g. We have planned the trip so that every eventuality
7.188 relocate /¿r∞lø`kΩt/ (v) = to move to a different has been covered.
place / przenieść (się) Der.: eventual (adj)
e.g. The manager is hoping to relocate the firm to 7.194 subsequently /`s∑bsækwºntli/ (adv) = later / później,
London. po tym
Der.: relocation (n) e.g. The team lost the match. Subsequently, the coach
7.189 ample /`±mpºl/ (adj) = plentiful / dostatecznie duży quit.
e.g. Your new room has ample space for your computer. Der.: subsequent (adj)
Der.: amply (adv) 7.195 in the vicinity of sth = near sth / w pobliżu
7.190 budget /`b∑πæt/ (n) = the amount of money that can e.g. The hospital was in the vicinity of the Town Hall.
be spent / budżet 7.196 commission /kº`mæ«ºn/ (v) = to arrange for sb to do
e.g. We can design a new kitchen for you that is within sth / zamówić, zlecić
your budget . e.g. The government has commissioned a study into
7.191 forthcoming /f¥ı`k∑mæ…/ (adj) = planned to happen this year’s poor examination results.
soon / nadchodzący, zbliżający się 7.197 nominate /`n≥mænΩt/ (v) = to formally suggest
e.g. I don’t know who I will vote for in the forthcoming as a candidate / nominować, wybierać
election. e.g. The music industry has nominated six singers for
7.192 potential /pº`ten«ºl/ (adj) = capable of developing the award.
into sth in the future / potencjalny Der.: nomination (n), nominee (n)
e.g. The company needs to be more aware of potential 7.198 draw /dr¥/ (n) = a game in which two teams have
problems so that they can be dealt with quickly. the same number of points or goals at the end /
Der.: potentially (adv), potentiality (n) remis
e.g. Arsenal has had two wins and one draw in the
competition so far.
7.199 long division /¿l≥… dæ`væ»ºn/ (n) = dividing one
number by another and writing all the stages
down / dzielenie pisemne
e.g. Jimmy is six years old and he can already do long
division.
1 He refuses to train for the competition and is intent on 4 The outlook is .......... , we will never get the work
.......... his talent. finished on time.
A losing C marring A harsh C bleak
B debilitating D squandering B pensive D imminent
2 Scientists researching cloning techniques are on the 5 There is .......... evidence to convict him, we need to find
.......... of a major breakthrough. a witness if we’re going to win the case.
A edge C rim A insufficient C devastating
B verge D lip B undisputed D ample
3 The book was so .......... that I couldn’t put it down. 6 I can’t seem to balance the accounts, there must be
A potent C dismal a .......... somewhere.
B mediocre D compelling A discrepancy C contradiction
B deviation D dissimilarity
95
Unit 7
7 Ignoring the problem will only .......... the situation, we 9 The actor’s shocking behaviour at the awards ceremony
need a foolproof plan to deal with it. gained him .......... as ”the bad boy of Hollywood”.
A enhance C exceed A preconception C self-loathing
B exacerbate D transcend B notoriety D discrimination
8 She had a(n) .......... ability to create beautiful sculptures. 10 Starting up your own publishing .......... can be a risk, but
A innate C internal potentially profitable.

B mercurial D lucid A outlet C premises
B warehouse D enterprise

ñ incorporate ñ revenue ñ blend ñ eligible ñ interval ñ consecutive ñ conservative ñ triumphant ñ prodigy ñ comprise
1 My grandmother is very ..................... and does not trust 6 His latest album is a ..................... of jazz and blues.
new ideas. 7 You have to wait until you are 18 years old to be
2 The fans greeted the players on their ..................... ..................... for a driving licence.
return from the cup final. 8 The movie was number one at the box office for seven
3 We need to ..................... your ideas into the storyline. ..................... weeks.
4 The new cd box set will ..................... a limited edition 9 The company generated í50 million in ..................... last
picture disc and a lyric sheet. year.
5 Sarah is a child ..................... ; by the age of ten she was 10 The students have a ten-minute ..................... between
studying nuclear physics. classes.
1 My daughter was able to do long ............... at the age of 4 There is a ............... seat at the rear of the bus if you
seven. want to sit down.
The team was relegated to the fourth ............... at the She had a ............... look on her face as she stared out of
end of the season. the window.
He was promoted to manager of the sales ............... , There are a number of people applying for the ...............
which pleased him greatly. position in the company.
2 The death ............... was high following the earthquake. 5 The ramp at the entrance of the building has made it
Users of the new highway are required to pay a ............... . ............... to the disabled.
Working long hours eventually took its ............... on her I kept my camera ............... in case I saw something that
health. I wanted to capture on film.
Health care should be ............... to all people, regardless
3 When he got out of the bath, there was a ............... of
of financial status.
dirt around it.
The Hubble telescope allows astronomers to see beyond
the outer ............... of our solar system.
There was a crack on the ............... of her coffee cup so
she asked the waiter to change it.
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Unit 7
1 Jerry has complete trust in Kate’s ability to find him a job. 4 I never asked Alice to cook tonight, she decided to do it
faith Jerry has ....................................................... herself.
................. in Kate’s ability to find him a job. off Alice decided to cook ...................................
2 After only 11 miles of the marathon, I became too ........................................... . I didn’t ask her.
exhausted to continue and had to pull out. 5 Microsoft is the most powerful manufacturer of
steam After only 11 miles of the marathon, I .......... computer software.
............................................ had to pull out. field Microsoft ......................................................
3 Frank behaves so badly when he loses that there is no ...................................... computer software.
point playing with him.
sport Frank is .........................................................
............... there is no point playing with him.
Horsing round
As a couch potato, I have never managed to attain 1) ..................................... MASTER

over any sport, in fact, the opposite appears to be true. Take, for example, my
2) ................................ journey into the world of equine sports. After FATED
3) .......................................... for ten minutes to get on the horse, I found that it STRIVE
took a surprising amount of 4) ................................... to stay there. For a AGILE
5) ......................................... moment, things went well as we trotted out of the FLEET

stable and headed for the field, but once I caught sight of the jumps, I began
feeling very 6) .............................................. about the whole idea. During the APPREHENSION
hour-long lesson, I 7) .............................................. to keep my seat but found ENDEAVOUR
myself 8) .............................................. to the ground no less than eight times. If, TUMBLE
for some 9) .............................................. reason, you too believe you can defy FATHOM
gravity and your 10) .............................................. leads you to think about trying ARROGANT
your hand at this sport – think again! I 11) .............................................. had to be LITERAL
pulled off the horse once I had lost all feeling in my lower limbs, and I don’t think
that I will ever be able to walk normally again!
97
8 Respect!
e.g. I always had a preconception about actors
Lead-in (p. 165)
until I worked with them.
8.1 riot police /`r¡ºt ¿pºl∞s/ (n) = the police trained to 8.11 bigoted /`bægºtæd/ (adj) = prejudiced / pełen
deal with people who cause trouble in public / uprzedzeń, doktrynerski, bigoteryjny
policyjne oddziały prewencji e.g. He wrote a bigoted article on the superiority
e.g. The riot police dispersed the hooligans after of men.
the match. Der.: bigotry (n)
8.2 far-reaching /¿f≤`r∞∏æ…/ (adj) = having a great 8.12 commandeer /¿k≥mºn`dæºr/ (v) = to force sb
influence on a large number of things / to help in a task / zmusić, wymusić
dalekosiężny e.g. My little nephew commandeered me
e.g. ∆he use of computers has far-reaching effects. to help him build a tree-house.
8.3 dislocation /¿dæslº`kΩ«ºn/ (n) = disturbance or 8.13 obtuse /ºb`tj∂s/ (adj) = slow to understand /
removal from the usual place or state / głupi, ograniczony
zakłócenie; przesunięcie; przemieszczenie e.g. I wondered if he was being deliberately obtuse
e.g. This ethnic policy will cause social dislocation. so that he wouldn’t have to do as I asked.
8.4 maim /mΩm/ (v) = to injure so badly that a part 8.14 misidentification /¿mæs¡dentæfæ`kΩ«ºn/ (n) = wrong
of the body becomes useless / okaleczyć identification / błędna identyfikacja
e.g. Many people have been killed or maimed e.g. The misidentification of the suspect resulted in
by terrorist bombings. a setback in the police inquiry.
8.5 suffragette /¿s∑frº`d»et/ (n) = a woman involved in 8.15 abound /º`b¬nd/ (v) = to be plentiful / być
a campaign for women to have the right to vote / powszechnym
sufrażystka e.g. Rumours abound about his earlier life.
e.g. The suffragette chained herself to the fence 8.16 phenotypic /¿f∞nø`tæpæk/ (adj) = (of appearence)
to protest against inequality. having features determined by environment
8.6 high profile /¿h¡ `prøf¡l/ (adj) = conspicuous, and not heredity factors / związany z fenotypem
attracting a lot of attention / przyciągający uwagę e.g. Scandinavians have some phenotypic similarities
publiczną such as blond hair and blue eyes.

e.g. The new product sold very well thanks to our high Der.: phenotype (n)
profile advertising campaign. 8.17 consistency /kºn`sæstºnsi/ (n) = the thickness
8.7 pave the way (for sb/sth) (idm) = to prepare for or smoothness of a substance / konsystencja
sb/sth, to make the arrival or appearance of e.g. Dilute the paint with water until it has
sb/sth easier / torować, przygotować drogę the consistency of milk.
e.g. The invention of the telescope paved the way for 8.18 candy floss/cotton candy = a kind of sweet in
a number of astronomical discoveries. the form of a mass of sticky threads made from
8.8 footage /`fµtæπ/ (n) = a film or part of a film of melted sugar and served on a stick / wata cukrowa
a particular event / relacja, materiał filmowy e.g. At the fairground I bought the children some
e.g. The programme contains footage of the bombing. candy floss.
8.9 disarmament /dæs`≤mºmºnt/ (n) = the act of 8.19 heritage /`herætæπ/ (n) = tradition / dziedzictwo,
decreasing the amount of weapons, especially spuścizna
nuclear weapons, that a country possesses / e.g. We must be careful to preserve our national
rozbrojenie heritage.
e.g. The two governments discussed nuclear 8.20 oblivious of sth /º`blæviºs/ (adj) = unaware,
disarmament during the summit talks. ignorant / nieświadomy
e.g. The film was so interesting that he was oblivious
of his surroundings.
8.10 preconception /¿pr∞kºn`sep«ºn/ (n) = a belief 8.21 endowed /æn`d¬d/ (adj) = blessed with a particular
formed about sth before one has got information characteristic / obdarzony
about it / z góry przyjęty osąd
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e.g. She was endowed with both beauty and 8.35 outmoded /¿¬t`mødæd/ (adj) = outdated /
intelligence. przestarzały
8.22 floor /fl¥r/ (v) = to surprise and make sb unable e.g. Outmoded machinery led to the factory’s closure.
to respond / zaskoczyć, wprawić w osłupienie 8.36 congressional /kºn`grº«ºnºl/ (adj) = related to the
e.g. He was floored by the news of her death. United States Congress / związany z Kongresem USA
8.23 heredity /hº`redæti/ (n) = the process by which e.g. A congressional report on the educational system
certain characteristics are passed on from was published last month.
parents to offspring / dziedziczność 8.37 apportion /º`p¥«ºn/ (v) = to divide into shares /
e.g. Heredity often plays an important role przydzielić, podzielić
in the facial characteristics of offspring. e.g. The property was apportioned among all the
8.24 perpetuate /pº`pe∏uΩt/ (v) = to cause sth to family members.
continue / utrwalać 8.38 blend /blend/ (n) = a combination, mix / mieszanka,
e.g. The monument was built to perpetuate zlepek
the memory of this great writer. e.g. His music is a blend of jazz and country.
Der.: perpetuation (n), perpetuity (n) 8.39 intermingling /¿æntº`mæ…glæ…/ (n) = a blend, mix /
8.25 personal agenda /`pªsºnºl º`πendº/ (n) = sb’s mieszanie się
intentions or personal plans / intencje, osobiste cele e.g. We encourage the intermingling of students
e.g. Although the politician was supposed to work from different cultural backgrounds.
on behalf of the public, he was following his own 8.40 bogus /`bøgºs/ (adj) = false, counterfeit / fałszywy,
personal agenda. zmyślony
8.26 inflict /æn`flækt/ (v) = to bring upon suffering, harm e.g. The address she gave to the police was bogus.
or damage / wyrządzić, zadawać 8.41 mould /møld/ (n) = a container of a particular
e.g. Cruel people like to inflict pain on others. shape / forma, model
8.27 preaching /`pr∞∏æ…/ (adj) = talking about a religious e.g. He poured the mixture into a heart-shaped mould.
or moral subject / prawiący kazania 8.42 underscore /¿∑ndº`sk¥r/ (v) = to emphasise /
e.g. Beth cannot stand her preaching parents podkreślać
any longer. e.g. The president underscored the importance
Der.: preacher (n) of trade.
8.28 turmoil /`tªm√l/ (n) = chaos, confusion / zamęt, 8.43 weirdness /`wæºdnºs/ (n) = strangeness /
chaos dziwaczność, cudaczność
e.g. The country has been in turmoil for years due e.g. His weirdness made me feel uncomfortable.
to civil war. 8.44 construct /`k≥nstr∑kt/ (n) = a complex idea /
8.29 advocate /`±dvºkºt/ (n) = a supporter / zwolennik konstrukt, idea
e.g. She is an advocate of home schooling. e.g. Marxism is a philosophical construct.
8.30 imposition /¿æmpº`zæ«ºn/ (n) = using authority 8.45 instil sth in/into sb /æn`stæl/ (v) = to implant, to make
to force people to accept sth / narzucanie sb think or feel an idea or feeling / wpoić, wywołać
e.g. Students are protesting against the imposition e.g. Her parents instilled moral values into her.
of curricular reforms. 8.46 arbitrary /`≤bætrºri/ (adj) = random, not based
8.31 boil down to /`b√l `d¬n tº/ (phr v) = to be the on a reason / arbitralny
most basic aspect of a matter / sprowadzać się do e.g. The manager’s decision to fire certain people
e.g. It all boils down to money. was purely arbitrary.
8.32 dubious /`dj∂biºs/ (adj) = doubtful, unreliable / Der.: arbitrarily (adv), arbitrariness (n)
podejrzany, niepewny, wątpliwy 8.47 malicious /mº`læ«ºs/ (adj) = vicious, cruel / złośliwy
e.g. The research this report is based on is rather e.g. Clare was the victim of malicious gossip.
dubious. Der.: maliciously (adv)
8.33 footing /`fµtæ…/ (n) = the basis / podstawa 8.48 monoracialism /¿m≥nø`rΩ«ºlæzºm/ (n) = the belief
e.g. James wanted to put the case on a more legal in the superiority of one race / przekonanie
footing. o wyższości jednej rasy
8.34 cling (on) to sth /`klæ… tº/ (phr v) = to hold onto e.g. Company policy states that monoracialism in the
(e.g. a belief) / obstawać przy czymś workplace will not be accepted.
e.g. Many people cling to their outdated beliefs.
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Unit 8
Language Focus (pp. 168–171) 8.61 nourishing /`n∑ræ«æ…/ (adj) = healthy / pożywny
e.g. Nourishing meals were provided to the homeless.
8.49 exclusion /æks`kl∂»ºn/ (n) = preventing sb from Der.: nourishment (n)
entering a place or taking part in an actvity / 8.62 mentally challenged = (very polite) mentally
izolacja, wykluczenie disabled, mentally handicapped / upośledzony,
e.g. Debbie was frustrated at her exclusion from niepełnosprawny umysłowo
the group. e.g. She works as a teacher in a school for the mentally
Opp.: inclusion challenged.
8.50 harassment /`h±rºsmºnt/ (n) = behaviour which 8.63 saving grace = a good quality or feature that
is intended to upset or annoy sb / nękanie prevents sb from being completely bad or
e.g. The football fans accused the police of unnecessary worthless / pozytyw, (jedyna) zaleta
harassment. e.g. Peter is a very irritating person and his only saving
8.51 class /kl≤s/ (n) = a group of people at the same grace is his sense of humour.
social and economic level / klasa społeczna 8.64 dispose of sth /dæ`spøz/ (v) = to get rid of sth /
e.g. The upper class have always looked down pozbyć się
on the working class. e.g. The kidnappers disposed of the body in a swamp.
8.52 distinction /dæ`stæ…k«ºn/ (n) = difference / rozróżnienie, 8.65 cordially /`k¥diºli/ (adv) = in a very friendly way /
różnica serdecznie
e.g. Class distinction exists in England even today. e.g. She cordially invited me to attend the event.
8.53 unrest /¿∑n`rest/ (n) = disturbance / niepokój Der.: cordiality (n)
e.g. The government’s plan to privatise the health care 8.66 gratuitously /grº`tj∂ætºsli/ (adv) = unnecessarily /
system caused social unrest . niepotrzebnie
8.54 constitute /`k≥nstætj∂t/ (v) = to combine to form e.g. Many films recently shown on TV have been
a whole / stanowić gratuitously violent.
e.g. In this country ethnic minorities constitute 8.67 incensed /`ænsenst/ (adj) = extremely angry,
less than 1 per cent of the total population. enraged / doprowadzony do pasji, rozsierdzony
8.55 mobility /mø`bælæti/ (n) = movement / mobilność, e.g. He was incensed at the outrageous accusations.
ruchliwość 8.68 twiddle one’s thumbs (idm) = to have nothing
e.g. Progress thrives on social mobility and an influx
of fresh ideas. to do and wait for sth to happen / zbijać bąki
e.g. Once she had finished her work, she sat back and
Der.: mobile (adj) twiddled her thumbs until it was time to go home.
Opp.: immobility 8.69 trudge /tr∑π/ (v) = to walk slowly and with
8.56 bid /bæd/ (n) = an attempt / próba difficulty / mozolnie maszerować
e.g. The government has doubled the police force e.g. The soldiers trudged back to the camp.
in a bid to fight crime. 8.70 stroll /strøl/ (v) = to wander, walk in a slow
8.57 curb /kªb/ (v) = to restrain / ograniczyć, hamować and relaxed way / spacerować
e.g. You need to learn how to curb your emotions. e.g. We often stroll in the park after dinner.
8.58 alleged /º`leπd/ (adj) = stated but not proved 8.71 saunter /`s¥ntºr/ (v) = to walk slowly and casually /
to be true / rzekomy, domniemany przechadzać się
e.g. Residents are shocked at the alleged beating e.g. On summer evenings, people usually saunter
of a man held by the police for interrogation. along the beach.
Der.: allegedly (adv) 8.72 strut /str∑t/ (v) = to walk in a proud way / dumnie
8.59 subsidised /`s∑bsæd¡zd/ (adj) = with part of the cost kroczyć
paid by sb else, usually a government agency / e.g. The athlete strutted in front of the cameras
dotowany, subsydiowany with his medals around his neck.
e.g. Many senior citizens live in subsidised housing. 8.73 dim /dæm/ (adj) = not very strong or obvious /
Der.: subsidy (n) mroczny, niewyraźny
8.60 invalid /`ænvºlæd/ (n) = an ill or disabled person / e.g. I’m eighty now and my childhood is but a dim
inwalida, niepełnosprawny memory.
e.g. Her husband can’t work, he’s an invalid. 8.74 rudimentary /r∂dæ`mentºri/ (adj) = basic, simple /
podstawowy
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Unit 8
e.g. As his knowledge of French was only rudimentary, countries to help each other or do sth in
he was not hired for the post. particular / traktat
8.75 menial /`m∞niºl/ (adj) = (of work) boring and badly e.g. The disarmament treaty states that both countries
paid / nieciekawy i źle płatny must destroy a third of their nuclear weapons.
e.g. She had to take a menial job as she couldn’t find 8.87 faction /`f±k«ºn/ (n) = a group of people within
anything in her field. a larger one / frakcja, odłam
8.76 barrister /`b±ræstºr/ (n) = a lawyer in higher courts e.g. Government officials are fighting to prevent the
of law / adwokat warring factions in the city from causing any more
e.g. He studied for a number of years to become damage to public property.
a barrister. 8.88 settler /`setlºr/ (n) = a person who goes to live
8.77 magistrate /`m±πæstrΩt/ (n) = a judge dealing with in a new country / osadnik, kolonizator
minor crimes in law courts / sędzia (w sądach niższej e.g. British settlers can be found as far away
instancji) as in Australia.
e.g. The defendant tried to persuade the magistrate Der.: settlement (n), settle (v)
to postpone the court hearing. 8.89 mediator /`m∞diΩtºr/ (n) = sb who settles an
8.78 abhorrence /±b`h≥rºns/ (n) = strong hatred / argument between two (groups of) people /
wstręt, odraza rozjemca, mediator
e.g. We were unaware of her abhorrence of snakes. e.g. A mediator was called in after clashes
Der.: abhorrent (adj) between rival gangs.
8.79 dispute /dæ`spj∂t/ (n) = argument, disagreement / 8.90 intermediary /¿æntº`m∞diºri/ (n) = sb who passes
kontrowersja messages between people or groups / mediator,
e.g. There is a dispute over where to build the new pośrednik
hospital. e.g. Bob acted as an intermediary during the business
8.80 tiff /tæf/ (n) = a minor quarrel between friends talks between the two companies.
or a married couple / sprzeczka 8.91 interceptor /¿æntº`septºr/ (n) = a person or thing that
e.g. Jane and Anne had another tiff and are no longer stops sth from going from one place to another /
on speaking terms. osoba lub rzecz dokonująca przechwycenia czegoś;
8.81 clash /kl±«/ (n) = a fight or an argument between myśliwiec przechwytujący
people / starcie; utarczka e.g. Russian interceptors prevented the missile
e.g. There were a number of clashes during last week’s from entering Russian airspace.
demonstration. 8.92 strife /str¡f/ (n) = conflict / konflikt, spór
8.82 congregation /¿k≥…græ`gΩ«ºn/ (n) = people e.g. Money is a major cause of strife in many
attending a church service / wierni marriages.
e.g. The congregation sang two hymns before the 8.93 friction /`fræk«ºn/ (n) = disagreement, argument /
priest delivered his sermon. tarcie; tarcia, konflikty
8.83 rally /`r±li/ (n) = a public meeting supporting sth / e.g. The new plan will cause friction between
wiec the two departments.
e.g. A rally was held in support of the coal miners’ 8.94 decree /dæ`kr∞/ (n) = an official order or decision /
strike. dekret
8.84 ceasefire /`s∞sf¡ºr/ (n) = a temporary suspension e.g. Many people opposed the decree to increase taxes.
of fighting between groups of people or 8.95 deposition /¿depº`zæ«ºn/ (n) = a formal written
countries / zawieszenie broni statement / zeznanie pod przysięgą
e.g. ∞fter a five-year conflict, they agreed e.g. The deposition of the witness ensured a strict
to a ceasefire. verdict.
8.85 truce /tr∂s/ (n) = an agreement between two 8.96 drag one’s feet/heels (idm) = to hold back, delay /
people or groups of people to stop fighting / ociągać się, zwlekać
rozejm e.g. The manager was criticised for dragging her feet
e.g. The two countries declared a truce after a week about pay rises.
of intense peace talks. 8.97 a storm in a teacup (idm) = a lot of fuss about sth
8.86 treaty /`tr∞ti/ (n) = a written agreement between unimportant / burza w szklance wody
e.g. Don’t worry, it was only a storm in a teacup.
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Unit 8
8.98 a drop in the ocean (idm) = a very small and e.g. The real culprits have not been caught yet.
unimportant amount / kropla w morzu 8.111 infringement /æn`frænπmºnt/ (n) = an interference
e.g. His commission is a drop in the ocean compared in sbãs rights and freedom / naruszenie, pogwałcenie
to the company’s profit. e.g. Taking photographs of celebrities in their homes
8.99 fight a losing battle (idm) = to try to achieve sth is an infringement of their privacy.
that cannot be achieved / toczyć beznadziejną walkę 8.112 civic duty /`sævæk `dj∂ti/ (n) = duty done for the
e.g. She knew she was fighting a losing battle good of a particular community / obywatelski
when he refused even to listen to her suggestions. obowiązek
8.100 bite off more than one can chew (idm) = to try e.g. He felt it was his civic duty to join the local
to do sth which is beyond one’s capabilities / neighbourhood watch scheme.
porywać się z motyką na słońce Listening and Speaking (pp. 172–173)
e.g. I think that in accepting that promotion she has
bitten off more than she can chew . 8.113 solidarity /¿s≥læ`d±ræti/ (n) = agreement or unity
8.101 eradicate /æ`r±dækΩt/ (v) = to eliminate, get rid of / among a group of people / solidarność
zwalczyć, wyplenić, wykorzenić e.g. In an unprecedented show of solidarity, every
e.g. In some countries, certain diseases have not yet member of the actors’ guild went on strike to protest
been eradicated. against her dismissal.
8.102 a law unto oneself (idm) = sb who does as she or he 8.114 prevalent /`prevºlºnt/ (adj) = common /
pleases / osoba, która postępuje tak, jak jej się podoba rozpowszechniony
e.g. I don’t know what his plans are, he is a law unto e.g. This condition is more prevalent in children than
himself. in adults.
8.103 make a mountain out of a molehill (idm) = to 8.115 stem from /`stem frºm/ (phr v) = to be caused by /
make an unimportant fact seem like a serious być spowodowanym przez coś; wyrastać, wynikać
one / robić z igły widły z czegoś
e.g. Don’t make a mountain out of a molehill; e.g. All his psychological problems stem from his strict
I’m only five minutes late! upbringing.
8.104 outstay one’s welcome (idm) = to stay longer 8.116 advocate /`±dvºkΩt/ (v) = to support / popierać,
than expected / nadużyć gościnności opowiadać się za czymś
e.g. Don’t outstay your welcome. They can’t e.g. He advocates building more houses to deal
put you up for weeks. with the problem of overcrowding.
8.105 drive a wedge between sb and sb else (idm) = to 8.117 evoke /æ`vøk/ (v) = to cause to occur / wywołać
cause ill feelings between people / zasiać niezgodę e.g. The smell of baking bread evoked memories
między dwiema osobami of her grandmother.
e.g. Sharon was determined to drive a wedge 8.118 spontaneous /sp≥n`tΩniºs/ (adj) = sudden,
between her father and his new wife. unexpected / spontaniczny
8.106 on the grounds of = because of / z powodu e.g. Her decision to visit her parents was spontaneous,
e.g. She took the company to court on the grounds so they were surprised by her arrival.
of racial discrimination. Der.: spontaneously (adv), spontaneity (n)
8.107 counter /`k¬ntºr/ (v) = to make less effective / 8.119 glass ceiling /¿gl≤s `s∞læ…/ (n) = the imaginary
przeciwdziałać, powstrzymywać barrier that stops e.g. women from getting the
e.g. The effects of pollution could be countered highest positions, best jobs, etc / „szklany sufit“,
by cutting chemical emissions. bariera w osiąganiu przez kobiety lub inne
8.108 influx /`ænfl∑ks/ (n) = an arrival of people or things dyskryminowane grupy najwyższych stanowisk
in large numbers / napływ e.g. The glass ceiling is a problem for ethnic minorities.
e.g. The influx of immigrants greatly increased 8.120 maternity leave /mº`tªnæti ¿l∞v/ (n) = a period of
the population. time when a woman is on leave from work to
8.109 surveillance /sº`vΩlºns/ (n) = close observation / have a baby / urlop macierzyński
obserwacja, inwigilacja e.g. She was allowed six months’ maternity leave
e.g. The police have the terrorists under surveillance. when her son was born.
8.110 culprit /`k∑lpræt/ (n) = an offender / winowajca, 8.121 high-ranking /¿h¡`r±…kæ…/ (adj) = important, at
sprawca a high level / wysokiej rangi
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Unit 8
e.g. Only high-ranking officials are allowed 8.135 prejudicial to sth /¿preπµ`dæ«ºl/ (adj) = harmful /
to attend the conference. szkodliwy
8.122 swiftly /`swæftli/ (adv) = quickly / szybko e.g. The housing development is sure to be prejudicial
e.g. The police acted swiftly to protect the public. to local wildlife.
Der.: swiftness (n), swift (adj) 8.136 humbling /`h∑mblæ…/ (adj) = making sb feel inferior
8.123 entail /æn`tΩl/ (v) = to involve / pociągać za sobą or embarrassed / upokarzający, poniżający
e.g. Owning a dog entails great responsibility. e.g. Having to admit to an addiction is a humbling
8.124 fraud /fr¥d/ (n) = criminal dishonesty or deceit / experience.
oszustwo 8.137 bubbling /`b∑blæ…/ (adj) = active, full of energy /
e.g. Forging someone’s signature on a cheque pełen życia, tętniący życiem
is considered fraud. e.g. She had such a bubbling personality that everyone
8.125 march /m≤∏/ (n) = an organised walk of many loved her.
people / marsz 8.138 quick-witted /¿kwæk`wætæd/ (adj) = intelligent /
e.g. The march was effective as over 300,000 protesters błyskotliwy
turned up. e.g. He is a quick-witted boy and an excellent chess
8.126 petition /pº`tæ«ºn/ (n) = a document signed by many player.
people asking the government or official group 8.139 presumption /præ`z∑mp«ºn/ (n) = a belief or attitude
to do a particular thing / petycja adopted at the beginning of a process /
e.g. People in the neighbourhood signed a petition domniemanie, przypuszczenie
asking the city council for better police patrolling. e.g. The lawyer changed his presumption that his
Der.: petitioner (n) client was innocent once he had spoken to the
8.127 contemptuous of sb/sth /kºn`tempt«uºs/ (adj) witnesses.
= showing disrespect / pogardliwy, pełen pogardy 8.140 humaneness /hj∂`mΩnnºs/ (n) = kindness or
e.g. Josh tends to be contemptuous of people who sympathy towards people and animals /
are not as clever as he is. humanitarność, ludzkie uczucia
Der.: contemptuously (adv), contempt (n) e.g. The beggar was grateful to the lady for her
8.128 awed /¥d/ (adj) = amazed / zaskoczony humaneness.
e.g. The audience were awed by his amazing 8.141 elucidate /æ`l∂sædΩt/ (v) = to make clear, to clarify /
performance. wyjaśnić
8.129 xenophobia /¿zenº`føbiº/ (n) e.g. The teacher did some simple demonstrations
Der.: xenophobic (adj), xenophobe (n) to elucidate the scientific theory.
8.130 civil liberties = the rights of people to be free to say Der.: elucidation (n)
or do what they want as long as they respect the 8.142 humiliated /hj∂`mæliΩtæd/ (adj) = made to feel
law and the rights of others / swobody obywatelskie ashamed / upokorzony, poniżony
e.g. Civil liberties are non-existent in a number e.g. He felt humiliated when his boss shouted at him
of countries. in front of his colleagues.
8.131 exploitative /æk`spl√tºtæv/ (adj) = unfairly using 8.143 underpin /¿∑ndº`pæn/ (v) = to support / stanowić
people’s work or ideas for one’s own advantage / fundament, stać u podstaw
oparty na wyzysku e.g. Most politicians fail to realise that the public
e.g. Asian factories have been condemned for their underpins the government.
exploitative use of children. 8.144 exacerbate /æg`z±sºbΩt/ (v) = to aggravate,
8.132 redress /ræ`dres/ (v) = to correct or compensate to worsen / pogorszyć, spowodować nasilenie się
for sth unfair or wrong / naprawić (np. krzywdę) e.g. The increase in the number of cars on the road
e.g. To redress the injustice of the previous regime, is exacerbating the problem of pollution.
the new government released all political prisoners. 8.145 integration /¿æntæ`grΩ«ºn/ (n) = becoming a full
8.133 fend for oneself /`fend fºr/ (phr v) = to take care member of a community or group / integracja
of oneself without help from others / być e.g. πntegration into the European Union was
samodzielnym, dawać sobie radę samemu enhanced by the introduction of a common currency.
e.g. You are old enough to fend for yourself! 8.146 asset /`±set/ (n) = a useful quality / atut
8.134 malevolent /m±`levºlºnt/ (adj) = evil / zły e.g. His ability to speak three languages fluently
e.g. His intentions were obviously malevolent. was his chief asset.
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Unit 8
8.147 mutate into sth /mj∂`tΩt/ (v) = to change in form 8.158 colonisation /¿k≥lºn¡`zΩ«ºn/ (n) = living in and
or nature / przeobrazić się w coś taking control of a foreign country / kolonizacja
e.g.The bacteria mutated into a new form which e.g. The colonisation of the moon is likely to take place
is resistant to antibiotics. in the near future.
Der.: mutation (n) 8.159 delinquent /dæ`læ…kwºnt/ (adj) = having a tendency
8.148 fascism /`f±«æzºm/ (n) = extreme right-wing political to commit minor crimes repeatedly / przestępczy;
beliefs, favouring strong central government and winny wykroczenia
strong armed forces / faszyzm e.g. There are many delinquent teenagers in this town.
e.g. The recent upsurge of fascism is a threat Der.: delinquency (n)
to our democracy. 8.160 accumulate /º`kj∂mjµlΩt/ (v) = to acquire an
Der.: fascist (n) increasing number of sth / zgromadzić
8.149 unleash /¿∑n`l∞«/ (v) = to let loose / uwolnić, wyzwolić e.g. He accumulated a fortune by investing in stocks.
e.g. The police were unwilling to unleash their full Der.: accumulation (n), accumulative (adj)
power during the conflict. 8.161 egg on /èg `≥n/ (phr v) = to encourage sb to do
8.150 equitable /èkwætºbºl/ (adj) = reasonable and fair, sth dangerous or foolish / nakłaniać, namawiać
giving everybody equal treatment / słuszny, e.g. My brother egged me on to jump off the wall.
sprawiedliwy 8.162 repel /ræ`pel/ (v) = to make sb feel disgust /
e.g. We should strive for an equitable distribution odpychać, odstręczać
of wealth in the world. e.g. π was repelled at the sight of so much violence.
8.151 grid /græd/ (n) = a network / sieć Der.: repellent (n), (adj)
e.g. The national power grid supplies electricity 8.163 infested /æn`festæd/ (adj) = full of creatures that
to all parts of the country. cause damage / rojący się
8.152 own up to sth /`øn `∑p tº/ (phr v) = to admit e.g. The island is surrounded by shark-infested waters.
having done sth wrong / przyznać się do czegoś Der.: infestation (n)
e.g. No one has owned up to breaking my favourite 8.164 legitimate /læ`πætæmºt/ (adj) = reasonable, justified /
vase. uzasadniony, zasadny
8.153 compulsive /kºm`p∑lsæv/ (adj) = (of people) e.g. She had a legitimate reason to be absent from
behaving in an uncontrollable way, doing work.
sth wrong / nałogowy, niepoprawny legitimacy (n)
e.g. ÀÔu can’t believe anything she says, 8.165 Der.:
shirk (from) sth /«ªk/ (v) = to avoid doing sth
she’s a compulsive liar. one should do / wymigiwać, wykręcać się od czegoś
Der.: compulsively (adv) e.g. I never shirk my responsibilities.
8.154 withdraw /wæ∫`dr¥/ (v) = to stop taking part / 8.166 stem /stem/ (v) = to stop sth from spreading or
wycofać się increasing / powstrzymać, zahamować
e.g. She plans to withdraw from her career next year. e.g. The government tried to stem the tide
Der.: withdrawal (n) of unemployment.
8.155 anguish /`±…gwæ«/ (n) = suffering, torment / 8.167 volatile /`v≥lºt¡l/ (adj) = unstable, likely to change
ból, cierpienie unexpectedly / niestabilny, niepewny
e.g. He felt great anguish over the death of his father. e.g. The situation in the region is highly volatile
Der.: anguished (adj) and war is expected to break out.
English in Use (pp. 176–179) Der.: volatility (n)
8.168 detain /dæ`tΩn/ (v) = to keep sb in a place under
8.156 doomed /d∂md/ (adj) = certain to fail or be control / zatrzymać
destroyed / skazany na niepowodzenie e.g. The police detained the suspect for questioning.
e.g. Their relationship was doomed from the start Der.: detention (n)
despite the efforts they made to stay together. 8.169 indestructible /¿ændæ`str∑ktæbºl/ (adj) = that cannot
8.157 redundancy /ræ`d∑ndºnsi/ (n) = losing a job due to be destroyed / niezniszczalny
financial problems of one’s employer / redukcja e.g. Superman was a threat to criminals because
e.g. Employers had to cut costs and couldn’t avoid he was indestructible.
redundancies. 8.170 befit /bæ`fæt/ (v) = to be proper or good enough
Der.: redundant (adj) for sb or sth / być odpowiednim
104
Unit 8
e.g. As befitted such a high-ranking official, 8.181 steadfast /`stedf≤st/ (adj) = firm / niezachwiany,
the ambassador was received with much pomp. niezłomny
8.171 clamour for sth /`kl±mºr/ (v) = to demand sth e.g. She held a steadfast belief that everything
angrily or noisily / głośno i uporczywie domagać się would work out fine.
czegoś Der.: steadfastly (adv), steadfastness (n)
e.g. That child is always clamouring for attention. 8.182 consent form /kºn`sent `f¥m/ (n) = a form
Der.: clamour (n) containing a written permission from sb /
8.172 concession /kºn`se«ºn/ (n) = a lower price given pisemna zgoda
to old people, students and the unemployed / e.g. A consent form from parents is required
zniżka, ulga to join the navy if you are under 18.
e.g. The entrance fee is í5 with concessions 8.183 bask in sth /b≤sk/ (v) = to enjoy sth greatly /
for students and the unemployed. rozkoszować się, upajać się czymś
Der.: concessionary (adj) e.g. His project was a success and for a while he was
8.173 hellbent on sth /¿hel`bent/ (adj) = determined / able to bask in his boss’s approval.
zdeterminowany 8.184 rehabilitation /¿r∞hºbælæ`tΩ«ºn/ (n) = the process
e.g. He’s hellbent on buying that house of restoring sb to health or normal life after
even though he can’t afford it. imprisonment, addiction or illness / rehabilitacja,
8.174 exasperating /æg`z≤spºrΩtæ…/ (adj) = very resocjalizacja
annoying / irytujący, denerwujący e.g. The government should spend more on the
e.g. After her promotion, she has become the most rehabilitation of young offenders.
exasperating person I’ve ever met. 8.185 affliction /º`flæk«ºn/ (n) = sth that causes physical or
Der.: exasperation (n), exasperatedly (adv) mental suffering / dolegliwość, schorzenie
8.175 withhold /wæ∫`høld/ (v) = not to let sb have sth / e.g. Her affliction does not allow her to lead a normal
wstrzymać, zataić life.
e.g. It is against the law to withhold any information Der.: afflict (v), afflicted (adj)
about a crime. 8.186 recuperation /ræ¿kj∂pº`rΩ«ºn/ (n) = recovery after
8.176 irrelevancy /æ`relævºnsi/ (n) = sth unimportant an illness or injury / powrót do zdrowia
or unnecessary / rzecz nieistotna, błahostka e.g. Doctors were amazed at his rapid recuperation
e.g. Don’t waste time on irrelevancies, just tell me
the facts. from an extremely serious back injury.
Der.: recuperative (adj)
Der.: irrelevant (adj) 8.187 stroke /strøk/ (n) = the blocking or bursting
8.177 exterminator /æk`stªmænΩtºr/ (n) = a person whose of a blood vessel in the brain / wylew
job is to kill annoying or dangerous animals such e.g. His paralysis is due to the minor stroke he had
as mice or rats / osoba zajmująca się dezynsekcją, fifteen years ago.
deratyzacją, itp.
e.g. We had to hire an exterminator to get rid of rats.
Der.: extermination (n) 8.188 scrawl /skr¥l/ (v) = to write in a careless way /
8.178 biannually /b¡`±njuºli/ (adv) = twice a year / bazgrać, gryzmolić
dwa razy w roku e.g. He scrawled my address on a small piece of paper.
e.g. School performances will be held in the auditorium 8.189 despondency /dæ`sp≥ndensi/ (n) = sadness and lack
biannually. of hope / smutek, przygnębienie
8.179 proximity /pr≥k`sæmæti/ (n) = closeness, nearness / e.g. To overcome her sister’s despondency, Joanna
bliskość threw a surprise party.
e.g. The shops and schools are in close proximity 8.190 firearm /`f¡ºr≤m/ (n) = a gun / broń
to our new house. e.g. He was imprisoned for illegal possession of
8.180 in retrospect (idm) = thinking about an event after firearms.
it has happened, often with a different opinion 8.191 grass verge /`gr≤s ¿vªπ/ (n) = a narrow piece
about it / z perspektywy czasu of ground by the side of a road, covered with
e.g. In retrospect, I wish I had dealt with the matter grass / trawiaste pobocze
in a different way. e.g. When her car broke down, she managed to push it
onto the grass verge to avoid an accident.
105
Unit 8
8.192 bond /b≥nd/ (n) = a strong feeling of friendship, 8.199 implement /`æmplæment/ (v) = to carry out /
love, shared beliefs and experiences that unites wprowadzić, wdrożyć
people / więź e.g. If stricter measures were implemented, then
e.g. Both parents had a very special bond with their problems wouldn’t arise.
children. Der.: implementation (n)
8.193 get by /`get `b¡/ (phr v) = to have enough money 8.200 concerted /kºn`sªtæd/ (adj) = done in a planned way
to buy the necessary things but not more / wiązać by a group of people / zbiorowy, wspólny
koniec z końcem, jakoś sobie radzić e.g. We all have to make a concerted effort to increase
e.g. Do you think it is possible to get by on $50 a week? the sales of our products.
8.194 prosperity /prº`speræti/ (n) = wealth, success / dobra 8.201 scapegoat /`skΩpgøt/ (n) = a person who is
koniunktura, dobrobyt blamed for sth bad / kozioł ofiarny
e.g. We can all enjoy the benefits of economic e.g. You can’t make me a scapegoat for your own
prosperity. failures!
Der.: prosperous (adj) 8.202 by the same token (idm) = in the same way,
8.195 perspective /pº`spektæv/ (n) = the way of viewing for the same reason / tak samo, na tej samej zasadzie
sth or a situation / perspektywa e.g. There was very little evidence that he was guilty;
e.g. She saw things from a different perspective after by the same token, there was little to say he wasn’t.
he had told her the truth. 8.203 abide by /º`b¡d b¡/ (phr v) = to obey / przestrzegać
8.196 plague /plΩg/ (v) = to continually cause a lot of e.g. They have to abide by the rules, otherwise they will
trouble or suffering / gnębić, dawać się we znaki, be disqualified.
dotykać (plagą) 8.204 alleviation /º¿l∞vi`Ω«ºn/ (n) = lessening of the
e.g. Society is plagued by juvenile crime. severity of sth / złagodzenie, zmniejszenie
8.197 juvenile /`π∂vºn¡l/ (adj) = relating to young e.g. The committee were focused on the alleviation
people / młodociany of homelessness in the city.
e.g. The juveline detention centre aims to rehabilitate Der.: alleviate (v)
young offenders. 8.205 foster /`f≥stºr/ (v) = to encourage or develop /
8.198 connotation /¿k≥nº`tΩ«ºn/ (n) = a (suggested) rozwijać, rozbudzać
meaning / konotacja e.g. The school is careful to foster the creativity
e.g. It’s one of those words that have negative of its pupils.
connotations.

1 Campaigners stood outside the college, asking students to 2 Although investigators know who the .......... is, they
sign .......... . cannot track him down.
A petitions C riots A civic C crime
B demonstrations D celebrations B culprit D consensus
106
Unit 8
3 That racist comment showed how .......... Herbert is 7 She never saves anything from her wages because she is
towards immigrants. a .......... shopper.
A bigoted C malevolent A compulsive C surveillance
B spontaneous D humiliated B mischievous D high-ranking
4 Strict rules were .......... to curb the increasing amount of 8 Asylum seekers were filled with .......... at the thought of
vandalism at the school. having to return to their homeland.
A controlled C accumulated A anguish C distraction
B implemented D eradicated B exclusion D harassment
5 Since 15 percent of the world is responsible for 80 percent 9 The photograph of the starving child .......... to his mother
of gross domestic products, there is an obvious need to depicted the severity of the famine.
.......... wealth. A preaching C far-reaching
A stem C withdraw B clinging D egging
B evoke D redistribute 10 At the demonstration, many innocent by-standers were
6 Various .......... were organised in protest against the cuts killed or .......... by debris falling on them.
in student grants. A endowed C instilled
A walks C marches B maimed D eliminated
B paths D grids

ñ segregation ñ biannually ñ mobility ñ contemptuous ñ exploitative ñ solidarity ñ elucidate ñ steadfast ñ legitimate
ñ discrimination
1 The ..................... methods of multinational corporations 6 The spokesman at the demonstration went on to
are condemned by human rights organisations. ..................... exactly what the group’s demands were.
2 Being an environmentalist, he is ..................... in his 7 Advertisements for job vacancies should not include
beliefs about introducing an environmental tax on a preferred age as this shows ..................... .
8
3 consumers
Budgets are andreviewed
producers.
..................... , in March and Although
work at weekends perfectlyis .....................
disrespectful. , making employees
October. 9 Despite the minister’s logical solution, the backbenchers
4 Separating girls and boys at school is a form of were ..................... of his proposal.
..................... . 10 There is high job ..................... in Britain, as people readily
5 Union leaders called for a general strike to show relocate because of employment opportunities.
..................... with overworked healthcare staff.
1 Hopes of saving the island from tourism development 2 It is not necessary to queue up in the bank as you can
..................... as the building supplies arrived. ..................... funds from the ATM.
The guest speaker ..................... the lights as the film The UN leaders decided to ..................... troops from the
footage was projected onto the screen. area.
Her eyes ................. with sorrow as she watched them He was obliged to ..................... his statement or face
go. the threat of dismissal.
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Unit 8
3 After a brief ................, the shares dropped back to 165 p. 5 The tension between rival groups mounted and the
Thousands of people attended the ..................... in the situation was extremely ..................... .
park for World Environment day. If anything was less than perfect the ..................... singer
The crowd gasped at the amazing shots of the tennis would fly into a rage and start sacking people.
players during the long ..................... . The ..................... liquid had to be carefully transported
to prevent it from evaporating and possibly exploding.
4 The young woman moved with ..................... and
elegance.
He was only given a couple of days’ ..................... to
move out of his flat.
Even though he is not a religious man he insists on saying
.................... before he eats.
D Uzupełnij brakujący fragment wpisując łącznie z wyrazem podanym tłustym drukiem od 3 do 8 słów, tak aby wyrazić to samo
1 He knew that it was against the law for someone to 4 Imposing an import duty on the exotic fish made the
monitor his emails. situation worse.
infringement He knew that having someone exacerbated Imposing an import duty on the exotic
monitor his emails was ...................... fish ....................................................
.............................................. privacy. the situation.
2 The distribution of wealth is not evenly balanced in many 5 The government’s decision will be made after all the
societies. details are known.
apportioned Wealth .............................................. withhold The government ................................
.............................. in many societies. .......... until all the details are known.
3 He falsely claimed that he had lost his passport in India.
bogus He made ...........................................
............... losing his passport in India.
Despite 1) ................................. of violent clashes with the police, the EXPECT

environmental group’s 2) ...................................... against cloning was surprisingly DEMONSTRATE
peaceful. Instead of the usual mass of uncontrollable 3) ....................................... , RIOT
there was not a banner-waving 4) ................................ in sight. The group had settled PROTEST
for a rather unique way to voice their message that human cloning was ACCEPT
5) ........................ . As members of various medical 6) ................................. arrived at INSTITUTE
the International Conference centre, they were met with more than two thousand
bodies lying down, dressed in white, blocking the entrance. Key
7) ................................. in the group had come up with the idea as a non-violent CAMPAIGN
8) ........................ against the recent developments concerning the practice of cloning DECLARE
and the proposed 9) ......................... to allow human cloning. LEGISLATE
Police had to resort to using water jets to make the group withdraw. Despite their
10) ......................... , the group disbanded when tear gas was used. A spokesman at PERSIST
the conference was reported to have said that charges against the group for causing
civil 11) .......................... had been dropped. REST
108
Vocabulary & Grammar (p.185)
SA4.12 opt /≥pt/ (v) = to choose or decide to do sth in
preference to sth else / zdecydować się, postanowić
SA4.1 rim /ræm/ (n) = the edge of sth circular / oprawka e.g. He opted to rent rather than buy a house.
(okularów), krawędź SA4.13 shareholder / «≈høldºr/ (n) = sb who owns shares
`
e.g. He looked at me over the rim of his glasses. in a company / udziałowiec, akcjonariusz
SA4.2 ledge /leπ/ (n) = a narrow horizontal projection / e.g. The director assured shareholders that profits
parapet, występ would increase after January.
e.g. She arranged some plant pots on the window ledge
to make it look pretty.
SA4.3 arbitrary / ≤bætrºri/ (adj) = random, not based on
` SA4.14 foxhole /`f≥kshøl/ (n) = a hole in the ground that
a reason / nieuzasadniony, przypadkowy, arbitralny soldiers use as a shelter or a firing point / okop
e.g. The press accused the police of making arbitrary strzelecki
arrests of immigrants. e.g. The soldiers dug their foxholes and fired
SA4.4 scrutiny / skr∂tæni/ (n) = a careful examination /
` at the enemy positions.
baczna obserwacja SA4.15 elusive /æ l∂sæv/ (adj) = difficult to find, describe,
`
e.g. When he became famous, his personal life remember or achieve / wymijający; nieuchwytny
was subjected to close scrutiny by the media. e.g. The politician was elusive on the matter
Der.: scrutinise (v) of educational reforms.
SA4.5 abuse /º bj∂z/ (v) = to make bad use of / nadużywać
`
Der.: elusiveness (n)
e.g. The governor abused his power and was forced SA4.16 dog tag / d≥g t±g/ (n) = a metal identification label
`
to resign. worn on a chain around the neck by soldiers /

Der.: abusive /º bj∂sæv/ (adj), abuse /º bj∂s/ (n)
` `
blaszka identyfikacyjna, „nieśmiertelnik“
SA4.6 disinterested /dæs`æntrºstæd/ (adj) = not involved or e.g. The soldier wore his dog tag underneath his shirt.
unlikely to benefit from a particular situation, SA4.17 dental floss / dentºl fl≥s/ (n) = thread used to clean
`
therefore able to act fairly and unselfishly / the gaps between teeth / nić dentystyczna
bezstronny, obiektywny e.g. Dental floss can be effective in reducing tooth
e.g. The media are supposed to be a disinterested decay.
observer of events. SA4.18 tranquilliser / tr±…kwæl¡zºr/ (n) = a drug that makes
`
SA4.7 lineage / læniæπ/ (n) = ancestry / rodowód

`
sb feel calmer or less anxious / środek uspokajający
e.g. They managed to trace their lineage back e.g. The doctor prescribed him some tranquillisers
to the early 17th century. as he was suffering from severe anxiety.
SA4.8 turbulence / tªbjulºns/ (n) = confusion, conflict /
` SA4.19 machete /mº «eti/ (n) = a large knife with a broad
`
zawirowanie, niepokój blade / maczeta

e.g. The early seventies was a time of great political e.g. The hunter used his machete to cut his way
turbulence in Greece. through the jungle.
SA4.9 turmoil / tªm√l/ (n) = great disturbance, confusion /
` SA4.20 odds and ends (idm) = bits and pieces / drobiazgi
zamieszanie, chaos e.g. The room was bare apart from a few odds and
e.g. The country has been in political turmoil since ends left behind by its previous occupant.
the government collapsed. `
SA4.10 stand sb in good stead (idm) = to be very useful SA4.21 slingshot / slæ…«≥t/ (n) = a hand-held device used
by children for shooting small stones / proca
to sb / bardzo przydać się komuś e.g. The naughty little boy used his slingshot
e.g. His first aid training stood him in good stead to shoot down birds from trees.
when his wife had a heart attack. SA4.22 ammunition /¿±mju næ«ºn/ (n) = bullets / amunicja
`
Use of English (pp. 185–186) e.g. US soldiers discovered ammunition left behind
by enemy forces.
SA4.11 crucial / kr∂«ºl/ (adj) = critical, extremely important /
` SA4.23 starlight scope / st≤l¡t skøp/ (n) = a gun
`
zasadniczy attachment that allows soldiers to see and

e.g. The president makes many crucial decisions during shoot at night / przystawka noktowizyjna
his term of office.
109
e.g. The soldier fitted the starlight scope to his rifle e.g. The X-ray showed she had a small fracture
and fired at the enemy. at the base of the spine.
SA4.24 elaborate /æ l±bºrºt/ (adj) = complicated / misterny,
` Der.: fracture (v), fractured (adj)
wymyślny, skomplikowany SA4.36 dense /dens/ (adj) = here: heavy / ciężki, gęsty
e.g. He was amazed by the elaborate architectural e.g. The air was so dense that I could hardly breathe.
design of the palace. Der.: densely (adv)
Der.: elaborately (adv), elaboration (n) SA4.37 grin /græn/ (v) = to smile broadly / uśmiechać się szeroko
SA4.25 pentrite / pentr¡t/ (n) = a type of explosive / pentryt
` e.g. He grinned when he saw the effort that they had
(materiał wybuchowy) put into his surprise party.
e.g. The time bomb comprised a mixture of TNT SA4.38 nod /n≥d/ (v) = to move one’s head downwards
and pentrite. and upwards to show understanding / kiwnąć
SA4.26 earplug / ƒpl∑g/ (n) = a small piece of a soft material
` głową, przytaknąć
which one puts into one’s ear to keep out noise, e.g. After he had related his problem, she nodded
water or cold air / zatyczka do uszu, stoper her head in understanding.
e.g. Rosie wears her earplugs every time her flatmate SA4.39 moan /møn/ (v) = to make a low sound
plays the drums. (e.g. in pain) / jęczeć
SA4.27 shrug /«r∑g/ (v) = to raise one’s shoulders to show e.g. The patient moaned as the nurse bandaged
one is not interested or does not care about sth / his wound.
wzruszyć ramionami SA4.40 profound /prº f¬nd/ (adj) = having great
`
e.g. The old woman shrugged when he asked knowledge or insight / zawierający głęboki sens,
if he could take the seat next to her. o głębokiej treści
SA4.28 platoon /plº t∂n/ (n) = a group of soldiers usually
` e.g. The writings of Plato are considered to be very
commanded by a lieutenant / pluton profound.
e.g. The platoon was ordered to return to the camp SA4.41 ambush / ±mbµ«/ (n) = a surprise attack / zasadzka
`
after completing the mission. e.g. The soldier was killed in an ambush in the war
SA4.29 headfirst / hedfªst/ (adv) = with the head bent
` in Kosovo.
forward / głową w przód Der.: ambush (v)
e.g. She fell headfirst down the stairs. SA4.42 agonising / ±gºn¡zæ…/ (adj) = painful, tormenting /
`
SA4.30 fan out /`f±n `¬t/ (phr v) = (of a group of people) bolesny, dręczący
to spread over a wide area / rozejść się półkolem e.g. It was agonising not to know whether their son
e.g. The lieutenant ordered his soldiers to fan out was alive.
and to search the area thoroughly. SA4.43 oppressed /º prest/ (adj) = distressed, anxious /
`
SA4.31 cobweb / k≥bweb/ (n) = a net that spiders make

` udręczony
for catching insects / pajęczyna e.g. He was oppressed by the suffering he saw all
e.g. The cottage was full of cobwebs as it had been around him.
deserted for many years. Der.: oppression (n), oppressive (adj)
SA4.32 rabies /`rΩb∞z/ (n) = a disease of dogs and other SA4.44 spell /spel/ (n) = a period of time spent working
animals that is passed onto humans by biting somewhere / krótki okres pracy
and causes madness and death, hydrophobia / e.g. I had a brief spell as a singer before I became
wścieklizna a dancer.
e.g. Dogs, cats and other animals can be infected Listening (p. 188)
with rabies.
SA4.33 paddy / p±di/ (n) = a field where rice is grown /
`
SA4.45 relegation /¿relæ gΩ«ºn/ (n) = being sent to a lower
`
pole ryżowe division or group in football / degradacja, spadek

e.g. China is covered in acres of paddies. (np. do niższej ligi)
SA4.34 pop /p≥p/ (v) = to put in the mouth quickly / łykać e.g. The threat of relegation caused the squad
e.g. The student popped a sweet into his mouth when to suffer a great deal of anxiety.
the teacher wasn’t looking. SA4.46 cautious / k¥«ºs/ (adj) = careful / ostrożny
`
SA4.35 fracture / fr±kt«ºr/ (n) = a slight crack or break

` e.g. Linda is a very cautious driver.
in sth / pęknięcie Der.: cautiously (adv)
110
Another Day, Another Dollar 9

e.g. A recent poll indicated that 80% of employees
Lead-in (p. 191)
were in favour of a 35-hour working week.
9.1 remuneration /ræ¿mj∂nº`rΩ«ºn/ (n) = the amount 9.10 beastly /`b∞stli/ (adj) = horrible, unkind / wredny,
of money paid to sb for the work they do / paskudny
wynagrodzenie e.g. He was a beastly man who deliberately
e.g. His remuneration as a teacher is í25,000 embarrassed people in public.
per annum. 9.11 declare /dæ`kl≈r/ (v) = to state firmly / ogłosić,
oświadczyć
Reading (p. 193)
e.g. He declared himself bankrupt.
9.2 marital /`m±rætºl/ (adj) = relating to marriage / 9.12 damn /d±m/ (v) = to condemn, criticise / potępić
małżeński e.g. His report was very critical and especially damned
e.g. The couple were having marital problems, the company’s employment structure.
so they decided to separate. 9.13 impact /`æmp±kt/ (n) = effect / wpływ
9.3 delinquency /dæ`læ…kwºnsi/ (n) = criminal behaviour, e.g. The new female chief executive had a positive
especially among the young / przestępczość impact on the company, reducing their debts by half.
e.g.Vandalism and joyriding are examples of teenage 9.14 reign /rΩn/ (v) = to prevail / panować
delinquency. e.g. At the business forum, confusion reigned about
9.4 RSI /¿≤r es `¡/ (abbr) = repetitive strain/stress injury, how the financial issue would be resolved.
a condition caused by the prolonged performance 9.15 bang on about /`b±… `≥n º`b¬t/ (phr v)
of repetitive actions, especially with the hands, = (informal) to talk or write about sth repeatedly
resulting in pain and malfunction of the muscles for a long time in a boring, uninteresting way /
involved / syndrom RSI, syndrom monotonnych ruchów „truć“ o czymś
e.g. Our secretary is suffering from RSI and can’t do any e.g. Parents bang on and on about how important
typing. it is for children to study hard at school.
9.5 malaise /mº`lΩz/ (n) = the problem that affects 9.16 dotcom /`d≥tk∑m/ (n) = a company that conducts
a group of people and can neither be easily its business on the Internet / firma prowadząca
explained nor solved / niemoc, apatia, zastój, fatalna działalność przez Internet
kondycja e.g. Although I have placed orders with several
e.g. The recent conflicts within the government dotcoms, I never pay them with my credit card.
have brought about political and social malaise. 9.17 miss the boat (idm) = (informal) to be too slow
9.6 woes /wøz/ (n pl) = problems / zmartwienia and to lose an opportunity / stracić okazję
e.g. Telling his parents about his bad report was e.g. If you don’t apply for a grant now, you may find
the least of his woes; he had more serious problems you’ve missed the boat!
on his mind. 9.18 angst /±…st/ (n) = a feeling of anxiety and worry /
9.7 wicked /`wækæd/ (adj) = very bad, deliberately niepokój
harmful / podły, paskudny e.g. My teenage daughter is constantly full of angst.
e.g. Pointing out his colleagues’ mistakes was 9.19 profound /prº`f¬nd/ (adj) = very great, intense /
a wicked thing to do. głęboki, przemożny
Der.: wickedness (n), wickedly (adv) e.g. His ideas and beliefs had a profound effect
9.8 avalanche /`±vºl≤nt«/ (n) = here: a large number on many areas of management.
of things that happen or arrive at the same time / Der.: profoundly (adv)
(dosłownie i w przenośni) lawina 9.20 nine-to-five = referring to the usual office hours
e.g. The company received an avalanche of complaints (from 9 am to 5 pm) / dotyczący stałej pracy
about their poor quality products. umysłowej, zwykle wykonywanej od dziewiątej rano do
9.9 poll /pøl/ (n) = a survey in which people are asked piątej po południu
their opinion about sth (usually to find out how e.g. Rebecca has a nine-to-five job working
popular it is or what people intend to do in the as a secretary.
future) / sondaż, ankieta 9.21 supplant /sº`pl≤nt/ (v) = to replace, take the place
of / zająć miejsce
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Unit 9
e.g. The democratic government was supplanted 9.33 intrinsically /æn`trænsækli/ (adv) = essentially / z natury,
by a dictatorship. sam w sobie
9.22 affiliation /º¿fæli`Ω«ºn/ (n) = connection, association e.g. The Porsche is intrinsically a very powerful car.
with sth or sb / związek, afiliacja, przynależność Der.: intrinsic (adj)
e.g. As an environmental lobbyist, she has strong 9.34 ambivalent /±m`bævºlºnt/ (adj) = uncertain,
affiliations with conservation and eco-awareness ambiguous / ambiwalentny, niejednoznaczny, niepewny
groups. e.g. She had ambivalent feelings about getting married
9.23 diminish /dæ`mænæ«/ (v) = to reduce in importance again.
or intensity / osłabnąć, zmniejszyć się, zmaleć Der.: ambivalence (n), ambivalently (adv)
e.g. As a result of the rise in demand, the threat 9.35 focal point /`føkºl ¿p√nt/ (n) = the centre of interest
of closure began to diminish. or activity / główny punkt
9.24 disperse /dæ`spªs/ (v) = to scatter, spread over e.g. Although many items were on the agenda,
a large area / rozproszyć się the focal point of the meeting was drug abuse.
e.g. Once the demonstration was over,
the crowd began to disperse.
9.25 window into sb’s soul (idm) = an insight into sb’s 9.36 incentive /æn`sentæv/ (n) = sth that encourages
character / zwierciadło czyjejś duszy an action or an effort / zachęta, bodziec
e.g. A person’s hobbies or interests can often e.g. Some companies offer bonuses to employees
be a window into their soul. as an incentive.
9.26 reinforce /¿r∞æn`f¥s/ (v) = to strengthen, to make 9.37 freelance /`fr∞l≤ns/ (adj) = not employed by one
a feeling, belief or fear stronger or more intense / organisation but working independently /
wzmacniać niezależny, pracujący jako wolny strzelec, pracujący
e.g. The fashion and entertainment industries merely na własny rachunek
reinforce the belief that women have to be thin to be e.g. Bored with working for the same company,
beautiful. David decided to become a freelance photographer.
9.27 taint /tΩnt/ (v) = to harm sb’s reputation because of 9.38 downsizing /`d¬ns¡zæ…/ (n) = reduction / redukcja
sth bad or undesirable they are associated with / (np. zatrudnienia)
nadszarpnąć, splamić (np. czyjąś reputację) e.g. The worldwide recession has resulted
e.g. The politician’s popularity was tainted in a downsizing in the service industry.
by scandals and corruption. 9.39 stapler /`stΩplºr/ (n) = a device used for fastening
9.28 salience /`sΩliºns/ (n) = the most important fact sheets of paper together with staples / zszywacz
or point / istota, sedno e.g. The teacher used a stapler to keep the test papers
e.g. The salience of the company reform was together.
to improve working relations. 9.40 perforator /`pªfº¿rΩtºr/ (n) = a device used
9.29 toehold /`tøhøld/ (n) = a position from where for punching holes in paper / dziurkacz
a better or more powerful position may be e.g. The secretary used a perforator to make holes
gained / punkt zaczepienia, korzystna pozycja wyjściowa in the documents so as to place them in the binder.
e.g. The Nestlé Company was anxiously trying to obtain 9.41 binder /`b¡ndºr/ (n) = a hard cover with metal rings
a toehold in the Asian market in order to flood it with inside used to hold loose pieces of paper /
cocoa drink products. segregator
9.30 deification /¿dΩæfæ`kΩ«ºn/ (n) = regarding sb or sth e.g. All accident report slips must be filed in the binder.
with very great respect and not criticising them / 9.42 switchboard /`swæ∏b¥d/ (n) = a place in a large office
podniesienie do rangi bóstwa, deifikacja where all the telephone calls are connected /
e.g. The media are largely to blame for the deification centrala telefoniczna
of film stars. e.g. All calls to the company go through the
9.31 margin /`m≤πæn/ (n) = the edge, limit / margines switchboard.
e.g. In the past, women were on the margins 9.43 reprimand /`repræm≤nd/ (v) = to speak to sb angrily
of the business world, but now they’re beginning or seriously about some wrong action / udzielić
to play a more important role. reprymendy, udzielić nagany
9.32 keenly /`k∞nli/ (adv) = intensely / dotkliwie e.g. William was reprimanded by his teacher
e.g. His absence was keenly felt by his family. for not doing his homework.
112
Unit 9
9.44 dismiss /dæs`mæs/ (v) = to fire / zwolnić (z pracy) 9.54 downgrade /`d¬ngrΩd/ (v) = to reduce to a lower
e.g. After several warnings about punctuality, grade, rank or level of importance / zmniejszyć rolę,
the manager decided to dismiss the employee. zdegradować
9.45 severance /`sevºrºns/ (n) = ending a relationship, e.g. At the board meeting, the directors decided
connection or sb’s contract of employment / to downgrade him from division manager
zakończenie, rozdzielenie, rozwiązanie (np. umowy to assistant manager.
o pracę) Opp.: upgrade
e.g. The ongoing political violence has led 9.55 assembly line /º`sembli l¡n/ (n) = an arrangement
to the severance of ties between the nations. of workers and machines in which each person
9.46 credentials /krº`den«ºlz/ (n pl) = previous has a particular task, and the work is passed
achievements, training and general background on from one worker to the other until it is
which indicate that sb is qualified to do sth, or completed / linia montażowa
relevant documents / przygotowanie zawodowe, e.g. His task on the car assembly line was
kwalifikacje lub dokumenty na ich potwierdzenie to screw on the door handles.
e.g. The manager was impressed with her employment 9.56 retail /`r∞tΩl/ (n) = selling goods directly to the
credentials and offered her a job on the spot. public / sprzedaż detaliczna
9.47 aptitude /`±ptætj∂d/ (n) = the ability to learn sth e.g. At Christmas, the retail of all goods increases
quickly and do it well / predyspozycje, zdolności by about 30%.

e.g. During her three-month trial, she showed great 9.57 fringe benefits /`frænπ ¿benæfæts/ (n pl) = extra things
aptitude for the job and was offered a permanent that some people get from their job in addition to
contract. their salary / dodatki (do pensji), dodatkowe
9.48 reimbursement /¿r∞æm`bªsmºnt/ (n) = the return świadczenia czy korzyści
payment of money that sb spent / zwrot kosztów e.g. One of the fringe benefits of this job is free medical
e.g. He claimed for the reimbursement of his travelling treatment.
and car expenses. 9.58 compromise /`k≥mprºm¡z/ (v) = to reach a decision
9.49 ironmonger /`¡ºnm∑…gºr/ (n) = a person who sells or agreement with sb after you both give up sth
articles for the house and garden such as tools, you originally wanted / pójść na kompromis
nails, etc / właściciel sklepu z narzędziami i artykułami e.g. In order to make the deal, both sides had
metalowymi to compromise and lower their demands.
e.g. Can you ask the ironmonger to recommend some 9.59 supplement /`s∑plæmºnt/ (v) = to add to sth /
tools for the garden? uzupełnić
9.50 stationer /`stΩ«ºnºr/ (n) = a person who sells paper, e.g. She had to take a second job in the evenings
envelopes, pens and other equipment used for to supplement her meagre income.
writing / właściciel sklepu papierniczego Der.: supplement (n), supplementary (adj)
e.g. We have run out of envelopes, please order some 9.60 laborious /lº`b¥riºs/ (adj) = taking a lot of time
from the stationer’s. and effort / żmudny, mozolny
9.51 PA /p∞ `Ω/ (abbr) = personal assistant, sb who works e.g. Putting the huge pile of files into chronological
as a secretary or assistant for one person / osobisty order was a laborious task.
sekretarz(-rka), asystent(ka) Der.: laboriously (adv)
e.g. Mr Brown’s PA has excellent office skills and speaks 9.61 diligent /`dælæπºnt/ (adj) = careful, thorough /
four languages! sumienny, gorliwy, pracowity
9.52 picket line /`pækæt ¿l¡n/ (n) = a group of people on e.g. Tom is a very diligent worker, he pays close
strike who stand outside a place of work in order attention to every detail.
to prevent people from going in / kordon Der.: diligence (n), diligently (adv)
pikietujących 9.62 menial /`m∞niºl/ (adj) = boring, degrading /
e.g. His co-workers who were now part of the picket line źle płatny i nudny
tried to stop him when he was entering the factory. e.g. Cleaning the streets is a menial job.
9.53 demote /dæ`møt/ (v) = to reduce to a lower rank 9.63 industrious /æn`d∑striºs/ (adj) = hard-working /
or category / zdegradować pracowity
e.g. He was demoted from manager to supervisor, e.g. Elisabeth is an industrious and flexible worker.
which meant a reduction in salary. Der.: industriously (adv)
113
Unit 9
9.64 lucrative /`l∂krºtæv/ (adj) = very profitable / lukratywny 9.75 hand in one’s notice = to quit / złożyć wymówienie
e.g. Trading in diamonds is an extremely lucrative e.g. Julia handed in her notice after she had
business. an argument with her boss.
9.65 appoint /º`p√nt/ (v) = to assign, choose / mianować 9.76 dispute /dæ`spj∂t/ (n) = argument or disagreement
e.g. When the managing director retired, the chairman between people / spór
decided to appoint his assistant for the position. e.g. Negotiators failed to settle the dispute between
9.66 recruit /ræ`kr∂t/ (v) = to select or persuade people the government and the farmers.
to work for or join an organisation / rekrutować, 9.77 be given the sack (idm) = to be dismissed from
werbować employment / zostać wylanym z pracy
e.g. The police are trying to recruit more women e.g. Martin was given the sack for stealing.
to the force. 9.78 insubordination /¿ænsºb¥dæ`nΩ«ºn/ (n) = refusal
Der.: recruitment (n) to obey sb of higher rank / niesubordynacja
9.67 perks /pªks/ (n pl) = special benefits given to e.g. Patrick’s refusal to follow the senior executive’s
people who have a particular job or belong instructions was downright insubordination.
to a particular group / dodatki, dodatkowe korzyści Der.: insubordinate (adj)
e.g. Taking clients out to lunch in expensive restaurants 9.79 break even (idm) = to make neither a profit nor
is one of the perks of the job. a loss / wyjść na czysto (bez zysku i bez straty)
9.68 commission /kº`mæ«ºn/ (n) = the sum of money paid e.g. He broke even in the first two years of business.
to a salesperson for every sale that he or she 9.80 shift work /`«æft wªk/ (n) = working at various times
makes / prowizja of the day or night / praca w systemie zmianowym
e.g. As a salesman, he receives a 5% commission e.g. His job involves shift work so he doesn’t have much
on every car that he sells. of a social life.
9.69 work to rule = to do only such work as is included 9.81 shop floor /`«≥p fl¥r/ (n) = all the ordinary workers
in one’s contract in order to protest against sth / in a factory / personel niższego szczebla
zastosować strajk włoski e.g. The position of control assistant in the office gave
e.g. Teachers are unanimous in their decision him a chance to get off the shop floor.
to work to rule. 9.82 expenditure /æk`spendæt«ºr/ (n) = spending money,
9.70 vacate /vº`kΩt/ (v) = to leave a place or a job / opuścić expenses / wydatki
e.g. If you hear the fire alarm, you should vacate e.g. The government has promised to increase
the premises immediately. its expenditure on health and education.
9.71 brain drain /`brΩn drΩn/ (n) = (informal) the 9.83 reversal /ræ`vªsºl/ (n) = a complete change in sth /
situation when highly skilled professionals całkowita zmiana
emigrate to a country where they are offered e.g. The minister’s decision is a complete reversal
better conditions / drenaż mózgów, emigracja ludzi of his previous policies.
wykształconych 9.84 empower /æm`p¬ºr/ (v) = to give sb the means or
e.g. This brain drain is caused by low salaries. confidence to achieve sth / zainspirować, dać siłę
9.72 incompatible with sth /¿ænkºm`p±tæbºl/ (adj) = not do działania
able to coexist with sth / nie do pogodzenia z czymś e.g. Employees should be empowered by their bosses
e.g. Working long hours is incompatible with family life. to achieve their goals.
Der.: incompatibility (n) 9.85 downside /`d¬ns¡d/ (n) = a disadvantage / wada,
Opp.: compatible minus
9.73 golden handshake /`gøldºn `h±nd«Ωk/ (n) e.g. The downside of being a high-flying executive
= a large sum of money that a company gives to is that there is little time for friends and family.
an employee when he or she leaves, as a reward 9.86 ooze with sth /∂z/ (v) = to show a quality or
for long service or good work / hojna odprawa characteristic very strongly / emanować, roztaczać
e.g. He received a golden handshake of í10,000 (wokół siebie)
in recognition of his long service. e.g. I’m not surprised he got the job, he oozes with
9.74 gadget /`g±πæt/ (n) = a machine, device or appliance confidence.
which does sth useful / przyrząd, gadżet 9.87 recruit /ræ`kr∂t/ (n) = a person who has recently
e.g. A tin-opener is a useful gadget to have in the joined an organisation / nowy pracownik
kitchen.
114
Unit 9
e.g. The new recruits were given a tour of the building

on their first day at work.
Der.: recruitment (n) 9.99 loll /l≥l/ (v) = to sit or lie in a very relaxed position /
9.88 morale /mº`r≤l/ (n) = the amount of confidence and rozsiąść się, rozwalać się
cheerfulness that a group of people has / morale e.g. He lolled on the sofa watching TV.
e.g. A concert was organised in order to boost the 9.100 fidget /`fæπæt/ (v) = to move restlessly / wiercić się
morale of the soldiers. e.g. Jane cannot keep still, she is always fidgeting.
9.101 get the heck out = (informal) to leave / wynosić się
Listening and Speaking (pp. 198–199)
e.g. Sydney told Michael to get the heck out of her
9.89 dungarees /¿d∑…gº`r∞z/ (n pl) = a one-piece garment office.
consisting of trousers with shoulder straps and 9.102 steam into sth = to start doing sth quickly / ruszyć
a piece of fabric covering the chest / ogrodniczki pełną parą, ostro zabrać się do czegoś
e.g. The baby was wearing blue dungarees and sandals. e.g. As soon as he understood the instructions,
9.90 flip-flops /`flæp fl≥ps/ (n pl) = open shoes which are he steamed into the task.
held on your feet by a strap that goes between 9.103 whopping /`w≥pæ…/ (adj) = great, huge / gigantyczny
the toes / japonki e.g. The President won the election with a whopping
e.g. She wore her red flip-flops to walk to the beach. 90% of the votes.
9.91 blazer /`blΩzºr/ (n) = a jacket / marynarka 9.104 infinitely /`ænfænætli/ (adv) = without limits or ends /
e.g. The school uniform consists of black trousers, nieskończenie, bez porównania
a white shirt and a red tie and a blazer. e.g. The pay in his new job is infinitely better than
9.92 misconception /¿mæskºn`sep«ºn/ (n) = an idea that in his old one!
is not correct / błędne przekonanie Der.: infinite (adj)
e.g. There are many misconceptions about genetic 9.105 goggle-eyed /¿g≥gºl`¡d/ (adj) = with eyes wide
testing. open / z wytrzeszczonymi oczami
9.93 induced /æn`dj∂st/ (adj) = brought on, caused / e.g. I sat watching TV all night until I was practically
wywołany (przez coś), spowodowany goggle-eyed!
e.g. Stress-induced illnesses are very common 9.106 crusty /`kr∑sti/ (adj) = having a hard outer layer /
nowadays. pokryty skorupką, skórką
Der.: inducement (n) e.g. The blister on my heel eventually went hard
9.94 eradicate /æ`r±dækΩt/ (v) = to eliminate / wyeliminować and crusty.
e.g. Scientists are trying to discover a cure to eradicate Der.: crust (n)
malaria. 9.107 chicken pox /`∏ækºn p≥ks/ (n) = a disease, especially
Der.: eradication (n) of children, that causes many spots on the skin /
9.95 the course of history = the way that events develop / ospa wietrzna
bieg historii e.g. Johnny went down with chicken pox and his mum
e.g. If time travel ever became a reality, the whole stayed with him at home.
course of history could be altered. 9.108 crux /kr∑ks/ (n) = the most important or difficult
9.96 strain /strΩn/ (n) = stress / stres, napięcie part of the matter / sedno sprawy, problemu
e.g. Students are under a great deal of strain during e.g. The crux of our financial problems is the mortgage
exam time. on the house.
9.97 overrated /¿øvº`rΩtæd/ (adj) = not as good 9.109 holistic /hø`læstæk/ (adj) = based on the belief that
as people say / przereklamowany, przeceniany everything in nature is connected in some way /
e.g. Reality shows are higly overrated. I think holistyczny
they’re boring! e.g. Holistic medicine treats the body as a whole
9.98 fragmented /fr±g`mentæd/ (adj) = divided into small and not just the affected part.
parts / podzielony (np. na części) 9.110 hectic /`hektæk/ (adj) = busy, hurried / gorączkowy,
e.g. Our nation is fragmented on the issue of adopting zwariowany
a new currency. e.g. I’m so tired after my hectic day!
Der.: fragmentation (n), fragment (n) 9.111 drop in /`dr≥p `æn/ (phr v) = to visit sb without
previous arrangements / wpaść (z wizytą)
115
Unit 9
e.g. Sarah was in the neighbourhood and decided 9.124 scoot /sk∂t/ (v) = to rush / pędzić
to drop in and say ”hello.” e.g. She came into the house and scooted up the stairs
9.112 resort to sth /ræ`z¥t/ (v) = to turn to a certain course to her room.
of action in order to achieve sth / uciec się do czegoś 9.125 chartered /`∏≤tºd/ (adj) = formally qualified
e.g. He had to resort to stealing to make a living in a profession / dyplomowany
because he couldn’t get a job. e.g. He was a highly successful chartered accountant.
9.113 adhesive /ºd`h∞sæv/ (n) = a substance such as glue 9.126 corporate /`k¥pºrºt/ (adj) = relating to business
which is used to make things stick together / klej corporations / korporacyjny, biznesowy,
e.g. She glued the broken picture frame with a strong dla przedsiębiorstw
adhesive. e.g. The man sought corporate advice about
9.114 gnaw /n¥/ (v) = to chew, bite sth repeatedly / setting up an e-mail business.
obgryzać, gryźć 9.127 pounce on /`p¬ns `≥n/ (phr v) = to come up
e.g. The dog picked the bone and gnawed at it. towards sb suddenly and take hold of them /
9.115 teething ring /`t∞∫æ… ræ…/ (n) = a rubber ring babies rzucić się na kogoś
chew to relieve the pain of teething / gryzak e.g. The actress pounced on the photographer and
e.g. The baby happily chewed on its teething ring. grabbed his camera after he snapped a photo.
9.116 void /v√d/ (n) = emptiness / pustka 9.128 bundle off /`b∑ndºl `≥f/ (phr v) = to send sb
e.g. Her husband’s death left a void in her life. somewhere or take them there in a hurry /
9.117 counterproductive /¿k¬ntºprº`d∑ktæv/ (adj) = having wyekspediować, wysłać
the opposite result from the desired one / e.g. The children were bundled off to a summer camp.
przynoszący efekt przeciwny do zamierzonego 9.129 go/slip down the drain/plughole (idm) = (informal)
e.g. The measures taken to create jobs were to be wasted or lost / marnować się, przepadać
counterproductive and only caused further e.g. Millions of dollars have slipped down the plughole.
unemployment. 9.130 awash /º`w≥«/ (adj) = covered, filled / pełen,
9.118 resentment /ræ`zentmºnt/ (n) = bitterness, anger / przepełniony
niezadowolenie, żal, poczucie krzywdy e.g. Steve was awash with guilt seeing his colleague
e.g. George felt resentment at being replaced take the blame for his wrongdoings.
by a younger employee. 9.131 bendy /`bendi/ (adj) = flexible / giętki
Der.: resent (v) e.g. Pipe cleaners are bendy so they can clean round
9.119 coach /kø∏/ (n) = an instructor, tutor / trener, corners.
instruktor 9.132 prop up /`pr≥p `∑p/ (phr v) = to put an object
e.g. She has a fitness coach who comes to her house against sth / opierać
three times a week. e.g. Can you prop up the ladder against the wall?
9.120 accountable for sth /º`k¬ntºbºl/ (adj) = responsible 9.133 shoo away /`«∂ º`wΩ/ (v) = to make sb go away /
for sth / odpowiedzialny za coś przegonić
e.g. Someone must be held accountable for e.g. I shooed her away so that she couldn’t see
the accident. the birthday present.
9.121 bubble with /`b∑bºl wæ∫/ (phr v) = to be full of /
tryskać czymś, być pełnym czegoś
e.g. She came to the party bubbling with excitement. 9.134 vanish /`v±næ«/ (v) = to disappear / zaginąć, zniknąć
9.122 impose /æm`pøz/ (v) = to establish, enforce / narzucić, e.g. The old witch vanished into the dark and was never
nałożyć seen again.
e.g. The government plans to impose fines on 9.135 ogre /`øgºr/ (n) = a frightening person / potwór
companies who do not comply with the laws e.g. The headmaster was perceived as a cruel ogre
on health and safety. who scared all the young children.
Der.: imposition (n) 9.136 archives /`≤k¡vz/ (n pl) = a collection of documents
9.123 sacrosanct /`s±krøs±…kt/ (adj) = too important and records that contain historical information /
to be interfered with / święty, nienaruszalny archiwum, archiwa
e.g. Freedom of the press is sacrosanct and should e.g. I completed my history report by going through
remain so. the archives in the library to obtain information.
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9.137 unbearably /¿∑n`b≈rºbli/ (adv) = intolerably / 9.150 reappraisal /¿r∞º`prΩzºl/ (n) = a review,
nieznośnie, nie do wytrzymania a reassessment / ponowna analiza, ponowna ocena
e.g. By midday the weather was unbearably hot. e.g. The needs of our department call for a reappraisal.
9.138 slump /sl∑mp/ (n) = a recession, decline / zastój, 9.151 merger /`mªπºr/ (n) = the joining together of two
recesja separate companies so that they become one /
e.g. There has been a slump in car sales recently. połączenie, fuzja przedsiębiorstw
9.139 lustre /`l∑stºr/ (n) = the interesting and exciting e.g. The merger between two petroleum companies
qualities of sth / blask; atrakcyjność was a billion dollar deal.
e.g. Their relationship was slowly losing its lustre, Writing (pp. 206–212)
so they decided to spend more time together.
9.140 revere /ræ`vƒr/ (v) = to respect, admire / czcić, podziwiać 9.152 assessment /º`sesmºnt/ (n) = an evaluation / ocena
e.g. Cats were revered by the ancient Egyptians. e.g. At his yearly assessment, the supervisor discussed
9.141 HR /¿Ω∏ `≤r/ (abbr) = human resources, the personnel the employee’s progress.
department / dział zasobów ludzkich, kadry 9.153 workload /`wªklød/ (n) = the amount of work that
e.g. Mike is a HR specialist and a recruitment officer. has to be done / zakres obowiązków, praca do
9.142 vendor /`vendºr/ (n) = sb who sells things / wykonania
sprzedawca e.g. She has such a heavy workload that she doesn’t
e.g. She bought a beautiful bracelet from a street even have time for lunch.
vendor. 9.154 lax /l±ks/ (adj) = not strict, severe or careful /
9.143 revolve around /ræ`v≥lv º`r¬nd/ (phr v) = to be niedbały, niestaranny
mainly about a particular topic / dotyczyć, kręcić e.g. Due to lax security controls, anybody could access
się wokół czegoś the company’s files.
e.g. The meeting revolved around the terrible working Der.: laxity (n)
conditions in the factory. 9.155 inattentive /¿ænº`tentæv/ (adj) = not paying enough
9.144 account for /º`k¬nt fºr/ (phr v) = to constitute / attention to sb or sth / nieuważny
stanowić e.g. During the meeting, James was inattentive,
e.g. Water accounts for the majority of the Earth’s preferring to chew his pen instead of taking notes.
surface. Opp.: attentive
9.145 grievance /`gr∞vºns/ (n) = a complaint / skarga, 9.156 apprentice /º`prentæs/ (n) = a young person who
zażalenie works for sb in order to learn their skill / uczeń,
e.g. The main grievance of nurses is the inflexible praktykant
working hours. e.g. Instead of going to university, Jim decided to work
9.146 ensuing /æn`sj∂æ…/ (adj) = (of events) happening after as an apprentice electrician.
other events / zaistniały w następstwie czegoś, wynikły Der.: apprenticeship (n)
e.g. The decision of the management and the ensuing 9.157 allocation /¿±lº`kΩ«ºn/ (n) = giving particular
strike were highlighted in the news. amounts of money for particular purposes /
9.147 mount /m¬nt/ (v) = to increase, rise / nasilać się przydział środków
e.g. As the deadline approached, the pressure e.g. The government announced that the aid allocation
to complete the project began to mount. for famine victims would increase by 30%.
9.148 counterpart /`k¬ntºp≤t/ (n) = another person 9.158 insight into sth /`æns¡t/ (n) = the understanding
or thing that has a similar function or position of sth / znajomość tematu
in a different place / odpowiednik; osoba na tym e.g. Two years’ experience gave him an insight
samym stanowisku into the banking profession.
e.g. The Greek Ambassador telephoned his French and 9.159 relocate /¿r∞lø`kΩt/ (v) = to move to a different
Spanish counterparts to finalise plans for the upcoming place / przenieść (się)
convention. e.g. The director plans to relocate the head office from
9.149 delegation /¿delæ`gΩ«ºn/ (n) = assignment of duties the city centre to the suburbs.
and responsibilities to others / przekazanie, Der.: relocation (n)
przydzielenie obowiązków podwładnym 9.160 faulty /`f¥lti/ (adj) = not working properly, damaged /
e.g. The key factor in being a successful supervisor is the wadliwy
delegation of duties and responsibilities to co-workers. e.g. The fire was caused by faulty wiring in the kitchen.
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Unit 9
9.161 defective /dæ`fektæv/ (adj) = (of products) imperfect, 9.173 by return of post (idm) = using the next available
incomplete / wadliwy post, as soon as possible / odwrotną pocztą, jak
e.g. If this product is defective in any way, please return najszybciej
it to the manufacturer. e.g. Please send me your application form by return
9.162 obsolete /`≥bsºl∞t/ (adj) = no longer needed or used, of post.
outdated / przestarzały 9.174 refund /`r∞f∑nd/ (n) = a sum of money which is
e.g. The personnel records were obsolete and needed returned to sb because they had paid too much
updating. or returned sth to a shop / zwrot pieniędzy
9.163 flawed /fl¥d/ (adj) = (of items) not perfect, having e.g. The store manager offered a full refund for the
some fault / ze skazą, wadliwy faulty computer the customer had returned.
e.g. The system was flawed and had to be replaced. Der.: refundable (adj)
9.164 diverse /d¡`vªs/ (adj) = varied / różnorodny 9.175 shrug /«r∑g/ (v) = to raise one’s shoulders to show
e.g. Their product range is diverse, they sell everything one is not interested in sth or that one does
from holidays to toothbrushes. not know or care / wzruszyć ramionami
9.165 ridge /ræπ/ (n) = the line where the sloping surfaces e.g. The man shrugged his shoulders when I asked
of the roof join / krawędź, grzbiet dachu when the bus would arrive, and said that he didn’t
e.g. The chimney sweeper sat astride the ridge know.
of the roof. 9.176 compartment /kºm`p≤tmºnt/ (n) = a separate

9.166 contractor /kºn`tr±ktºr/ (n) = a person who does section of a train / przedział
work for other people or organisations / e.g. We were surprised to see our managing director
wykonawca travelling with us in a second class compartment.
e.g. Instead of employing full time builders and 9.177 deplorable /dæ`pl¥rºbºl/ (adj) = regrettable,
electricians, the construction company hires private disgraceful, shameful / godny ubolewania, żałosny
contractors. e.g. The conditions at the hotel were deplorable.
9.167 put out /`pµt `¬t/ (phr v) = to cause problems Der.: deplorably (adv), deplore (v)
or inconvenience / sprawić kłopot 9.178 be the last straw (idm) = to be the last in a series
e.g. Having to stay late at the office really put her out of misfortunes and to make the situation
because she had made plans to go to the ballet. unacceptable / być gwoździem do trumny
9.168 sustain /sº`stΩn/ (v) = to suffer / odnieść, ponieść e.g. I have a splitting headache and the noise upstairs
e.g. As a result of low investor confidence, the stock is the last straw.
market sustained great losses. 9.179 mess sb around/about /`mes º`r¬nd/ (phr v) = to
9.169 notify /`nøtæf¡/ (v) = to inform / powiadomić treat sb badly by not being honest with them or
e.g. Any employee who is going to be late must notify by continually changing plans which affect them /
their department supervisor. zwodzić kogoś
9.170 reiteration /r∞¿ætº`rΩ«ºn/ (n) = repetition / powtórzenie e.g. The fact that they messed him around so often
e.g. The meeting didn’t encompass anything new; resulted in his unexpected resignation.
it was a reiteration of last month’s discussion. 9.180 workmanship /`wªkmºn«æp/ (n) = the skill with
9.171 gratitude /`gr±tætj∂d/ (n) = feeling grateful, which sth is made / jakość wykonania, fachowość
expressing thanks / wdzięczność e.g. The reason why most of the machine parts were
e.g. I wish to express my gratitude to Ms Smith faulty was bad workmanship.
for her generous help, care and support.
9.172 urgent /`ªπºnt/ (adj) = needing or calling for
immediate attention or action / natychmiastowy,
nagły, pilny
e.g. It is an urgent matter, so please contact
the doctor immediately.
Der.: urgency (n), urgently (adv)
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Unit 9
1 The media seems to .......... the details of violent crimes 6 Selling cosmetics and other beauty products is a very
such as murder. .......... business.
A disperse C exaggerate A menial C obsolete
B compromise D recruit B incompatible D lucrative
2 The philosopher’s ideas and beliefs had a .......... effect on 7 A recent .......... indicates that more and more women are
people during the last century. pursuing post-graduate studies.
A industrious C obsolete A incentive C affiliation
B profound D urgent B poll D slump
3 Mr Jones .......... his colleague Steven to take over the 8 Brandon receives 10% .......... for every car that he sells on
position of Manager. top of his monthly salary.
A imposed C dismissed A expenditure C commission
B reinforced D appointed B contract D reimbursement

4 Nowadays, many young children are .......... interested in 9 For many days, tension .......... as farmers continued to
computers. strike throughout the nation.
A unbearably C keenly A sustained C supplemented
B intrinsically D infinitely B mounted D imposed
5 The athlete’s sudden death left a .......... in the sports 10 She was constantly being .......... by the manager for
world. always arriving late for work.
A void C incentive A reprimanded C recruited
B resentment D misconception B reinforced D reigned

ñ diverse ñ supplement ñ dispute ñ intimidated ñ angst ñ overwhelmed ñ bang on and on ñ a golden handshake
ñ handed in his notice ñ ambivalent
1 Many high school students suffer from ..................... 6 Upon returning from her summer holidays, Elisabeth felt
before their examinations. completely ..................... by the amount of work that
2 In our society, parents ............................. about the was piled on her desk.
importance of learning English in order to find a high- 7 Modern urban societies have become much more
paying job. ..................... than in the past.
3 Natalie has taken on a second job as a waitress to 8 He remained ..................... about his friend’s innocence
..................... her income. in the bank robbery.
4 Mrs Stevenson received ..................... in recognition of 9 After arguing with his boss for hours, Thomas
her dedication to the company for 25 years. ..................... and quietly left the office.
5 Negotiators were unable to settle the ..................... 10 The students were ..................... into finishing their
between government officials and striking doctors. assigned work or they would not go on the school trip.
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Unit 9
1 He decided to ..................... a campaign against 4 Her accidental death left a ..................... in the acting
deforestation. world which will take a long time to fill.
No matter how much she tried she just couldn’t The printed document was declared ..................... by the
..................... the horse. corporate lawyer.
She’s going to ..................... the medal on velvet and The ship sailed silently through the black .................... ,
have it framed. unaware of the danger ahead.
2 A personal ..................... was assigned to help me with 5 Many senior citizens receive a ..................... to their basic
my German class. pension.
He has recently become the new ..................... of the Apart from regular exercise, I take a vitamin and mineral
basketball team. ..................... every day.
A luxurious ..................... transferred the tourists from I enjoy doing the crossword in the colour ..................... of
their hotel to the ancient monuments. the Sunday newspaper.
3 I had to ..................... my neck to catch a glimpse of my

favourite singer.
You should always warm up before the soccer game,
otherwise you may ..................... your muscles.
Can you please ..................... the pasta before you pour
on the sauce.
1 She was fired from the airline company for stealing money. 4 Jeffrey told his employer that he intended to leave his job
sack She was ..................................................... because he was ill.
.................................. the airline company. handed Jeffrey .......................................................
2 The main topic of the meeting focused on improving the ....................................................... illness.
employees’ working hours. 5 He was given a raise because his boss realised that he was
revolved The meeting .............................................. hard-working and enthusiastic.
...................................... of the employees. industrious Seeing .......................................................
3 The football player and his new team reached an ....................................... gave him a raise.
agreement worth millions of dollars.
contract The football player signed .........................
................................... with his new team.
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Unit 10
For many of us, work has 1) ........................................... become INTRINSIC

part of our daily routine. In our rapidly changing world there seems to
be an 2) ........................................... regarding the stability of jobs. AMBIVALENT
While some companies face 3) ........................................... since they DOWNSIZE
are unable to meet economic demands, other multinational
organisations have restructured their 4) ........................................... RECRUIT
process and are offering potential employees more perks and incentives.
This has resulted in the 5) ...................................... of the power and REINFORCE
financial status of these companies. With the constant changes within
companies, the increasing fears of either being 6) ................................. DEMOTE
or abruptly 7) ........................................... lingers on. Therefore, the DISMISS
8) .................................. of employees is essential to ensure efficiency COMPATIBLE
and productivity and create an 9) ...................................... working INDUSTRY
atmosphere. The key to being successful is the ability to maintain an

optimistic attitude amidst all of the woes and stress which
10) ........................................... affect our social, physical and PROFOUND
emotional well-being. Moreover, another factor is to constantly have a
11) ........................................... of things to do in order to alleviate DIVERSE
boredom and lack of motivation.
Our Planet, Our Home 10

stratosphere that protects the planet from the
Lead-in (p. 213)
ultraviolet rays of the sun / kurczenie się warstwy
10.1 spillage/spill /`spælæπ/ (n) = the liquid that has ozonowej
escaped or leaked from its container / wyciek e.g. Ozone layer depletion could eventually lead
e.g. Due to spillage from the oil tanker, several beaches to worldwide flooding and an increase in the incidence
will be closed this summer. of skin cancer.
Der.: spill (v) 10.5 CFC gases /¿s∞ ef `s∞ `g±sæz/ (n pl)
10.2 urban smog /`ªbºn `sm≥g/ (n) = a fog or haze in = chlorofluorocarbon gases used especially in
a town or city intensified by smoke, fumes or aerosols, harmful to the ozone layer / freony,
other atmospheric pollutants / smog miejski gazy niszczące warstwę ozonową
e.g. Many people living in big cities suffer from asthma e.g. To protect the ozone layer, we should buy aerosols
and other breathing disorders caused by urban smog. that do not contain CFC gases.
10.3 pesticide /`pestæs¡d/ (n) = a substance that is used 10.6 legislation /¿leπæ`slΩ«ºn/ (n) = laws considered
to destroy insects / pestycyd, środek ochrony roślin collectively / ustawodawstwo
e.g. Organic fruits and vegetables are grown without e.g. We need better legislation to protect the rights
using pesticides. of political refugees.
10.4 ozone layer depletion /`øzøn ¿lΩº dæ`pl∞«ºn/ (n) Der.: legislate (v), legislative (adj)
= the thinning of the layer in the Earth’s
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Unit 10
10.7 disposal /dæs`pøzºl/ (n) = throwing sth away 10.16 wilderness /`wældºnºs/ (n) = a desert or area which
or getting rid of sth / pozbywanie się, usuwanie is not inhabited by people / pustynia, pustkowie
e.g. We need to come up with better methods e.g. He found himself alone in the wilderness without
for the disposal of radioactive waste material. food or water.
Der.: disposable (adj), dispose of (v) 10.17 log cabin /¿l≥g `k±bæn/ (n) = a small house built
10.8 fossil fuel /`f≥sºl ¿fj∂ºl/ (n) = natural fuel such as oil, of logs / chata z bali
coal or gas formed from the remains of living e.g. Canadian trappers used to live in log cabins.
organisms / paliwo kopalne 10.18 trek /trek/ (v) = to make a long, difficult and tiring
e.g. Solar and wind power are good alternative sources journey, usually on foot / wędrować
of energy and much less harmful to the environment e.g. We were exhausted after trekking through
than fossil fuels. the jungle for three days.
10.9 inhale /æn`hΩl/ (v) = to breathe in / wdychać Der.: trek (n), trekker (n)
e.g. Cyclists in cities should wear masks to avoid 10.19 plea /pl∞/ (n) = an intense appeal or request /
inhaling traffic fumes. wołanie, błaganie, prośba
Der.: inhaler (n), inhalation (n) e.g. Nobody heard her pleas for help.
Opp.: exhale 10.20 subsistence /sºb`sæstºns/ (n) = having just enough
10.10 sustain /sº`stΩn/ (v) = to suffer or undergo of sth to survive / minimum potrzebne do przeżycia
sth unpleasant / doznać, odnieść e.g. Many people in third-world countries live
e.g. The building sustained so much damage during at subsistence level.
the earthquake that it had to be demolished. Der.: subsist (v), subsistent (adj)
10.11 desertification /dæ¿zªtæfæ`kΩ«ºn/ (n) = the process by 10.21 caribou /`k±rºb∂/ (n) = the North American name
which a piece of land becomes dry and unfertile, for the wild reindeer / karibu
usually due to drought or deforestation / e.g. Caribou can be found in the tundra.
pustynnienie 10.22 scramble /`skr±mbºl/ (n) = a struggle against
e.g. If we don’t reduce global emissions of greenhouse others in a disorganised manner / przepychanka
gases, we will see a rapid increase in worldwide e.g. When they finally let the spectators into the
desertification. stadium, there was a mad scramble for seats.
Der.: scramble (v)
10.23 stark /st≤k/ (adj) = harsh and unpleasant /
10.12 breeding ground /`br∞dæ… gr¬nd/ (n) = a particular nieprzyjemny
place or area where animals give birth to their e.g. The company faces a stark decision if it wants
young / lęgowisko, miejsce rozrodu to stay competitive.
e.g. We must protect the breeding grounds Der.: starkly (adv), starkness (n)
of all animals facing extinction. 10.24 nestle /`nesºl/ (v) = to be in a safe, sheltered
10.13 crude oil /`kr∂d `√l/ (n) = oil in its natural state position close to sth else / leżeć w pobliżu,
before it has been processed or refined / ropa przycupnąć
naftowa e.g. The tiny village nestles at the foot of the mountain.
e.g. Oil refineries turn crude oil into gasoline, kerosene, 10.25 refuge /`refj∂π/ (n) = a safe place that provides
lubricating oil and many other useful products. shelter and protection / schronienie, ostoja
10.14 dumping /`d∑mpæ…/ (n) = leaving sth somewhere (zwierzyny)
because it is no longer wanted or needed / e.g. The cave provided us with a refuge from the storm.
wyrzucanie, składowanie (np. odpadów) 10.26 abundant /º`b∑ndºnt/ (adj) = plentiful or available
e.g. The dumping of hazardous waste is illegal in large quantities / obfitujący w coś
in many countries. e.g. The area is abundant in rich mineral deposits.
Der.: dump (v, n) Der.: abundance (n), abundantly (adv), abound (v)
10.15 hike /h¡k/ (v) = to go for a long walk through 10.27 dub /d∑b/ (v) = to give an unofficial name or
the countryside / wędrować w terenie nickname to sth or sb / nazywać
e.g. We spent three weeks hiking through southern e.g. Florida has been dubbed the sunshine state.
Italy. 10.28 soaring /`s¥ræ…/ (adj) = exceptionally tall / strzelisty,
Der.: hike (n), hiker (n) niebosiężny
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Unit 10
e.g. We could barely see the sky as soaring pine trees e.g. The wolverine is surprisingly strong and can defend
surrounded the camp site. itself against much larger animals.
10.29 marshy /`m≤«i/ (adj) = wet and muddy / bagienny, 10.41 lynx /læ…ks/ (n) = a wild cat with yellowish brown fur,
błotnisty usually found in North America and Eurasia / ryś
e.g. We couldn’t build on the land because it was e.g. The lynx is in danger of becoming extinct due
too marshy. to excessive trapping and hunting.
Der.: marsh (n) 10.42 migrate /m¡`grΩt/ (v) = (of animals) to move from
10.30 stunted /`st∑ntæd/ (adj) = prevented from growing one region to another, usually according to the
to the full size / skarłowaciały seasons / migrować, przemieszczać się
e.g. Due to poor irrigation, the land produced nothing e.g. Most animals migrate in search of food.
but a few stunted apple trees. Der.: migration (n), migratory (adj)
Der.: stunt (v) 10.43 dominate /`d≥mænΩt/ (v) = to have control over
10.31 explode into sth /æk`splød/ (v) = to suddenly a place or person, to be the biggest or most
change into sth / przerodzić się w coś important thing or person in a place or situation /
e.g. In the spring our garden explodes into a sea dominować
of beautiful flowers. e.g. The town is dominated by the castle on the hill.
10.32 vibrant /`v¡brºnt/ (adj) = bright, strong, full Der.: dominant (adj), domination (n)
of energy / intensywny, jaskrawy 10.44 precariously /præ`k≈riºsli/ (adv) = in an unsafe,
e.g. The sea was a vibrant turquoise. dangerous or uncertain manner / niepewnie
Der.: vibrancy (n), vibrantly (adv) e.g. The car was precariously balanced on the edge
10.33 smother /`sm∑∫ºr/ (v) = to completely cover sth of the cliff.
or sb / pokryć, przytłoczyć Der.: precarious (adj), precariousness (n)
e.g. After years of neglect, the flower beds were 10.45 calving grounds /`k≤væ… ¿gr¬ndz/ (n pl) = a place
smothered in weeds. where female caribou (cows) give birth to their
Der.: smothered (adj), smother (n) calves / teren cielenia się (np. karibu)
10.34 primal /`pr¡mºl/ (adj) = relating to an early stage e.g. We have to protect caribou calving grounds
in evolutionary development / pierwotny or they will soon become an endangered species.
e.g. The area has lain undisturbed for thousands 10.46 fatten up /`f±tºn `∑p/ (phr v) = to eat more to get
of years, so it is still in its primal state. fatter / przybierać na wadze, tuczyć się
10.35 shaggy /`«±gi/ (adj) = hairy / kudłaty, włochaty e.g. Most of the farmer’s cattle fatten up on grass
e.g. My house is full of hairs from my shaggy dog. in his expansive fields.
10.36 musk ox /`m∑sk ¿≥ks/ (n) = a species of ox / wół 10.47 predator /`predºtºr/ (n) = an animal that hunts, kills
piżmowy and eats other animals / drapieżnik
e.g. A typical Alaskan species is the musk ox. e.g. Farmers have to protect their animals from wolves,
10.37 regal /`r∞gºl/ (adj) = typical of a monarch and foxes and other predators.
therefore impressive / królewski Der.: predatory (adj)
e.g. I was impressed by the regal splendour 10.48 oil seep /`√l s∞p/ (n) = a place where oil oozes slowly
of the residence. out of the ground / miejsce wypływu ropy z podłoża
10.38 moose /m∂s/ (n) = large deer with antlers, also e.g. Contrary to popular opinion, plant and animal life
called elk / łoś seem to flourish around oil seeps.
e.g. In some areas of Canada, electric fences are used 10.49 tell-tale /`teltΩl/ (adj) = indicative of sth / widomy,
to protect Christmas tree farms from being destroyed wskazujący na coś
by herds of moose. e.g. The hole in the fence along with blood-covered
10.39 grizzly bear /`græzli ¿b≈r/ (n) = a large brown bear chicken feathers were tell-tale signs that a fox had
native to North America and Canada / niedźwiedź attacked the chicken coop.
grizzly 10.50 drill /dræl/ (v) = to use a machine to make holes
e.g. The grizzly bear has the reputation of being one in sth / prowadzić wiercenia, wiercić
of the most dangerous animals. e.g. They have been drilling for oil in this area
10.40 wolverine /`wµlvºr∞n/ (n) = an animal related to the for over ten years.
weasel family with dark shaggy fur and a bushy Der.: drill (n), driller (n)
tail / rosomak
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10.51 raid /rΩd/ (v) = to attack forcefully in order to occupy e.g. Wetlands are the habitats of many species
a place or to loot it / wtargnąć, zaatakować, napaść of plants, animals and insects.
e.g. Last night a gang of thieves raided the local 10.62 enrage /æn`rΩπ/ (v) = to make very angry /
museum and stole some priceless artifacts. doprowadzić do wściekłości, rozwścieczyć
Der.: raid (n), raider (n) e.g. Local inhabitants were enraged when they
10.52 renewable energy source = a natural resource found out a massive rubbish dump was to be
that produces energy and will never run out / opened in the area.
odnawialne źródło energii 10.63 fertile /`fªt¡l/ (adj) = (of land, soil) capable of
e.g. Wind, water and solar power are all renewable yielding strong, healthy crops / żyzny, płodny
energy sources. e.g. He inherited his father’s farm which included
10.53 snake /snΩk/ (v) = to move like a snake / wić się twenty acres of fertile land.
e.g. The river snaked through the mountains. Der.: fertility (n), fertilise (v)
Der.: snake (n), snake-like (adj) 10.64 avalanche /`±vºl≤n∏/ (n) = a large mass of snow
10.54 flare /fl≈r/ (n) = a device producing a very bright or rocks falling rapidly down a mountain side /
light, used as a signal or for illumination / flara, lawina
raca e.g. The little mountain village was devastated
e.g. Hikers should always take flares with them in case by an avalanche.
they get lost. 10.65 landslide /`l±ndsl¡d/ (n) = a sliding mass of earth
10.55 landing strip /`l±ndæ… stræp/ (n) = a long flat piece of or rock from a cliff or mountain / lawina gruntowa
land, cleared of trees and other obstacles so that lub gruzowa, zwały ziemi lub kamieni
aircraft can take off or land safely / prowizoryczny e.g. After the flood, the road out of town was blocked by
pas do lądowania a landslide.
e.g. The pilot spotted a landing strip on the edge 10.66 refined /ræ`f¡nd/ (adj) = with all the impurities
of the jungle. removed / rafinowany
10.56 unblemished /¿∑n`blemæ«t/ (adj) = perfect, unspoiled / e.g. Honey is much healthier than refined white sugar.
nieskazitelny, nieposzlakowany Der.: refinery (n)
e.g. Even though he had been a taxi driver for 35 years, 10.67 herbicide /`hªbæs¡d/ (n) = a chemical used to
he had never had an accident, and had an destroy unwanted plants, especially weeds /
unblemished driving record. e.g. Some herbicides contain toxins that are harmful
10.57 Sioux /s∂/ (n), Sioux /s∂z/ (n pl) = Siuks, Siuksowie to human beings.
10.58 awe /¥/ (v) = to cause a feeling of respect mixed 10.68 noxious /`n≥k«ºs/ (adj) = harmful, poisonous /
with fear or wonder / wzbudzić respekt, wzbudzić szkodliwy
podziw e.g. The waste produced by the chemical factory
e.g. We were awed by the power and beauty includes dangerous toxins and noxious gases.
of the Niagara Falls. Der.: noxiousness (n)
Der.: awe (n), awed (adj) 10.69 WWF = the World Wildlife Fund / Światowy Fundusz
10.59 sacred /`sΩkræd/ (adj) = holy / święty na Rzecz Przyrody
e.g. In India the cow is a sacred animal. e.g. Every year I donate $100 to the WWF.
Der.: sacredness (n), sacredly (adv) 10.70 infect /æn`fekt/ (v) = to transmit a disease / zakazić
Language Focus (pp. 216–219) e.g. Tragically, many babies are infected with the HIV
virus right after they are born.
10.60 biodegradable /¿b¡ødæ`grΩdºbºl/ (adj) 10.71 landfill /`l±ndfæl/ (n) = a large deep hole for burying
= decomposing naturally without harming rubbish / składowisko odpadów
the environment / ulegający biodegradacji e.g. Most of the rubbish in the USA is dumped in landfill
e.g. Hopefully, one day all our rubbish will either sites.
be recyclable or biodegradable. 10.72 equilibrium /¿∞kwæ`læbriºm/ (n) = balance / równowaga
Der.: biodegradability (n) e.g. The goal of any government should be to maintain
10.61 wetland /`wetl±nd/ (n) = an area of wet, muddy an equilibrium between national security and civil
land made up of marshes and swamps / tereny liberties.
podmokłe, bagna 10.73 dereliction /¿derº`læk«ºn/ (n) = the state of being
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deserted, abandoned and not cared for / 10.86 Mozambique /¿møzºm`b∞k/

dewastacja, opuszczenie Der.: Mozambican/Mozambiquan (adj, n)
e.g. The National Trust bought the old theatre and 10.87 congestion /kºn`πes∏ºn/ (n) = being blocked /
saved it from dereliction. zagęszczenie, korek
Der.: derelict (adj) e.g. It takes hours to get out of the city on holiday
10.74 shift /«æft/ (v) = to move slightly / przesunąć, przestawić weekends because of traffic congestion.
e.g. I had difficulty shifting the fridge when I wanted Der.: congested (adj)
to clean behind it. 10.88 on impulse = in a sudden, spontaneous,
Der.: shift (n) unpremeditated way / pod wpływem impulsu
10.75 sanctuary /`s±…kt«uºri/ (n) = a place where birds and e.g. I was walking past the travel agent’s when I saw
animals are protected and allowed to live freely / an advertisement for a cheap holiday in the Bahamas,
rezerwat and on impulse I went and booked it.
e.g. The government has decided to turn the area 10.89 beaver away /`b∞vºr º`wΩ/ (phr v) = to work very
into a wildlife sanctuary. hard at sth / pracować jak mrówka
10.76 corrosion /kº`rø»ºn/ (n) = damage done by e.g. John wants to finish his science project early;
chemicals or rust to stone or metal objects / he has been beavering away at it all weekend.
korozja 10.90 dog /d≥g/ (v) = to persistently follow or bother sb /
e.g. We must protect our monuments from nie odstępować kogoś na krok
the corrosion caused by acid rain. e.g. The famous movie star complained that reporters
10.77 erosion /æ`rø»ºn/ (n) = gradual destruction and and fans were continually dogging him.
removal of soil, rock or land by water, wind 10.91 rat on /`r±t ≥n/ (phr v) = to give away secret
and other natural agents / erozja information about sb / sypać, donosić na kogoś
e.g. The coastline is slowly receding due to erosion. e.g. Don’t tell Jack what you did, he’s always ratting
Der.: erode (v) on his friends.
10.78 dissolve /dæ`z≥lv/ (v) = to entirely mix with liquid / 10.92 swan /sw≥n/ (v) = to move about or go somewhere
rozpuszczać (się) in a relaxed casual way, without a particular
e.g. Sugar dissolves in water. purpose or schedule / włóczyć się
10.79 herd /hªd/ (n) = a large group of animals of the e.g. Tracey spent two years swanning around Europe
same species that live together / stado before she went to work in her father’s company.
e.g. We saw a herd of cows grazing on the hillside. 10.93 hare /h≈r/ (v) = to run very quickly / pędzić
10.80 culling /`k∑læ…/ (n) = slaughtering the weaker e.g. As soon as he saw the police car, he hared off
members of a herd to keep the numbers down / down the street.
ubój lub odstrzał selektywny 10.94 fox /f≥ks/ (v) = to baffle, deceive or confuse / zbić
e.g. Animal rights activists are against all forms z tropu, zdezorientować
of culling. e.g. We were all foxed by the fact that Mark hadn’t had
10.81 ivory /`¡vºri/ (n) = the hard white substance that a job for months, and yet he seemed to have lots of
elephant tusks are made of / kość słoniowa money to spend.
e.g. Ivory trading is illegal in most countries. 10.95 badger /`b±πºr/ (v) = to repeatedly and annoyingly
10.82 adjacent /º`πΩsºnt/ (adj) = next to sth else / sąsiedni, tell sb to do sth or ask them for sth / wiercić komuś
przyległy dziurę w brzuchu
e.g. We managed to get adjacent rooms at the hotel. e.g. His wife’s always badgering him to clean out the
10.83 trans-frontier /¿tr±ns`fr∑ntæºr/ (adj) = crossing the garage.
border between two countries / transgraniczny, 10.96 hound /h¬nd/ (v) = to constantly disturb sb or
ponad granicami speak to them in an annoying or upsetting way /
e.g. During the war, many people escaped the country nękać, niepokoić
by crossing the trans-frontier bridge. e.g. I wish Frank would stop hounding me about that
10.84 Botswana /b≥t`sw≤nº/ money I owe him; he knows I’ve just been laid off.
Der.: Botswanan (adj, n) 10.97 monkey around/about with /`m∑…ki º`r¬nd wæ∫/
10.85 Zimbabwe /zæm`b≤bwi/ (phr v) = to play irresponsibly with / bawić się czymś
Der.: Zimbabwean /zæm`b≤bwiºn/ (adj, n) e.g. Don’t monkey around with my new CD player.
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10.98 clam up /`kl±m `∑p/ (phr v) = to suddenly stop

talking about sth / przestać się odzywać, zamilknąć
e.g. She clammed up as soon as her mother walked 10.111 negligence /`neglæπºns/ (n) = failure to take proper
into the room. care of sb or sth / niedbalstwo, zaniedbanie
10.99 beetle (off) /`b∞tºl `≥f/ (v) = to move away with e.g. The children whose parents were guilty of
short, quick steps / wynieść się, ulotnić się negligence would come to school dirty and hungry.
e.g. She beetled off home as soon as the clock Der.: negligent (adj), negligently (adv)
struck five. 10.112 constitute /`k≥nstætj∂t/ (v) = to be the same as
10.100 ape /Ωp/ (v) = to imitate / małpować or equivalent to sth else / stanowić
e.g. Most young girls ape the way their favourite e.g. Borrowing someone’s car without their permission
musicians and movie stars dress. constitutes theft.
10.101 wolf down /`wµlf `d¬n/ (phr v) = to eat sth quickly 10.113 penetrate /`penætrΩt/ (v) = to force a way into
and greedily / pochłonąć, pożerać or through sth / przebić, przeszyć
e.g. He barely had time to wolf down his breakfast e.g. The bullet penetrated his lung and he nearly died.
before the school bus arrived. Der.: penetration (n), penetrable (adj),
10.102 duck /d∑k/ (v) = to quickly move one’s head or body penetrability (n)
downwards to avoid being hit or being seen / 10.114 cascade /k±`skΩd/ (v) = to flow downwards in large
schylić głowę quantities / spadać kaskadą

e.g. He was so tall he had to duck every time he came e.g. When debris from outer space began to cascade,
through the front door. many species on earth became extinct.
10.103 mole /møl/ (n) = a small animal with black fur 10.115 descendant /dæ`sendºnt/ (n) = sb related to those
that lives underground / kret of a prior generation / potomek
e.g. Moles live on a diet of small insects. e.g. Our family are descendants of the first family
10.104 ferret out /`feræt `¬t/ (phr v) = to search thoroughly to settle in the area 300 years ago.
for sth and find it / wytropić, wywęszyć Der.: descend (v), descent (n)
e.g. The police managed to ferret out where the bank 10.116 shellfish /`«elfæ«/ (n) = a creature with a shell that lives
robbers were hiding. in water, e.g. oyster or crab / skorupiak, małż
10.105 crow /krø/ (v) = to make a happy sound or say e.g. It’s a seafood restaurant, specialising in sea fish
sth in a self-satisfied way / piać, triumfować and shellfish.
e.g. She crowed with delight when she saw the new car 10.117 dubious /`dj∂biºs/ (adj) = doubtful / sceptyczny
her father had bought her for her birthday. e.g. I am a bit dubious about investing all my money
10.106 ram /r±m/ (v) = to push sth into sth else using great in the stock market.
force / wcisnąć, wbić Der.: dubiousness (n), dubiously (adv)
e.g. She rammed all her pullovers into just one suitcase. 10.118 PETA = People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals,
10.107 squirrel away /`skwærºl º`wΩ/ (v) = to store sth in an animal rights organisation
a hiding place / chomikować, magazynować
e.g. They squirrelled away all the family photos
in shoeboxes in the attic. 10.119 degrade /dæ`grΩd/ (v) = to make sth worse /
10.108 accelerate /ºk`selºrΩt/ (v) = to get faster / spowodować degradację, zniszczyć
przyspieszyć e.g. The planet’s resources have been degraded
e.g. The car accelerated and overtook a van. due to industrial expansion.
Der.: acceleration (n), accelerator (n) Der.: degradation (n)
10.109 outcrop /`¬tkr≥p/ (n) = a rock sticking out 10.120 porch /p¥∏/ (n) = a raised sheltered area along the
of the ground / skała wyrastająca z ziemi outside wall of a house, usually at the entrance /
e.g. We camped next to the outcrop at the foot ganek, weranda
of the hill. e.g. Please leave your muddy boots on the front porch.
10.110 foil /f√l/ (n) = thin flexible sheets of metal usually 10.121 petite /pº`t∞t/ (adj) = (of women) small and thin /
used for wrapping food / folia aluminiowa (o kobiecie) drobna, filigranowa
e.g. She wrapped the leftovers in foil and put them e.g. Joanna is a petite blonde.
in the freezer.
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10.122 foraging grounds /`f≥ræπæ… ¿gr¬ndz/ (n pl) 10.133 sunslate /`s∑nslΩt/ (n) = a type of solar panel used
= places where animals search for food / żerowiska on the roofs of houses / panel, bateria słoneczna
e.g. While on safari, we spent three days observing na dachu
the wild buffalo’s foraging grounds. e.g. We used sunslates on the roof to enable us to run
10.123 pound /p¬nd/ (v) = to beat, throb or vibrate with our home on solar power.
a strong regular rhythm / walić, łomotać 10.134 integrated /`æntægrΩtæd/ (adj) = combined to form
e.g. His heart was pounding as he heard the footsteps a whole / zintegrowany
coming closer to his bedroom door. e.g. Locals and immigrants are closely integrated
10.124 rivet /`rævæt/ (v) = to fascinate, engross / pochłonąć in our community.
e.g. As a child, I was riveted by TV cartoons. Der.: integrate (v), integration (n)
Der.: rivet (n), riveting (adj) 10.135 utility /j∂`tælæti/ (n) = a service provided to the public
10.125 hop /h≥p/ (v) = to move quickly or suddenly, such as water, gas or electricity supply / zakład
to jump / skakać usług komunalnych; tu: zakład energetyczny
e.g. The child played cheerfully in the street hopping e.g. Our summer cottage is very primitive and doesn’t
from side to side. have even the basic utilities.
Der.: hop (n) 10.136 blink /blæ…k/ (v) = (of lights) to flash on and off /
10.126 lunge forward /l∑nπ/ (v) = to make a sudden migotać
forward movement / rzucić się do przodu e.g. Suddenly, a warning light started blinking
e.g. He lunged forward and grabbed the knife on the control panel in the cockpit.
out of the attacker’s hand. Der.: blink (n)
Der.: lunge (n) 10.137 tinkle /`tæ…kºl/ (v) = to make a light clear ringing
10.127 scour /`sk¬ºr/ (v) = to search a place thoroughly sound / dzwonić
for sth / przeszukiwać, przeczesywać e.g. In the distance, he could hear the cow bells tinkling.
e.g. The police scoured the area looking for clues. Der.: tinkle (n)
10.128 scavenge for sth /`sk±vænπ/ (v) = to search 10.138 bluntly /`bl∑ntli/ (adv) = openly, frankly / otwarcie,
discarded waste and rubbish for sth usable szczerze
or edible / grzebać, szukać czegoś w śmieciach e.g. She told him bluntly that she thought his new book
e.g. You are guaranteed to find rats scavenging was a load of rubbish.
for food in rubbish dumps. Der.: bluntness (n), blunt (adj)
Der.: scavenger (n) 10.139 sheerly /`«ƒli/ (adv) = absolutely, completely / zupełnie,
10.129 meddle in/with sth /`medºl/ (v) = to interfere in or całkowicie
concern oneself with sth that is none of one’s e.g. I find chocolate sheerly irresistible.
business / wtrącać się, mieszać się Der.: sheer (adj)
e.g. Even though I’m over 40, my mother still tries 10.140 eyesore /`¡s¥r/ (n) = sth that is extremely ugly or
to meddle in my life. unpleasant to look at, usually a building
Der.: meddler (n), meddling (n), meddlesome (adj) or a landmark / brzydactwo
10.130 slate /slΩt/ (n) = a thin flat plate used to make roofs e.g. That new shopping centre is a real eyesore, it looks
of houses / dachówka like a prison.
e.g. We had to replace the slates that had been blown 10.141 armload /`≤mlød/ (n) = as much as you can carry,
off the roof during the storm. an armful / naręcze
10.131 bolt /bølt/ (v) = to attach objects together using e.g. I saw Mary coming out of the library carrying
screws and nuts or a metal bar / przyśrubować an armload of books.
e.g. On a boat, the furniture is usually bolted to the 10.142 outlay /`¬tlΩ/ (n) = an amount of money one has
floor. to spend to buy sth or start a project / nakład
Der.: bolt (n) pieniężny, wydatek
10.132 billboard /`bælb¥d/ (n) = a large board for displaying e.g. If you want to start your own business,
posters, usually used for advertising purposes / you will need an initial outlay of í15,000.
billboard 10.143 timber /`tæmbºr/ (n) = wood that is used to build
e.g. They advertised their new perfume in newspapers, houses and make furniture / drewno
magazines and on billboards. e.g. During the night, thieves raided the building site
and stole vast amounts of timber.
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10.144 intrinsic /æn`trænsæk/ (adj) = basic, fundamental / e.g. He is always late for work, notwithstanding the fact
fundamentalny, zasadniczy that he lives five minutes away from the office.
e.g. Caring about the welfare of others is an intrinsic 10.154 luxuriant /l∑g`zj∆riºnt/ (adj) = (of vegetation)
part of being a good doctor. growing in abundance / bujny
Der.: instrinsically (adv) e.g. In the spring our garden is full of luxuriant
10.145 constraint /kºn`strΩnt/ (n) = sth that limits vegetation.
or restricts what one can do / ograniczenie Der.: luxuriance (n), luxuriantly (adv)
e.g. Due to financial constraints, they had to cancel 10.155 hoover /`h∂vºr/ (n) = a vacuum cleaner / odkurzacz
their trip to Hawaii. e.g. Our hoover isn’t working very well; it doesn’t
Der.: constrain (v), constrained (adj) pick up cat hairs or large crumbs.
10.146 aspire /º`sp¡ºr/ (v) = to have a strong desire 10.156 allied /`±l¡d/ (adj) = connected, usually by a political
to achieve sth / mieć aspiracje, dążyć do czegoś or military agreement / sprzymierzony, sojuszniczy
e.g. She aspired to become a famous concert pianist. e.g. During World War Two, allied troops fought
Der.: aspiration (n), aspiring (adj) side by side to defeat the Nazi regime.
10.147 overgrazing /¿øvº`grΩzæ…/ (n) = damage to 10.157 spew /spj∂/ (v) = to emit sth in large amounts /
vegetation caused by foraging animals / wypluwać, wyrzucać z siebie
zniszczenie spowodowane nadmiernym wypasem, e.g. The factory chimneys spewed black smoke.
intensywnym żerowaniem 10.158 the Galapagos (Islands) /gº`l±pºgºs/ (n pl)

e.g. We didn’t get a good price for our farm: the land = (Wyspy) Galapagos
was infertile due to overgrazing, and the house was 10.159 blot /bl≥t/ (n) = a mark or stain that spoils the
in ruin. perfection of sth / plama
10.148 aptitude /`±ptætj∂d/ (n) = a natural ability to do sth / e.g. The new electricity pylons spoil the view
uzdolnienia, talent and are definitely a blot on the landscape.
e.g. She is the only one in our family with an aptitude Der.: blot (v)
for maths. 10.160 reptile /`rept¡l/ (n) = any cold-blooded animal
10.149 stranded /`str±ndæd/ (adj) = prevented from leaving covered in scales and laying eggs / gad
or unable to leave a place / zdany na własne siły, e.g. Snakes and crocodiles are reptiles.
sam w trudnej sytuacji Der.: reptilian /rep`tæliºn/ (adj)
e.g. When our car ran out of petrol, we were left 10.161 mammal /`m±mºl/ (n) = any animal who gives
stranded in the middle of nowhere. birth to live babies that feed on its milk / ssak
Der.: strand (v) e.g. Humans are mammals, just like whales.
10.150 haul /h¥l/ (v) = to pull or drag sth with difficulty / Der.: mammalian (adj)
ciągnąć 10.162 cormorant /`k¥mºrºnt/ (n) = a large sea bird
e.g. When we heard the storm warning, we hauled with dark feathers and a long neck / kormoran
the boat out of the water and secured it to a tree. e.g. Cormorants usually live near the sea and eat fish.
10.151 tow /tø/ (v) = to pull one vehicle behind another / 10.163 tortoise /`t¥tºs/ (n) = a slow moving land reptile
holować with a shell on its back / żółw lądowy
e.g. We had parked the car illegally and the police e.g. Most tortoises sleep through the winter.
towed it away. 10.164 at the helm/tiller (idm) = in charge of, in control
Der.: tow (n) of a project, organisation, etc / u steru, na czele
English in Use (pp. 224–227) e.g. With Mrs Davies at the helm, our venture
is bound to succeed.
10.152 concession /kºn`se«ºn/ (n) = (in grammar) a clause 10.165 cargo /`k≤gø/ (n) = goods that are carried by ship,
denoting a circumstance that might preclude the plane or lorry / ładunek
action of the main clause but it does not, e.g. When the ship docked, the cargo had to be checked
introduced by prepositions or conjunctions such by the customs officers.
as ”in spite of,” ”although,” etc / zdanie 10.166 dweller /`dwelºr/ (n) = a person who lives
okolicznikowe przyzwalające in a particular place / mieszkaniec
e.g. Today’s grammar class was devoted to concession. e.g. Archaeologists have discovered evidence that
10.153 notwithstanding /¿n≥twæ∫`st±ndæ…/ (prep) = despite, the original inhabitants of the area were cave dwellers.
in spite of, regardless of / pomimo
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10.167 reconcile /`rekºns¡l/ (v) = to restore harmony, 10.179 reclaim /ræ`klΩm/ (v) = to make land suitable for
agreement and friendship after a disagreement farming or building on / przygotować do ponownego
or argument / pogodzić się wykorzystania
e.g. Only after the death of their mother were the two e.g. The government has decided to pay the mining
brothers finally reconciled. company to reclaim the area by the old mine.
Der.: reconciliation (n), reconcilable (adj) 10.180 go belly up (idm) = to go bankrupt / splajtować
10.168 strip mining = a type of mining in which the topsoil e.g. When her business went belly up, she had
is removed to uncover coal / eksploatacja to work as a waitress.
odkrywkowa 10.181 forfeit /`f¥fæt/ (v) = to lose property, possessions or
e.g. Strip mining irrevocably ruins the landscape. privileges because one has broken a contract
10.169 bleachers /`bl∞∏ºz/ (n pl) = seats at a sports ground / or the law, or has done sth wrong / stracić
(niezadaszone) miejsca siedzące w obiekcie sportowym e.g. Convicted criminals forfeit their freedom
e.g. The fans filled the bleachers to watch their team when they are sent to jail for their crimes.
play. 10.182 barren /`b±rºn/ (adj) = (of land) dry and bare,
10.170 ridge /ræπ/ (n) = (the top of) a line of hills or or infertile / jałowy
mountains / grzbiet, pasmo górskie e.g. Because of the drought, the area became barren.
e.g. We walked along the ridge of the hills and admired Der.: barrenness (n)
the views. Writing (pp. 228–234)
10.171 state regulator /`stΩt `regjµlΩtºr/ (n) = a person
appointed officially to control an area of activity 10.183 from scratch (idm) = from the very beginning / od zera
or industry / kontroler państwowy e.g. When the flood destroyed their village, they had
e.g. State regulators will be appointed to supervise to move further north and start again from scratch.
the closure of the factory. 10.184 exploit /æk`spl√t/ (v) = to make full use of and benefit
10.172 shovel /`«∑vºl/ (n) = a tool with a long handle used from a resource / wykorzystać
for moving earth or snow / łopata, szufla e.g. She exploited her family’s political connections
e.g. We borrowed our neighbour’s shovel to dig a hole and managed to get a good job in the public sector.
in the garden. 10.185 depletion /dæ`pl∞«ºn/ (adj) = a reduction in size
10.173 lop off /`l≥p `≥f/ (phr v) = to cut in a single stroke / or amount / zmniejszenie się, kurczenie się
odciąć e.g. We must take immediate action to stop the
e.g. Using an electric saw, they managed to lop off depletion of food and water in third-world countries.
all the dead branches in no time. 10.186 discernible /dæ`sªnºbºl/ (adj) = noticeable
10.174 veritable /`verætºbºl/ (adj) = positive, real / istny or recognisable / zauważalny, dostrzegalny
e.g. Our trip was a veritable nightmare; everything e.g. The twins are identical, there is no discernible
that could go wrong did go wrong. difference between them.
10.175 blast /bl≤st/ (n) = an explosion / wybuch Der.: discern (v), discernibly (adv)
e.g. The bomb blast killed 13 people. 10.187 tutor /`tj∂tºr/ (n) = a teacher at a British university
Der.: blasting (n) or college or sb who gives private lessons to
10.176 toss /t≥s/ (v) = to throw / rzucić students / nauczyciel akademicki, opiekun naukowy
e.g. He tossed the ball up into the air. lub korepetytor
Der.: toss (n) e.g. His parents have hired a maths tutor to give him
10.177 reclamation /reklº`mΩ«ºn/ (n) = making land suitable lessons this summer.
for farming or other purposes, or returning it into Der.: tutor (v), tutorial (n)
its natural state / rekultywacja gruntów 10.188 pose /pøz/ (v) = (of problems) to constitute /
e.g. Land reclamation is a serious problem for farmers stanowić
and builders. e.g. Nuclear weapons pose a threat to world peace.
Der.: reclaim (v) 10.189 pedestrianize /pæ`destriºn¡z/ (v) = to close a street
10.178 bond /b≥nd/ (n) = a legal written agreement to traffic so that only people on foot are allowed
or promise / obligacja to use it / zamknąć dla ruchu kołowego
e.g. State treasury bonds are a safe investment. e.g. Shopkeepers in the town centre say that if the High
Street is pedestrianized, they will lose money.
129
Unit 10
10.190 respiratory /ræ`spærºtºri/ (adj) = concerning 10.200 ascertain /¿±sº`tΩn/ (v) = (formal) to find out the
breathing / oddechowy, związany z oddychaniem correct information about sth / ustalić, upewnić się
e.g. Smog and pollution can cause severe respiratory e.g. The police are trying to ascertain if they have
problems. arrested the right man.
Der.: respiration (n), respirator (n) 10.201 across the board (idm) = affecting everything
10.191 alleviate /º`l∞viΩt/ (v) = to make pain or problems and everyone equally / ogólnie
less severe / złagodzić, zmniejszyć e.g. The coal miners demanded a pay rise
e.g. When I get a headache, I take aspirin to alleviate across the board.
the pain. 10.202 jeopardise /`πepºd¡z/ (v) = to put sb or sth
Der.: alleviation (n) in danger / zagrozić
10.192 secluded /sæ`kl∂dæd/ (adj) = quiet, private / ustronny e.g. Paul would never do anything to jeopardise
e.g. The millionaire has a secluded villa in the south his career.
of France. Der.: jeopardy (n)
Der.: seclude (v), seclusion (n) 10.203 despoil sth (of sth) /dæ`spoæl/ (v) = to steal sth
10.193 dwindle /`dwændºl/ (v) = to become smaller in valuable from a place, to damage a place /
quantity or size / maleć, zmniejszać się ograbić, ogołocić; oszpecić
e.g. Our food supplies are dwindling fast; if we aren’t e.g. Strip mining despoiled our beautiful village.
rescued soon, we will all starve to death. 10.204 deprive /dæ`pr¡v/ (v) = to prevent sb from having sth
10.194 tackle /`t±kºl/ (v) = to make an effort to solve they want or need / pozbawić (np. środków do życia)
a problem / stawić czoło, wziąć się do czegoś e.g. She was deprived of affection when she was a child.
e.g. The government must tackle the immigration Der.: deprivation (n), deprived (adj)
problem without delay. 10.205 threefold /`ır∞føld/ (adj) = having three parts /
10.195 get to grips with sth (idm) = to begin to understand trojaki, potrójny
or start to resolve sth / zmierzyć, uporać się z czymś e.g. His happiness was threefold: his wife and children
e.g. We must all get to grips with the fact that we are were healthy and happy, his business was doing well
destroying the environment. and he had just bought a holiday home in Hawaii.
10.196 take a dim view of sth (idm) = not to approve 10.206 badger /`b±πºr/ (n) = an animal of the weasel
of sth / nie aprobować czegoś, patrzeć na coś family with black and white fur / borsuk
nieprzychylnym okiem e.g. Badgers prefer to hunt for food at night.
e.g. I take a dim view of students who cheat in exams. 10.207 marina /mº`r∞nº/ (n) = a specially designed harbour
10.197 condemn /kºn`dem/ (v) = to criticise strongly / for yachts and small boats / przystań dla jachtów
potępiać i łodzi
e.g. Some people still condemn women who put their e.g. Our pleasure yacht sailed out of the marina.
careers before their families. 10.208 monstrosity /m≥n`str≥sæti/ (n) = sth that is large and
Der.: condemnation (n), condemnatory (adj) considered very ugly / ohyda, okropieństwo
10.198 progression /prº`gre«ºn/ (n) = gradual advancement e.g. Some people feel that the new Paris opera house is
or development of sth / rozwój an architectural monstrosity compared to the old one.
e.g. This new drug should slow down the progression 10.209 effluent /èfl∆nt/ (n) = liquid waste, liquid chemicals
of the disease. from factories / ścieki przemysłowe
10.199 repercussion /¿r∞pº`k∑«ºn/ (n) = a negative e.g. This river is polluted with industrial effluent .
consequence of sth / reperkusja 10.210 live (from) hand to mouth (idm) = to spend all the
e.g. If the government cuts spending on health care, money to satisfy one’s basic needs / z trudem
there will be serious repercussions. Doctors have wiązać koniec z końcem
already threatened to strike. e.g. We definitely can’t afford a holiday this year;
we’re living from hand to mouth.
130
Unit 10
1 The high interest rate on her credit card balance did 6 His motorbike skidded on the wet road and .......... into
nothing to .......... her financial problems. a telephone pole.
A sustain C alleviate A rammed C foxed
B reconcile D tackle B hared D hounded
2 He .......... just in time to avoid being hit by the golf ball. 7 The .......... is a member of the cat family.
A lunged C snaked A wolverine C mole
B ducked D accelerated B caribou D lynx
3 After the .......... the village was buried under 2 metres of 8 The electricity pylons were a(n) .......... on the landscape.
snow and the inhabitants had to dig their way out of A eyesore C blot
their houses. B constraint D monstrosity
A landslide C landfill
9 As soon as she got your message, she .......... into a taxi
B flood D avalanche and went straight home.
4 Every spring the wolves return to their .......... ground to A skipped C hared
give birth to their cubs. B beetled D hopped
A foraging C breeding
10 We found a .......... spot on the beach where we could
B calving D burial
sunbathe undisturbed.
5 .......... had almost completely destroyed the old metal A barren C neglected
bridge. B secluded D stark
A Erosion C Desertification
B Dereliction D Corrosion

ñ constraints ñ timber ñ scoured ñ intolerable ñ from scratch ñ dubious ñ deprive ñ badgering ñ aptitude ñ dwellers
1 The children have been ..................... me all week to take 7 She found that living with her opinionated parents was
them to the beach. putting ..................... on her social life.
2 I’m rather ..................... about hiring a stranger to look 8 My grandmother makes the best homemade apple pie.
after the children. She uses fresh apples from her garden and she even
3 When our dog went missing, we .......................... the makes the pastry ..................... .
neighbourhood looking for him. 9 My next door neighbour has decided to learn to play the
4 The fire spread quickly because all the houses were made saxophone. He practises every night and the noise is
of ..................... . ..................... .
5 City ..................... have to put up with high levels of air 10 Parents should never ..................... their children of the
and noise pollution. right to express their own opinions.
6 My son has always had a remarkable ..................... for
writing poetry.
131
Unit 10
1 The new skyscraper ..................... the city skyline. 4 The students ..................... their giggles as the teacher
The computer hardware industry is still ..................... by approached.
IBM. I love mashed potatoes ..................... in gravy.
When he was growing up he was completely When they found the body it was obvious that the victim
..................... by his older sister. had been ..................... with a pillow.
2 The ambassador’s wife had an embassy car and chauffeur 5 I don’t like taking pills so I use soluble aspirin because it
at her ..................... . can be ..................... in water.
This bin is for the ..................... of aluminium cans only. She ..................... into tears when she found out that her
When I served in the army I was in the bomb cat had died.
..................... unit. His courage ..................... when he realised that he was
going to be competing against a professional athlete.
3 Environmentalists often come into ..................... with
large corporations.
Tom’s decision to drop out of school caused a major

..................... between him and his parents.
The relationship between the two countries is already
strained so we must avoid doing anything that will cause
further ..................... .
1 We all have to realize the danger and do something 4 Someone’s been using my computer, my settings have all
about the speed at which the HIV virus is spreading. been changed.
grips We all have to ........................................... around Someone’s .................................................
the speed at which the HIV virus is ......................... my computer, my settings
spreading. have all been changed.
2 Her father disapproved of the fact that her boyfriend 5 I was so hungry that I managed to eat a whole pizza
didn’t have a university education. during our ten-minute coffee break.
view Her father ................................................. wolf I was so hungry that I managed ................
the fact that her boyfriend didn’t have ............................. whole pizza during our
a university education. ten-minute coffee break.
3 Sarah’s mother-in-law thinks she’s too skinny, and keeps
trying to make her put on weight.

up Sarah’s mother-in-law keeps trying to .......
.......... because she thinks she’s too skinny.
132
The 1) ............................. problems we face today are due to our ENVIRONMENT

own greed and 2) ............................... . Our planet used to have an NEGLIGENT
3) .................................. of clean air, wildlife and lush and ABUNDANT
4) ........................... vegetation. If we continue to waste our natural LUXURY
resources and ignore the 5) ........................... of the ozone layer, we will DEPLETE
6) ............................. our own future as well as the future of our JEOPARDY
7) ........................... . DESCEND
Along with tougher 8) ........................... against dumping toxic LEGISLATE
waste we must all make an effort to use 9) ........................... sources of NEW
energy, recycle our rubbish and stop 10) ........................... . FOREST
To put it 11) ........................... , unless we all take immediate action BLUNT
and start working together, our planet will not survive.

SA5.6 prosecution /¿pr≥sæ`kj∂«ºn/ (n) = the lawyer who tries
to prove sb’s guilt in court / prokurator, oskarżyciel
SA5.1 wind farm /`wænd f≤m/ (n) = an area with a lot of e.g. The prosecution used forensic evidence in the case
windmills that produce electricity / farma wiatrowa against Tim Leder.
e.g. Wind farms are becoming a common view in more Opp.: defence
and more countries. SA5.7 miner /`m¡nºr/ (n) = a person who works
SA5.2 woe /wø/ (n) = a problem, a worry / żal, zmartwienie underground digging for minerals such as coal,
e.g. He listened to my woes with a sympathetic diamonds or gold / górnik
expression on his face. e.g. The miner was thrilled when he hit a vein of gold.
Der.: woeful (adj) SA5.8 initially /æ`næ«ºli/ (adv) = originally, at the beginning /
SA5.3 outcry /`¬tkr¡/ (n) = a protest / protest początkowo, na początku
e.g. Their opposition to the policy caused an e.g. We were initially worried about the journey, but it
international outcry. turned out to be a pleasure.
SA5.4 scold /skøld/ (v) = to reprimand, tell off / zrugać SA5.9 habitat /`h±bæt±t/ (n) = an environment, a home of
e.g. She scolded her daughter for fighting at school. an animal or plant / siedlisko
e.g. Urban development will destroy the fox’s natural
Use of English (p. 235)
habitat.
SA5.5 badger /`b±πºr/ (v) = to pester, constantly annoy / SA5.10 interference /¿æntº`fƒrºns/ (n) = meddling,
wiercić dziurę w brzuchu unnecessary involvement / ingerencja, wtrącanie się
e.g. She badgered her sister all day to let her wear her e.g. Charles wanted to continue the project without
new dress but couldn’t persuade her. managerial interference.
133
SA5.11 hazard /`h±zºd/ (n) = danger / zagrożenie, SA5.21 celestial /sæ`lestiºl/ (adj) = related to heaven or stars /
niebezpieczeństwo niebiański; dotyczący nieba
e.g. Broken glass on the motorway is a hazard e.g. A celestial map shows the positions of the stars
to drivers. and planets.
Der.: hazardous (adj) Der.: celestially (adv)
SA5.12 logging /`l≥gæ…/ (n) = cutting down trees in order SA5.22 ray /rΩ/ (n) = a narrow beam of light / promień
to sell the timber / wyrąb e.g. Suddenly the clouds parted and a bright ray
e.g. Logging in rainforests has destroyed many unique of sunlight shone down.
ecosystems. SA5.23 slope /sløp/ (n) = a part of a mountain or hill /
stok, zbocze
e.g. He tumbled down the slippery slope and crashed
SA5.13 horizontal /¿h≥ræ`z≥ntºl/ (adj) = flat and level into a hedge at the bottom.
with the ground, rather than at an angle / SA5.24 dip /dæp/ (v) = to go down quite suddenly / zniżyć się
poziomy, horyzontalny e.g. The road dipped before rising once more
e.g. The patient needs to be kept in a horizontal as we neared the village.
position to reduce pressure on the legs. Der.: dip (n)
Der.: horizontally (adv) SA5.25 in earnest (idm) = seriously / na serio
Opp.: vertical e.g. We spent two days planning before starting
SA5.14 furlong /`fªl≥…/ (n) = a unit of length equal to 201.2 the project in earnest.
metres / jednostka długości (stosowana najczęściej na SA5.26 descent /dæ`sent/ (n) = a downward movement
wyścigach konnych) równa ok. 201 m or way / zejście, droga w dół
e.g. The horserace was over five furlongs, with a variety e.g. The wind was our greatest problem as we made
of jumps throughout the course. our descent down the slope.
SA5.15 dabble /`d±bºl/ (v) = to put one’s finger(s) in sth / Der.: descend (v)
umoczyć (np. palec) Opp.: ascent
e.g. I dabbled my fingers in the bath as I daydreamed SA5.27 rapturous /`r±pt«ºrºs/ (adj) = extremely happy
about my last holiday. or enthusiastic / entuzjastyczny
SA5.16 tepid /`tepæd/ (adj) = lukewarm, slightly warm / letni e.g. When the play ended, there was rapturous
e.g. She turned on the tap and splashed her face with applause from the audience.
tepid water. Der.: rapturously (adv), rapture (n)
Der.: tepidity, tepidness (n), tepidly (adv) SA5.28 perilous /`perælºs/ (adj) = dangerous / niebezpieczny,
SA5.17 naiad /`n¡±d/ (n) = a nymph of the water, a female ryzykowny
water spirit / najada, nimfa rzek, źródeł i wodospadów e.g. Driving on icy roads is perilous.
e.g. An ancient myth says a beautiful naiad looked Der.: perilously (adv), peril (n)
after this waterfall. SA5.29 fissure /`fæ«ºr/ (n) = a deep crack in rock or in the
SA5.18 league /l∞g/ (n) = a unit of length equal to 3 miles ground / szczelina
or over 4 kilometres / dawna jednostka długości e.g. During the expedition, two people were seriously
wynosząca około 3 mile, tj. ponad 4 kilometry hurt when they fell into a fissure that was partially
e.g. They covered the distance of four leagues hidden by snow.
on horseback. SA5.30 funnel /`f∑nºl/ (n) = a device or place, narrow at one
SA5.19 prolong /prº`l≥…/ (v) = to extend, to lengthen / end, through which a substance may flow / lejek
przedłużać e.g. The hole in the rock was a funnel through which
e.g. Scientists have been able to significantly prolong the river entered the caves below.
the effects of many analgesics. Der.: funnel (v)
Der.: prolongation (n) SA5.31 spiral /`sp¡ºrºl/ (n) = a winding shape with each
Opp.: shorten curve below the previous one / spirala
SA5.20 slide /sl¡d/ (v) = to move smoothly over a surface / e.g. The staircase was built in the shape of a spiral
ślizgać się to save space.
e.g. The children enjoyed sliding along the icy path. SA5.32 compel /kºm`pel/ (v) = to force sb to do sth / zmuszać
Der.: slide (n), slidable (adj) e.g. I felt compelled to see what was behind that door.
Der.: compelling (adj)
134
SA5.33 ache /Ωk/ (v) = to give sb a steady pain / boleć SA5.41 crust /kr∑st/ (n) = an outer layer / skorupa
e.g. My foot ached for over a week after I fell over e.g. The crust of ice on the river was too thin
on the uneven road. for skating.
Der.: ache (n), achingly (adv) SA5.42 diversify /d¡`vªsæf¡/ (v) = to increase the variety
SA5.34 gossip /`g≥sæp/ (v) = to chat, to talk informally of sth / urozmaicać, poszerzyć asortyment
about other people or events / plotkować e.g. The shopowner decided to diversify his
e.g. I could see from their faces that they were merchandise.
gossiping about me. Der.: diversification (n), diversity (n)
Der.: gossipy (adj) SA5.43 gradient /`grΩdiºnt/ (n) = the degree to which
SA5.35 stream /str∞m/ (n) = a small narrow river, a brook / the ground slopes / pochyłość, stopień nachylenia
potok, strumień e.g. The steep gradient of the road made it difficult
e.g. The streams flowed down the mountainside. to climb.
Der.: streamlet (n) SA5.44 pose /pøz/ (v) = to constitute / stanowić
SA5.36 to the detriment of sth = causing damage to sth / e.g. High cholesterol levels pose a serious threat
z uszczerbkiem, ze szkodą dla czegoś to your health.
e.g. Unfortunately, his sudden fame was to the Listening (p. 238)
detriment of his marriage, which soon ended in
divorce. SA5.45 inevitably /ænèvætºbli/ (adv) = unavoidably /
SA5.37 declivity /dæ`klævºti/ (n) = a downward slope / nieuchronnie
pochyłość e.g. Advances in automation will inevitably lead
e.g. The declivity of the hill was thickly wooded. to unemployment.
Der.: declivitous (adj) Der.: inevitability (n)
SA5.38 abrupt /º`br∑pt/ (adj) = unexpected, sudden / SA5.46 enfranchise /æn`fr±nt«¡z/ (v) = to give sb the right
gwałtowny (e.g. to vote in elections) / nadać prawa obywatelskie
e.g. The concert came to an abrupt end when (np. wyborcze)
the singer lost his voice. e.g. Immigrants will be enfranchised, but no definite
Der.: abruptly (adv), abruptness (n) date has been set for this action.
SA5.39 rage /rΩπ/ (n) = fury, anger that is difficult Der.: enfranchisement (n)
to control / wściekłość Opp.: disenfranchise

e.g. He flies into a rage whenever I mention the subject.
SA5.40 penetrate /`penºtrΩt/ (v) = to succeed in passing
through sth / przedrzeć się przez, przebić się przez coś
e.g. The bomb was designed to penetrate enemy
tunnels.
Der.: penetration (n), penetrating (adj),
penetrative (adj)
135
PT Practice Test
Paper 1 - Reading PT.12 dispense with /dæ`spens wæ∫/ (phr v) = to stop using
sth or get rid of sth / pozbyć się, zrezygnować
Part 1 (p. 239) z czegoś
e.g. Many households have dispensed with their
mundane /m∑n`dΩn/ (adj) = very ordinary and old-fashioned vinyl records.
PT.1
uninteresting / przyziemny, prozaiczny PT.13 incur /æn`kªr/ (v) = to bring sth bad upon oneself /
e.g. At work, I’m expected to do mundane jobs without ściągnąć na siebie, wywołać
complaint. e.g. The government incurred public wrath after
inescapable /¿ænæ`skΩpºbºl/ (adj) = unavoidable / announcing the new ban.
PT.2
nie do uniknięcia PT.14 derive /dæ`r¡v/ (v) = to get sth from sth else / czerpać
e.g. The inescapable conclusion is that she was running e.g. Bob derives a great deal of pleasure from helping
away from it all. people.
Der.: inescapably (adv) Der.: derivative (adj, n), derivation (n)
PT.3 catalyst /`k±tºlæst/ (n) = sth that causes a change PT.15 utter /`∑tºr/ (adj) = absolute / kompletny, całkowity
or event to happen / katalizator e.g. Running back into the burning building
e.g. The situation has proved to be a catalyst for his TV was utter madness.
for change. Der.: utterly (adj)
PT.4 sprawl /spr¥l/ (v) = (of cities) to spread over a large PT.16 judder /`π∑dºr/ (v) = to shake violently / trząść się
area, sometimes uncontrollably / rozrastać się bez e.g. The car began to judder before breaking down
końca in the middle of the road.
e.g. If the city continues to sprawl across the land, PT.17 rattle /`r±tºl/ (v) = to make a sharp knocking sound /
we’ll be in for a terrible future. stukać, grzechotać
PT.5 hand over /`h±nd `øvºr/ (phr v) = to give sth e.g. The wind was so strong that it made the windows
to sb / przekazać, wręczyć rattle.
e.g. He handed over the keys of the house PT.18 hazy /`hΩzi/ (adj) = misty, not clear / przyćmiony,
to the new owner. zamglony
PT.6 strain /strΩn/ (n) = a type of an organism / szczep, e.g. The car’s headlights were hazy behind the heavy
odmiana rain.
e.g. Every year, new strains of influenza develop. PT.19 barn /b≤n/ (n) = a building on a farm where animals
PT.7 dine /d¡n/ (v) = to have dinner / zjeść obiad or crops are kept / stodoła, stajnia
e.g. They went to a nearby restaurant and dined e.g. We need to store the corn in the barn before
on lobster. it rains.
Der.: diner (n), dinner (n) PT.20 humped /`h∑mpt/ (adj) = having a rounded back,
PT.8 hesitate /`hezætΩt/ (v) = to delay doing sth / wahać się caused by an unusual curve in the spine /
e.g. I would not hesitate to call the police if I were zgarbiony
in your shoes. e.g. After hurting his back, poor Bob couldn’t stand up
Der.: hesitation (n), hesitant (adj) straight, he was humped like an old man.
PT.9 acquaintance /º`kwΩntºns/ (n) = sb who one has PT.21 creep /kr∞p/ (v) = to move forward slowly / pełzać
met but does not know very well / znajomy e.g. The rabbit crept away and hid in its hole.
e.g. The owner of the shop is an old acquaintance PT.22 scavenge /`sk±vænπ/ (v) = to collect things by
of mine. searching among waste or unwanted items /
PT.10 snub /sn∑b/ (n) = deliberately insulting sb by ignoring grzebać, szukać czegoś w śmieciach
them / lekceważenie, afront e.g. Some homeless people scavenge in rubbish bins
e.g. After years of friendship, their snub left me for food.
with rancour and bitterness. Der.: scavenger (n)
PT.11 jettison /`πetæsºn/ (v) = to get rid of sth / odrzucić PT.23 void of sth /v√d/ (adj) = totally lacking in sth /
e.g. The government decided to jettison the plan to pozbawiony czegoś
increase funding.
136
Practice Test
e.g. His face was void of emotion as he walked PT.35 one-off /¿w∑n`≥f/ (adj) = happening or made only
towards the door. once and not regularly / pojedynczy, jednorazowy
PT.24 infest /æn`fest/ (v) = (of pests) to be present e.g. It was just a one-off incident; I’m sure it won’t
somewhere in large numbers / (o szkodnikach) happen again.
zaatakować PT.36 efficacy /èfækºsi/ (n) = effectiveness / efektywność,
e.g. The ship was infested with rats. skuteczność
Der.: infestation (n) e.g. Scientists have confirmed the efficacy
PT.25 hoard /h¥d/ (v) = to save or store sth, often of the Mediterranean diet.
in secret / ulokować, schować PT.37 havoc /`h±vºk/ (n) = confusion, chaos / zamęt,
e.g. The pirates hoarded their treasure in an abandoned zamieszanie
cave. e.g. An accident in the city centre caused havoc
PT.26 avert /º`vªt/ (v) = to look away from sth or sb / on the roads.
odwrócić (np. wzrok) PT.38 an/that old chestnut (idm) = (informal) an old joke
e.g. He averted his eyes from the shocking sight. or story, no longer amusing / stara historia, kawał
PT.27 pylon /`p¡lºn/ (n) = a tall metal structure that carries z brodą
electricity wires high above the ground / słup e.g. ”Do you know the story about Jack’s first day
wysokiego napięcia at school?” ”Please, not that old chestnut again!”
e.g. The pylons are a blot on this beautiful landscape . PT.39 crude /kr∂d/ (adj) = basic, unrefined / niewyszukany,
PT.28 edginess /èπænºs/ (n) = nervousness, anxiety / prostacki
nerwowość, niepokój e.g. He made a crude remark which upset many
e.g. Your recent edginess is very worrying. of his colleagues.
Der.: edgy (adj), edgily (adv) Der.: crudely (adv), crudity (n), crudeness (n)
PT.29 elude /æ`l∂d/ (v) = to evade, escape from / wymykać PT.40 vivisection /¿vævæ`sek«ºn/ (n) = experimenting on
się, omijać live animals for scientific purposes / wiwisekcja
e.g. He managed to elude the police for ten years. e.g. Some people believe vivisection is the best way
PT.30 be inclined = to be likely to think or act in a certain to research new surgical procedures.
way / skłaniać się PT.41 premise /`premæs/ (n) = sth one believes to be true,
e.g. She is inclined to blame others for her problems. a hypothesis / przesłanka, założenie
Der.: inclination (n) e.g. The company hired their staff on the premise
Part 2 (pp. 240–241) that men and women are equal in the workplace.
PT.42 veterinary /`vetºrºnºri/ (adj) = of the medical
PT.31 proliferate /prº`læfºrΩt/ (v) = to increase in number treatment of animals / weterynaryjny
very quickly / mnożyć się e.g. The recent advances in veterinary research are
e.g. In the past few years, business has proliferated astounding.
between Europe and Asia. PT.43 innovation /¿ænº`vΩ«ºn/ (n) = a new thing or new
Der.: proliferation (n) method of doing sth / innowacja
PT.32 patronising /`p±trºn¡zæ…/ (adj) = speaking or e.g. The veggie burger was an innovation which
behaving in a way that shows superiority / was welcomed by vegetarians worldwide.
protekcjonalny Der.: innovative (adj)
e.g. The journalists were angry at his patronising PT.44 plenary meeting /`pl∞nºri `m∞tæ…/ (n) = a meeting
attitude to the media. where all members are present / posiedzenie
PT.33 peer /pƒr/ (n) = a person who is your equal in age plenarne
or status / kolega, rówieśnik e.g. For such an important decision, a plenary meeting
e.g. Her charming personality made her popular was necessary.
with her peers. PT.45 instrumentation /¿ænstrºmen`tΩ«ºn/ (n)
PT.34 reproducibility /¿r∞prºdj∂sæ`bælºti/ (n) = the ability = equipment / oprzyrządowanie
to make sth happen again in the same way / e.g. All flight instrumentation must be checked
powtarzalność before take-off.
e.g. Reproducibility of results is indispensible PT.46 radiocarbon dating/carbon dating = a method
in scientific research. of calculating the age of an organic object
Der.: reproduce (v), reproducible (adj)
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Practice Test
by measuring the proportion of different isotopes PT.59 collaborate /kº`l±bºrΩt/ (v) = to work together /
of carbon in it / datowanie metodą węglową współpracować
e.g. Thanks to radiocarbon dating we know e.g. The two companies agreed to collaborate
when these clay pots were made. in the hope of increasing their profits.
PT.47 merit /`meræt/ (n) = an advantage / zaleta, walor Der.: collaboration (n), collaborative (adj)
e.g. The merits of science are numerous.
PT.48 the Shroud of Turin/the Turin shroud /`«r¬d Part 3 (p. 242)
ºv tj∆`ræn/ (n) = całun turyński PT.60 unilaterally /¿j∂næ`l±tºrºli/ (adv) = (of decision or
e.g. The Shroud of Turin is surrounded by an aura action) taken by only one of a group without
of mystery. the agreement of others / jednostronnie
PT.49 hoax /høks/ (n) = a trick or lie / (głupi) kawał; oszustwo e.g. The government was careful not to act
e.g. The police discovered the bomb scare was a hoax. unilaterally.
PT.50 prematurely /`premºt«ºli/ (adv) = happening too Der.: unilateral (adj)
early / przedwcześnie PT.61 frock /fr≥k/ (n) = a dress / sukienka
e.g. The war and the years in the mountains had e.g. That’s a beautiful frock she is wearing today.
prematurely aged him. PT.62 sprinkle /`spræ…kºl/ (v) = to add small quantities
Der.: premature (adj) of sth to sth else / okraszać, posypywać, pokropić
PT.51 infallibility /æn¿f±læ`bælæti/ (n) = never being wrong / e.g. I don’t understand why some people sprinkle
nieomylność their cereal with sugar!
e.g. The government has an exaggerated view PT.63 intonation /¿æntº`nΩ«ºn/ (n) = the way that one’s
of its own infallibility. voice rises and falls when one speaks / intonacja
Der.: infallible (adj) e.g. She speaks English well but with a slight German
PT.52 retract /ræ`tr±kt/ (v) = (formal) to withdraw what intonation.
was said earlier / wycofać sięz czegoś, odwołać PT.64 attire /º`t¡ºr/ (n) = clothes / ubiór, strój
e.g. I have reconsidered the matter and want now e.g. Formal attire is recommended for tonight’s
to retract my words. ceremony.
PT.53 eager /`∞gºr/ (adj) = willing, wanting to do sth very PT.65 elaborate /æ`l±bºrºt/ (adj) = detailed, complicated
much / chętny in design and planning / wymyślny
e.g. Susan was eager to talk about her trip to Africa. e.g. The party was an elaborate affair that must have
Der.: eagerly (adv), eagerness (n) cost a fortune.
PT.54 naive /n¡`∞v/ (adj) = lacking in experience, unrealistic, PT.66 dowdy /`d¬di/ (adj) = dull and unfashionable /
too trustful / naiwny niemodny, niedbały
e.g. I was naive to think my parents would agree to it. e.g. Judy’s clothes were clean but dowdy.
Der.: naively (adv), naivety (n) PT.67 hem /hem/ (v) = to fold over the edge of a piece
PT.55 complexity /kºm`pleksæti/ (n) = having many of clothing and sew it up / obrębić, obszyć
complicated factors involved / zawiłość e.g. Each dress is hemmed and checked by quality
e.g. The issue is surrounded by legal complexities. control before export.
PT.56 distrust /dæs`tr∑st/ (n) = feeling of doubt / nieufność, PT.68 shoddy /`«≥dæ/ (adj) = badly or carelessly made /
brak zaufania tandetny, byle jaki
e.g. The scandal instilled in him a profound distrust e.g. American customers refuse to accept shoddy
of politics. goods.
Der.: distrustful (adj) Der.: shoddily (adv)
PT.57 falsify /`f¥lsæf¡/ (v) = to change sth or add untrue PT.69 proclaim /prº`klΩm/ (v) = (formal) to be a clear sign
details to deceive people / sfałszować of sth / świadczyć o czymś
e.g. It was proved that he had falsified several legal e.g. The town hall proclaims the character of the town.
documents. PT.70 obscure /≥b`skj∆r/ (adj) = unknown / mało znany
Der.: falsification (n) e.g. He came from an obscure island in the Pacific
PT.58 meticulous /mº`tækjµlºs/ (adj) = careful, paying Ocean.
attention to detail / skrupulatny Der.: obscurity (n)
e.g. His work was meticulous and his boss always PT.71 scruffy /`skr∑fi/ (adj) = dirty and untidy / niechlujny
praised him.
138
Practice Test
e.g. She wore a scruffy old coat. PT.84 flatter /`fl±tºr/ (v) = to praise sb in an exaggerated,
Der.: scruffily (adv) insincere way / schlebiać
PT.72 stained /stΩnd/ (adj) = marked / poplamiony e.g. The secretary continued to flatter the supervisor
e.g. His clothing was stained with oil after working in the hope of getting a promotion.
on the car all day. Der.: flattery (n), flattering (adj), flatteringly (adv)
PT.73 plywood /`pl¡wµd/ (n) = thin layers of wood stuck PT.85 bully /`bµli/ (v) = to make sb do sth by using force /
together / sklejka zmusić, sterroryzować
e.g. The cupboard was obviously cheap, having been e.g. My brother tried to bully me into doing his
made of plywood. homework.
PT.74 penetrating /`penºtrΩtæ…/ (adj) = (of sound) high- PT.86 impulsively /æm`p∑lsævli/ (adv) = suddenly, without
pitched / przenikliwy planning / impulsywnie, pod wpływem impulsu
e.g. We could hear the penetrating siren of the police e.g. Impulsively, she ran out of the house,
car as it sped past. with no particular destination in mind.
PT.75 lank/lanky /`l±…ki/ (adj) = unattractively thin and PT.87 effusive /æ`fj∂sæv/ (adj) = expressing pleasure in
tall / chudy jak patyk, tyczkowaty a very enthusiastic way / wylewny
e.g. Most teenagers are lanky. e.g. She had not seen Adam for three years,
PT.76 saddle shoes /`s±dºl «∂z/ (n pl) = lace-up shoes so she gave him an effusive welcome.
with low heels and a piece of leather in a Der.: effusively (adv)
contrasting colour across the instep, usually PT.88 adolescence /¿±dº`lesºns/ (n) = a period of life
brown or black on a white shoe / rodzaj półbutów when one develops from being a child to being
ze sznurowaną częścią w kontrastującym kolorze an adult / okres dojrzewania
e.g. When I was a girl, I hated my saddle shoes. e.g. Adolescence is a time of great change and anxiety.
PT.77 tucked /t∑kt/ (adj) = folded or tight / z zakładkami PT.89 shopworn /`«≥pw¥n/ (adj) = (of clothes) that have
e.g. The dress was tucked at the waist to emphasise been tried on in a shop by many people /
her slender body. wielokrotnie przymierzany przez klientów, zleżały
PT.78 scalloped /`sk≥lºpt/ (adj) = decorated with a series e.g. The trousers were shopworn and could not be sold.
of small curves around the edges / wykończony PT.90 reject /`r∞πekt/ (n) = sth that cannot be sold
półokrągłymi ząbkami because it is faulty / odrzut
e.g. The curtains had scalloped edges and a beautiful e.g. Why can’t we earn more and stop buying ?
velvety texture. PT.91 canned /k±nd/ (adj) = put into a metal container rejects
PT.79 resolve /ræ`z≥lv/ (v) = to decide to do sth / postanowić to stay fresh / konserwowy, z puszki
e.g. She resolved to inform the manager of her e.g. When I was a child, we always had chicken
colleagues’ fraudulent actions. and canned peas for Sunday lunch.
Der.: resolution (n) PT.92 rayon /`rΩ≥n/ (n) = artificial material made from
PT.80 clutter /`kl∑tºr/ (v) = to have a lot of things filling cellulose / rayon
a place in an untidy way / zagracać, zaśmiecać e.g. The woman’s dress was part-rayon and part-silk.
e.g. Cups cluttered every desk in the office. PT.93 docile /`døs¡l/ (adj) = quiet, not aggressive and
PT.81 despair of sth /dæ`sp≈r/ (v) = to feel that everything easily controlled / uległy, potulny
is wrong and that nothing will improve / e.g. The locals are very docile people who are easily led
rozpaczać, tracić nadzieję na coś by the mayor.
e.g. He despairs of ever finding a job in the present Der.: docilely (adv), docility (n)
business crisis. PT.94 stack /st±k/ (n) = a pile / sterta, stos
PT.82 ingratiating /æn`grΩ«iΩtæ…/ (adj) = trying to gain e.g. There was a stack of paperwork on the desk
approval or favour / przymilny waiting to be typed.
e.g. He met his new boss with an ingratiating smile. PT.95 glaze /glΩz/ (v) = to put a shiny layer on the outside
PT.83 domineering /¿d≥mæ`nƒræ…/ (adj) = controlling other of sth / polakierować, pokryć glazurą
people without considering their feelings or e.g. The vase was glazed in blue and yellow.
opinions / despotyczny, apodyktyczny PT.96 scrap /skr±p/ (n) = a small piece of sth / kawałek,
e.g. He is a domineering father and his children are skrawek
afraid of him. e.g. She made a small fire from the scraps of wood
she found around.
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Practice Test
PT.97 pestilential /¿pestæ`len«ºl/ (adj) = causing disease / e.g. The farm was their only means of subsistence.
parszywy, morowy, niosący choroby PT.110 further/farther/far afield (idm) = in more distant
e.g. Illness was rife among the villagers who depended places / dalej, gdzie indziej
on a pestilential river for water. e.g. If you can’t find what you want here,
PT.98 weed /w∞d/ (n) = a wild plant that prevents garden you’ll have to look further afield.
plants from growing properly / chwast PT.111 kinsfolk /`kænzføk/ (n) = relatives / krewni, rodzina
e.g. The weeds had already choked the roses e.g. When Bella was ill, her kinsfolk came to look
by the time they hired a gardener. after her.
PT.99 wicker /`wækºr/ (n) = thin sticks of wood woven PT.112 migrant /`m¡grºnt/ (n) = a person who moves from
together to make baskets, chairs, etc / wiklina one place to another / przesiedleniec
e.g. They had a small table and wicker chairs e.g. Migrants entering the country should present their
on the veranda. documentation to the proper authorities immediately.
PT.100 bedspread /`bedspred/ (n) = an attractive bed PT.113 feign /fΩn/ (v) = to fake, pretend / udawać
cover / kapa, narzuta e.g. He didn’t want to go to school so he feigned illness.
e.g. We need colourful bedspreads for the children’s PT.114 unwitting /∑n`wætæ…/ (adj) = unaware of one’s actions
rooms. or the situation / mimowolny, nieświadomy
PT.101 frayed /frΩd/ (adj) = (of clothes) with threads e.g. The child was an unwitting cause of the parents’
coming apart / wystrzępiony argument.
e.g. ∏e wore frayed jeans and cowboy boots PT.115 superimpose /¿s∂pºræm`pøz/ (v) = to place one
to the concert. thing over another / nałożyć, połączyć
PT.102 bohemian /bø`h∞miºn/ (adj) = unconventional e.g. The Christian Church superimposed its beliefs
and artistic / artystyczny, typowy dla bohemy on local traditions.
e.g. Jimmy enjoyed the bohemian lifestyle PT.116 variegated /`v≈riºgΩtæd/ (adj) = consisting of many
of the French capital. different parts or types / różnorodny, zróżnicowany
e.g. The community is variegated and therefore has
Part 4 (p. 243)
a multicultural feel to it.
PT.103 opaque /ø`pΩk/ (adj) = that cannot be easily PT.117 signifier /`sægnæf¡ºr/ (n) = a symbol / symbol
understood / niejasny, mętny e.g. The local language is a signifier of the local
e.g. Most people find doctors’ diagnoses . mentality.
PT.104 contemporary /kºn`tempºrºri/ (n) = a person opaque PT.118 chauvinistic /¿«øvæ`næstæk/ (adj) = believing that one’s
of the same generation / współczesny, rówieśnik own country is more important and better than
e.g. Like many of my contemporaries, I grew up any other / szowinistyczny
in a vastly different world than that of modern society. e.g. This chauvinistic arrogance is the reason
PT.105 inflection /æn`flek«ºn/ (n) = the intonation or pitch why the peace talks were derailed.
of voice / modulacja głosu PT.119 perceive /pº`s∞v/ (v) = to realise / postrzegać
e.g. I could tell from the inflection of his voice e.g. Stress is widely perceived to be a consequence
that he was upset. of social progress.
PT.106 convey /kºn`vΩ/ (v) = to communicate / przekazać Der.: perception (n)
e.g. The artist tried to convey his feelings through PT.120 bushel /`bµ«ºl/ (n) = a unit of measurement for farm
his paintings. produce such as corn or beans / buszel, jednostka
PT.107 resettlement /r∞`setºlmºnt/ (n) = the process of objętości ciał sypkich równa ok. 36 l
moving people to a different place to live / e.g. The greengrocer ordered a bushel of beans
przesiedlenie and ten sacks of potatoes from the farm.
e.g. Only refugees are eligible for resettlement abroad. PT.121 strike /str¡k/ (n) = a medieval unit of dry measure /
PT.108 parish /`p±ræ«/ (n) = a village or area which has its średniowieczna miara objętości ciał sypkich
own church and priest / parafia e.g. An economic historian could easily explain it to you
e.g. We visited a small parish in the Cotswolds what a strike was.
last weekend. PT.122 peck /pek/ (n) = a unit of measurement for farm
PT.109 subsistence /sºb`sæstºns/ (n) = a means of obtaining produce, a quarter of a bushel / dawna miara
enough money or food to stay alive / źródło objętości równa ok. 9 l
utrzymania
140
Practice Test
e.g. The inn ran out of peppers and had to buy

Part 2 (p. 245)
another peck.
PT.123 manor /`m±nºr/ (n) = a large house or estate in the PT.134 atonement /º`tønmºnt/ (n) = an attempt to show
country, including the land and smaller buildings / one is sorry for having done sth wrong /
dwór, majątek ziemski, folwark zadośćuczynienie, pokuta
e.g. Tinham Manor can be found on the Cornish coast e.g. The murderer wanted to make atonment for his
and was once the home of many rich families. crime.
PT.124 commodity /kº`m≥dæti/ (n) = sth that is sold for PT.135 haunt /h¥nt/ (v) = to cause worry, to bother /
money / towar dręczyć, prześladować
e.g. Nowadays, real estate is the only commodity e.g. The consequences of her actions haunted her for
worth investing in. years.
PT.125 contingent on sth /kºn`tænπºnt/ (adj) = dependent PT.136 be immersed in sth = to become completely
on sth / zależny od czegoś involved in sth / być pochłoniętym, zaabsorbowanym
e.g. The growth of the economy is contingent on the czymś
performance of private business. e.g. Jodie is totally immersed in her work.
PT.126 denote /dæ`nøt/ (v) = to indicate or refer to / PT.137 purgatory /`pªgºtri/ (n) = a very unpleasant
oznaczać experience / dosł. czyściec; męczarnia
e.g. In the Middle Ages, ”drab” denoted undyed cloth. e.g. My two years in the army were purgatory;
PT.127 flock /fl≥k/ (n) = a group of sheep / stado I couldn’t wait to leave.
e.g. The shepherd took the flock of sheep out to the PT.138 reminisce about sb/sth /¿remæ`næs/ (v) = to talk about
pasture. sb or sth from one’s past, often with pleasure /
PT.128 prolific /prø`læfæk/ (adj) = producing a lot of sth / wspominać
płodny e.g. We spent the evening reminiscing about our
e.g. Joanna is a prolific letter writer; I get one from her school days.
every week. Der.: reminiscent (adj), reminiscence (n)
PT.129 obsolete /`≥bsºl∞t/ (adj) = outdated / przestarzały PT.139 revoke /ræ`vøk/ (v) = to cancel sth / cofnąć, unieważnić
e.g. Computer models can become obsolete in e.g. His driving licence was revoked after he was
a matter of years due to rapid progress in that field. caught speeding three times by the police.
Der.: obsolescent (adj), obsolescence (n)
PT.140 engrossing /æn`grøsæ…/
holding one’s
(adj) = very interesting,
attention completely / absorbujący,
Paper 3 - Use of English
wciągający
Part 1 (p. 245) e.g. That was one of the most engrossing films I’ve seen
this year.
PT.130 butcher /`bµ∏ºr/ (v) = to kill an animal and cut it up PT.141 allude /ºl`∂d/ (v) = to mention sth in an indirect
for meat / zarżnąć way / zrobić aluzję, nawiązać do czegoś
e.g. The cow was butchered and roasted. e.g. She alluded to a feeling of guilt over the accident.
PT.131 tend (to) sb/sth /tend/ (v) = to care for sb or sth / Der.: allusion (n), allusive (adj)
dbać o coś lub kogoś PT.142 ponder /`p≥ndºr/ (v) = to think about sth carefully /
e.g. Doctors and nurses tend to the ill. zastanawiać się, rozważać
PT.132 deduce /dæ`dj∂s/ (v) = to reach a conclusion based e.g. I’m still pondering what to wear to the wedding.
on facts / wydedukować Der.: ponderous (adj), ponderously (adv)
e.g. The date of the document can be deduced from
Part 3 (p. 246)
references to the civil war.
Der.: deduction (n) PT.143 penalise /`p∞nºl¡z/ (v) = to make sb suffer for sth
PT.133 craftspeople /`kr≤ftsp∞pºl/ (n) = people who make they did wrong / ukarać
things skilfully with their hands / rzemieślnicy, e.g. Tom was penalised for cheating in the exam.
rękodzielnicy PT.144 gasp /g≤sp/ (v) = to take a short quick breath in
e.g. The firm employed highly skilled crasftspeople to surprise, shock or pain / sapać, dyszeć
produce their unique toys. e.g. He gasped with shock at how cold the water was in
the pool.
141
Practice Test
e.g. Laurel and Hardy in their bowler hats are

Part 4 (p. 247)
memorable comedians.
PT.145 fare /feºr/ (v) = to progress, to get on / radzić sobie PT.158 pivotal /`pævºtºl/ (adj) = of great importance /
e.g. I wonder how she will fare in the big city. decydujący, kluczowy
e.g. Polish pilots played a pivotal role in the Battle
Part 5 (p. 248) of Britain in 1940.
PT.146 hip /hæp/ (adj) = (informal) very fashionable / modny PT.159 draft /dr≤ft/ (n) = an early version of a piece
e.g. It’s becoming hip to be interested in ecology. of writing / pierwsza wersja, brudnopis
PT.147 culturati /k∑l∏º`r≤ti/ (n pl) = fashionable people e.g. He was unhappy with the first draft of his play,
interested in the arts / ludzie nadążający za nowymi so he made many drastic alterations.
trendami w sztuce PT.160 exhilaratingly /æg`zælº¿rΩtæ…li/ (adv) = in a way that
e.g. If you want to be one of the culturati, you have brings joy and comfort / w sposób podnoszący
to like modern art. na duchu
PT.148 culture vulture /`k∑l∏º ¿v∑l∏ºr/ (n) = sb who is very e.g. The audience’s reaction was exhilaratingly
interested in the arts / miłośnik imprez kulturalnych favourable, which boosted the actor’s confidence.
e.g. This is the café where all the culture vultures hang Paper 4 - Listening
out and discuss the arts.
PT.149 embrace /æm`brΩs/ (v) = to include / obejmować Part 1 (p. 249)
e.g. The field of astrophysics embraces many different
theories. PT.161 bedridden /`bedrædºn/ (adj) = very ill and unable to
PT.150 privileged /`prævælæπd/ (adj) = with opportunities that get out of bed / przykuty do łóżka, obłożnie chory
most other people do not have, often because of e.g. He was bedridden for three months due to a back
wealth or class / uprzywilejowany injury.
e.g. Private education is only affordable to a privileged PT.162 evasive /æ`vΩsæv/ (adj) = deliberately trying to avoid
few. giving a clear answer / mało konkretny, wymijający
PT.151 felicitously /fæ`læsætºsli/ (adv) = in a suitable or e.g. The politician was evasive when asked about his
acceptable way / należycie, właściwie, trafnie plans for the future.
e.g. The directors felicitously discussed the
Part 3 (p. 250)
appointment of a new chairman in private.
PT.152 aspire /º`sp¡ºr/ (v) = to have a strong desire PT.163 avid /`±væd/ (adj) = very enthusiastic / zapalony,
to achieve sth / mieć ambicje, mieć aspiracje namiętny
e.g. She aspires to be an actress but I don’t think e.g. He is an avid fan of motor sports and regularly
she has the talent to succeed. attends races.
Der.: aspiration (n) PT.164 excel /æk`sel/ (v) = to be very good at sth / wyróżniać
PT.153 vicariously /væ`k≈riºsli/ (adv) = indirectly / z drugiej się, być wybitnym
ręki, pośrednio e.g. King has always been a writer who excels
e.g. The father vicariously enjoyed his son’s successes. in suspense.
PT.154 sinuousness /`sænjµºsnºs/ (n) = having many curves Part 4 (p. 251)
and turns / zawiłość, pokrętność
e.g. The sinuousness of the novel will delight readers PT.165 sustained /sº`stΩnd/ (adj) = continued for a period
of all ages. of time / nieprzerwany, nieustający
PT.155 autodidact /`¥tødæd±kt/ (n) = a self-educated e.g. Sustained economic growth was a feature
person / samouk of the United States throughout the 1990s.
e.g. I’ve never been shown how to mend a watch; PT.166 entity /èntæti/ (n) = sth that exists separately from
I’m an autodidact. other things and has a clear identity of its own /
PT.156 bliss /blæs/ (n) = complete happiness / szczęście, rozkosz byt, jednostka
e.g. The young couple presented a perfect picture e.g. North and South Korea remain separate entities
of marital bliss. despite recent attempts to unify them.
Der.: blissful (adj), blissfully (adv)
PT.157 bowler hat /¿bølº `h±t/ (n) = a hard black hat
with a round top and a curved brim / melonik
142
Upstream Proficiency
Workbook Glossary
Workbook Glossary
W1.34 harbour resentment = to feel bitterness and anger /

Unit 1 Getting the Message Across (pp. 4–13)
żywić urazę
W1.1 fertiliser (n) = a chemical or natural substance added W1.35 evaporate (v) = to change into gas / wyparować
to soil or land to increase its fertility / nawóz W1.36 fuel (v) = to increase sth, to make sth stronger /
W1.2 fiancé (n) = a man to whom a woman is engaged napędzać
to be married / narzeczony W1.37 entanglement (n) = a difficult or complicated
W1.3 deem (v) = to consider / uważać relationship / pogmatwany związek
W1.4 pretentious (adj) = pompous, showy / pretensjonalny W1.38 battle of wills (idm) = a contest between two or
W1.5 vehemently (adv) = forcefully, with feeling / more people of opposing viewpoints who are
gwałtownie all equally determined to win / próba sił
W1.6 formidable (adj) = awesome / ogromny W1.39 adage (n) = a proverb or short statement expressing
W1.7 at breakneck speed = extremely fast / w zawrotnym a general truth / przysłowie, powiedzenie
tempie, na złamanie karku W1.40 have a ring of truth = to be basically true, to sound
W1.8 retrieve (v) = to get or bring back / odzyskać like truth / wydawać się prawdą, brzmieć prawdziwie
W1.9 wilt (v) = to droop, wither / zwiędnąć W1.41 antiquity (n) = the ancient past / starożytność
W1.10 repercussion (n) = a consequence / reperkusja W1.42 render (v) = to make / uczynić
W1.11 pledge (v) = to oblige oneself, solemnly promise / W1.43 resource (n) = a supply of sth that can be drawn
zobowiązać się upon in times of need / zasób

W1.12 knot (n) = a fastening made by tying a piece of rope, W1.44 interactive (adj) = (of two or more people or things)
string or fabric / węzeł influencing or having an effect on each other /
W1.13 retail (n) = the sale of goods directly to the public / interaktywny
sprzedaż detaliczna W1.45 overdue (adj) = not yet having arrived, happened
W1.14 offline (adj) = not on the Internet / off-line, poza or done after the expected time / spóźniony,
Internetem po terminie
W1.15 affiliation (n) = connection / związek, przynależność; W1.46 conform to (v) = to abide by / przestrzegać
tu: współpraca W1.47 utterly (adv) = completely, absolutely / całkowicie
W1.16 reel (v) = to be off balance, stagger / stracić równowagę W1.48 appalled (adj) = disgusted / przerażony, zbulwersowany
W1.17 sluggish (adj) = slow-moving / niemrawy W1.49 far-reaching (adj) = having important and widely
W1.18 rebound (v) = to recover / odbić się od dna applicable effects / dalekosiężny
W1.19 savvy (n) = practical knowledge / praktyka, W1.50 equivalent (n) = sth equal in meaning / ekwiwalent
doświadczenie W1.51 dire (adj) = extremely serious / okropny, tragiczny
W1.20 intimacy (n) = closeness / bliskość, zażyłość W1.52 contraction (n) = a short form of a longer word or
W1.21 lucidity (n) = clarity / jasność, klarowność phrase / forma ściągnięta (np. „isn’t“ zamiast „is not“)
W1.22 eternity (n) = unending time / wieczność W1.53 commission (v) = to ask sb to make sth for a payment /
W1.23 cleric (n) = a priest or minister of a Christian church / zlecić
duchowny Unit 2 The Happiest Days of Your Life? (pp. 14–23)
W1.24 codification (n) = a systematic arrangement /
kodyfikacja W2.1 faculty (n) = the teaching staff of a university, or of
W1.25 variant (n) = a version that differs from other versions one department (e.g. Law) of a university / kadra
or from a standard / wariant profesorska
W1.26 punter (n) = a gambler or customer / gracz lub klient W2.2 hall of residence (n) = a university building with
W1.27 a string of pleas = a continuous line of requests / accommodation for students / dom studencki,
łańcuszek próśb akademik
W1.28 angling (n) = fishing / wędkarstwo W2.3 corporal punishment (n) = physical punishment,
W1.29 log on (v) = to access a computer network / such as beating with a cane / kara cielesna
zalogować się W2.4 alumni (n pl) = (singular: alumnus) former students
W1.30 lucrative (adj) = potentially profitable / lukratywny of a school, college or university / absolwenci
W1.31 intimate (v) = to imply, insinuate / dać do zrozumienia W2.5 lectureship (n) = a post or position as a lecturer /
W1.32 perpetuate (v) = to make sth continue indefinitely / stanowisko wykładowcy
podtrzymywać, przedłużać W2.6 burn sth to a cinder (idm) = to burn sth completely /
W1.33 futile (adj) = pointless / jałowy spalić na węgiel
145
Workbook Glossary
W2.7 casket (n) = a small ornamental box or chest, usually W2.34 wobble (v) = to move unsteadily from side to side /
for keeping valuable objects in / kasetka, szkatułka chwiać się, kołysać
W2.8 whist (n) = a game of cards / wist W2.35 beset (v) = to trouble or threaten / osaczyć, nękać
W2.9 demeanour (n) = one’s behaviour and manner / W2.36 deficit (n) = the amount by which, especially a sum
zachowanie of money, is too small / deficyt
W2.10 thrash (v) = to beat, hit (a person, animal or thing), W2.37 reassurance (n) = the action of removing sb’s doubts
usually with a whip or stick / zbić or fears / wsparcie, otucha
W2.11 plank (n) = a long, thin, flat piece of wood used for W2.38 siblings (n pl) = brothers and/or sisters / rodzeństwo
building and flooring / deska W2.39 homeschool (v) = to teach children at home rather
W2.12 unveil (v) = to announce publicly, to uncover, than at school / uczyć dzieci w domu
to reveal / ujawnić W2.40 evoke (v) = to bring sth to mind / przywodzić na myśl,
W2.13 skew (v) = here: to re-direct / tu: przesunąć wywoływać
W2.14 unscathed (adj) = without suffering injury, damage W2.41 amid (prep) = surrounded by, in the middle of / pośród
or harm / bez szwanku W2.42 dispense (v) = to give out / tu: dzielić się
W2.15 dwindling (adj) = gradually getting smaller or less / W2.43 contemplate (v) = to think about, consider / rozważać
malejący, zmniejszający się W2.44 a (whole) raft of sth = (informal) a lot of sth /
W2.16 bleeper (n) = a small portable electronic device that mnóstwo czegoś
makes a beeping noise when sb wants to contact W2.45 resilience (n) = the ability to withstand or recover
the carrier / biper from difficult situations / odporność, siła
W2.17 ostrich (n) = the largest living bird; flightless, W2.46 boisterousness (n) = noise, energy and cheerfulness /
with a long neck and long legs / struś niesforne zachowanie
W2.18 wade into (phr v) = to get involved in sth W2.47 sloppy (adj) = careless and disorganised / niedbały
energetically or forcefully / zabrać się za coś W2.48 detention (n) = the punishment of being kept
W2.19 swap (v) = to exchange / wymieniać; tu: przerzucać at school for some time after the classes
W2.20 fugitive (n) = sb who is in hiding in an attempt are over / (w szkole) „koza“
to escape capture or arrest / uciekinier W2.49 plethora (n) = (formal) a great deal of sth / mnóstwo
W2.21 well-endowed (adj) = having a lot of money / bogaty W2.50 tuition (n) = teaching / nauczanie
W2.22 down tools (idm) = to stop working / przerwać pracę W2.51 disparity (n) = a great difference / różnica, rozbieżność
W2.23 saunter (v) = to walk in a slow and relaxed manner / W2.52 comprehensive school (n) = a secondary school in which
przechadzać się children of all abilities are taught together / szkoła
W2.24 swagger (v) = to walk in a confident or aggressive średnia przyjmująca uczniów niezależnie od
way / kroczyć wcześniejszych wyników w nauce
W2.25 lope (v) = to run or walk in long strides / sadzić susami W2.53 uphill (adj) = requiring great effort / żmudny, ciężki
W2.26 puddle (n) = a small pool of liquid on the ground / W2.54 dumb down (phr v) = to reduce the intellectual
kałuża content of sth / obniżać poziom
W2.27 ricochet (v) = to move in a series of rebounds like W2.55 untapped (adj) = not yet exploited or used /
a bullet bouncing off one surface onto another / niewykorzystany
dosł. odbijać się rykoszetem; tu: przemieszczać się Unit 3 Extra! Extra! (pp. 24–33)
W2.28 ferry (v) = to move from one place to another /
przenosić z miejsca na miejsce W3.1 anchorman (n) = the person who presents a radio
W2.29 the unruly (n pl) = people who are causing or television programme / gospodarz programu
a disturbance / tu: niegrzeczni uczniowie W3.2 cue card (n) = a card held beside a camera for a television
W2.30 rota (n) = a list showing when each person or group broadcaster to read from while appearing
of people has to do a particular job / grafik, as if looking into the camera / teleprompter
harmonogram W3.3 trailer (n) = a series of scenes from a TV programme
W2.31 insolently (adv) = in a rude or disrespectful manner / or film, shown in advance to advertise it /
bezczelnie zwiastun (programu, filmu)
W2.32 sullenly (adv) = in a rude and resentful manner / W3.4 plunge (n) = a rapid decrease in value or amount /
z nadąsaną miną, niegrzecznie gwałtowny spadek
W2.33 bizarre (adj) = very strange / dziwaczny W3.5 highlights (n pl) = the best parts of an event /
najważniejsze wydarzenia
146
Workbook Glossary
W3.6 vested interest (n) = a personal reason for wanting W3.29 soothing (adj) = gentle, calming / łagodny, kojący
sth to happen / żywotny lub osobisty interes W3.30 in stark contrast with sth = showing a clear, sharp
W3.7 be in arrears with sth (idm) = to be late in paying difference to sth / w odróżnieniu od czegoś
money that one owes / zalegać (z płatnościami) W3.31 air one’s views = to express one’s opinion or
W3.8 hype up (phr v) = to heavily publicise and advertise grievance publicly / wyrazić swoje poglądy
sth so as to attract people’s interest / robić szum
(wokół czegoś) Unit 4 Planes, Trains and Automobiles (pp. 34–43)
W3.9 allegation (n) = a claim or assertion (often made without W4.1 long-haul (adj) = long-distance / daleki
proof) that sb has done sth illegal or wrong / zarzut W4.2 seasoned (adj) = experienced / wytrawny, doświadczony
W3.10 slate (n) = a list / lista, spis W4.3 pier (n) = a structure leading out from the shore into
W3.11 roster (n) = a list, especially of people who work for the water / pomost, molo, przystań
or have connections with a particular W4.4 jetty (n) = a platform built out into the sea or river
organisation / lista, spis where boats can be tied and where people get
W3.12 lineup (n) = a group of people or things brought on and off boats / molo
together in a particular context / skład, obsada, lista W4.5 itinerary (n) = a planned route or journey / plan
W3.13 dreary (adj) = dull, bleak, lifeless; depressing / ponury, podróży, marszruta
okropny W4.6 curtail (v) = to restrict / ograniczyć
W3.14 morosely (adv) = sullenly, miserably / ponuro W4.7 scathing (adj) = severely critical / zjadliwy, druzgocący
W3.15 trivialisation (n) = making sth seem less important, W4.8 meagre (adj) = very small or inadequate / skromny,
significant or complex than it is / trywializacja mizerny
W3.16 scavenge (v) = to search for and collect (anything W4.9 tangible (adj) = clear and definite / konkretny, wymierny
usable) from another source / tu: wyszukiwać, W4.10 silted-up (adj) = blocked or filled with silt (sand carried
wykorzystywać by running water and deposited as sediment) /
W3.17 span (v) = to extend over a period of time or a range zamulony, zapiaszczony
of subjects / trwać, obejmować W4.11 stagnate (v) = to cease to flow or move / być
W3.18 concession (n) = a preferential rate or permission w zastoju; nie rozwijać się
given by an organisation / koncesja, prawo W4.12 handicrafts (n pl) = decorative objects made by
do czegoś; zniżka hand / rzemiosło artystyczne, ręcznie robione pamiątki
W3.19 encompass (v) = to include / obejmować, zawierać W4.13 pulse (v) = to throb rhythmically / pulsować
W3.20 ambient (adj) = relating to the immediate environs W4.14 confectionery (n) = sweets and chocolates / słodycze
of sth / tu: dotyczący otoczenia, kontekstu W4.15 manic (adj) = very busy, wildly energetic / gorączkowy,
W3.21 squirt (v) = to cause a liquid to be ejected from zwariowany
a small opening in sth in a thin, fast stream W4.16 converge (v) = to come together from different
or jet / wycisnąć, strzyknąć directions to eventually meet / schodzić, zbierać się
W3.22 dot-com (n) = a company that conducts its business W4.17 glint (v) = to reflect small flashes of light / błyskać
on the Internet / firma prowadząca działalność przez W4.18 ablaze (adj) = very brightly coloured / mieniący się
Internet kolorami
W3.23 blue-chip company (n) = a company considered to be W4.19 assorted (adj) = varied / mieszany, różnorodny
of the highest quality / firma o ustalonej renomie W4.20 delve (v) = to reach into sth and search for sth /
W3.24 networking (n) = interaction with other people to zagłębić się w coś
exchange information and develop contacts, W4.21 probe (v) = to explore or examine / dokładnie zbadać
especially to further one’s career / nawiązywanie W4.22 dune (n) = a mound of drifted sand / wydma
kontaktów zawodowych W4.23 shortfall (n) = the amount by which sth, especially
W3.25 conning (n) = persuading sb to do or believe sth money, is less than what is expected or needed /
by telling them sth that is not true / oszustwo niedobór, brak
W3.26 cop-out (n) = (informal) a way of avoiding W4.24 northbound (adj) = travelling or leading towards the
a commitment or responsibility, an excuse / north / w kierunku północnym, prowadzący na północ
wykręt, wymówka W4.25 northernmost (adj) = being the furthest towards
W3.27 disgruntled (adj) = dissatisfied / niezadowolony the north / najdalej wysunięty na północ
W3.28 mow (v) = to cut down an area of grass with W4.26 meander (v) = to follow a winding course / wić się
a machine / kosić
147
Workbook Glossary
W4.27 stealth (n) = doing sth in a quiet and cautious way, W5.17 double helix (n) = the double spiral (e.g. of the DNA
without being noticed / ostrożność, robienie czegoś molecule) / podwójna helisa, spirala (np. cząsteczki
ukradkiem DNA)
W4.28 mutual (adj) = in common / wzajemny, wspólny W5.18 gut (adj) = of the stomach / brzuszny
W4.29 ellipsis (n) = the omission of words that are W5.19 lumbar (adj) = relating to the lower part of the back /
unnecessary as they can be understood from lędźwiowy
the context / elipsa, opuszczanie wyrazów W5.20 zone therapy (n) = a system of alternative medicine
W4.30 quaint (adj) = attractively unusual or old-fashioned / in which different parts of the feet and hands
oryginalny, staroświecki, uroczy are associated with different parts of the body /
W4.31 shriek (v) = to utter a high-pitched sound of pain terapia polegająca na masażu stóp i dłoni leczącym inne
or excitement / wrzasnąć, pisnąć organy i części ciała
W4.32 squint (v) = to look at sb with one or both eyes partly W5.21 bemused (adj) = bewildered / zdziwiony, zdeprymowany
closed to see more clearly / mrużyć oczy W5.22 fringe (n) = a group of people, event or activity that
W4.33 hard-wearing (adj) = durable, long-lasting / mocny, is not part of the main group or activity /
nie do zdarcia działalność marginalna lub ekstremalna grupa działająca
W4.34 flag down (phr v) = to hail / zatrzymać, przywołać na obrzeżach społeczności
(np. taksówkę) W5.23 unduly (adv) = excessively / nadmiernie, zbytnio
Unit 5 The Science of Life (pp. 44–53) W5.24 tabulate (v) = to arrange data into a table / zestawić
w tabeli
W5.1 virulent (adj) = (of diseases) extremely severe or W5.25 albeit (conj) = though / pomimo że
harmful / złośliwy, zjadliwy W5.26 hunch (n) = an intuitive guess or feeling / przeczucie
W5.2 neo-natal unit (n) = a special hospital ward for newly W5.27 grooming (n) = appearance / wygląd
born babies / oddział, blok noworodkowy W5.28 entangled (adj) = twisted or mixed up / związany
W5.3 sedentary (adj) = inactive, spending much time sitting W5.29 strand (n) = a single thin length of sth / pasmo
down / siedzący W5.30 render (v) = to cause to be / sprawić, spowodować
W5.4 inflammation (n) = (of parts of body) being swollen, W5.31 booked solid = fully booked / zarezerwowany
hot and painful usually as a result of injury or do ostatniego miejsca
infection / zapalenie W5.32 debilitating (adj) = making sb very weak and ill /
W5.5 gash (n) = a long deep cut / rana cięta osłabiający
W5.6 digestive (adj) = relating to the digestion system W5.33 tuberculosis (n) = an infectious bacterial disease
or process of digesting food / trawienny characterised by the growth of nodules
W5.7 bishop (n) = a chess piece with a mitre which can in the tissues, especially in the lungs / gruźlica
only move diagonally / (w szachach) goniec, laufer W5.34 multiple sclerosis, MS (n) = a serious disease of the
W5.8 rest on one’s laurels (idm) = to be so satisfied with nervous system / stwardnienie rozsiane, SM (sclerosis
one’s achievements that no further effort is multiplex)
made / spocząć na laurach W5.35 hepatitis (n) = a serious disease of the liver / żółtaczka
W5.9 be bereaved = to be deprived of a friend or relative W5.36 acupuncture (n) = a Chinese method of treating pain
through death / stracić bliską osobę and illnesses by inserting thin needles at specific
W5.10 calibre (n) = the quality of character, or the high points in the skin / akupunktura
level of ability / kaliber, format, ranga W5.37 crisply starched (adj) = washed, starched and ironed /
W5.11 aloofness (n) = unfriendliness, distance / rezerwa, świeżo wykrochmalony
dystans, wyniosłość W5.38 condescension (n) = behaviour showing that sb feels
W5.12 anti-vivisection (adj) = acting against experiments superior, patronising others / protekcjonalność
on live animals / sprzeciwiający się wiwisekcji W5.39 dishevelled (adj) = untidy / niechlujny, rozczochrany
W5.13 on the back burner (idm) = having less or lower W5.40 split ends (n pl) = split tips of hair, due to dryness
priority / o mniejszym znaczeniu, do załatwienia później or poor care / rozdwojone końcówki (włosów)
W5.14 against the grain (idm) = contrary to the normal feelings W5.41 MRI (abbr) = magnetic resonance imaging /
or inclinations / wbrew utartym zwyczajom obrazowanie metodą rezonansu magnetycznego
W5.15 oarsman (n) = a rower / wioślarz W5.42 lap (n) = the top part of one’s legs forming a flat
W5.16 defiance (n) = open resistance, strong disobedience / surface when one is sitting / kolana, podołek
sprzeciw, nieposłuszeństwo
148
Workbook Glossary
W5.43 complacent (adj) = uncritically self-satisfied or smug W6.23 on a shoestring (idm) = on a very small amount
about one’s achievements / zadowolony z siebie of money / za bardzo małe pieniądze
W5.44 high resolution graphics (n) = clear and realistic W6.24 spawn (v) = to create / zrodzić, spowodować
pictures on a screen / grafika o dużej rozdzielczości W6.25 subjugate (v) = to bring under control /
W5.45 simulated (adj) = imitating the appearance or podporządkować
character of sth / symulowany W6.26 plight (n) = a difficult situation / ciężki los
W5.46 CPR (abbr) = cardiopulmonary resuscitation / W6.27 destitution (n) = not having the basic essentials
reanimacja akcji serca i płuc, sztuczne oddychanie of life / ubóstwo
z masażem serca W6.28 pick sb’s brains (idm) = to ask sb questions in order
W5.47 monetary (adj) = relating to money and finances / to gain information / zasięgnąć u kogoś informacji
monetarny, finansowy W6.29 spreadsheet (n) = data in a computerised table
Unit 6 The Art of Entertainment (pp. 54–63) usually for financial records which can be altered
according to any changes / arkusz kalkulacyjny
W6.1 depict (v) = to represent in an art form / przedstawić W6.30 ground-breaking (adj) = pioneering / pionierski,
W6.2 wings (n pl) = the sides of stage where actors wait nowatorski
for their turn to perform / kulisy
Unit 7 Born to Win! (pp. 64–73)
W6.3 recoup (v) = to recover, regain / odzyskać
W6.4 pelting (adj) = (of rain, snow) falling very quickly W7.1 circuit (n) = a circular line, route or movement that
and heavily / ulewny, gęsty starts and finishes in the same place / okrążenie,
W6.5 evocative (adj) = bringing strong images or feelings runda
to mind / sugestywny, pobudzający wyobraźnię W7.2 heat (n) = the preliminary round in a race or contest /
W6.6 unfalteringly (adv) = steadily, resolutely / pewnie, zawody, wyścigi eliminacyjne
z przekonaniem W7.3 cue (n) = a long, straight wooden rod used to strike
W6.7 unrequited (adj) = (of feelings) not returned a ball in snooker, billiards, etc / kij bilardowy
or rewarded / nieodwzajemniony W7.4 rebut (v) = to claim or prove that evidence or
W6.8 forlorn (adj) = pitifully sad, abandoned or lonely / an accusation is false / odeprzeć, odrzucić
smutny, opuszczony W7.5 rake (n) = a long, toothed gardening tool used
W6.9 rambling (n) = wandering / wędrówka to draw together cut grass or to loosen soil
W6.10 razor-sharp (adj) = extremely sharp / ostry jak brzytwa or gravel / grabie
W6.11 hue (n) = a colour or shade / barwa, kolor, odcień W7.6 outclass (v) = to be far superior to sth or sb else /
W6.12 nuance (n) = a subtle difference in meaning or zdeklasować
expression / niuans W7.7 outstrip (v) = to move faster than and overtake
W6.13 renounce (v) = to formally state the abandonment sb or sth / prześcignąć
of sth / wyrzec się, zrezygnować z czegoś W7.8 outvote (v) = to defeat by gaining more votes /
W6.14 curator (n) = the person responsible for looking zdobyć więcej głosów
after a museum or collection / kustosz W7.9 outwit (v) = to deceive or defeat by use of greater
W6.15 pretentious (adj) = trying to impress others by ingenuity or intelligence / przechytrzyć
pretending to be more important or talented W7.10 renowned (adj) = known or talked about by many
than one really is / pretensjonalny people, famous / znany
W6.16 peril (n) = danger / niebezpieczeństwo W7.11 sales pitch (n) = what is said by a salesperson in order
W6.17 upside (n) = the positive aspect / pozytywna strona, to persuade sb to buy sth / zachwalanie towaru
zaleta przez sprzedawcę
W6.18 derisory (adj) = extremely small and inadequate / W7.12 tongue-in-cheek (adj) = not serious or seemingly
śmiechu wart serious / żartobliwy, ironiczny
W6.19 regime (n) = a system or planned way of doing sth / W7.13 cite (v) = to quote or mention / zacytować, wspomnieć
reżim, system W7.14 FIE (abbr) = Federation Internationale d’Escrime,
W6.20 focal (adj) = central / centralny the International Fencing Federation
W6.21 prosperity (n) = the state of doing well, being W7.15 fencing (n) = the sport of fighting with long thin
successful / dobrobyt swords / szermierka
W6.22 slash (v) = (of spending, prices) to greatly reduce / W7.16 infer (v) = to deduce or conclude from evidence
ciąć (np. koszty)
149
Workbook Glossary
and reasoning rather than from explicit W7.36 compile (v) = to assemble information gathered from
statements / wywnioskować other sources / skompilować, zgromadzić informacje
W7.17 swell (n) = the regular movement of waves W7.37 logo (n) = a badge or graphic sign used by a sports
in the open sea / falowanie organisation to identify its team / logo
W7.18 scrupulously (adj) = diligently, thoroughly
Unit 8 Respect! (pp. 74–83)
and with great attention to detail / skrupulatnie
W7.19 funnel-web (n) = a spider’s web that is wide at the W8.1 immigrant (n) = a person who comes to live
top and narrow at the bottom in the shape of permanently in a foreign country / imigrant
a funnel, made by the funnel web spider / W8.2 tender for sth (v) = to make a formal written offer
pajęczyna w kształcie lejka to carry out work or provide goods or services
W7.20 timid (adj) = showing a lack of courage or at a stated fixed price / stanąć do przetargu na coś
confidence, easily frightened / nieśmiały W8.3 ANC (abbr) = the African National Congress /
W7.21 pinnacle (n) = the most successful point Afrykański Kongres Narodowy
in sb’s career / szczyt (np. kariery) W8.4 rig (v) = to dishonestly arrange an election, a game
W7.22 peach (n) = (informal) an exceptionally good thing / or competition to give sb an unfair advantage /
świetna rzecz sfałszować
W7.23 equalise (v) = to score the same number of goals, W8.5 able-bodied (adj) = physically capable / zdrowy,
points, etc / wyrównać (wynik) w pełni sił

W7.24 carbohydrate stacking system (n) = a system W8.6 oblivious (adj) = completely unaware / nieświadomy
whereby energy from carbohydrates is supplied W8.7 repression (n) = the use of force to restrict or control
throughout the workout / system szybkości a person or group of people / represjonowanie
wchłaniania węglowodanów W8.8 exacerbate (v) = to make worse / pogorszyć
W7.25 free radicals (n pl) = atoms that contain one or more W8.9 vocational training (n) = training for a specific
unpaired electron; believed to be the cause of occupation or employment / wykształcenie,
ageing, heart disease and some cancers / wolne przygotowanie zawodowe
rodniki W8.10 allowance (n) = a sum of money paid regularly
W7.26 hurdle (n) = one of a series of upright frames which to a person / zasiłek, dodatek pieniężny
athletes in a race must jump over / płotek W8.11 doze off (phr v) = to fall asleep / zasnąć
W7.27 vest (n) = a sleeveless garment worn on the upper W8.12 deputy (n) = a person who acts for his or her
body when playing sports / koszulka gimnastyczna superior in their absence / zastępca
W7.28 baton (n) = a short stick or tube passed from one W8.13 negativism (n) = a negative attitude / postawa
runner to another in a relay race / pałeczka negatywna
sztafetowa W8.14 xenophobe (n) = sb who dislikes people from other
W7.29 strip (n) = the coloured sports outfit which countries / ksenofob
identifies a member of a team (e.g. in football W8.15 sovereign state (n) = a fully independent and self-
or basketball) / barwy klubowe governing state / niezawisłe, suwerenne państwo
W7.30 kneepads (n pl) = protective pads worn on the knees W8.16 disillusion (n) = disappointment / rozczarowanie
in some sports / nakolanniki W8.17 wield (v) = to hold with the intention of using /
W7.31 starting blocks (n pl) = blocks which runners put dzierżyć
their feet against to help them move forward W8.18 deceased (n) = a person who has died / zmarły
quickly at the start of a race / bloki startowe W8.19 in store = coming in the future, about to happen /
W7.32 groundsman (n) = a person who maintains a sports przyszły, nadchodzący
ground / gospodarz, zarządca obiektu sportowego W8.20 sanitation (n) = conditions relating to public health /
W7.33 physio (n) = (informal) a physiotherapist / fizjoterapeuta warunki sanitarne
W7.34 umpire (n) = an official who watches a game or W8.21 preventive medicine (n) = medicine that prevents
match closely to enforce the rules and arbitrate the onset of a disease or illness / medycyna
on matters arising from the play / sędzia sportowy zapobiegawcza
(np. w tenisie) W8.22 borough (n) = a town or district with its own council /
W7.35 scout (n) = a person who searches for suitably miasto lub dzielnica z własnymi władzami
talented people to recruit them into a sports W8.23 lurid (adj) = descriptive and creating an unpleasant
team / łowca talentów effect / (o opisie) drastyczny, dramatyczny
150
Workbook Glossary
W8.24 privy (n) = an outside toilet / wygódka, ubikacja W8.55 lad (n) = a boy or young man / chłopak
na dworze W8.56 subsidise (v) = to support financially / subsydiować,
W8.25 ashpit (n) = a hole in the ground filled with ashes / dotować
miejsce wysypywania popiołu W8.57 perpetrator (n) = a person who has committed
W8.26 wretched (adj) = in a very unfortunate state / nędzny, a crime / winny, sprawca
żałosny W8.58 viable (adj) = that can be successful / wykonalny, realny
W8.27 pestiferous (adj) = harbouring infection and disease / W8.59 BT (abbr) = British Telecom
rozsiewający choroby W8.60 implement (v) = to put into effect / wdrożyć
W8.28 warren (n) = a densely populated or labyrinthine W8.61 disruption (n) = disturbance / zamęt, zakłócenie
building or district / labirynt
Unit 9 Another Day, Another Dollar (pp. 84–93)
W8.29 rookery (n) = densely packed housing, especially
slums / skupisko W9.1 dissertation (n) = a long essay written for a university
W8.30 miasma (n) = a highly unpleasant smell or vapour / diploma / praca naukowa, rozprawa
miazmaty W9.2 tarnish (v) = to make less valuable or respected /
W8.31 exhalation (n) = fumes, gas or vapour given off splamić, znieważyć
by sth / wyziewy W9.3 impertinence (n) = rudeness, lack of respect /
W8.32 decaying (adj) = rotting, decomposing / rozkładający się impertynencja, arogancja
W8.33 slums (n pl) = overcrowded districts inhabited W9.4 railings (n pl) = a row of upright metal bars serving
by poor people / slumsy as a barrier / balustrada
W8.34 to little/no avail (phr) = with little/no effect / W9.5 gag (v) = to put sth over sb’s mouth to stop them
z niewielkim skutkiem, nadaremnie speaking / zakneblować
W8.35 grim (adj) = uninviting, depressing / nędzny, ponury W9.6 striker (n) = a football player who is to attack and
W8.36 barrack blocks (n pl) = large ugly buildings / duże score goals / (w piłce nożnej) napastnik
i brzydkie budynki W9.7 vinegar (n) = a sour-tasting liquid containing acetic
W8.37 dire (adj) = extremely serious / tragiczny acid, used for cooking and flavouring food / ocet
W8.38 by(e)-law (n) = a rule or regulation made by a local W9.8 prawn (n) = a type of seafood resembling a shrimp /
authority / rozporządzenie władz lokalnych krewetka
W8.39 cram (v) = to completely fill / zapełnić W9.9 detention (n) = the punishment of keeping sb at
W8.40 foul (adj) = dirty or having a disgusting smell school after the classes are over / (w szkole) „koza“
or appearance / brudny, cuchnący, obrzydliwy W9.10 foreman (n) = a supervisor of factory workers /
W8.41 amenities (n pl) = facilities / udogodnienia brygadzista, majster
W8.42 huddle (v) = to crowd together / ścieśnić się, skupić W9.11 loom (v) = to appear as a shadowy form
W8.43 aptly (adv) = correctly / trafnie, odpowiednio in a threatening way / wyłaniać się
W8.44 stink (n) = a strong unpleasant smell / smród W9.12 fickle (adj) = frequently changing one’s interests
W8.45 sewage (n) = dirty waste water and excrement / and loyalties / kapryśny, zmienny
nieczystości W9.13 sedentary (adj) = spending much time seated /
W8.46 sewer (n) = an underground pipe that carries siedzący
sewage / kanał ściekowy W9.14 repurchase (v) = to buy again / zakupić ponownie
W8.47 putrefaction (n) = the process of decay / rozkład, gnicie W9.15 bone-marrow (n) = a soft fatty substance in the
W8.48 stench (n) = a strong unpleasant smell / smród bones where blood cells are produced / szpik
W8.49 maze-like (adj) = like a maze or labyrinth / podobny kostny
do labiryntu W9.16 strip off (phr v) = to take off one’s clothes / zdjąć
W8.50 abide by (v) = to accept or act in accordance ubranie
to a rule or decision / przestrzegać W9.17 at a low ebb (idm) = in a poor state / obniżony
W8.51 macho (adj) = showing aggressive pride do minimum
in one’s masculinity / macho W9.18 waft (v) = to pass easily and gently through the air /
W8.52 harbour dues (n pl) = fees paid for the use rozchodzić się w powietrzu
of harbour facilities / opłaty portowe W9.19 drudgery (n) = hard or boring work / harówka
W8.53 infer (v) = to deduce / wywnioskować W9.20 glee (n) = great delight / radość
W8.54 commiserate (v) = to express or feel sympathy W9.21 invoke (v) = to bring to mind / przywoływać
for sb / współczuć, ubolewać W9.22 ensue (v) = to occur as a result / nastąpić
151
Workbook Glossary
W9.23 errand (n) = a short trip taken in order to do or W10.22 lip (n) = an edge / skraj
collect sth / sprawa do załatwienia W10.23 straddle (v) = to span over / leżeć po obu stronach
W9.24 dislodgement (n) = removal from a fixed position / W10.24 dub (v) = to name / nazwać
przesunięcie, przemieszczenie W10.25 linear (adj) = arranged or extending along a line /
W9.25 e-lancer (n) = a person who works from home over linearny, liniowy
the Internet / osoba świadcząca pracę przez Internet W10.26 designate (v) = to set aside for a particular purpose /
W9.26 voucher (n) = a piece of paper that entitles the przeznaczyć
holder to a discount or that may be exchanged W10.27 amble (adj) = to walk slowly at a relaxed pace /
for goods or services / kupon, talon przechadzać się
W9.27 tardiness (n) = lateness, delay / opieszałość W10.28 stopgap (n) = temporarily dealing with a problem /
W9.28 remuneration (n) = money paid for work tymczasowy, prowizoryczny
or a service / wynagrodzenie W10.29 thwart (v) = to prevent sb from doing sth /
W9.29 en suite (adj) = with a bathroom adjoining / z łazienką przeszkodzić komuś w czymś
Unit 10 Our Planet, Our Home (pp. 94–103) W10.30 saw (v) = to cut off with a saw / odpiłować
W10.31 revenue (n) = income earned from sth / dochód
W10.1 hull (n) = the main body of a ship / kadłub W10.32 biodiversity (n) = varied plant and animal life found
W10.2 pothole (n) = a hole in road surface caused by wear in a particular area / zróżnicowanie biologiczne
and tear or digging / wybój, dziura w jezdni W10.33 hothouse (n) = a heated building mostly made of
W10.3 swirl (n) = a spiral twist / zawijas glass which is used to grow plants out of season
W10.4 harness (v) = to control and make use of / ujarzmić, or in a colder climate / cieplarnia
wykorzystać W10.34 black-tie dinner (n) = a dinner for which one has
W10.5 barge (n) = a long flat boat which passes through to wear a dinner jacket and a black bow-tie /
canals / barka przyjęcie, na którym obowiązują smokingi (i czarne
W10.6 oscillating (adj) = moving backwards and forwards muszki)
at regular speed / oscylujący, wahający się W10.35 refinery (n) = an industrial plant where substances
W10.7 pendulum (n) = a rod with a weight that swings are refined / rafineria
backwards and forwards / wahadło W10.36 moulded (adj) = having been made in a mould /
W10.8 buoy (n) = a floating, round, anchored marker uformowany, z formy
in water / boja W10.37 till (n) = a cash register, a drawer for money / kasa
W10.9 croak (n) = a deep hoarse noise (made e.g. by frogs) / W10.38 wage (v) = to carry on / prowadzić
rechot (żaby), krakanie (kruka), skrzekliwy głos W10.39 outlet (n) = a place where things are sold /
W10.10 incinerator (n) = a large machine used for burning sklep, punkt sprzedaży
waste material at high temperatures / piec do W10.40 sauce (v) = to make more interesting / „przyprawić“,
spalania uatrakcyjnić
W10.11 poacher (n) = sb who catches fish or hunts animals W10.41 dot-matrix printer (n) = a printer that prints dots
illegally / kłusownik that form an image / drukarka igłowa
W10.12 osmosis (n) = the process whereby molecules pass W10.42 ubiquitous (adj) = commonplace, found everywhere /
through a membrane / osmoza wszechobecny
W10.13 drone (v) = to make a humming noise / buczeć W10.43 insightful (adj) = having deep intuitive
W10.14 mow (v) = to cut the grass with a machine / kosić understanding / wnikliwy, przewidujący
W10.15 bale (v) = to put cut grass into bundles / zwijać w bele W10.44 perfunctory (adj) = carried out with minimum
W10.16 hank (n) = a coil / zwój effort or thought / pobieżny, powierzchowny
W10.17 scratchy (adj) = having a rough texture which causes W10.45 ulterior (adj) = hidden, secret / ukryty
itching and discomfort / drapiący W10.46 infringement (n) = breaking of rules or the law /
W10.18 stubble (n) = short stiff remnants of stalks sticking naruszenie, pogwałcenie
out of the ground after harvesting / ściernisko W10.47 allegation (n) = a claim that sb has done sth wrong
W10.19 bough (n) = a tree branch / gałąź, konar or illegal / oskarżenie, zarzut
W10.20 raven (n) = a large black bird like a crow / kruk W10.48 cheek (n) = rude speech or behaviour / tupet
W10.21 hedgerow (n) = a hedge between two areas of land / W10.49 smelter (n) = a factory used for smelting iron from its
żywopłot ore / huta
152
Index to the Vocabulary

A ad mag (3.139) ambivalent (9.34) archetypal (7.37)
a contradiction in terms adage (W1.39) amble (W10.27) archives (2.57)
(7.119) adaptation (6.95) ambush (SA4.41) archives (9.136)
a drop in the ocean (8.98) adequate (2.94) amenities (W8.41) ardently (SA1.41)
adhesive (9.113) amenity (4.231) arduous (SA1.14)
a foregone conclusion adjacent (10.82) amid (1.132) arid (4.27)
(2.27)
a foregone conclusion adjust (4.115) amid (W2.41) armload (10.141)
(SA1.11) admissible (2.143) ammunition (SA4.22) armoured (1.121)
a hard/tough act to follow admissions (5.151) amphibians (2.119) arras (SA2.36)
(6.91) adolescence (PT.88) ample (7.189) art fair (6.157)
a household name/word adrift (1.16) amplifier (6.1) articulate (4.177)
(3.25) adversary (6.164) amplify (2.23) artillery (1.25)
a law unto oneself (8.102) adverse (3.245), (5.111) analgesic (SA3.52) artistry (7.162)
a level playing field (7.93) advocate (8.29) an/that old chestnut ascent (SA2.45)
a raw/rough deal (4.11) advocate (8.116) (PT.38) ascertain (10.200)
a storm in a teacup (8.97) aerial (1.52) analogue (3.96) ashpit (W8.25)
a string of pleas (W1.27) affiliation (9.22) ANC (W8.3) aside (6.41)
a (whole) raft of sth affiliation (W1.15) anchorman (W3.1) aspire (10.146)
(W2.44) affliction (8.185) angle (6.24) aspire (PT.152)
abbreviation (1.208) aftermath (3.189) angled (7.161) aspiring (3.176)
abdomen (5.9) against the grain (W5.14) angling (W1.28) aspiring (6.47)
abhorrence (8.78) ageism (7.2) angst (9.18) assail (7.138)
abhorrent (3.219) agenda (2.92) anguish (8.155) assassin (3.181)
abide by (8.203), (W8.50) agility (7.3) animated (6.207) assault (1.10)
ablaze (W4.18) agitation (SA2.33) animosity (3.248) assemble (2.154)
able-bodied (W8.5) agonising (SA4.42) antidote to sth (5.174) assembly line (9.55)
abolish (3.136) ailment (5.2) antiquity (W1.41) assert (1.167)
abound (8.15) air

aisleone’s views (W3.31)
(4.74) anti-vivisection
ape (10.100) (W5.12) assess (2.100)
assessment (9.152)
abrupt (6.25), (SA5.38)
abruptly (1.47) albeit (W5.25) appalled (7.182) assessor (2.49)
abundant (10.26) allegation (5.185), (W3.9), appalled (W1.48) asset (8.146)
abuse (3.234) (W10.47) appalling (1.184) assorted (W4.19)
abuse (SA4.5) alleged (8.58) appeal (2.113) assumption (4.183)
accelerate (10.108) alleviate (2.177), (3.164), appoint (9.65) astound (SA3.16)
accommodate (2.185) (10.191) apportion (8.37) at a low ebb (W9.17)
accomplished (6.49) alleviation (8.204) apprehension (7.111) at a/the tender age (2.138)
account for (9.144) allied (10.156) apprehensive (SA1.61) at breakneck speed (W1.7)
accountable for sth (9.120) allocate (2.61) apprentice (2.52) at odds with (7.39)
accumulate (8.160) allocation (9.157) apprentice (9.156) at short notice (3.106)
ache (SA5.33) allowance (W8.10) apprenticeship (2.158) at the drop of a hat
acknowledge (2.66) allude (3.97) apprenticeship (3.179) (7.126)
acquaintance (PT.9) allude (PT.141) aptitude (9.47) at the helm/tiller (10.164)
acquainted (2.69) ally (3.250) aptitude (10.148) atonement (PT.134)
acquiescence (7.110) ally (5.213) aptly (6.159) attain (7.156)
across the board (10.201) aloof (7.49) aptly (W8.43) attire (PT.64)
act upon (1.201) aloofness (W5.11) arbitrary (8.46) attribute (3.247)
activist (5.19) alumni (W2.4) arbitrary (SA4.3) audible (2.146)
acupuncture (W5.36) amateurish (6.196) arbitrator (2.47) augmented (SA1.7)
acute (3.49) ambient (W3.20) arcade (5.231) auscultation (5.32)
153
austere (SA1.45) be from the wrong side of bigoted (8.11) bough (W10.19)
autodidact (PT.155) the tracks (6.168) billboard (10.132) boulder (4.36)
autopsy (5.30) be given the sack (9.77) binaural (5.47) bound to be (2.161)
avalanche (9.8) be immersed in sth binder (9.41) bound up with (3.152)
avalanche (10.64) (PT.136) bin-liner (6.200) bow to sth (3.5)
avert (PT.26) be in arrears with sth biodegradable (10.60) bowler hat (PT.157)
aviation (4.189) (W3.7) biodiversity (W10.32) brainchild (6.99)
avid (2.83) be inclined (3.230) bio-dome (6.79) brain drain (9.71)
avid (PT.163) be inclined (PT.30) bishop (W5.7) brainstorm (2.183)
awash (9.130) be on the verge of (6.184) bite off more than one can brainwash (6.7)
awe (10.58) be riddled with sth (4.26) chew (8.100) brat (7.163)
awed (7.51) be silhouetted (2.153) bizarre (W2.33) breach (3.223)
awed (8.128) be sited (4.78) black-clad (6.217) break even (9.79)
awestruck (6.77) be the pits (7.166 ) black-tie dinner (W10.34) breakthrough (5.1)
awkward (2.98) be the last straw (9.178) bland (6.137) breeding (SA3.25)
be tied to one’s mother’s blast (10.175) breeding ground (10.12)
B apron strings (6.167) blaze (7.42) brevity (SA2.10)
backbencher (3.65) be washed-up (7.21) blazer (9.91) brew (5.162)
backbone (1.153) beaker (5.90) bleachers (10.169) brim (7.115)
backing singer (6.3) beam (1.40) bleak (7.75) bring the curtain down
back-to-back (7.154) bear little resemblance bleeper (W2.16) (6.89)
bad sport (7.90) (1.140) blend (6.238) broadsheet (3.56)
badger (10.95) bear out (3.235) blend (8.38) bronchitis (5.82)
badger (10.206) bear the flag (1.14) blessing (3.240) brush stroke (6.60)
badger (SA5.5) bear with (2.70) blight (SA3.3) BT (W8.59)
baggage handler (3.167) bearable (SA1.52) blink (10.136) bubble with (9.121)
baggy cords (1.111) beastly (9.10) bliss (PT.156) bubbling (8.137)
bale (W10.15) beat sb at sb’s own game blister (5.81) budding (6.92)
(7.91) blistering pace (1.135) budget (2.89)
bang on about (9.15) beaver away (10.89) blizzard (6.166) budget (7.190)
banner (4.125)
banquet (6.97) bedraggled (6.112) blockbuster (6.4) bulk (2.191)
bare (4.211) bedridden (PT.161) blot (10.159) bullet train (4.90)
barge (W10.5) bedspread (PT.100) blue-chip company (W3.23) bully (2.35)
barge in (1.156) beech (SA2.2) bluntly (10.138) bully (PT.85)
barley (5.160) Beethoven (SA3.29) bogey (3.131) bump (4.198)
barn (PT.19) beetle (off ) (10.99) bogus (8.40) bundle off (9.128)
barrack blocks (W8.36) befit (8.170) bohemian (PT.102) buoy (W10.8)
barren (10.182) begrudging (2.15) boil down to (8.31) burdock (5.158)
barrister (8.76) bemused (W5.21) boisterousness (W2.46) bureaucracy (1.196)
bask in sth (8.183) bendy (9.131) bolt (10.131) burn the midnight oil
baton (W7.28) benefactor (7.179) bomber jacket (1.110) (2.75)
battle of wills (W1.38) benevolent (3.120) bond (8.192) burn sth to a cinder (W2.6)
be acclaimed (6.231) bent on sth (4.203) bond (10.178) bursary (2.105)
be all ears (1.99) bequeath (4.98) bone-marrow (W9.15) bushel (PT.120)
be a thorn in sb’s beset (W2.35) booked solid (W5.31) busking (6.107)
side/flesh (3.30) beyond dispute (3.232) bookworm (2.81) butcher (PT.130)
be bereaved (W5.9) biannual (3.76) boon (3.242) by return of post (9.173)
be born with a silver biannually (8.178) borough (W8.22) by the same token (8.202)
spoon in one’s mouth biased (3.94) bossy (SA2.27) by virtue of (2.74)
(6.179) bid (8.56) Botswana (10.84) by(e)-law (W8.38)
154
bygones (5.171) chauvinistic (PT.118) combat (2.178) concession (10.152)

by-law (5.172) cheek (W10.48) come across (3.29) concession (W3.18)
by-product (5.170) cheerleading (7.123) come out on top (1.26) concrete proof (3.228)
byway (SA2.19 ) chestnut (SA2.22) come to grips with sb/sth concussion (5.70)
chiaroscuro (6.20) (2.30) condemn (6.70)
C chicken pox (9.107) command grid (1.144) condemn (10.197)
cajoling (3.26) chore (5.169) commandeer (8.12) condense (3.199)
calculus (2.79) chore (SA3.5) commend (1.166) condescending (SA1.54)
calf (5.11) circuit (W7.1) commentary (SA2.6) condescension (W5.38)
calibre (W5.10) circulation (3.52) commentary (6.12) conduct (6.48)
call sheet (6.32) cite (1.193) commentator (3.104) conduct (7.87)
calving grounds (10.45) cite (2.65) commerce (2.160) conductor (6.5)
candy floss/cotton candy cite (W7.13) commercial break (3.98) confectionery (W4.14)
(8.18) civic duty (8.112) commiserate (W8.54) confederation (1.137)
cane (3.19) civics (2.2) commission (6.158) confide in (SA1.49)
canned (PT.91) civil liberties (8.130) commission (7.196) confine (5.251)
capacity (3.75) civil service minister commission (9.68) confirm (4.194)
capacity crowd (7.74) (1.197) commission (W1.53) confirm (6.73)
caption (3.150) clam up (10.98) commit oneself to sth conform to (W1.46)
captivate (6.218) clamour for sth (8.171) (5.125) confront (4.133)
carbohydrate stacking clap (SA3.43) commitment (2.165) congenial (6.55)
system (W7.24) clash (6.8) commodity (PT.124) congenital (5.97)
cargo (10.165) clash (8.81) commonplace (1.20) congestion (2.157)
caribou (10.21) class (8.51) commute (4.150) congestion (10.87)
carpooling (4.149) clatter (1.28) compact (5.46) congregation (8.82)
Carracci (6.229) cleanse (1.164) compartment (9.176) congressional (8.36)
carrier (4.197) cleft (4.44) compel (SA5.32) conning (W3.25)
cartel (3.141) cleric (W1.23) compelling (6.193) connotation (6.152)
cliché (7.12) compelling (7.36) connotation (8.198)
cascading (10.109) cling (on) to sth (8.34) compensation (4.196) conquer (4.10)
casket (W2.7)
cast (4.248) clinician (5.211) competence (3.200) conscientious (5.207)
casualty (5.154) clique (2.8) competent (SA2.42) conscript (2.137)
catalyst (PT.3) clot (5.69) compile (5.239) consecutive (7.77)
cater for (5.237) clutter (PT.80) compile (W7.36) consent (3.209)
cater for (4.219) coach (9.119) complacent (W5.43) consent form (8.182)
cautious (SA4.46) coarse (4.72) complementary (4.162) conservative (7.173)
cavity (5.40) cobweb (SA4.31) complexity (PT.55) considerate (4.144)
CBE (3.238) codification (W1.24) composed (SA2.31) consistency (8.17)
ceasefire (8.84) coherence (1.148) composure (SA3.39) conspicuous (2.144)
celestial (SA5.21) cohesion (1.147) comprehensive school conspiracy (6.211)
cellular phone (1.181) coil (4.104) (W2.52) constellation (1.133)
censor (1.160) coin (3.121) comprise (7.130) constitute (2.104)
censorship (3.59) coincide (2.71) compromise (6.215) constitute (8.54)
CEO (3.166) coincidence (SA2.4) compromise (9.58) constitute (10.112)
CFC gases (10.5) cold sweat (4.186) compromising (2.145) constraint (10.145)
chamber orchestra (6.71) collaborate (PT.59) compulsive (8.153) construct (8.44)
charabanc (4.158) collaboration (6.230) compulsory (5.222) consultant (5.93)
charcoal (6.59) colloquial (1.215) conceivable (1.124) consumerism (3.254)
chartered (9.125) colonisation (8.158) concerted (8.200) consumer-oriented (3.36)
chasm (6.174) columnist (1.213) concession (8.172) contagious (5.64)
155
contamination (5.128) crawling (5.203) dean (2.45) deposition (8.95)

contemplate (W2.43) crèche (4.224) debilitating (7.52) depraved (3.132)
contemporary (PT.104) credentials (9.46) debilitating (W5.32) deprive (10.204)
contempt (1.67) creep (PT.21) debunk (4.190) deprive of (1.209)
contemptuous of sb/sth crisply starched (W5.37) debunk (5.175) deputy (W8.12)
(8.127) croak (W10.9) debut (7.134) dereliction (10.73)
contend with (4.53) crouch (5.189) decay (4.229) derisory (W6.18)
contender (7.80) crow (10.105) decaying (W8.32) derive (3.169)
contest (SA1.5) crucial (3.109) deceased (6.100) derive (PT.14)
contingent on sth (PT.125) crucial (SA4.11) deceased (W8.18) descendant (10.115)
contraction (W1.52) crude (6.208) deception (3.224) descent (SA5.26)
contractor (9.166) crude (PT.39) deceptively (4.41) desertification (10.11)
contraption (5.196) crude oil (10.13) deck (4.4) designate (W10.26)
controversy (6.6) crust (SA5.41) decked out (6.182) despair (4.172)
convention (3.114) crusty (9.106) declare (9.11) despair of sth (PT.81)
conventional (1.63) crux (9.108) decline (2.173) despoil sth (of sth)
converge (W4.16) cue (W7.3) decline (5.123) (10.203)
conversion (7.185) cue card (W3.2) declivity (SA5.37) despondency (8.189)
convey (1.170) culinary (5.156) decree (8.94) destitution (W6.27)
convey (PT.106) culling (10.80) deduce (PT.132) detachment (3.185)
cool-headed (7.151) culprit (8.110) deem (W1.3) detain (8.168)
coordinate (5.202) culturati (PT.147) deface (4.23) detention (W2.48)
cop-out (W3.26) culture vulture (PT.148) defaced (SA1.9) detention (W9.9)
cordial (5.159) curator (W6.14) defect (SA3.12) deter (4.205)
cordially (8.65) curb (8.57) defective (9.161) detractor (3.151)
cork (4.225) curfew (2.86) defendant (5.187) detrimental (4.152)
cormorant (10.162) currency (5.184) defiance (7.109) detrimental (5.122)
corporal punishment curriculum (2.169) defiance (W5.16) devastating (7.32)
(W2.3) curse (3.241) deficiency (SA3.10) deviation (7.117)
corporate (1.171) curt (2.14) deficient in sth (4.71) diaphragm (5.52)
corporate (9.126) curtail (W4.6) deficit (W2.36) die down (3.83)
corpus (5.220) cushion (2.93) degrade (10.119) diffidence (6.120)
correlate (5.59) customise (7.102) deification (9.30) digest (7.129)
corrosion (10.76) customised paper (1.5) delegation (9.149) digestive (W5.6)
counselling session (2.33) cutback (2.188) delinquency (9.3) dignified (1.177)
counter (8.107) cynicism (3.64) delinquent (8.159) dilapidated (5.240)
counterproductive (9.117) deluge (SA3.8) diligent (9.61)
counter (3.205) D delve (4.157) dim (8.73)
counterpart (9.148) dabble (SA5.15) delve (W4.20) diminish (2.29)
course (7.58) daffodil (2.131) demeanour (W2.9) diminish (9.23)
court (7.59) damn (9.12) demise (3.138) diminutive (2.111)
court sb (3.192) damned (2.114) demote (9.53) dine (PT.7)
courteous (6.225) dandelion (5.157) denote (PT.126) dip (SA5.24)
courtside (7.24) daring (1.158) dense (SA4.36) dire (W1.51)
coverage (SA1.66) dashing (6.116) density (4.151) dire (W8.37)
CPR (W5.46) database (5.149) dental floss (SA4.17) dirt road (4.42)
craftsman (3.193) day boarder (SA1.46) depict (W6.1) disarmament (8.9)
craftspeople (PT.133) dazzling (SA3.27) depiction (6.234) discernible (10.186)
cram (W8.39) deadened (6.195) depletion (10.185) discomfort (3.48)
crawler (4.38) deadline (5.127) deplorable (9.177) discourse (5.216)
156
discourse marker (1.146) ditty (2.139) dried-up sources (3.212) elbow (SA1.32)
discrepancy (SA3.6) diverge from sth (4.16) drift (4.61) electrify (1.168)
discrepancy (7.116) diverse (6.124) drift off (4.208) elevated (SA1.8)
disembark (4.63) diverse (9.164) drill (10.50) eligible (2.107)
disfigured (SA1.10) diversify (SA5.42) drive a wedge between sb eligible (7.137)
disgruntled (W3.27) dizzying heights (2.112) and sb else (8.105) ellipsis (W4.29)
dishevelled (W5.39) docile (PT.93) drive sb round the bend elongated (1.88)
disillusion (W8.16) dog (10.90) (4.131) elucidate (8.141)
disinterested (SA4.6) dog tag (SA4.16) drone (W10.13) elude (PT.29)
disjoin (SA3.46) domain (1.155) drop (1.206) elusive (3.226)
dislocation (8.3) domelike (5.55) drop in (9.111) elusive (SA4.15)
dislodgement (W9.24) dominant (7.146) drudgery (W9.19) embark on (2.170)
dismal (7.95) dominate (10.43) dub (10.27) embezzle (5.186)
dismiss (2.123) domineering (PT.83) dub (W10.24) embrace (6.22)
dismiss (9.44) don (2.44) dubious (5.221) embrace (7.147)
dismissive (3.47) doom (3.92) dubious (8.32) embrace (PT.149)
disorder (5.71) doomed (8.156) dubious (10.117) emerge (SA2.24)
disparity (SA3.7) dormitory (3.14) duck (10.102) emit (5.58)
disparity (W2.51) dotcom (9.16) dumb down (W2.54) empower (9.84)
dispense with (PT.12) dot-com (W3.22) dumping (10.14) empyrean (SA3.26)
dispense (W2.42) dot-matrix printer dune (W4.22) en suite (W9.29)
dispenser (7.98) (W10.41) dungarees (9.89) enchanting (4.234)
disperse (SA3.32) dotted with sth (4.123) durability (6.223) encompass (W3.19)
disperse (9.24) double helix (W5.17) duty-bound (SA3.50) encounter (3.34)
disposal (10.7) double over (7.20) dweller (10.166) encounter (4.167)
dispose of sth (8.64) dowdy (PT.66) dwelling (5.165) encroachment (1.176)
dispute (3.82) down tools (W2.22) dwindle (10.193) endeavour (3.107)
dispute (6.213) down under (4.118) dwindling (W2.15) endeavour (7.124)
dispute (8.79) down-and-out (2.77) endowed (8.21)
dispute (9.76) downgrade (9.54) E endowed with sth (6.50)
disreputable (5.136) download (2.96) eager (PT.53) endurance (7.136)
disruption (2.195) download (3.118) eardrum (5.83) enduring (1.18)
disruption (W8.61) downside (9.85) earplug (SA4.26) enforcement (SA1.19)
dissection (5.27) downsizing (9.38) ebony (5.49) enfranchise (SA5.46)
disseminate (5.210) downtown (5.230) ECG (5.3) engender (4.182)
dissertation (W9.1) doze (4.202) edginess (PT.28) engrossed (2.99)
dissolve (6.26) doze off (W8.11) editorial (3.51) engrossing (PT.140)
dissolve (10.78) draft (PT.159) efficacy (2.142) enhance (2.4)
distend (5.168) drag on (3.85) efficacy (5.135) enhancing (3.161)
distinct (5.26) drag one’s feet/heels (8.96) efficacy (PT.36) enlightening (6.151)
distinct (6.66) draining (7.16) effluent (10.209) enrage (10.62)
distinction (8.52) drape (4.226) effusive (PT.87) enrolment (2.193)
distorted (1.23) draught (3.172) egg on (3.86) enrolment (5.152)
distorted (3.246) draw (7.198) egg on (8.161) ensconced (6.177)
distract (3.171) drawling (6.206) eke out a living/existence ensue (W9.22)
distract (4.206) dread (6.146) (6.178) ensuing (9.146)
distract (SA2.40) dreary (W3.13) elaborate (1.8) entail (3.115)
distraction (4.8) drenched (4.59) elaborate (SA4.24) entail (8.123)
distress call (1.15) drenched (SA2.1) elaborate (PT.65) entangled (W5.28)
distrust (PT.56) dribble (7.62) e-lancer (W9.25) entanglement (W1.37)
157
enterprise (7.176) expenditure (9.82) ferry (W2.28) footnote (6.35)

entity (PT.166) explicit (5.208) fertile (10.63) for good measure (4.200)
entrant (2.56) explode into sth (10.31) fertiliser (W1.1) foraging grounds (10.122)
envisage (4.155) exploit (10.184) fiancé (W1.2) forecourt (6.101)
envision (1.33) exploitative (8.131) fickle (W9.12) forego (6.126)
envy (6.180) exploited (5.253) fictional (3.122) foreman (W9.10)
epistolatory (1.194) exposure to sth (2.164) fictitious (6.51) forfeit (10.181)
epitomize (7.153) exterminator (8.177) fidget (9.100) forge ahead (4.168)
equalise (W7.23) extol (3.155) FIE (W7.14) forlorn (W6.8)
equilibrium (10.72) extract (SA1.65) fiery (SA2.21) formalities (4.216)
equine (7.141) extravagantly (SA2.28) fight a losing battle (8.99) formidable (7.60)
equitable (8.150) exult (4.88) fight or flight (2.21) formidable (W1.6)
equities (3.68) eyelash (5.87) fight (sb/sth) tooth and forthcoming (3.208)
equivalent (W1.50) eyesore (10.140) nail (6.186) forthcoming (7.191)
eradicate (2.171) figurative (6.56) fortnightly (3.77)
eradicate (5.16) F figure (4.7) fossil fuel (10.8)
eradicate (8.101) facelift (7.132) firearm (8.190) foster (8.205)
eradicate (9.94) facilitator (6.212) fissure (SA5.29) foul (W8.40)
erosion (10.77) faction (8.87) five-a-side (5.238) foundation (2.1)
errand (W9.23) faculty (7.73) fixtures (3.110) fox (10.94)
erratically (5.183) faculty (W2.1) flag down (W4.34) foxhole (SA4.14)
esteem (5.129) fad (1.175) flagrant (7.122) fraction (7.113)
estimate (7.174) faith healer (5.134) flare (10.54) fracture (5.72)
etching (6.235) fallacy (5.137) flashback (6.19) fracture (SA4.35)
eternity (W1.22) falsify (PT.57) flash flood (4.32) fragile (3.194)
etiquette (4.160) familiarise sb with sb flatter (PT.84) fragmented (9.98)
evaporate (W1.35) (4.138) flattering (6.14) frame (3.158)
evasive (3.12) fan out (SA4.30) flawed (9.163) frame (7.28)
evasive (PT.162) Fleadh revellers (6.130) franchise (7.177)
eventuality (7.193) fanzine (3.78) fleet (4.64) fraud (8.124)
fare (PT.145)
evocative (6.57) far-reaching (3.50) fleeting (7.19) fray (4.218)
evocative (W6.5) far-reaching (8.2) flick (7.159) frayed (PT.101)
evoke (8.117) far-reaching (W1.49) flip (7.127) free radicals (W7.25)
evoke (W2.40) fascism (8.148) flip-flops (9.90) freelance (9.37)
exacerbate (7.30) fathom (6.161) flock (PT.127) frenzy (6.114)
exacerbate (8.144) fatten up (10.46) floor (8.22) friction (8.93)
exacerbate (W8.8) faulty (9.160) flourishing (4.121) fringe (W5.22)
exaggerated (5.140) feat (7.67) flourishing (6.173) fringe benefits (9.57)
exasperating (8.174) feathery touch (7.157) flowerpot (7.23) frock (SA1.43)
exceed (7.172) feature (3.57) fly into a rage (2.10) frock (PT.61)
excel (PT.164) feature (3.81) fly off the handle (4.130) frog-march (3.17)
exclusion (8.49) federal (3.210) flyer (3.79) from scratch (10.183)
executante (SA3.28) federally subsidised (1.150) focal (W6.20) frostbite (2.51)
execute (4.143) feedback (5.198) focal point (9.35) frown (1.43)
exemplify (1.118) feign (PT.113) foil (10.110) FTSE (100) index, Footsie
exertion (5.118) felicitously (PT.151) follow things through (3.66)
exhalation (W8.31) fencing (W7.15) (3.90) fuel (W1.36)
exhaustive (7.71) fend for oneself (8.133) foolproof (SA1.12) fugitive (W2.20)
exhilaratingly (PT.160) ferocious (1.139) footage (8.8) fulfilment (4.9)
expel (2.63) ferret out (10.104) footing (8.33) fully-fledged (5.22)
158
fungal (1.142) golden handshake (9.73) handicrafts (W4.12) high-capacity (1.152)

funnel (SA5.30) gossip (SA5.34) hand-picked (4.39) highlights (W3.5)
funnel-web (W7.19) gotcha (3.222) hands-on (5.145) highly-strung (7.27)
furious (6.204) GP (3.173) hang around (4.237) high-ranking (8.121)
furlong (SA5.14) grade (SA1.27) hank (W10.16) hike (5.155)
further/farther/far afield grader (2.48) harassment (8.50) hike (10.15)
(PT.110) gradient (SA5.43) harbour (3.43) hilarious (6.94)
fusion (6.44) grandstand (7.101) harbour dues (W8.52) hindsight (3.187)
futile (W1.33) grant (2.186) harbour resentment hint (2.155)
grasping (3.102) (W1.34) hip (PT.146)
G grass verge (8.191) hard-core (4.37) hit the trail/road (4.25)
gadget (9.74) grass-roots (4.119) hard-hitting (3.3) hitchhiking (4.239)
gag (W9.5) grating (3.103) hard-line (6.214) hoard (PT.25)
gainsay (SA3.30) gratitude (9.171) hardship (4.176) hoarse (5.114)
gallantly (6.189) gratuitously (8.66) hard shoulder (4.140) hoax (PT.49)
galvanise (3.188) grave (SA1.37) hard-wearing (W4.33) holistic (5.98)
gangway (4.65) gravity (5.67) hare (10.93) holistic (9.109)
gape (1.78) grid (8.151) harness (W10.4) homeschool (W2.39)
garment (4.212) grievance (9.145) haul (10.150) hoover (10.155)
gash (W5.5) grim (1.143) haunt (PT.135) hop (10.125)
gasp (5.84) grim (W8.35) have a ring of truth horde (SA3.9)
gasp (PT.144) grin (SA4.37) (W1.40) horizontal (SA5.13)
geriatrics (5.5) grinding (3.100) havoc (PT.37) host (3.80)
get across (1.119) gripping (3.101) hazard (SA5.11) hothouse (W10.33)
get by (8.193) gripping (6.54) hazard lights (4.146) hound (10.96)
get into the act (1.134) gritty (3.99) hazardous (4.19) household (5.248)
get the heck out (9.101) grizzly bear (10.39) hazy (PT.18) HR (9.141)
get the office fitted out grooming (W5.27) headfirst (SA4.29) hub (4.40)
grope (1.9) headset (1.59) huddle (W8.42)
(3.88) grossly (3.231) heal (5.79) hue (W6.11)
get to grips with sth
(10.195) ground-breaking (W6.30) heat (W7.2) hull (W10.1)
get white knuckled (4.210) groundsman (7.55) heave (6.139) humane (5.225)
ginger (5.161) groundsman (W7.32) hectic (9.110) humaneness (8.140)
girlie stuff (2.132) growl (1.73) hedge (SA2.25) humble (3.253)
gist (1.34) grump (3.22) hedgerow (W10.21) humbling (8.136)
glare (1.41) gullible (5.138) hefty (5.217) humiliate (SA1.26)
glass ceiling (8.119) gut (W5.18) hellbent on sth (8.173) humiliated (8.142)
glaze (PT.95) gyrate (6.140) hem (PT.67) humpback bridge (4.247)
glee (W9.20) hepatitis (W5.35) humped (PT.20)
glib (6.160) H herald (SA3.40) hunch (W5.26)
glint (W4.17) habitat (SA5.9) herbalist (5.164) hurdle (W7.26)
gloomy (6.62) hackneyed (6.198) herbicide (10.67) hydro dam (5.227)
gloss (3.146) hall of residence (2.87) herd (10.79) hype (7.43)
glossy (3.60) hallowed (6.187) heredity (8.23) hype up (W3.8)
glut (3.220) hall of residence (W2.2) heritage (8.19)
gnaw (9.114) halt (5.229) hesitate (PT.8) I
go belly up (10.180) hamper (4.192) high profile (8.6) iconised (6.153)

go/slip down the hand in one’s notice (9.75) high resolution graphics ignorance (2.6)
drain/plughole (9.129) hand over (PT.5) (W5.44) illegible (2.42)
goggle-eyed (9.105) handicap (7.66) highbrow (3.45) ill-fated (7.150)
159
ill-inspired (3.42) inadvertently (2.133) inflict (8.26) intimidated (SA2.9)

illiterate (SA1.25) inattention (7.13) influx (8.108) intimidating (3.27)
imagery (6.27) inattentive (9.155) infringement (8.111) intimidating (6.93)
immersed (4.21) inaugural (3.128) infringement (W10.46) intonation (PT.63)
immigrant (W8.1) inaugurate (1.29) ingrained (4.181) intone (3.18)
imminent (7.187) incensed (8.67) ingratiating (PT.82) intoxicate (SA3.33)
impact (5.63) incentive (4.153) inhale (10.9) intricacy (SA3.42)
impact (6.232) incentive (7.142) inherent (5.204) intricate (6.210)
impact (9.13) incentive (9.36) inhibited (3.207) intrigue (1.128)
impairing (7.15) inception (3.24) initially (SA5.8) intrinsic (10.144)
impassable (4.24) incessantly (6.144) initiative (5.250) intrinsically (9.33)
impassioned (6.133) incinerator (W10.10) inner (6.110) introspective (2.37)
impeccable (4.233) incision (5.112) inner city areas (3.39) intrusive (1.3)
impeccable (7.133) incisive (3.4) innocuous (3.134) inundate (6.82)
impede (5.205) inclusion (1.211) innocuous (SA2.2) invalid (8.60)
impenetrable (4.232) incompatible with sth innovation (PT.43) invoke (W9.21)
imperative (5.181) (9.72) innovative (6.43) inward (SA2.32)
impertinence (W9.3) incompetence (SA3.19) innuendo (3.95) irate (5.232)
implement (2.200) incomprehensible (6.106) inoffensive (3.160) irate (7.50)
implement (8.199) incorporate (4.81) insight (4.235) ironmonger (9.49)
implement (W8.60) incorporate (6.65) insight into sth (9.158) irrelevancy (8.176)
implication (2.197) incorporate (7.128) insightful (W10.43) irritable (4.246)
implication (7.11) incur (PT.13) insolently (W2.31) italics (2.39)
impose (2.27) indestructible (1.129) insomnia (4.201) itinerary (W4.5)
impose (9.122) indestructible (8.169) inspectorate (2.140) ivory (10.81)
imposition (8.30) indictment (2.125) instil sth in/into sb (8.45) ivory-tipped (5.48)
improvise (3.127) indignant (SA1.59) instrumentation (PT.45)
imprudent (5.34) indispensable (1.205) insubordination (9.78) J
impulsively (PT.86) indisputable (3.216) insufficiency (SA3.11)
in bloom (4.29) induced (9.93) insurmountable (3.252) jab (7.158)
jack (1.56)
in demand (2.180) indulge in (4.87) intake (5.96) jargon (1.200)
in earnest (SA5.25) industrious (9.63) integrate (4.82) jeer (1.71)
in instalments (2.60) inefficiency (SA2.5) integrated (10.134) jeopardise (10.202)
in jest (1.96) inept (SA3.1) integration (8.145) jerky (3.149)
in one’s capacity (3.237) inescapable (PT.2) intended for (6.227) jersey (7.68)
in our midst (3.32) inevitably (SA5.45) intensity (5.245) jet lag (4.159)
in retrospect (8.180) infallibility (PT.51) intent on squandering jettison (PT.11)
in some respects (3.105) infant (3.182) one’s talent (7.6) jetty (W4.4)
in stark contrast with sth infantry (1.24) interactive (W1.44) judder (PT.16)
(W3.30) infect (10.70) interceptor (8.91) jumbled (1.145)
in store (W8.19) infer (3.236) interchangeable (5.51) jump on the bandwagon
in strictest confidence infer (W7.16) interference (SA5.10) (6.84)
(1.104) infer (W8.53) intermediary (8.90) jump the gun (7.88)
in succession (1.186) infest (PT.24) intermingling (8.39) juncture (SA2.20)
in terms of (SA1.28) infested (8.163) internal (7.35) juvenile (8.197)
in the same league (2.80) infinitely (9.104) interpersonal (2.3)
in the vicinity of sth inflammation (5.73) intertwine (6.233) K
(7.195) inflammation (W5.4) interval (7.118)
keenly (9.32)
in the wings (6.87) inflammatory (5.106) intimacy (W1.20)
keep/have one’s wits
inadequacy (2.122) inflection (PT.105) intimate (W1.31)
about one (7.84)
160
keep sth under one’s hat limb (7.112) macho (W8.51) merchant vessel (1.13)
(1.102) lineage (SA4.7) magistrate (8.77) mercurial (7.152)
keypad (1.61) linear (W10.25) maim (8.4) mere (1.138)
kick off (4.161) lineup (W3.12) mainland (4.67) merge (4.135)
kinsfolk (PT.111) linger (SA3.31) mainstay (SA3.13) merger (9.151)
kneepads (W7.30) lingering (5.197) make a clean sweep of sth meringue (SA3.48)
knot (W1.12) lingua franca (1.115) (7.139) merit (7.131)
knuckles (5.13) linguist (1.116) make a mountain out of merit (PT.47)
lip (W10.22) molehill (8.103) mesmerised (4.249)
L literacy (1.1) make allowance(s) for mess sb around/about
laborious (1.36) literal (7.10) sb/sth (SA1.38) (9.179)
laborious (9.60) live (from) hand to mouth make fair grades (2.7) method acting (6.72)
labour market (2.181) (10.210) makeshift (5.38) meticulous (4.244), (PT.58)
lad (W8.55) live on a shoestring (2.76) malaise (9.5) meticulously (4.56), (5.65)
Laënnec (5.20) livelihood (5.228) malaria (5.15) Mexico (4.223)
lair (6.81) liven up (3.145) malevolent (8.134) MGM (6.17)
lambast(e) (7.164) livid (2.13) malicious (8.47) miasma (W8.30)
land sth (3.178) log cabin (10.17) mammal (10.161) midfielder (7.53)
landfill (10.71) log on (W1.29) manic (W4.15) migrant (PT.112)
landing strip (10.55) logging (SA5.12) manipulated (6.205) migrate (10.42)
landslide (10.65) logistics (4.171) manor (PT.123) milestone (5.201)
lane (4.139) logo (W7.37) mar (7.149) mind the gap (4.5)
lane (7.56) loll (9.99) march (8.125) mindful (5.146)
lank/lanky (PT.75) long division (7.199) margin (9.31) minefield (6.163)
lap (W5.42) long-haul (W4.1) marina (10.207) miner (SA5.7)
launch (1.17) long-winded (1.87) marital (9.2) minimalist (1.85)
launch (2.106) loom (W9.11) maroon (4.227) mischief (1.169)
law enforcement officer lop off (10.173) marshal (4.127) mischievous (4.89)
lope (W2.25) marshy (10.29) misconception (2.95)
(3.218) loquacious (SA1.13) mastery (6.221) misconception (5.133)
lawsuit (3.214)
lax (9.154) lord it over sb (1.154) materialise (1.66) misconception (9.92)
lay down (3.44) lot (6.176) maternity leave (8.120) mishap (4.58)
lay-by (4.141) lounge (4.110) matron (5.119) misidentification (8.14)
lead the field (7.94) lounge suit (1.106) maze (4.91) misinterpret (SA2.39)
league (SA5.18) lucid (7.121) maze-like (W8.49) miss the boat (9.17)
leak (4.154) lucidity (W1.21) meagre (4.70) missive (1.191)
lectureship (W2.5) lucrative (9.64) meagre (W4.8) mitral valve (5.53)
ledge (4.52) lucrative (W1.30) meander (W4.26) moan (SA4.39)
ledge (SA4.2) lumbar (W5.19) meandering (4.31) mobility (8.55)
leg (4.46) lunge forward (10.126) meddle in/with sth moderate (5.244)
legacy (1.19) lurid (W8.23) (10.129) moderately (4.6)
legible (2.152) lush (6.78) mediator (8.89) modestly (5.50)
legislation (10.6) lushness (4.251) mediocre (7.79) modify (4.116)
legitimate (8.164) lustre (9.139) medium (3.244) Mojo tent (6.132)
levitate (4.93) luxuriant (10.154) memorabilia (6.33) mole (10.103)
life expectancy (5.17) lynx (10.41) menacing (6.220) monetary (W5.47)
lift (4.193) menacingly (1.68) mongrel (5.190)
light-hearted (1.214) M menial (8.75) monies (5.234)
liken (2.102) machete (SA4.19) menial (9.62) monkey around/about
limb (5.200) macho (3.11) mentally challenged (8.62) with (10.97)
161
monoracialism (8.48) negligible (1.112) obstinately (2.110) outlet (7.175)

monstrosity (10.208) negotiable (3.62) obtuse (8.13) outlet (W10.39)
moor (4.62) neo-natal unit (W5.2) odds and ends (SA4.20) outlets (3.142)
Moorish (6.104) nestle (10.24) off one’s own bat (7.89) outline (2.187)
moose (10.38) networking (6.123) off the hook (1.173) outlive (6.36)
morale (9.88) networking (W3.24) offender (2.182) outmoded (8.35)
morality (3.198) newsreel (6.31) officious (3.15) outpatient (5.153)
Morocco (4.147) niche (1.57) offline (W1.14) outraged (5.226)
morosely (W3.14) niggling (5.104) ogle (1.79) outrageous (4.132)
mould (8.41) nine-to-five (9.20) ogre (9.135) outright (3.125)
moulded (W10.36) nod (SA4.38) oil seep (10.48) outstay one’s welcome
mount (SA1.1) node (1.126) ointment (3.197) (8.104)
mount (9.147) no-man’s-land (3.135) ominous (4.241) outstrip (W7.7)
moved (SA1.3) nominate (7.197) on a shoestring (W6.23) outvote (W7.8)
mow (W3.28) nomination (6.37) on average (5.246) outweigh (2.199)
mow (W10.14) nonchalantly (6.119) on impulse (10.88) outwit (3.191)
Mozambique (10.86) non-conformist (5.102) on the back burner outwit (W7.9)
MRI (W5.41) nook (1.55) (W5.13) overbearing (6.76)
muddle (1.76) northbound (W4.24) on the grounds of (8.106) overdue (W1.45)
muddy (6.111) northernmost (W4.25) on the/sb’s tab (6.42) overflow (3.165)
mule (4.134) not to mince one’s words on the tip of one’s tongue overgrazing (10.147)
mull over (1.157) (1.97) (1.98) overhang (4.101)
multi-layered (4.174) notify (9.169) on the verge of sth (7.5) overhaul (1.198)
multi-lingual (1.114) notion (1.172) one-off (PT.35) overlap (4.102)
multiple sclerosis (W5.34) notion (2.24) ooze with sth (9.86) overlapping (6.23)
multitude (6.28) notion (6.155) opaque (PT.103) overlook (SA1.21)
mum’s the word (1.103) notoriety (6.40) operational (2.84) overlook (4.100)
mumble (1.75) notoriety (7.45) oppressed (SA4.43) overnight (3.84)
munch (1.74) notwithstanding (10.153) oppressive (6.61) overrated (9.97)
mundane (PT.1) nourishing (8.61) opt for (4.47) oversee (3.37)
musk ox (10.36) novelty (6.162) opt (SA4.12) oversee (4.99)
muster (1.77) noxious (5.110) ordeal (3.72) overseer (2.40)
mutate into sth (8.147) noxious (10.68) origami (6.103) overtake (4.145)
mutter (1.90) nuance (1.84) oscillating (W10.6) overwhelmed (3.40)
mutual (W4.28) nuance (W6.12) osmosis (W10.12) own up to sth (8.152)
mutual acquaintance numeracy (2.141) ostrich (W2.17) ozone layer depletion
(1.100) out of print (SA1.20) (10.4)
mutually (5.206) O outbreak (SA3.18)
oarsman (W5.15) outburst (2.5) P
N obesity (5.242) outcast (6.46) PA (9.51)
naiad (SA5.17) obituary (3.54) outclass (W7.6) paddy (SA4.33)
naive (PT.54) objectivity (2.50) outcome (2.179) pain reliever (SA3.51)
nausea (5.115) obliterate (SA2.43) outcome (3.159) palpate (5.61)
NCAA (3.204) oblivious of sth (8.20) outcrop (10.109) pamper (4.86)
near miss (7.145) oblivious (W8.6) outcry (5.223) panache (6.219)
needle (5.101) obscure (SA2.38) outcry (SA5.3) pant (5.85)
negativism (W8.13) obscure (PT.70) outfit (7.70) parish (SA3.35)
neglect (1.38) obsolete (9.162) outgoings (1.163) parish (PT.108)
negligence (4.111) obsolete (PT.129) outlandish (3.137) part and parcel (4.60)
negligence (10.111) obstacle (4.14) outlay (10.142) partisan (7.81)
162
paternalism (5.212) perversity (SA3.45) plunge (3.71) prejudicial (8.135)

patronise (2.116) pesticide (10.3) plunge (W3.4) prematurely (PT.50)
patronise (6.148) pestiferous (W8.27) ply sb with sth (3.202) premise (1.202)
patronising (5.144) pestilential (PT.97) plywood (PT.73) premise (PT.41)
patronising (PT.32) PETA (10.118) poacher (W10.11) premises (1.95)
pave the way (8.7) petite (10.121) pole position (7.148) premises (7.186)
PBS (6.34) petition (8.126) policy (3.129) preoccupied (3.21)
peach (W7.22) petrified (5.191) poll (5.241) prescription (5.117)
peck (1.27) petty (5.108) poll (9.9) pressing (2.167)
peck (PT.122) phase out (3.117) ponder (SA3.34) presumption (8.139)
pedestrianize (10.189) phenotypic (8.16) ponder (PT.142) pretentious (W1.4)
peer (2.32) philistine (2.124) pop (SA4.34) pretentious (W6.15)
peer (PT.33) physically challenged popularise (6.150) prevail (7.61)
pelt down (6.143) (7.104) porch (10.120) prevalent (8.114)
pelting (W6.4) physio (W7.33) pore over (4.187) preventive medicine
pen (1.190) pick one’s way (4.57) portable (2.97) (W8.21)
penalise (PT.143) pick sb’s brains (W6.28) portion (SA1.29) pricey (4.2)
pendulum (W10.7) picket line (9.52) portion (5.247) primal (10.34)
penetrate (10.113) pick-pocket (6.102) pose (10.188) primate (2.120)
penetrate (SA5.40) piecework (SA3.14) pose (SA5.44) primatologist (2.121)
penetrating (PT.74) pier (W4.3) post-graduate (2.54) prime (2.175)
pensive (7.47) piercing (1.80) posture (1.113) principle (3.225)
pensiveness (5.143) piercing (5.100) potent (7.72) principle (5.37)
pentrite (SA4.25) pinnacle (W7.21) potential (2.109) priority (2.192)
penultimate (4.22) pin-striped (1.108) potential (7.192) privileged (PT.150)
perceive (SA1.6) pitch (1.93) pothole (W10.2) privy (W8.24)
perceive (3.41) pitch (7.57) pottery (6.58) probe (3.69)
perceive (5.25) pitted against sb (6.216) pounce on (9.127) probe (5.60)
perceive (PT.119) pivotal (1.203) pound (4.120) probe (W4.21)
perceptive (SA1.51) pivotal (PT.158) pound (10.123) procession (SA2.26)
perceptive (6.236) placebo (5.219) pragmatic (6.109) proclaim (PT.69)
percussive (6.113) plague (8.196) prawn (W9.8) prodigy (7.41)
perforator (9.40) plagued (3.112) prayer (SA1.36) profound (1.48)
perfunctory (W10.44) plank (W2.11) preaching (8.27) profound (3.227)
peril (W6.16) platitude (3.23) precariously (10.44) profound (SA4.40)
perilous (SA5.28) platoon (SA4.28) precaution (4.242) profound (9.19)
perks (9.67) play ball (with sb) (7.85) precede (2.135) progression (10.198)
permit (4.68) play second fiddle (6.88) precede (7.9) prolapse (5.54)
perpetrator (W8.57) play truant (2.62) precedent (7.140) proliferate (PT.31)
perpetuate (8.24) plea (10.19) precious little (7.82) prolific (PT.128)
perpetuate (W1.32) plead with sb (2.72) precipitate (7.46) prolong (SA5.19)
perplexed (3.46) pledge (3.74) preconception (7.1) prompt (5.218)
persecute (5.139) pledge (5.182) preconception (8.10) proofread (3.174)
persecutor (6.209) pledge (W1.11) predator (4.12) prop up (9.132)
perseverance (3.91) plenary meeting (PT.44) predator (10.47) propel (4.108)
persistent (3.28) plethora (W2.49) predicament (SA2.41) property (5.68)
personal agenda (8.25) plight (W6.26) predisposition (5.75) proponent (5.35)
perspective (8.195) plonk (5.195) prefabricated (7.100) proportion (5.243)
pertain (3.249) pluck (4.107) prefect (3.16) propped up (SA1.30)
pertinent (1.50) plug in (1.54) prejudiced (3.123) proprietor (3.140)
163
prose (6.192) radiator (4.240) recreational (2.90) relocate (7.188)

prosecution (6.128) radical (6.108) recruit (9.66) relocate (9.159)
prosecution (SA5.6) radiocarbon dating (PT.46) recruit (9.87) relocation (4.79)
prospects (2.103) rafter (6.145) rectify (2.129) reluctant (5.124)
prospect(s) of/for sth rage (SA5.39) recuperate (5.120) remastered (6.11)
(4.156) raid (10.51) recuperation (4.245) remedy (5.142)
prospective (1.180) railings (W9.4) recuperation (8.186) remembrance (SA1.35)
prosperity (8.194) rake (W7.5) recurrence (5.76) reminisce about sb/sth
prosperity (W6.21) rale, bruit, egophony recurring (5.105) (PT.138)
prosthetic (7.105) (5.45) redress (8.132) remotely (6.9)
proximity (4.230) rally (8.83) reduce to tatters (1.125) remuneration (9.1)
proximity (8.179) ram (10.106) reducible (2.149) remuneration (W9.28)
prudence (1.22) rambling (W6.9) redundancy (8.157) render (1.189)
puddle (W2.26) rampant (4.169) redundant (1.37) render (W1.42)
pull away (2.22) rank (1.2) reel (1.60) render (W5.30)
pulse (4.94) rapport (6.191) reel (W1.16) renewable energy source
pulse (W4.13) rapturous (SA5.27) referee (2.46) (10.52)
pumpkin (SA1.24) rat on (10.91) refine (5.199) renounce (W6.13)
punctual (6.226) ratings (3.119) refine (6.21) renovation (2.190)
punctuate (2.16) rattle (PT.17) refined (10.66) renowned (W7.10)
puncture (4.15) ravage (5.41) refinery (W10.35) repel (3.93)
pundit (3.108) raven (W10.20) reflect (2.172) repel (8.162)
punter (W1.26) ravine (4.48) reflective (2.26) repercussion (10.199)
purgatory (PT.137) rawness (7.29) refuge (10.25) repercussion (W1.10)
purist (1.207) ray (SA5.22) refund (9.174) replicate (2.136)
put all one’s faith in sth/sb rayon (PT.92) regal (10.37) repression (W8.7)
(7.97) razor-sharp (W6.10) regale sb with sth (4.207) reprimand (2.64)
put out (9.167) read between the lines regime (W6.19) reprimand (9.43)
put sb in the picture (6.90) (6.86) register (2.58) reproducibility (PT.34)
putrefaction (W8.47) readership (3.53) register (3.229) reptile (10.160)
pylon (PT.27) reappraisal (9.150) rehabilitation (8.184) repurchase (W9.14)
reassess (4.180) reign (2.128) resemble (5.66)
Q reassurance (W2.37) reign (9.14) resentment (9.118)
quaint (1.12) rebel (SA3.24) reigning (7.78) resentment (W1.33)
quaint (W4.30) rebound (W1.18) reimburse (5.233) reservations (2.88)
quantifier (3.201) rebut (W7.4) reimbursement (9.48) resettlement (PT.107)
query (2.59) recanting (3.206) reinforce (9.26) reshuffle (3.63)
question stem (1.35) recap on sth (3.156) reinstate (3.143) resilience (W2.45)
quibble (7.40) recapture (6.202) reiteration (9.170) resilient (3.195)
quick-witted (8.138) recede (1.32) reject (PT.90) resistible (2.150)
quire (5.24) recede (SA1.16) rejoice (4.85) resolute (2.151)
quota (5.224) recite (SA3.38) rejoice (7.83) resolve (2.194)
quotation (3.9) recklessly (3.217) rejoicings (SA1.48) resolve (PT.79)
quote (2.38) reclaim (10.179) rekindle (4.77) resonant (3.196)
quote (5.21) reclamation (10.177) relaunch (3.38) resort to sth (SA1.18)
recoil (1.65) relay (1.21) resort to sth (9.112)
R recollect (SA1.44) relegation (SA4.45) resort to sth (5.148)
reconcile (10.167) relentlessly (7.33) resource (W1.43)
rabies (SA4.32)
recoup (6.115) relevant (SA1.64) respiratory (5.94)
rack (4.163)
recoup (W6.3) relish (7.143) respiratory (10.190)
radiation (SA2.15)
164
rest on one’s laurels (W5.8) RSI (9.4) scout (W7.35) shoo away (9.133)
restlessness (4.184) rub shoulders (with sb) scowl (1.70) shop floor (9.81)
resurgence (7.17) (6.125) scramble (10.22) shopworn (PT.89)
retail (9.56) rubric (6.222) scrap (3.35) shortage (2.184)
retail (W1.13) rudimentary (5.150) scrap (PT.96) shortfall (W4.23)
retain (1.185) rudimentary (8.74) scrapped (6.127) shoulder blade (5.10)
retina (5.7) rumble (6.142) scratchy (W10.17) shovel (10.172)
retort (1.45) rumbling (5.56) scrawl (8.188) shriek (1.82)
retract (1.64) run aground (4.66) scribe (1.192) shriek (W4.31)
retract (4.114) run amok (7.169) scruffy (1.105) shrug (1.46)
retract (PT.52) run for Parliament (1.101) scruffy (6.201) shrug (2.17)
retreat (SA1.15) run out of steam (7.96) scruffy (PT.71) shrug (SA4.27)
retrieve (W1.8) run-down (1.183) scrupulously (W7.18) shrug (9.175)
revaluation (5.214) runner-up (7.64) scrutiny (3.124) shut-in (SA2.30)
revel (SA3.23) run-off (4.33) scrutiny (7.34) sibling (SA3.22)
revelation (1.187) scrutiny (SA4.4) siblings (W2.38)
revelation (5.28) S seasoned (W4.2) Sicily (7.135)
revenue (7.99) sacred (10.59) secluded (10.192) sift through (5.209)
revenue (W10.31) sacrilegious (7.14) sedentary (SA3.17) sighting (3.126)
revere (9.140) sacrosanct (9.123) sedentary (W5.3) signifier (PT.117)
reversal (9.83) saddle shoes (PT.76) sedentary (W9.13) silted-up (W4.10)
revocable (2.148) sales pitch (W7.11) seething (1.141) simper (1.72)
revoke (PT.139) salience (9.28) segment (1.131) simulated (W5.45)
revolve around (9.143) salve (5.177) self-deprecating (SA1.60) sinister (6.203)
ribcage (5.14) sanctuary (10.75) self-flagellation (7.170) sinuousness (PT.154)
ribs (5.78) sanitation (W8.20) self-loathing (7.171) Sioux (10.57)
ricochet (W2.27) saturated fat (5.180) self-righteous (SA1.55) sitcom (3.113)
riddle (3.70) sauce (W10.40) sensationalism (3.180) sizeable (6.64)
ridge (9.165) sensitise sb to sth (3.7) skew (W2.13)
ridge (10.170) saunter (8.71) set (3.157) skid (4.113)
saunter (W2.23)
ridicule (2.34) sausage sizzlers (4.126) settler (SA2.12) slam (2.11)
rig (W8.4) saving grace (8.63) settler (8.88) slander (6.45)
rim (7.114) savvy (W1.19) settling (2.147) slash (W6.22)
rim (SA4.1) saw (W10.30) severance (9.45) slate (10.130)
rinse (4.217) scalloped (PT.78) sewage (W8.45) slate (W3.10)
riot police (8.1) scam (2.221) sewer (W8.46) sleek (6.224)
rival (SA2.8) scapegoat (8.201) shaggy (10.35) slide (4.112)
rivalry (1.117) scathing (W4.7) shake off (6.96) slide (5.89)
rivet (10.124) scatter (4.34) shareholder (SA4.13) slide (SA5.20)
riveting (6.52) scattered (5.176) sheer (4.128) slingshot (SA4.21)
RKO (6.16) scavenge for sth (10.128) sheerly (10.139) slip road (4.142)
rock the boat (4.129) scavenge (W3.16) sheet metal (4.54) slope (SA5.23)
rocky outcrop (4.35) scavenge (PT.22) shellfish (10.116) sloppy (2.82)
rookery (W8.29) scholar (6.149) shelve (6.121) sloppy (W2.47)
roster (W3.11) scold (SA5.4) shift (4.80) slot (3.147)
rota (W2.30) scoot (9.124) shift (10.74) slot (5.130)
rotate (4.109) scoring (6.38) shift work (9.80) sluggish (W1.17)
round the bend (SA2.7) scorn (2.134) shin (5.6) slump (9.138)
rousing (1.49) scour (10.127) shirk (from) sth (8.165) slums (W8.33)
row (3.73) scourge (5.39) shoddy (PT.68) slur (6.169)
165
smash into sth (1.188) spur on (3.153) stilted (SA2.3) strung out (7.44)
smelter (W10.49) squander (7.7) stink (W8.44) strut (8.72)
smirk (1.42) squint (W4.32) stir (SA1.2) stubble (W10.18)
smother (10.33) squirrel away (10.107) stir up (3.243) stuck-up (6.181)
snake (4.105) squirt (W3.21) stitch (SA1.31) stuffed (4.124)
snake (10.53) stabbing (5.99) stock market crash (3.1) stuffy (7.165)
snappy (2.36) stablemate (7.144) stockbroker (6.188) stumbling (1.151)
sneak into (6.129) stack (PT.94) stockholder (1.161) stunned (2.12)
sneaking (5.126) staff-student (2.85) stockowner (6.185) stunt (6.199)
sneaky (3.211) stagnate (W4.11) stoke up (6.138) stunted (10.30)
sneering (3.33) stained (PT.72) stool (SA3.47) stutter (1.91)
snooze (4.204) stamp (SA3.44) stopgap (W10.28) sub-editor (3.89)
snore-stopper (4.209) stampede (SA2.14) stow (4.3) subject sb to sth (3.154)
snub (PT.10) stand sb in good stead straddle (W10.23) subjugate (W6.25)
soaking (6.131) (SA4.10) strain (5.173) sublet (7.178)
soar (SA1.4) stand-by (4.69) strain (9.96) subscriber (1.130)
soaring (10.28) standpoint (5.33) strain (PT.6) subsequent (2.108)
solely (5.57) stand-up comedy (6.67) strained (3.162) subsequent (3.183)
solid (3.177) stanza (2.130) strand (W5.29) subsequently (7.194)
solidarity (8.113) stapler (9.39) stranded (1.6) subside (SA3.20)
solidify (5.42) starboard (4.73) stranded (5.77) subsidise (W8.56)
soliloquy (7.168) stark (10.23) stranded (10.149) subsidised (8.59)
solipsistic (7.38) starlight scope (SA4.23) stray (SA2.44) subsistence (SA1.22)
something to fall back on star-studded (6.197) stream (SA5.35) subsistence (10.20)
(3.87) start the ball rolling (7.86) strenuous (1.39) subsistence (PT.109)
soothing (W3.29) starting blocks (W7.31) strenuous (5.95) substantial (SA1.17)
sorely (2.126) startling (6.15) stress-induced (7.48) subtlety (1.83)
sovereign state (W8.15) state form (1.199) stretched-out (1.89) succession (7.31)
spaced out (6.122) state regulator (10.171) strewn (4.50) succumb to sth (2.73)
span (W3.17) stationer (9.50) strictures on sb/sth (2.127) suffragette (8.5)
spare (6.29) stationery (7.181) strife (8.92) sullen (2.9)
spawn (W6.24) stature (6.10) strike (1.165) sullenly (W2.32)
speck (4.96) steadfast (8.181) strike (4.214) summit (6.165)
speculation (2.118) steadfastly (6.172) strike (PT.121) summon up (6.118)
spell (4.84) stealth (W4.27) strike the wrong note sunslate (10.133)
spell (SA4.44) steam into sth (9.102) (6.85) super-conducting (4.92)
spellbound (6.68) steeply (SA2.35) striker (7.54) superimpose (PT.115)
spew (10.157) steer away from (2.25) striker (W9.6) superintendent (2.162)
spillage/spill (10.1) stem (8.166) striking (1.94) supersede (1.159)
spiral (SA5.31) stem from (2.196) stringent (5.249) supervisor (2.41)
split ends (W5.40) stem from (8.115) strip (7.69) supplant (9.21)
splutter (1.92) stench (W8.48) strip (W7.29) supplement (3.55)
sponsorship (3.8) sterilized (5.178) strip mining (10.168) supplement (5.147)
spontaneous (8.118) stern (1.69) strip off (W9.16) supplement (9.59)
spool (3.20) stern (4.76) strive (7.4) suppress (6.18)
sprain (5.74) sternum (5.8) stroke (SA3.41) surge (7.120)
sprawl (PT.4) stick one’s nose in sth stroke (8.187) surmise (6.39)
spreadsheet (W6.29) (2.198) stroll (6.147) surrealist (6.63)
springboard (7.106) stiff (SA1.47) stroll (8.70) surveillance (3.111)
sprinkle (PT.62) stilted (3.130) struggle for sth (SA1.23) surveillance (8.109)
166
suspend (2.174) terrain (4.13) to the detriment of sth tumour (5.62)

suspend (7.63) testimony (3.215) (SA5.36) tuneful (4.215)
suss out (2.78) textured (6.141) toddler (2.55) turbulence (4.75)
sustain (2.68) thaw (4.106) toehold (9.29) turbulence (SA4.8)
sustain (9.168) the apple of one’s eye toil (SA3.4) turf (2.163)
sustain (10.10) (6.171) toll (7.25) turmoil (1.179)
sustained (PT.165) the Caribbean (4.221) tone (5.166) turmoil (8.28)
swag (2.166) the course of history (9.95) tongue-in-cheek (W7.12) turmoil (SA4.9)
swagger (W2.24) the dead of winter (4.28) tonsils (5.12) turn tail (5.192)
swan (10.92) the early bird catches/gets torment (6.117) tutor (2.43)
swap (W2.19) the worm (4.199) tortoise (10.163) tutor (10.187)
swell (W7.17) the establishment (3.31) toss (1.162) twiddle oneãs thumbs
swelling (5.80) the Galapagos (10.158) toss (10.176) (8.68)
swiftly (8.122) the handicapped (5.236) tow (10.151) twinkle (4.95)
swirl (W10.3) the Highway Code (4.195) track (4.83) twirl (4.103)
switchboard (1.62) the Maldives (4.222) traction (4.49) twist (3.144)
switchboard (9.42) the Mediterranean (4.220) trail (4.20) twisted (6.194)
the Shroud of Turin (PT.48) trailer (W3.3) two can play at that game
T the unruly (W2.29) trailing stick (SA2.13) (7.92)
tabloid (3.58) thigh (5.92) train spotting (6.105) two-pronged (4.191)
tabulate (W5.24) think tank (1.120) trampled (6.190) tycoon (6.13)
tackle (4.43) thoracic (5.31) tranquilliser (SA4.18)
tackle (10.194) thought-provoking (1.212) transaction (1.7) U
taint (9.27) thrash (W2.10) transcend (7.155) ubiquitous (W10.42)

take a dim view of sth three-D, 3D (5.4) trans-frontier (10.83) ulcer (SA3.21)
(10.196) threefold (10.205) transparently (6.154) ulterior (W10.45)
take (all) precautions thriving (5.252) traverse (4.30) ultimate (4.136)
(1.210) thrust (1.53) treacherous (4.18) ultimately (5.141)
thud (4.213) treacherous (5.179)
take issue with sb (3.233) thwart (W10.29) treatable (SA3.2) umpire (7.65)
talent scout (3.163) umpire (W7.34)
tangible (W4.9) tie-dye (1.107) treaty (8.86) unabashed (6.30)
Tannoy (4.238) tier (SA2.11) treaty talks (3.61) unaffectionate (SA1.56)
tantalisingly (2.117) tiff (8.80) trek (10.18) unanimously (6.69)
tapestry (6.75) tight-lipped (6.170) tremendously (1.204) unbearably (9.137)
tardiness (W9.27) till (W10.37) trench coat (1.109) unbiased (3.2)
tarnish (W9.2) tilted (SA2.16) trespasser (6.98) unblemished (10.56)
technophobe (1.174) timber (10.143) trifling (SA1.39) unclench (2.31)
tedious (1.11) timid (SA1.42) triumphant (7.8) uncompromising (3.6)
teething ring (9.115) timid (W7.20) trivial (5.109) under the auspices of
tell-tale (10.49) tincture (5.163) trivialisation (W3.15) (SA3.36)
tenacity (7.107) tinged (6.135) truce (8.85) under the tutelage of
tend (to) sb/sth (PT.131) tingling (3.148) trudge (8.69) (2.159)
tender age (2.134) tinkle (10.137) tuberculosis (5.36) undergo (5.103)
tender for sth (W8.2) tip over (4.45) tuberculosis (W5.33) undergraduate (2.53)
tenderly (SA1.33) tirade against sb/sth tucked (PT.77) undergrowth (5.193)
tenderness (5.113) (7.167) tug (SA2.29) underpin (8.143)
tense (5.167) tissue (2.156) tuition (1.195) underscore (8.42)
tepid (SA5.16) tissue (5.43) tuition (W2.50) under-stocked (2.189)
terminal (5.107) Titian (6.228) tumble (1.178) underused (2.91)
terraced (SA2.17) to little/no avail (W8.34) tumbling (7.125) undisputed (7.76)
167
unduly (W5.23) V void (9.116) wilt (W1.9)

unfalteringly (W6.6) vacant (7.184) void of sth (PT.23) wince (1.44)
unfathomable (7.160) vacant expression (SA1.50) volatile (8.167) wind (1.127)
unfold (3.184) vacate (9.70) vomit (7.22) wind farm (5.1)
unfold (4.173) vaccination (4.148) voucher (W9.26) winding (4.250)
unfounded (6.183) vaccine (5.18) vulnerability (7.26) window into sb’s soul
unhygienic (4.236) valve (5.29) vulnerable (1.123) (9.25)
unilaterally (PT.60) vanish (9.134) vulnerable (4.51) windowsill (4.178)
unjust (2.101) vanity (SA1.34) wings (W6.2)
unleash (8.149) vapour (SA2.34) W wink (4.97)
unnerve (SA2.37) variant (W1.25) wade into (W2.18) wire (1.30)
unparalleled (6.237) variegated (PT.116) waft (W9.18) wiring (1.122)
unpaved (4.17) varnish (3.170) wage (W10.38) witch doctor (5.131)
unprecedented (7.18) veer (4.117) walk/tread a tightrope with (the benefit of)
unrequited (SA1.53) vehemently (W1.5) (6.83) hindsight (5.121)
unrequited (W6.7) vendor (9.142) (baby) walker (5.194) withdraw (8.154)
unrest (8.53) venture (7.180) wall-mounted (1.51) withhold (SA1.57)
unrestrained (SA1.40) venue (6.74) ward (5.88) withhold (8.175)
unrestrained (3.190) verbalised (2.115) warehouse (7.183) wobble (W2.34)
unruly (4.166) verbose (1.86) warp (1.149) woe (SA5.2)
unscathed (W2.14) veritable (10.174) warren (W8.28) woes (9.6)
unsettling (4.179) versatile (1.4), (4.1), (7.108) wary (2.18) wolf down (10.101)
untapped (5.254) vertigo (5.116) wavering (5.215) wolverine (10.40)
untapped (W2.55) vest (W7.27) wayside (SA3.15) work to rule (9.69)
unveil (W2.12) vested interest (3.13) weave (4.175) workload (9.153)
unversed in sth (2.20) vested interest (W3.6) web browsing (3.116) workmanship (9.180)
unwarranted (4.165) vet (SA3.49) website (7.103) workshop (6.156)
unwieldy (5.23) veterinary (PT.42) weed (PT.98) wrapped up (4.170)
unwind (4.243) wretched (W8.26)
unwitting (PT.114) viable (W8.58) weigh on (3.67) wrought (5.132)
vial (5.91) weirdness (8.43)
unwittingly (SA1.63) vibrant (10.32) welfare (5.235) WWF (10.69)
unyielding (4.55) vicar (SA3.37) well disposed (SA1.58)
up in arms (4.164) vicariously (PT.153) well up (2.19) X
update (SA1.67) vice versa (3.251) well-endowed (W2.21) xenophobe (W8.14)
upfront (3.213) vicinity (5.188) wetland (10.61) xenophobia (8.129)
upgrade (1.136) villain (6.80) what hath God wrought!
uphill (W2.53) vine (SA2.18) (1.31) Y
upholstered (4.228) vinegar (W9.7) wheeze (5.86) yearning (4.185)
upkeep (4.137) vineyard (4.122) whereabouts (3.168) yelp (1.81)
uplifted (3.133) violation (3.203) whist (W2.8) yield (5.44)
upside (W6.17) virtue (3.10) wholesale (2.67)
urban smog (10.2) virulent (W5.1) whopping (9.103) Z
urge (3.239) visual aid (SA1.62) wicked (9.7)
urgent (9.172) zealous (6.53)
vivisection (PT.40) wicker (PT.99)
usurp (3.186) Zimbabwe (10.85)
vocal delivery (6.134) widen (6.175)
utilise (4.188) zip (6.136)
vocalist (6.2) wield (W8.17)
zone therapy (W5.20)
utility (10.135) vocational (2.168) wig (3.175)
utmost (2.176) vocational training (W8.9) wilderness (10.16)
utter (PT.15) void (1.58) will (1.182)
utterly (W1.47)
168
PROFICIENCY
Key to Companion
◆ Unit 1 – Getting the Message Across (pp. 14–16)

A 1 B 3 C 5 A 7 A 9 A
2 D 4 C 6 B 8 B 10 A
B 1 cited 5 premises 9 encroachment

2 intrusive 6 conceivable 10 overhauled
3 tedious 7 superseded
4 distorted 8 outgoings
C 1 pitch 3 backbone 5 breakdown
2 foundation 4 bear
D 1 to come out on top is to

2 if you keep/kept this under your hat
3 in getting her ideas across
4 has not come to terms with his mother’s
5 bore little resemblance
E 1 popularity 5 unconventional 9 strikingly

2 versatility 6 piercing 10 prudence
3 intriguing 7 inconceivable 11 deprived
4 commendable 8 vulnerability
◆ Unit 2 – The Happiest Days of Your Life? (pp. 25–26)

A 1 B 3 A 5 A 7 B 9 D
2 D 4 A 6 C 8 D 10 C
B 1 combat 5 portable 9 damned

2 curfew 6 correspondence 10 complexity
3 avid 7 outburst
4 rectify 8 consistent
C 1 return 3 resources 5 course

2 engaged 4 reflective
D 1 is bound to be/become
2 taking a walk in the wood she came
3 had difficutly in coming to
4 burning the midnight oil
5 on a shoestring was something he was
E 1 remarkable 5 unsettling 9 aquaintances

2 investment 6 attendance 10 commitment
3 vocational 7 creative
4 stressful 8 perception
◆ Unit 3 – Extra! Extra! (pp. 41–43)

A 1 A 3 B 5 C 7 C 9 C
2 C 4 B 6 A 8 D 10 B
B 1 supplement 5 scrutiny 9 innocuous

2 columnist 6 evasive 10 inaugural
3 host 7 discomfort
4 outwit 8 unbiased
C 1 probe 3 odd 5 plunge

2 circulation 4 capacity
D 1 speech dragged on 4 was refused outright by

2 was biased towards 5 don’t intend to follow the task
3 a thorn in the side of through
E 1 advertisements 5 consumerism 9 intrusion

2 sponsorship 6 sneakily 10 potentially
3 commercial 7 occupied 11 indisputable
4 corporations 8 distraction
171
◆ Unit 4 – Planes, Trains and Automobiles (pp. 54–56)

A 1 A 3 D 5 B 7 A 9 D
2 B 4 C 6 A 8 B 10 C
B 1 sweat 5 impassable 9 purchase

2 pricey 6 unruly 10 carpooling
3 puncture 7 rampant
4 vineyard 8 etiquette
C 1 struggle 3 drifted 5 strike
2 figure 4 spell
D 1 hit the trail 4 (want to) rock the boat

2 part and parcel 5 the early bird catches the worm.
3 soaked to the skin
E 1 comfortable 5 propulsion 9 theoretically

2 flourishing 6 conductive 10 commuting
3 versatility 7 pulsations 11 tedious
4 development 8 levitation
◆ Unit 5 – The Science of Life (pp. 69–71)

A 1 C 3 B 5 A 7 B 9 B
2 D 4 D 6 C 8 B 10 B
B 1 standpoint 5 sterilized 9 pant
2 blister 6 ward 10 holistic
3 tissue 7 compile
4 inflammation 8 strenuous
C 1 commit 3 terminal 5 resort

2 slot 4 dubious
D 1 he would need to undergo surgery

2 held in high esteem in
3 has been hindered due to/because of
4 is compulsory for all medical students to
5 will be reimbursed
E 1 conventional 5 treatment 9 commitment

2 complementary 6 prescription 10 proportional
3 hostility 7 incompetent 11 moderation
4 consultants 8 imprudent
◆ Unit 6 – The Art of Entertainment (pp. 82–84)

A 1 B 3 A 5 A 7 C 9 A
2 C 4 D 6 B 8 D 10 B
B 1 embraces 5 sinister 9 punctual

2 deceased 6 diverse 10 gallantly
3 inner 7 scruffy
4 envy 8 summon up
C 1 clash 3 conduct 5 angle

2 embraced 4 crude
D 1 the apple of her 6 brought the curtain down

2 the wrong side of the 7 put in the picture
3 read between the lines 8 tied to his mother’s apron strings;
4 to jump on the 9 a hard act to follow
5 plays second fiddle 10 waiting in the wings
E 1 captivating 5 accomplishment 9 oppressive

2 popularity 6 incomprehensible 10 condemnation
3 awesome 7 dreadful 11 confirmation
4 indisputable 8 slanderous
172
◆ Unit 7 – Born to Win! (pp. 95–97)

A 1 D 3 D 5 A 7 B 9 B
2 B 4 C 6 A 8 A 10 D
B 1 conservative 5 prodigy 9 revenue

2 triumphant 6 blend 10 interval
3 incorporate 7 eligible
4 comprise 8 consecutive
C 1 division 3 rim 5 accessible
2 toll 4 vacant
D 1 put all his faith 4 off her own bat

2 ran out of steam and 5 leads the field in
3 such a bad sport that
E 1 mastery 5 fleeting 9 unfathomable

2 fateful 6 apprehensive 10 arrogance
3 striving 7 endeavoured 11 literally
4 agility 8 tumbling
◆ Unit 8 – Respect! (pp. 106–108)
A 1 A 3 A 5 D 7 A 9 B
2 B 4 B 6 C 8 A 10 B
B 1 exploitative 5 solidarity 9 contemptuous

2 steadfast 6 elucidate 10 mobility
3 biannually 7 discrimination
4 segregation 8 legitimate
C 1 dimmed 3 rally 5 volatile

2 withdraw 4 grace
D 1 an infringement of his 4 exacerbated

2 is not evenly apportioned 5 will withhold its decision
3 a bogus claim about
E 1 expectations 5 unacceptable 9 legislation

2 demonstration 6 institutions 10 persistence
3 rioters 7 campaigners 11 unrest
4 protester 8 declaration
◆ Unit 9 – Another Day, Another Dollar (pp. 119–121)

A 1 C 3 D 5 A 7 B 9 B
2 B 4 C 6 D 8 C 10 A
B 1 angst 6 overwhelmed
2 bang on and on 7 diverse
3 supplement 8 ambivalent
4 a golden handshake 9 handed in his notice
5 dispute 10 intimidated
C 1 mount 3 strain 5 supplement

2 coach 4 void
D 1 given the sack for stealing money from

2 revolved around improving the working hours
3 a million dollar contract
4 handed in his notice because of
5 how industrious he was, his boss
E 1 intrinsically 5 reinforcement 9 industrious

2 ambivalence 6 demoted 10 profoundly
3 downsizing 7 dismissed 11 diversity
4 recruitment 8 compatibility
173
◆ Unit 10 – Our Planet, Our Home (pp. 131–133)

A 1 C 3 D 5 D 7 D 9 D
2 B 4 C 6 A 8 C 10 B
B 1 badgering 5 dwellers 9 intolerable

2 dubious 6 aptitude 10 deprive
3 scoured 7 constraints
4 timber 8 from scratch
C 1 dominated 3 dispute 5 dissolved
2 disposal 4 smothered
D 1 come/get to grips with 4 been meddling around with

2 took a dim view of 5 to wolf down a
3 fatten her up
E 1 environmental 5 depletion 9 renewable

2 negligence 6 jeopardise 10 deforestation
3 abundance 7 descendants 11 bluntly
4 luxurious 8 legislation

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8/16/2019 Upstream Proﬁciency Companion (2)11111

Original edition published by Express Publishing, 2002

Liberty House, New Greenham Park, Newbury, Berkshire RG19 6HW

© Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley 2002

Design and Illustration © Express Publishing, 2002

Polish edition copyright © by EGIS

Redaktor prowadzący: Marta Kapera

This Polish edition is published by arrangement with Express Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

First published 2002

This edition is published in 2005

ISBN 83-7396-134-8 (Polish edition)

Unit 1 Getting the Message Across ......................................................................................................... 5

Unit 2 The Happiest Days of Your Life? .................................................................................................. 17

Self-Assessment Module 1 ........................................................................................................................... 27

Unit 3 Extra! Extra! ................................................................................................................................ 30

Unit 4 Planes, Trains and Automobiles ................................................................................................... 44

Self-Assessment Module 2 ........................................................................................................................... 57

Unit 5 The Science of Life ...................................................................................................................... 59

Unit 6 The Art of Entertainment ............................................................................................................ 72

Self-Assessment Module 3 ........................................................................................................................... 85

Unit 7 Born to Win! ............................................................................................................................... 87

Unit 8 Respect! ...................................................................................................................................... 98

Self-Assessment Module 4 ......................................................................................................................... 109

Unit 9 Another Day, Another Dollar ..................................................................................................... 111

Unit 10 Our Planet, Our Home .............................................................................................................. 121

Practice Test ............................................................................................................................................... 136

B. Upstream Proficiency – Workbook Glossary ................................................................................ 143

C. Index to the Vocabulary ..................................................................................................................... 153

Key to Phonetic Symbols – Wykaz symboli fonetycznych

Abbreviations – Wykaz skrótów

abbr = abbreviation (skrót) pl = plural (liczba mnoga)

Getting the Message Across 1

A Wybierz odpowiedni wyraz.

B Wpisz w luki właściwe wyrazy z listy.

4 Can anyone understand those ................ announcements by property developers.

C Uzupełnij luki jednym wyrazem.

There was no ..................... to the accusation he had needs of our school.

E Wpisz w luki wyrazy utworzone od słów podanych wielkimi literami.

The Happiest Days of Your Life? 2

2.53 undergraduate /¿∑ndº`gr±πuºt/ (n) = a student całkowicie

2.131 daffodil /`d±fºdæl/ (n) = a yellow spring flower Opp.: inadmissible

A Wybierz odpowiedni wyraz.

B Wpisz w luki właściwe wyrazy z listy.

C Uzupełnij luki jednym wyrazem.

E Wpisz w luki wyrazy utworzone od słów podanych wielkimi literami.

graffiti), porysowany and didn’t revoke my driving licence.

returned, not mutual / nieodwzajemniony presentations.

after the scandal. about a group of people / uprzedzony, stronniczy

nieszkodliwy e.g. TV commercials may seem attractive

e.g. ∆he murder was obviously carried out they married.

programy sportowe e.g. ∆he testimony of the witnesses led

3.227 profound /prº`f¬nd/ (adj) = very great, intense / Sunnyhill School.

A Wybierz odpowiedni wyraz.

B Wpisz w luki właściwe wyrazy z listy.

C Uzupełnij luki jednym wyrazem.

E Wpisz w luki wyrazy utworzone od słów podanych wielkimi literami.

4 Planes, Trains and Automobiles

Lead-in (p. 73)

się o coś Opp.: penetrable

A Wybierz odpowiedni wyraz.

A overtake C overlap guests for dinner.

8 I need to finish my report by tomorrow, so please keep it