Test Bank for Basics of Research Methods for Criminal

Justice and Criminology 4th Edition by Maxfield ISBN

1305261100 9781305261105
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criminal-justice-and-criminology-4th-edition-by-maxfield-isbn-1305261100-
9781305261105/
CHAPTER 5 TEST BANK
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs

TRUE/FALSE

1. Experimentation is best suited for descriptive studies.

ANS: F REF: The Classical Experiment

2. The defining feature of an experiment lies in the control of the independent variable by
the experimenter.

ANS: T REF: The Classical Experiment

3. In a classical experiment, the independent variable must be a ratio level variable.

ANS: F REF: The Classical Experiment

4. In a classical experiment, subjects are measured on the independent variable before the
experiment begins and again after the dependent variable has been manipulated by the
researcher.

ANS: F REF: The Classical Experiment

5. Construct validity refers to generalizing from our experimental observations to causal

processes in the real world.

ANS: T REF: Experiments and Causal Inference

6. Experiments in criminal justice typically require only one experimental and one control
group for each study.

ANS: F REF: Experiments and Causal Inference

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7. The threat of statistical regression is a concern any time the researcher begins with
subjects who exhibit extreme values on the dependent variable.

ANS: T REF: Experiments and Causal Inference

8. Construct validity is concerned with the ability to generalize from the results of the
experimental group to the control group.

ANS: F REF: Experiments and Causal Inference

60
9. Random assignment cannot be used in some criminal justice research for legal and ethical
reasons.

ANS: T REF: Experiments and Causal Inference

10. In case-oriented research, a great number of cases are examined in order to understand a
small number of variables.

ANS: T REF: Variable-Oriented Research, Case Studies and Scientific Realism

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which statement is most accurate?

a. Experiments are only useful in the physical sciences such as chemistry and
physics.
b. Experiments involve observing phenomena but do not try to produce them.
c. Experiments can be used in scientific as well as nonscientific human inquiry.
d. Experiments in the classical form require at least three groups of subjects..

ANS: C REF: The Classical Experiment

2. Which statement is most accurate?

a. Experimentation are rarely appropriate for hypothesis testing.
b. Experiments are well suited to research involving poorly-defined concepts.
c. There is no need to generate a hypothesis for a classical experiment.
d. Experiments are appropriate for evaluation research.

ANS: D REF: The Classical Experiment

3. An experiment examines the effects of a(n) ____ variable.

a. dependent
b. control
c. independent
d. masking

ANS: C REF: The Classical Experiment

61
4. Which statement is true?
a. A variable can be an independent in one experiment and dependent in another.
b. The dependent variable is manipulated by the experimenter.
c. A classical experiment examines the effects of the dependent variable.
d. In a classical experiment, the independent variable is viewed as the outcome.

ANS: A REF: The Classical Experiment

5. Which statement is most accurate?

a. Neither the independent nor the dependent variable need be operationally defined.
b. Only the dependent variable needs to be operationally defined.
c. Only the independent variable needs to be operationally defined.
d. Both the independent and dependent variables must be operationally defined.

ANS: D REF: The Classical Experiment

6. In most cases, the methods used to select subjects must meet the scientific norm of ____.
a. generalizability
b. informed consent
c. equivalence
d. neutrality

ANS: A REF: The Classical Experiment

7. Which procedure is suitable for random assignment to groups?

a. Assigning subjects in the order they arrive, so that one group is filled before the
next is started
b. Letting subjects express a preference and then assigning them to a non-preferred
group
c. Flipping a coin assigning subjects to the control group and to the experimental
group.
d. Asking each subject to secretly decide which group they want to be in

ANS: B REF: The Classical Experiment

62
8. Which statement best fits randomization as it is used in experiments?
a. “all other things being equal”
b. “use your best guess”
c. “it is close enough for government work”
d. “you are never 100% sure, so don’t worry about it”

ANS: A REF: The Classical Experiment

9. Which statement is a potential threat to internal validity in an experimental design?

a. generalization
b. instrumentation
c. randomization
d. correlation

ANS: B REF: The Classical Experiment

10. Which situation presents a threat to internal validity?

a. subjects dropping out of an experiment
b. selecting a random sample
c. randomization of group assignments
d. very high reliability of outcome measures

ANS: A REF: Experiments and Causal Inference

11. Shortening the time between pretest and posttest or perhaps even offering cash payments
to participants in an experiment are techniques that may be used to ____.
a. limit diffusion
b. decrease experimental mortality
c. decrease the effects of instrumentation
d. control threats to testing

ANS: B REF: Experiments and Causal Inference

12. _______________ validity is the correspondence between the empirical test of a

hypothesis and the underlying causal process that the experiment is intended to represent.
a. Construct
b. Compensatory
c. Correlational
d. Criterion

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