NAMES:

Brent Gieff Tejada Hezron Er Cinchez

Ishmael Charles Clarence Dajalos Kieshiamer Joy Pacamalan
Remer John Jamilla Daryzamyn Diaz
Vincent Jade ZagadoVV
Alaminah Dimaapao
Rubypearl Garcia
Sandara Lago
Makylla Ponce

Research more Related Literature and complete data below. Research on 15 articles/journals per meeting. Cite
the reference in APA Format. Then write a short paragraph description of each reference.

Writing a Short Literature Review

1. APA Format reference:

Ciesielczuk, T., Dulewska, C., Poluszyńska, J., Miłek, D., Szewczyk, A., & Sławińska, I. (2018).
Experimental Fertilizers Made of Spent Coffee Grounds. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 9, 2157-2164.

Short Paragraph Description:

Sustainable agriculture places new demands on agricultural practice and, in particular, plant protection
treatments and fertilization. Therefore, an increase in demand for organic fertilizers of good quality is
expected. In particular, the organic matter contained in the waste of the food industry or generated in
households, in the absence of contamination, can be used for the production of “fertilizer”, which could be
used in organic crop production. The paper presents basic characteristics of tested mixtures and the results
of testing for acute toxicity of the mixture made from spent coffee grounds (SCG) modified with ash arising
from the low-temperature combustion of biomass or magnesium sulphate and blood meal.

2. APA Format reference:

Bomfim, A., Oliveira, D., Walling, E., Babin, A., Hersant, G., Vaneeckhaute, C., Dumont, M. & Rodrigue,
D. (2022). Spent Coffee Grounds Characterization and Reuse in Composting and Soil Amendment. Waste,
1 (1), 2-20,

Short Paragraph Description:

Coffee is consumed worldwide, generating a huge amount of waste, which needs attention for its disposal.
These residues are referred to as spent coffee grounds (SCG), which have been shown to have applications
such as polymers/composite precursors, biofuels and biofertilizers. This review refers to the agricultural
implications usually based on organic matter to fertilize the soil and consequently improve plant growth. To
date, SCGs have been shown to exhibit outstanding performance when applied as soil amendment and
composting because it is a nutrient-rich organic waste without heavy metals. Therefore, this review presents
the different options to use SCGs in agriculture.

3. APA Format reference:

Mata, A., Alarcón, M., Delgado, G., Pastoriza, R., Gómez, G., Llopis, J., Gonzaléz, C., Henares, J. (2019).
Spent coffee grounds improve the nutritional value in elements of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and are an
ecological alternative to inorganic fertilizers. Food Chemistry, 282, 1-8.

Short Paragraph Description:

The element concentration in lettuces grouped in 5 categories (baby variety, cultivated in agricultural soils
with low or high percentages of spent coffee grounds-SCG, without SCG and with NPK) were measured.
Lettuces cultivated in agricultural soils amended with SCG had significantly higher levels of several
essential (V, Fe, Co, V, and probably Mn and Zn) and toxic elements (Al and probably As), without
reaching their toxicological limits. Additionally, blocking of N uptake and therefore plant biomass, and
probably Cd absorption from agricultural soil was observed. Organic farming with SCG ameliorates
element concentrations in lettuces vs. NPK fertilization. The linear correlations among element uptake and
the amendment of SCG could be related with their chelation by some SCG components, such as
melanoidins and with the decrease in the soil pH. In conclusion, the addition of SCG produces lettuces with
higher element content.

4. APA Format reference:

Cervera‐Mata, A., Navarro-Alarcón, M., Rufián-Henares, J. Á., Pastoriza, S., Montilla-Gómez, J., &
Delgado, G. (2020). Phytotoxicity and chelating capacity of spent coffee grounds: Two contrasting faces in
its use as soil organic amendment. Science of the Total Environment, 717, 137247.

Short Paragraph Description:

Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are a bioresidue generated in large amounts worldwide, which could be
employed as either fresh or transformed organic soil amendment, by means of different treatments in order
to improve its agronomic qualities. An in vitro experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of
using different bioamendments derived from spent coffee grounds (SCG) on biomass and Zn, Cu and Fe
content of lettuces.

5. APA Format reference:

Vela-Cano, M., Cervera‐Mata, A., Purswani, J., Pozo, C., Delgado, G., & González‐López, J. (2019).
Bacterial community structure of two Mediterranean agricultural soils amended with spent coffee grounds.
Applied Soil Ecology, 137, 12–20.

Short Paragraph Description:

This study focuses on the effects of spent coffee grounds (SCG) on the bacterial community structure of two
Mediterranean agricultural soils. SCG is a waste product from coffee production and is abundant due to
the large coffee industry. This waste can potentially be used to improve soil quality. Soil quality is essential
for crop growth, and various soil conditioners, including organic and inorganic substances, have been
studied for their effects on soil properties. The study found that SCG improved soil physicochemical
properties by increasing essential macronutrients and reducing phenolic acids, which decreased
phytotoxicity. This suggests that SCG can be a beneficial soil conditioner for poor soils, particularly in
Mediterranean agricultural regions.
6. APA Format reference:

Chrysargyris, A., Antoniou, O., Xylia, P., Petropoulos, S. Α., & Tzortzakis, N. (2020). The use of spent
coffee grounds in growing media for the production of Brassica seedlings in nurseries. Environmental
Science and Pollution Research, 28(19), 24279–24290.

Short Paragraph Description:

Large quantities of spent coffee grounds (SCG) have been generated in the last decades, and their recycling
is of research interest. In the present study, SCG was tested to substitute peat (P) in substrate mixtures for
the production of Brassica seedlings. Seeds of cauliflower, broccoli, and cabbage were placed in substrate
mixtures containing 0-2.5-5-10% SCG. The mixture of SCG with peat affected several physicochemical
characteristics of the growing media, providing also considerable amount of mineral elements for the
seedling growth needs. Seed emergence was stimulated in 2.5–5% of SCG for cauliflower and at 2.5% of
SCG for cabbage, while 10% of SCG decreased the percentage and increased the mean emergence time of
the examined species. Plant biomass and leaf number were increased at 2.5% SCG for broccoli and
cabbage but maintained at cauliflower when compared with control.

7. APA Format reference:

Hirooka, Y., Kurashige, S., Yamane, K., Watanabe, Y., Kakiuchi, M., Ishikawa, D., Miyagawa, T., Iwai, K.,
& Iijima, M. (2021). Effectiveness of direct application of top dressing with spent coffee grounds for soil
improvement and weed control in wheat-soybean double cropping system. Plant Production Science, 25(2),
148–156.

short Paragraph Description:

Direct application of SCGs in large agricultural fields can potentially improve soil and control weeds in an
environmentally safe manner. However, except for composting, the use of SCGs during cropping has not
been implemented thus far because of inhibitory effects on crop growth observed in pot-based studies. We
evaluated the effect of a top dressing approach to direct SCG application on crop biomass, soil
improvement, and weed control, through double cropping field experiments using wheat and soybean. The
field experiments were conducted over six successive cropping seasons in an upland field converted from
paddy, and crop and weed biomass as well as soil total carbon and nitrogen were investigated.
8. APA Format reference:

Cervera‐Mata, A., Pastoriza, S., Rufián-Henares, J. Á., Párraga, J., Martín‐García, J. M., & Delgado, G.
(2017). Impact of spent coffee grounds as organic amendment on soil fertility and lettuce growth in two
Mediterranean agricultural soils. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 64(6), 790–804.

short Paragraph Description:

The use of spent coffee grounds (SCG) as organic amendment is a triple solution: a reuse of this bio-residue
(6 millions of tons per year), an increase in soil organic carbon (SCG contain 82% of carbohydrates and
13% of proteins) and a decrease in CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Thus, we investigate the effect of
SCG on soil and plants in an in vitro assay. The variables considered were SCG dose (2.5 and 10%), two
agricultural soils (Calcisol and Luvisol), and four cultivation times (15, 30, 45 and 60 days). The chemical
and physicochemical soil properties, SEM images and growth parameters were analyzed. The highest dose
of SCG increased organic carbon, total N and available K and P by 286%, 188%, 45%, and 9%,
respectively, while decreasing lettuce growth by 233% compared to control. The SEM study revealed that
SCG particles are incorporated into soil aggregates and microorganisms grow over them, which is also
corroborated by a 10-times increase of soil respiration rate.
9.APA Format reference:

Jmawer. (2021, May 31). Different Methods Of Coffee Ground Fertilizer Application And Their Effects On
Plant Growth - Future Science Leaders. Future Science Leaders.

short Paragraph Description:

Coffee is a staple drink across the world. With the large amounts of coffee production, comes large amounts
of used coffee grounds disposed of. Through this project, used coffee grounds were put to use as fertilizer in
an attempt to create a renewable fertilizer. To test the effect of the fertilizer on plant growth, nine plants of
Ocimum Basilicum (Basil) were separated into three groups. One group with coffee ground applied as a soil
amendment, one group with coffee ground applied using the foliar feeding method, and one control group
with no coffee ground applied. All plants grown in pots and indoors. Results noted particular growth
deficiencies in plants under the foliar feeding method.

10.APA Format Reference:

Humayro, A., Harada, H., Naito, K., & Hashimoto, A. (2022). The effective adsorption of phosphate and
nitrate using spent coffee ground loaded iron and the effect for plant growth. Advances in Biological
Sciences Research.

short Paragraph Description:

Fe-SCG showed the adsorption capacity values were 35.82 mg/g for phosphate and 20.5 mg/g for nitrate,
respectively. Adsorption rate was observed rapidly in the first 60 minutes for phosphate and 90 minutes for
nitrate by Fe-SCG. The kinetic experiment showed that the fitting of the pseudo-second order model was
more satisfactory with coefficient correlation were 0.9586 for phosphate and 0.9783 for nitrate. The
experimental data of both adsorptions were fitted well to Freundlich isotherm. The optimum pH of
adsorption phosphate and nitrate by Fe-SCG were reached pH 5 and 7. In the adsorption process using Fe-
SCG, iron ion have affinity to phosphate ion and become ferric phosphate.
11. APA Format Reference:

Kamh, M., & Hedia, R. M. R. (2018). NPK-Liquid Fertilizer Based on Humic-Like Substances Extracted
from Spent Coffee Grounds: Extraction, Preparation and Application to Maize. Alexandria Science
Exchange, 39(2), 260–267.

short Paragraph Description:

This study is about optimizing a method to extract humic-like substances (HLS) from SCG using KOH
extractant, prepare a liquid organic-mineral fertilizer enriched with N and P in addition to K, and to
evaluate this fertilizer on growing maize (Zea mays L.). HLS extracted from SCG increased with KOH
concentration up to 3 N and with extraction ratio up to 1:10 at room temperature. Increasing the
temperature to 50 and 80 °C and contact time up to 3 h, significantly enhanced HLS recovery. Therefore,
the optimum conditions for maximum HLS extraction were; 2 N KOH, SCG-to-extractant ratio of 1:10, 3 h
of contact time, and 80 °C. Adjusting the pH of the alkaline K-HLS supernatant to pH 6 was achieved using
a mixture of HNO3 and H3PO4. The prepared NPK mineral-organic fertilizer (NPK-HLS) was dark brown
containing 2.0/5.8/8.6 as N/P2O5/K2O and 5.1 %w/v HLS.
The produced fertilizer was evaluated for its effect on maize plants grown in a calcareous soil low in
available nutrient using a CRBD pot experiment.

12. APA Format Reference:

Baranda, R. A. (2021). The Effect of Spent Coffee Grounds to the Growth of Solanum lycopersicum
(Tomato). Animo Repository.

short Paragraph Description:

Six billion tonnes of spent coffee grounds (SCG) are thrown untreated into landfills, leading the spent coffee
grounds to leach organic pollutants that may potentially harm bodies of water and emit methane, a
greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. Studies have confirmed that the ratio of carbon and nitrogen (C: N) of
SCG is ideal for plant fertilizers. This study focused on determining the effects of SCG on the growth of
tomato plants using four parameters: the number of leaves, the average leaf surface area, and the relative
growth rate. The study used an experimental research design to study the causal relationship between SCG
treatments and plant growth. Tomato seeds were grouped into four and sown on separate pots. The study
used three trials, each containing different weights of SCG, namely: 0 g, 5 g, 9 g, and 14 g. The SCG
treatments were applied after germination using the side-dressing method. The number of expanded leaves,
leaf surface area, and relative growth rate of the tomato plants were observed every five days for 45 days.
The researchers found that SCG treatments that exceeded SCG-5 displayed adverse effects on the growth
of the tomato. Thus, the relative growth rate and SCG treatments of over 5 g are inversely related to one
another. Results show that SCG-5 had the highest positive effect on plant growth in terms of all the
parameters. The researchers can then conclude that SCG-5 is an effective alternative fertilizer that
improves plant growth.

13. APA Format Reference:

Campos-Vega, R., Loarca-Pina, G., Vergara-Castañeda, H. A., & Oomah, B. D. (2015). Spent coffee
grounds: A review on current research and future prospects. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 45(1),
24-36.

short Paragraph Description:

Spent coffee ground (SCG) contains large amounts of organic compounds (i.e. fatty acids, amino acids,
polyphenols, minerals and polysaccharides) that justify its valorization. Earlier innovation explored the
extraction of specific components such as oil, flavor, terpenes, and alcohols as value-added products.
However, by-products of coffee fruit and bean processing can also be considered as potential functional
ingredients for the food industry. There is an urgent need for practical and innovative ideas to use this low
cost SCG and exploit its full potential increasing the overall sustainability of the coffee agro-industry.
14. APA Format Reference:

Kovalcik, A., Obruca, S., & Marova, I. (2018). Valorization of spent coffee grounds: A review. Food and
Bioproducts Processing, 110, 104-119.

short Paragraph Description:

Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) arise as waste products through the production of instant coffee and coffee
brewing. This work reviews the composition of SCGs, the methods used for the isolation of individual
compounds present in SCGs, the ways of utilizing SCGs presented in the literature so far, including use of
SCGs’ bioactive compounds, carbohydrates, oil fraction, as well as SCGs as the whole composite without
treatment or with some physical and chemical modifications. However, this work mainly focuses on
biotechnological processing of SCG hydrolysates and the reason why the fermentable sugars present in
SCG hydrolysates cannot sufficiently support the growth of bacteria or yeasts. The reason is basically the
presence of toxic co-contaminants, which have antibacterial properties. One suggestion for how to lower the
presence of such co-contaminants in SCG hydrolysates is pre-extraction of them or the inclusion of a
detoxification step. This review suggests that the fractionation of SCGs and detoxification of SCG
hydrolysates might contribute to increased multiple utilization of this waste in many industrial sectors.
15. APA Format Reference:

McNutt, J. (2019). Spent coffee grounds: A review on current utilization. Journal of industrial and
engineering chemistry, 71, 78-88.

short Paragraph Description:

Coffee, one of the world’s most popular beverages, carries with it a large economic and environmental
burden in the form of spent coffee grounds (SCG), the unutilized portion of the coffee bean left after
brewing. However, while currently unrealized, this waste stream has the potential to be converted to
various high-value bio-products. Potential uses for SCG range from energy, to nutraceuticals, and
construction materials. This paper outlines the possible uses of SCG as a promising green source and
reviews the most recent results from studies being done to valorize SCG.

16. APA Format Reference:

Afriliana, A. , Hidayat, E. , Mitoma, Y. , Masuda, T. and Harada, H. (2021) Studies on Composting Spent
Coffee Grounds by Aspergillus sp and Aspergillus sp in Aerobic Static Batch Temperature Control.
Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment, 10, 91-112.

short Paragraph Description:

Combination of some fungi and bacteria activators with temperature control in composting SCG can
improve quality compost produced, with the physical characteristics of compost black and crumb, and
normal pH. While the chemical characteristics of compost produced is a C/N ratio below 10 with and far
difference from the control. Compost is also rich in minerals, such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and
magnesium, as well as rich in humic acid as shown from the results of the FTIR analysis. Addition of a
combination of activator fungus such as Aspergillussp, and Penicilliumsp can compete with commercial
activators, likewise with the use of activator lactobacillus sp. This is also evidenced from the results of the
phytotoxicity analysis, where the Germination Index of the compost sample with the addition of fungi
activator (C2) is 191.86% greater than the commercial activator (C1) 183.88%.

17. APA Format Reference:

Asilio, J. M., Vieira, A. S., Regina, D. B., & Cristina, K. P. (2019). Composting of coffee grounds and use of
organic compost in growing carrots. Scientific Electronic Archives, 12(5), 47-50.

short Paragraph Description:

A study at Goiano Federal Institute evaluated the impact of composted coffee grounds on carrot
production. The experiment involved five treatments with varying levels of composted coffee grounds. The
results showed that higher sludge percentages led to greater development in most parameters, indicating
potential for composting coffee grounds.

18. APA Format Reference:

Hechmi, S., Guizani, M., Kallel, A., Zoghlami, R. I., Ben Zrig, E., Louati, Z., & Trabelsi, I. (2023). Impact
of raw and pre-treated spent coffee grounds on soil properties and plant growth: A mini-review. Clean
Technologies and Environmental Policy, 1-13.

short Paragraph Description:

Spent coffee ground (SCG) is a valuable resource for improving soil fertility in arid agricultural lands.
However, its effects depend on its nature and application rate. Treatments like composting, vermi-
composting, or pyrolysis can overcome the phytotoxic effect of SCG. Raw SCG may benefit soil properties
but not plant growth due to its phytotoxic components. Vermi-composting or composting/pyrolysis at 270
and 400°C can overcome this negative effect, making vermi-composting an efficient pre-treatment for SCG
reuse.

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