Volume 04 - Testing of LV Installation

i
QUALITY POLICY
“We at RDSO, Lucknow are committed to maintain and update
transparent standards of services to develop safe, modern and cost
effective railway technology complying with statutory and
regulatory requirements, through excellence in research, designs
and standards by setting quality objectives, commitment to satisfy
applicable requirements and continual improvements of the quality
management system to cater to growing needs, demand and
expectations of passenger and freight traffic on the railways
through periodic review of quality management systems to achieve
continual improvement and customer appreciation. It is
communicated and applied within the organization and making it
available to all the relevant interested parties.”
ii
जितेंद्र ज िंह आई आर ए एम ई
Jitendra Singh IRSME
प्रधान कार्य कारी जनदे शक
Principal Executive Director
FOREWORD
Our motto of preparing these documents under the series “Safety in Electrical Low
Voltage Installations” is to reduce fire cases due to electrical faults and electrocution on
Indian Railways. These publications are based on Indian standards and codes in
simplified and practically implementable manner.
This volume-4 on “Testing of Electrical LV Installations” has been prepared by

CAMTECH, Gwalior under this series of documents “Safety in Electrical Low Voltage
Installations” and under this series three volumes i.e. Vol-1: “Basics of LV Earthing
System”, Vol-2: “Selection and application of LV Protective Devices” and Vol-3:
“Inspection of Electrical LV Installations” have already been published. It is recommended
to go through these three volumes before testing for better understanding.
To ensure safety of persons and apparatus against electrical faults, it is necessary to

follow the requirements for protection as dictated by various Indian Standards. And this
is also the requirement of the time that our electrical engineers and technicians shall be
familiar to correct practices.
I am sure that this volume-4 along with earlier volumes will be useful for electrical design
and maintenance engineers and technicians for updating their knowledge, improving the
reliability and safety of electrical LV installations as well as precious human lives. This
will be also helpful in reducing the accidents on account of electrical failures.
Date: 05.05.2022 (Jitendra Singh)

Place: CAMTECH/Gwalior Principal Executive Director
iii
PREFACE
As per instructions of Railway Board, CAMTECH, Gwalior has done detail study on safety
in low voltage electrical installations by referring various Indian Standards on the subject
and with the help of experts in this domain.
On the basis of various Indian standards, CAMTECH, Gwalior has already prepared &
published three volumes under the series “Safety in Electrical Low Voltage Installations”.
These volumes give basic information about protective earthing, selection and application
of protective devices and various provisions/ requirements for selection of size of
conductors and inspection of LV installations before being put into service.
This volume-4 on “Testing of Electrical LV Installations” under the document series

“Safety in Electrical Low Voltage Installations” has been prepared, which gives
information on required tests for verification of new or changes in existing installation
based on Indian standard IS 732: 2019.
This volume also gives detail information of each test including scope & purpose of test,
required equipment for testing, test procedure etc. This volume also consists of
rectification points if test result is not received as desired.
This will help electrical engineers & technicians to understand the basic need & complete
procedure of testing for safe and reliable electrical LV installations.
Technological up-gradation & learning is a continuous process. Please feel free to write
to us for any addition/ modification in this booklet. We shall highly appreciate your
contribution in this direction.
Date: 29.04.2022 (Himanshu Maheshwari)

Place: CAMTECH/Gwalior Jt. Director /Electrical
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Shri Jitendra Singh, PED/CAMTECH for the continuous
support, guidance & motivation in making of this publication.
I would like to thank Shri Manish Gupta, ED/EEM/Railway Board for his continuous encouragement,
direction, support and guidance during in making of this publication.
My sincere thanks to Shri Vivek Dixit, CEGE/Central Railway for his continuous motivation, guidance,
suggestions, insightful comments, and hard questions which guided us to make this publication simpler
for users to understand.
My sincere thanks to Shri S. Gopa Kumar, Member in various Electro Technical committees of BIS for
his technical guidance and support throughout the process of making this publication. He has helped us
in understanding the Indian and international standards, various concepts of earthing, comments and
clearing our doubts which we faced during the making of this publications.
I thank my team members Shri Bal Chandra Agrawal, SSE, Shri Arvind Chaturvedi, SSE & Smt. Sangeeta
Shrivastava JE/IT for their continuous study, hard work, sincere efforts & dedication to make this
publication.
Himanshu Maheshwari
Dy. Director /Electrical
v
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Test Sequence ...................................................................................................................... 1
2 CONTINUITY OF CONDUCTORS (Continuity Resistance measurement) ................................... 2
2.1 Scope of test ......................................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Purpose of test ...................................................................................................................... 2
2.3 Equipment Requirement......................................................................................................... 2
2.4 Pre Test Check ...................................................................................................................... 2
2.5 Test Method .......................................................................................................................... 2
2.5.1 1st Test method ...................................................................................................................... 3
2.5.2 2nd Test method ................................................................................................................... 4
2.6 Result ................................................................................................................................... 4
2.7 Limitation .............................................................................................................................. 5
3 INSULATION RESISTANCE OF THE ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION............................................ 6
3.1 Scope of test ......................................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Purpose of test ...................................................................................................................... 6
3.4 Pre-test checks ..................................................................................................................... 6
3.5 Test Method .......................................................................................................................... 7
3.6 Result ................................................................................................................................... 8
4 INSULATION RESISTANCE/ IMPEDANCE OFFLOOR AND WALL .............................................. 9
4.1 Scope of test ......................................................................................................................... 9
4.2 Purpose of test ...................................................................................................................... 9
4.4 Pre-test checks ..................................................................................................................... 9
4.5 Test method with a.c. voltage .............................................................................................. 10
4.5.1 Type of test electrode .......................................................................................................... 11
5 AUTOMATIC DISCONNECTION OF SUPPLY .......................................................................... 13
5.1 Earth Fault Loop Impedance (Zs) testing .............................................................................. 13
5.1.1 Scope of test ....................................................................................................................... 13
5.1.2 Purpose of test .................................................................................................................... 13
5.1.3 Pre Test Check .................................................................................................................... 14
5.1.4 Method ............................................................................................................................... 14
vi
5.2 Measurement of the resistance of the earth electrode ........................................................... 15
5.2.1 Scope of test ....................................................................................................................... 15
5.2.2 Is measurement of resistance of the earth electrode required? .............................................. 15
5.2.3 Equipment Requirement ....................................................................................................... 16
5.2.4 Method ................................................................................................................................ 16
6 ADDITIONAL PROTECTION .................................................................................................. 23
6.1 Scope of test ....................................................................................................................... 23
6.2 Purpose of test .................................................................................................................... 23
6.2.1 Break (response)& non-actuating time of RCCB ................................................................... 23
6.3 Equipment Requirement ....................................................................................................... 24
6.4 Pre Test Check .................................................................................................................... 24
6.5 Test Method for General type (non delay type) RCCB ........................................................... 24
6.5.1 Through Tester .................................................................................................................... 24
6.5.2 RCCB’s Integral Test Device................................................................................................. 25
6.6 Result.................................................................................................................................. 25
7 POLARITY TEST .................................................................................................................. 26
7.1 Scope of test ....................................................................................................................... 26
7.2 Purpose of test .................................................................................................................... 26
7.4 Method ................................................................................................................................ 26
7.4.1 Low Resistance Ohmmeter in supply OFF condition.............................................................. 26
7.4.2 Live Test ............................................................................................................................. 26
8 PHASE SEQUENCE TEST ..................................................................................................... 27
8.1 Scope of test ....................................................................................................................... 27
8.2 Purpose of test .................................................................................................................... 27
8.4 Method ................................................................................................................................ 27
8.4.1 Through Rotating disc type .................................................................................................. 27
8.4.2 Static Type Phase Sequence Indicator .................................................................................. 27
9 FUNCTIONAL TESTS ............................................................................................................ 29
10 VOLTAGE DROP TESTS ....................................................................................................... 29
10.1 Scope of test ....................................................................................................................... 29
10.2 Purpose of test .................................................................................................................... 29
10.3 Method ................................................................................................................................ 29
vii
10.3.1 Evaluation of voltage drop using diagrams (As per Annex NN of IS 732: 2019) ..................... 29
ANNEXURE -1 FORMAT: REPORT OF VERIFICATION........................................................................ 31
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: CPC Continuity ............................................................................................................... 3
Figure 2: Connections for testing of continuity of protective conductor (Method 1) ......................... 3
Figure 3: Connections for testing continuity of protective conductor (Method 2) ............................. 4
Figure 4: Insulation test between Line & Neutral ............................................................................ 7
Figure 5: Insulation test between Neutral & Earth ........................................................................... 8
Figure 6: Measurement of Impedance of floor and wall ................................................................ 10
Figure 7: Test Electrode (Type – 1) ............................................................................................. 11
Figure 8: Test Electrode (Type – 2) ............................................................................................. 12
Figure 9: Zs= Ze + R1+R2 ....................................................................................................... 13
Figure 10: Measurement of Fault loop Impedance using Fault Loop Impedance Tester.................... 14
Figure 11: Method of Measurement of Earth Electrode Resistance ................................................. 17
Figure 12: Effect of C location on the earth resistance curve .......................................................... 18
Figure 13: Fall of Potential 61.8 Percent Test ................................................................................. 19
Figure 14: Terminal Tester with CT Clamp ..................................................................................... 20
Figure 15: Fall of Potential - Slope Method .................................................................................... 21
Figure 16: Fall of Potential – 90°/ 180° Test................................................................................... 21
Figure 17: Earth tester................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 18: Earth System with multiple Earth Electrode.................................................................... 22
Figure 19: Rotatic Disc type Phase Sequence Indicator.................................................................. 27
Figure 20: Static phase sequence indicator ................................................................................... 27
Figure 21: Typical phase sequence testing arrangement, using the static indicator ......................... 28
Figure 22: Example of a diagram suitable for the evaluation of the voltage drop .............................. 30
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Test Sequence................................................................................................................ 1
Table 2: Specific Conductor Resistance for Copper Wiring at 30°C ............................................... 4
Table 3: Minimum values of insulation resistance (Ref: table 15 of IS 732_2019) ......................... 6
Table 4: Test Sequence for Measurement of Earth Fault/short circuit Loop Impedance by Fault
Loop Impedance Tester ................................................................................................ 15
Table 5: 61.8 Percent Test Probe for Various Grid Sizes ............................................................. 19
Table 6: Example for combined loop resistance for multiple earth electrode................................. 22
Table 7: Limit values of break time and non-actuating time for alternating residual currents (r.m.s.
values) for type AC and A RCCB ................................................................................... 23
Table 8: Limit values of break time for half-wave pulsating residual currents (r.m.s. values) for type
A RCCB ........................................................................................................................ 24
Table 9: Voltage Drop (Ref: Table 47 of IS 732: 2019) ................................................................ 29
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ISSUE OF CORRECTION SLIP
The correction slips to be issued in future for this booklet will be numbered as follows:
CAMTECH/EL/2022-23/Vol.04-Testing/1.0/C.S. # XX date---
Where “XX” is the serial number of the concerned correction slip (starting from 01 onwards).
Sr.No. Date of Issue Page No. & Iten No. Modified Remarks
x
DISCLAIMER
It is clarified that the information given in this booklet does not supersede any existing
provisions of Indian Standards (IS) on the subject, related matters, and other existing
provisions laid down by the Railway Board, RDSO. This is not a statuary document and
instructions given are for the purpose of guidance only. If at any point contradiction is
observed, then Indian Standards, regulations issued by Government bodies, Railway
Board/RDSO guidelines shall be referred.
OBJECTIVE OF PUBLICATION
To prepare guidelines which can educate the Indian Railway (IR) engineers and
technicians dealing with low voltage electrical installations and other IR officials about
various provisions given in IS standards pertaining to IS 3043-2018, IS 732:2019.
xi
ABBREVIATION
Abbreviation Full Form
AC Alternating Current
CPC Circuit of Protective Conductors
DB Distribution Board
DC Direct Current
EE Earth Electrode
FELV Functional Extra Low Voltage
FOP Fall of Potential
IEC International Electro-technical Commission
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IR Insulation Resistance
IS Indian Standard
MCB Miniature Circuit Breaker
MCCB Molded Current Circuit Breaker
MDB Main Distribution Board

MET Main Earthing Terminal
N Neutral
OCPD Over Current Protective Device
PE Protective Earthing
PEN Protective and Neutral conductor combined
PELV Protective Extra Low-Voltage
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
RCCB Residual Current Circuit Breaker

RCBO Residual Current Breaker with Over-Current
SELV Separated Extra Low Voltage

SPD Surge Protection Device
T Terre (French word for earth)
xii
SAFETY IN ELECTRICAL LOW VOLTAGE INSTALLATIONS
1 INTRODUCTION
(Ref: - Para 6.2 of IS 732:2019)
Every new installation or changes (addition or alteration) in an existing installation shall be verified
during erection and on completion, before being put into service. Initial verification shall include
comparison of the results with relevant criteria to confirm that the requirements have been met.
For any addition or alteration to an existing installation, it shall be verified that the addition or
alteration complies with IS 732: 2019 and does not impair the safety of the existing installation.
Inspection shall precede testing and shall normally be done prior to energizing the installation and
Vol.3 “INSPECTION OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATIONS” already published by this office, which
covers “Inspection” in details with check-sheet.
Measuring instruments, monitoring devices and methods shall be chosen in accordance with the
relevant parts of IEC 61557. If other measuring equipment is used, it shall provide no less degree
of performance and safety.
It shall be ensured that only skilled person, competent in verification, is carrying out verification.
Precautions shall be taken to ensure that the verification shall not cause danger to persons or
livestock and shall not cause damage to property and equipment even if the circuit is defective.
Annexur-1 give model forms of schedule that might be used for description and for initial and also
periodic, verification of installations, particularly suitable for domestic installations.
1.1 Test Sequence

(Ref: Para 6.2.3.1 of IS 732: 2019)
The following tests shall be carried out where relevant and should preferably be made in the
following sequence:
Table 1: Test Sequence
S.N. Test Test execution before / after Supply connected
1 Continuity of conductors Tests before the supply is connected or in
2 Insulation resistance of the electrical supply OFF condition
installation
3 Protection by SELV, PELV or by
electrical separation
4 Floor and wall resistance/impedance
5 Automatic disconnection of supply
(i) Earth electrode resistance Tests before the supply is connected or in
supply OFF condition
(ii) Earth fault loop impedance Tests with the electrical supply connected
6 Additional protection Tests with the electrical supply connected
7 Polarity test (continuity Tests before the supply is connected or in
measurement) supply OFF condition
Polarity test Tests with the electrical supply connected
8 Test of the order of the phases Tests with the electrical supply connected
9 Functional and operational tests
10 Voltage drop tests
Note: Red colour: ON condition (Electrical supply connected), Green Colour: OFF condition (Supply
of condition)
VOLUME 04: TESTING OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATION 1

2 CONTINUITY OF CONDUCTORS (Continuity Resistance measurement)
2.1 Scope of Test

(Ref: Para 6.2.3.2 of IS 732: 2019)
Electrical continuity resistance test shall be made on protective (earth) conductors, including main
and supplementary equipotential bonding conductors, before the supply is connected (or in supply
OFF/isolated condition).
2.2 Purpose of Test
To verify the continuity of all conductors (circuit protective conductors, line & neutral conductor,
earthing conductor including main and supplementary equipotential bonding conductors and to
obtain a measurement of the combined resistance of line and protective conductors at each point
on every circuit. This test verifies that the conductors are electrically sound and correctly
connected.
2.3 Equipment Requirement
The instrument used for this test shall be either a specialized meter called as micro ohm meter or
a measuring instrument capable of generating a no-load voltage of 4 to 24 V (DC or AC) with
short-circuit current not less than 200 mA.
2.4 Pre Test Check

Before executing this test, the installation or final circuit must be safely
electrically isolated.
1. Switch OFF the supply to the installation (Switch off all circuit
breakers or remove fuses).
2. Ensure that the installation or final circuit is dead with the help of
voltage indicator by testing across any line, neutral and earth.
Note: “Test lamp” or “Screw driver tester” shall not be used.
3. The resistance of the leads must be nulled or auto-nulled when

conducting a continuity test. If the leads cannot be nulled, their resistance should be noted
and subtracted from the final readings. (with multifunctional digital test instruments, set at
zero)
4. Before carrying out a continuity test, it should be checked that there is no additional parallel
path between test site and PE bar (earthing terminal). Parallel conductive paths can be very
problematic especially if they are not a part of the electrical system. Because of them the
actual PE connection cannot be checked correctly, they can change the resistance value.
For example, luminaries fitted in grid ceilings and suspended from steel structures in
buildings may create parallel paths.
5. The current used for testing should be sufficiently low as not to cause a risk of fire or
explosion.
2.5 Test Method
Following two methods are applicable for testing of the continuity of protective conductors at final
distribution board (Final circuit).
2 VOLUME 04: TESTING OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATION

2.5.1 1st Test method

1. At first, line and earth at the distribution board to be connected through shorting link. Now
line and earth conductors are connected in series, creating the circuit whose resistance is
to be measured. This combination resistance is symbolized as R1+ R2. Where R1is the
resistance of the line conductor and R2is the resistance of the protective(earth) conductor
between the point of utilization and origin of the installation.
Figure 1: CPC Continuity

2. Then test between line and earth terminals at each output in the circuit e.g. luminaries,
switches, socket outlets, etc. A reading indicates continuity.
3. Record the test result obtained at each outputpoint in the circuit. This value is (R1+ R 2)
for the particular circuit.
Figure 2: Connections for testing of continuity of protective conductor (Method 1)

2.5.2 2nd Test method

This test is required one long lead of continuity tester.
Connect this long lead to the installation’s main earthing terminal and connect other lead with
the protective (earth) conductor at each output in the circuit, e.g. luminaries, switches, socket
outlets, etc.
Figure 3: Connections for testing continuity of protective conductor (Method 2)

This resistance R2 is required to be recorded on the Schedule of Test Results.
In this case the resistance of measuring leads must be subtracted from the result (this feature
is usually integrated in installation testers).
2.6 Result
1. Each measured value should be compared with the relevant value for a particular conductor
length and size. Specific Conductor Resistance for Copper Wiring at 30°C is being given in below
table.
Table 2: Specific Conductor Resistance for Copper Wiring at 30°C
Nominal Cross-sectional Specific Conductor Resistance at 30°C

Area Sq.mm M-Ω/Mtr.
1.5 12.5755
2.5 7.5661
4 4.7392
6 3.1491
10 1.8811
16 1.1858
25 0.7525

Nominal Cross-sectional Specific Conductor Resistance at 30°C

Area Sq.mm M-Ω/Mtr.
35 0.5467
50 0.4043
70 0.2817
95 0.2047
120 0.1632
150 0.1341
185 0.1091
2. If the measured resistance is higher than required, this can be due to poor connection, and
shall be checked.
3. If the measured resistance is lower than required, this can be due to an unknown parallel path
and shall be checked.
2.7 Limitation
For this length of the conductors from the point of the origin of the circuit under measurement to
the point of testing is to be known for comparison.

3 INSULATION RESISTANCE OF THE ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

(Ref: Para 6.2.3.3 of IS 732: 2019)
3.1 Scope of Test
This test is also known as ‘meggaring’. The measurements shall be carried out with the installation
isolated from the supply. Generally, the insulation measurement is carried out at the origin of the
installation. This measurement is carried out between all combinations of conductors i.e. line,
neutral and the protective conductors(earth).
3.2 Purpose of Test

The method involves applying a DC voltage, measuring the current and thus determining the
insulation resistance value. The purpose of the insulation resistance test is to find out:
1. Any possible insulation break-down between conductors
2. Any possible ruptures, damage or deterioration in the conductor’s insulation
3. If any short circuits exist between conductors.

The instrument used for this test is an insulation resistance (IR) tester with an output current not
exceeding 1mA.The voltage settings and application are as below:
Table 3: Minimum values of insulation resistance (Ref: table 15 of IS 732:2019)
Nominal Circuit Voltage (V) Test Voltage D.C. Insulation Resistance

(V) (MΩ)
SELV and PELV 250 ≥ 0.5
Up to and including 500 V, including FELV 500 ≥ 1.0
Above 500 V 1000 ≥ 1.0
3.4 Pre-test Checks
1. The incoming supply (power) shall be switched OFF and the installation must be
disconnected.
2. Pilot or indicator lamps and capacitors are disconnected from circuits to prevent misleading
test values from being obtained.
3. If a circuit includes vulnerable equipment/voltage-sensitive electronic devices such as

RCCBs, RCBOs or SRCCBs incorporating electronic amplifiers, dimmer switches, touch
switches, delay timers, power controllers, electronic starters or control gear for fluorescent
lamps, etc., either: the devices must be temporarily disconnected, or removed to prevent
damage to the equipment and to avoid any deceptive results.
4. Ensure all protective conductors are terminated correctly, including the armouring (steel wire
armoured cable ) and sheath of cables.

5. In TN-C-S system, the neutral conductor shall be disconnected from the protective conductor
for measurement purpose.
6. Ensure all circuit breakers are ON (closed) and/ or fuses are in place.
7. All light switches are ON; where two-way and/or intermediate switching is part of the
installation, the switches should be closed alternatively.
8. Where surge protective devices (SPDs) or other equipment are likely to influence the test, or
be damaged, such equipment shall be disconnected before carrying out the insulation
resistance test. Where it is not reasonably practicable to disconnect such equipment (for
example, in case of fixed socket Outlets incorporating an SPD), the test voltage for the
particular circuit may be reduced to 250 V d.c., but the insulation resistance should be
minimum 1 MΩ.
3.5 Test Method

The testing process are as below:
1. Initially test the circuit at 250 V d.c. to check if any vulnerable or voltage sensitive equipment
has been inadvertently missed and remains connected, thereby reducing the risk of any
permanent damage to that equipment.
2. Now select the correct voltage range of IR Tester as per table 3 above.
3. Test between live conductors (Line and Neutral) at the origin of the installation. Record the
values on the Schedule of Test Results.
Figure 4: Insulation test between Line & Neutral
4. Test between Neutral & Earth. Record the values on the Schedule of Test Results.

Figure 5: Insulation test between Neutral & Earth
5. Test between Line & Earth. Record the values on the Schedule of Test Results.
3.6 Result
If test value is less than the value given in table-3 above, then the following action should be taken:
A. The installation may be divided into several circuit groups and the IR of each group shall be
measured. If, for one group of circuits, the measured value is less than that specified in table 3
above, the IR of each circuit of this group shall be measured.
B. Open the individual circuit breakers one at a time when testing the Line to Neutral or Line to Earth
conductors. When each circuit breaker is opened the installation is re-tested.
C. When the IR value returns to an acceptable level, on the re-test, in this way, the faulty circuit
may be located.
D. Insulation resistance values are usually much higher than those mentioned in table 3 above.
When such values show evident differences, further investigation is needed to identify the
reasons.

4 INSULATION RESISTANCE/ IMPEDANCE OFFLOOR AND WALL

(Ref: Para 6.2.3.5 of IS 732: 2019)
4.1 Scope of Test
The resistance is measured between the test electrode and the main protective (earth)
conductor of the installation.
4.2 Purpose of Test
During the execution of electrical work, operating conditions for the worker to be provided that
he is not exposed to the risk of exposure to potentials other than the potential of faulty equipment,
i.e. dangerous electric shock currents. Effective protection ensured by the reduction of floor and
wall conductivity.
Where fault protection is provided by a non-conducting location, the following should be verified:
1. Exposed-conductive-parts should be arranged so that under normal circumstances a
person will not come into simultaneous contact with:
I. Two exposed-conductive-parts or
II. An exposed-conductive-part and any extraneous-conductive-part
2. There must be not any protective conductors in non-conducting location.
3. Any socket-outlets installed in the non-conducting location must not incorporate an
earthing contact.
4. The resistance of insulating floors and walls to the main protective conductor of the
installation should be tested at not less than three points on each relevant surface, one of
which should be approximately 1 m from any extraneous-conductive part. e.g. pipes, in the
location.
At least three measurements shall be made in the same location, one of these measurements
being approximately 1mtr from any accessible extraneous- conductive-part in the location. The
other two measurements shall be made at greater distances. The measurement of
resistance/impedance of insulating floors and walls is carried out with the system voltage to
earth at nominal frequency.
Test Instrument: Magneto-ohmmeter or Battery Powered Insulation Resistance Tester

The magneto-ohmmeter or battery powered insulation resistance tester will provide a no-load
voltage of approximately 500 V (or 1,000 V if the rated voltage of the installation exceeds 500 V)
is used as a dc source.
4.4 Pre-test Checks
Test to be made before the application of the surface treatment (varnishes, paints and similar
products).

4.5 Test Method with a.c. Voltage

(Ref: Annexure KK of IS 732:2019)
Measurement of impedance or resistance of insulating floors and walls shall be carried out with
the system voltage to earth and nominal frequency, or with a lower voltage of the same nominal
frequency combined with a measurement of insulation resistance.
For A.C. systems:
By measurement with the nominal a.c. voltage, or
By measurement with lower a.c. voltages (minimum 25 V) and additionally by an IR tester using
a minimum test voltage 500 V (d.c.) for nominal system voltages not exceeding 500 V and a
minimum test voltage 1000 V (d.c.) for nominal system voltages above 500 V.
For safety reasons, when measuring voltages above 50 V, the maximum output current shall be
limited to 3.5 mA.
 The measurement is to be carried out between the measurement electrode and the protective
(earth) conductor, which is only accessible outside of the tested nonconductive room.
 Current is fed through an ammeter to the test- electrode from the output of the voltage source
or from the phase conductor.
 The voltage UX at the electrode is measured by means of a voltmeter with internal resistance
of at least 1 MΩ towards PE.
The impedance of the floor insulation will then be:
𝑈𝑥
𝑍𝑥 =
𝐼
The measurement for ascertaining the impedance shall be carried out at as many points as
deemed necessary, selected at random, with a minimum of three.
Figure 6: Measurement of Impedance of floor and wall
Where; RISO = Insulation Resistance.

The test electrodes may be either of the following types. In case of dispute, the use of test
electrode 1 is the reference method.

4.5.1 Type of Test Electrode

a) Type-1
 The electrode comprises a metallic tripod of which the parts resting on the floor form
the points of an equilateral triangle. Each supporting point is provided with a flexible
base ensuring, when loaded, close contact with the surface being tested over an area
of approximately 900 mm2 and presenting a resistance of less than 5000 Ω.
 Before measurements are made, the surface being tested is cleaned with a cleaning
fluid. While measurements are being made, a force of approximately 750 N for floors
or 250 N for walls is applied to the tripod.
Figure 7: Test Electrode (Type – 1)

b) Type -2
 The electrode comprises a square metallic plate with sides that measure 250 mm and a
square of damped, water-absorbent paper, or cloth, from which surplus water has been
removed, with sides that measure approximately 270 mm. The paper is placed between
the metal plate and the surface being tested.
 During measurement, a force of approximately 750 N for floors or 250 N for walls is
applied on the plate.

Figure 8: Test Electrode (Type – 2)
The floors and walls are considered to be non-conducting where the measured resistances are
at least 50 kΩ (where the system voltage to earth does not exceed500 V).
If insulation has been applied to the extraneous-conductive-parts, within the location, during
construction its insulation resistance must be tested. A test voltage of 2 kV ac rms is applied,
with a flash insulation tester and any leakage current is measured, which should not be more
than 1 mA. This test is applied on completion of the standard 500 V insulation resistance test.

5 AUTOMATIC DISCONNECTION OF SUPPLY
A TN System
Fault protection (indirect contact) in a TN system is provided by automatic disconnection of
supply and to ensure its effectiveness the following components need to be verified:
i The measured value of the earth fault loop impedance (Zs) to confirm it meets the
required standard.
ii Confirm by visual inspection whether the MCCB/MCB, which are provided, have suitable
short-time or instantaneous tripping setting i.e. type and rated current. Pl refer vol-
2“Selection and Application of LV Protective Devices” for more details.
iii Electrical testing of installed RCCBs to confirm, they meet required the disconnection
times.
B TT System
The effectiveness of automatic disconnection of supply in TT system is verified in a similar
manner as for a TN system, however the measured value of Zs is replaced with RA, which is
the combined resistance of the earth electrode and the protective conductor connecting it to
the exposed-conductive-parts of an installation.
5.1 Earth Fault Loop Impedance (Zs) testing
5.1.1 Scope of test

(Ref: Para 6.2.3.2 of IS 732: 2019)
Impedance testing between line conductor and circuit protective (earth) conductor at every
relevant point in the circuit as shown below:
Figure 9: Zs= Ze + R1+R2

5.1.2 Purpose of test
5.1.2.1 TN System
(Ref: Para 4.2.11.4.4 of IS 732: 2019)
The characteristics of the protective devices (OCPD) and the circuit impedances shall fulfill the
following requirement. Refer vol-3 “Inspection of Electrical LV Installations” for more
details:
Zs × Ia≤Uo

Where
Zs= The fault loop impedance in ohms (Ω)
Ia = The current in amperes (A) causing the automatic operation of the
disconnecting device within the time as per table 1 given in para 1.1.1.2 in
vol-3.
Uo = The nominal a.c. or d.c. line to earth voltage in volts (V).
On the basis of above fault loop impedance is required to be measured and Uo which is
nominal voltage (known). Now Ia may be calculated and shall be compared with MCCB/MCB
characteristics to trip within specified time as per table-1 of IS 732:2019.
5.1.2.2 TT System
(Ref: Para 4.2.11.5.3 of IS 732: 2019)
Where a residual current protective device (RCCB) is used for fault protection, the following
conditions shall be fulfilled:
RA× IΔn ≤ 50 V
Where
RA = The sum of the resistance (in Ω) of the earth electrode and the protective conductor
for the exposed conductive-parts, and
IΔn= The rated residual operating current of the RCCB
Where RA is not known, it may be replaced by Zs.

By measurement of RA and IΔn is already known, we can certify the above
requirement(equation).
5.1.3 Pre Test Check

1. Check the earth and bonding conductors are in place and secure.
2. If the circuit is RCCB protected, then select the “No trip” function of the test instrument to
avoid nuisance tripping of the RCCB. If tester does not have this function, then bypass the
RCCB for testing.
5.1.4 Method
5.1.4.1 1st Method: BY Fault Loop impedance testers
Fault Loop impedance testers are used

to measure earth fault loop impedance
between Phase to earth. This
equipment also gives prospective earth
fault current to decide suitable
protective device for the system.
Figure 10: Measurement of Fault loop

Impedance using Fault
Loop Impedance Tester

The fault loop impedance test sequence

Table 4: Test Sequence for Measurement of Earth Fault/short circuit Loop Impedance by Fault
Loop Impedance Tester
Step 1 Locate the point on the circuit to be tested.
Step 2 Connect the test leads to the Line and Earth terminals.
Step 3 Check instrument for safety and set on ZL-E for measurement of loop Impedance
between Line to Earth.
Step 4 Press the TEST button. The Meter will measure earth fault loop impedance in Ω and
prospective earth fault current in Amp.
Step 5 Write down the test results for record.
5.1.4.2 2nd Method: Voltage drop method

The above method for measurement of Earth Fault Loop Impedance is already explained in
Annexure-1 Vol-2: Selection and Application of LV Protective Devices. Under the series:
“Safety in Electrical Low Voltage Installation” published by this office.
5.2 Measurement of the Resistance of the Earth Electrode

5.2.1 Scope of test
The resistance offered by the earth electrode to the flow of current into the ground is known as
the earth electrode resistance or resistance to earth.
5.2.2 Is measurement of resistance of the earth electrode required?
5.2.2.1 TT System
In TT systems, provision of RCCB is mandatory for earth fault protection. Where an RCCB is
used, the circuit should also be protected by an overcurrent protective device. Earth fault loop
impedance is generally high in TT system and fault current will not be sufficient to operate the
overcurrent protection device in case of earth faults and then RCCB will take care of earth
faults. RCCB is suitable for both earth fault & earth leakage.
Where an RCCB is used for fault protection, the following conditions shall be fulfilled:
a. the disconnection time as required by para 1.1.1.2 of Volume 03 or Table 01 of IS

732:2019 mentioned earlier and
b. 𝑅𝐴 × 𝐼∆𝑛 ≤ 50 𝑉
Where
RA = the sum of the resistance (in Ω) of the earth electrode and the protective (earth)
conductor to the exposed conductive-parts, and Where RA is not known, it may be replaced by
Zs.
IΔn = the rated residual operating current of the RCCB
In the case of 30mA RCCB is provided, during earth faults, even if earth electrode resistance
is higher i.e. upto 1666 Ohm, RCCB will be trip in required time.
50 𝑉
𝑅𝐴 = = 1666 Ω
30 𝑚𝐴

If we are measuring the earth fault loop impedance, then measurement of earth
electrode resistance has no relevance other than record purpose.
5.2.2.2 TN system
The effectiveness of automatic disconnection of supply in TN system is verified by measuring

the value of the earth fault loop impedance (Zs) & to confirm it meets the required standard.
By measuring the fault loop impedance, the prospective earth fault current which is required
for tripping of overcurrent protective device i.e. (MCCB/MCB) in required time.
Earth electrode resistance is not the primary path of earth fault loop in TN system and the
metallic return path act as a primary path offering lower resistance for flow of maximum current
during faults. Accordingly, measurement of earth electrode resistance is less relevance in TN
system and earth fault loop impedance decides the automatic disconnection of supply.
On the basis of above it may be concluded that after measuring fault loop impedance in above
systems (TT & TN) to check the effectiveness of protection system, Earth electrode resistance
measurement is of less relevance other than record keeping.
5.2.3 Equipment Requirement
Earth electrode resistance tester is normally a battery operated 3 or 4 terminal instrument with
current and potential spikes.
i One coil type instrument: Used to test systems with just one earth electrode.
ii Two coil type instrument: Used to test systems with more than one electrode.
iii Test Instrument: Earth Electrode Tester, either a stake less type or a probe type.
5.2.4 Method
(Ref: Para 41of IS3043: 2018)
A number of different test methods may be used to measure a site’s combined/individual

resistance which is based on a fall of potential (FOP) technique. In general, the following
common test methods may be used:
i Fall of potential (FOP) 61.8 percent test
ii Fall of potential - Test using a clamp on CT
iii Fall of potential – Slope test
iv Fall of potential - 90°/180° test
 In FOP method two auxiliary earth electrodes, besides the test electrode, are placed
at suitable distances from the test electrode as shown in figure below.
 A measured current is passed between the test electrode A and auxiliary current
electrode C. The potential difference between the test electrode A and the auxiliary
potential electrode B is measured.
 The resistance of the test electrode A is then given by;
𝑉
𝑅=
𝐼

Where;
R = resistance of the test electrode in ohms,
V = reading of the voltmeter in Volts, and
I = reading of the ammeter in amperes
Figure 11: Method of Measurement of Earth Electrode Resistance

NOTE:
i At the time of test, where possible, the test electrode shall be separated from the earthing
system.
ii The auxiliary electrodes (B&C) usually consist of 12.5 mm diameter mild steel rod driven
up to 1 meter into the ground.
iii All the test electrodes and the current electrodes shall be so placed that they are independent
of the resistance area (Sphere of Influence) of each other. Generally, the distance of auxiliary
current electrode C should be at least 5 to 10 times the length of Earth electrode (Ref. IEEE
81 -2012).
Minimum Distance for C: Consider below Figure, which shows the effect of earth shells overlap
between the test electrode and current electrode C on the value of resistance. In Figure 12-A,
current electrode C is so close to the test electrode that the both earth shells are overlapping. Then
potential electrode (B) is positioned at 61.8 percent of the distance between the test electrode and
the current probe (C). The value of resistance will be affected due to shells overlapping of test
electrode & current electrode at that point. The value of resistance will be increases continuously
due to shell overlapping of current electrode C.
In Figure 12-B, current electrode C is placed farther away from the test electrode. Then effect of
shells overlapping of test electrode & current electrode are nil at 61.8 percent of the distance
between the test electrode and the current electrode (C). The value of earth resistance is very
close to the actual earth resistance at that position. The value of resistance will be same near the
61.8 percent location.

Figure 12: Effect of C location on the earth resistance curve
For an Individual test electrode, which is in the form of rod, pipe or plate, the auxiliary current
electrode C shall be placed at least 30 m away from it and the auxiliary potential electrode B
midway between them.
5.2.4.1 Fall of potential 61.8 percent test method
• The 61.8 percent test is the recommended test procedure for small earth electrode systems
where the electrical center of the earth system is known, particularly ground mounted
distribution substations and pole mounted transformers.
• In this method the value of measured resistance will be equal to the true value when the
voltage probe (P) is positioned at 61.8 percent of the distance between the test electrode
(A)and the current probe (C).

Figure 13:Fall of Potential 61.8 Percent Test
A 50 m separation between the earth grid and the current probe (C) may be used and is usually
adequate for smaller earth systems. If the earth electrode system (Multiple electrode) is of
medium size containing rods, then these distances should be increased for correct
measurement of earthing system resistance as per the table given below.
Table 5: 61.8 Percent Test Probe for Various Grid Sizes (Table 17 of IS 3043:2018)
Maximum Distance to Current Distance to Voltage Electrode from Centre of Earth

Dimension of Electrode from System
Earth Grid Under Centre of Earth 50 Percent 61.8 Percent 70 Percent
Test (m) System (m) Distance (m) Distance (m) Distance (m)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Small or single 50 25 31 37
electrode
5 100 50 62 70
10 150 75 93 105
20 200 100 124 140
Test Procedure
• In 4 Terminal Earth Tester the Current Terminal (C1) and Potential Terminal (P1) together
with a short jumper on the earth tester and connect it to earthing Test electrode(A) under
test.
• Drive another Current Electrode (C) into the earth at suitable distance as explained above
and connect to C2 Terminal of earth tester.
• Drive another potential Electrode (P) into the earth at 61.8 percent of the distance between
the test electrode (A)and the current probe (C)and connect to Earth Tester on P2.
Take the Reading of Earth Resistance value. This is the actual resistance value of the Test
electrode(A). To confirm the accuracy of the first reading the potential probe should be moved
to the 50 percent and 70 percent positions and additional readings to be taken.

5.2.4.2 Fall of potential - Test using a clamp on CT

This test is similar to the standard 3 terminal FOP test and has the advantages that it may be
used to measure the resistance of a system without disconnecting the earthing and can
measure the resistance of an individual electrode (again without disconnecting)
CT which clamps around the electrode to be tested. Figure 4 shows a 3-terminal test with CT
clamp. The CT may be used to detect the test current returning via that specific electrode and
allows the resistance of the electrode to be measured without disconnecting it from the rest of
the earth system.
Figure 14: Terminal Tester with CT Clamp

5.2.4.3 Fall of potential — Slope method
• This test is recommended for large earthing grid, such as underlies a substation or
encircles a transmission tower, has a commensurately large electric field in the soil.
Location of Current Electrode probe require several hundred feet beyond this influence,
which might be quite impractical. In addition, the electrical center of the earthing system
cannot be known if the current Electrode probe is not far enough away. The slope method
permits an estimate of where the resistance of the electrode under test maximizes.
• In this method potential probe (P) is positioned at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 times the distance
between the test electrode (A) and the current probe (C) & measure the resistance R1, R2
and R3 respectively.
𝑹𝟑 −𝑹𝟐
• The slope of coefficient µ i.e. rate of change of slope, can be calculated by:𝝁 =
𝑹𝟐 −𝑹𝟏
Look up the value of PPT/CP corresponding to the µ from table 5 of IEEE Std 81-2012.
 Since CP (distance to the current probe) is already known, calculate a new PP T (distance
of the potential probe) as follows:
𝑷𝑷𝑻
𝑷𝑷𝑻 =
𝑪𝑷 × 𝑪𝑷
 Now measure the earth resistance by placing the potential probe at this new distance PP T.
This measurement is known as the “true” resistance.
 Repeat the whole process for a larger value of CP. If the “true” resistance decreases
appreciably as CP is increased, it is necessary to increase the distance of CP still further.
After making a number of tests and plotting the “true” resistance, the curve will begin to
show less of a decrease and will indicate more stable readings. It is at this point the
resistance of the earthing system is noted.

Figure 15: Fall of Potential - Slope Method

5.2.4.4 Fall of potential - 90°/180° Test
• This technique should be used in
conjunction with the 61.8 percent
method to verify the results obtained.
The test equipment should be set up as
shown in Figure.
• The current probe C2 should be
positioned as far as away from the
earthing system under test as
practicable and the voltage probe P2
should be positioned at an angle
between 90º / 180º to the current
electrode route.
Figure 16: Fall of Potential – 90°/ 180° Test
5.2.4.5 Clamp on earth tester (Other Source Than IS)
In a railway installation like platforms, buildings with solid

concrete grounds, where measuring of earth resistance
Fall of Potential method in not practical because no
provision for inserting current & voltage probe is
available. The clamp-on ground earth tester is an
effective and time-saving meter as disconnection of
earth system is not required to make a
measurement and place probes in the ground.
Measurement of Earth resistance through Earth
tester shown in figure 23.
Figure 17: Earth tester

• This method effectively analysis a loop resistance measurement briefly explained below:
Figure 18: Earth System with multiple Earth Electrode
Suppose an earth system consist of multiple earth electrodes as shown in above figure. The
clamp-on ground tester is clamped around one of the earth electrodes and then it measures the
resistance of the entire loop.
The remaining earth electrodes are all connected in parallel and earth electrode being measured
is in series. If the clamp-on tester is clamped around R6, the measurement of the resistance of
the entire loop shown by clamp on tester will be as shown below:
𝑹𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒑 = 𝑹𝟔 + (𝟏⁄(𝟏⁄𝑹𝟏 + 𝟏⁄𝑹𝟐 + 𝟏⁄𝑹𝟑 + 𝟏⁄𝑹𝟒 + 𝟏⁄𝑹𝟓 ))
Table 6:Example for combined loop resistance for multiple earth electrode
R6 R1 R2toR5 RLoop
10 Ω 10 Ω 10 Ω 12 Ω
10 Ω 100 Ω 10 Ω 12.44 Ω
100 Ω 10 Ω 10 Ω 102 Ω
Note: If we take 60 electrodes each having, resistance from R1 to R60 is 10 Ω. Where the
test electrode is on R60.Then the loop resistance measured with tester will be 10.17
Ω.
• From the above table it is clear that the measurement of the loop resistance is relatively close
to the resistance of the earth electrode being tested. The more electrodes or ground paths
in the system the nearer the measurement gets to the actual electrode under test’s true
resistance. The clamp-on earth tester can easily indicate a poor electrode whether there are
a few parallel paths in series with the measured value, or many parallel paths present.
• Based on above discussion it can be concluded that this method will give user an
approximate idea about earth resistance value of the particular electrode and the same can
be compared to the standard value of earth electrode resistance.
Limitation
• Clamp-on earth tester measurement is a measurement of the resistance of the entire loop.
There must be a loop resistance to measure i.e. there must be a series- parallel resistance
path.

6 ADDITIONAL PROTECTION
6.1 Scope of Test
RCCB detects any imbalance of current in three phase or single phase circuit. Any imbalance in
this context means that the sum of the circuit current does not equal to zero. This situation will be
interpreted by the RCCB as an earth leakage/fault, between either a neutral or a phase conductor
and earth. The leakage current causing the RCCB to trip is symbolized as:IΔn
Residual current devices can be categorized as:
S.N Type of RCCB IΔ n

1 General Type RCCB’s ≤30mA
2 S Type (Delayed) RCCB’s ≤30mA
3 General Type RCCB’s >30mA
4 S Type (Delayed) RCCB’s >30mA
The testing of above will require the simulation of a fault for a controlled duration on both halves
of the AC cycle.
6.2 Purpose of Test
 It is critical that the earth fault loop impedance (Zs), for the protected circuit, is determined
before the RCCB is tested; primarily for safety reasons.
 The continuity of fault path is essential because without it the RCCB will not function or could
result in spurious action.
 The testing should be made on the load side of the RCCB, between the line conductor and the
protective (earth) conductor of the circuit, with the load disconnected.
6.2.1 Break (response) & non-actuating time of RCCB

The break/ response time of a RCCB is the time between the appearance of an earth leakage/fault
current and the interruption of the circuit.
For delay type RCCB, the non-actuating time is the maximum delay during which a value of
residual current higher than the residual non-operating current can be applied to the RCCB
without causing it to operate.
Limit values of break time and non-actuating time for alternating residual currents (r.m.s. values)
for type AC and type A RCCB are as given below:
Table 7: Limit values of break time and non-actuating time for alternating residual currents
(r.m.s. values) for type AC and A RCCB (Ref: Table1 of IS 12640 (Part 1) : 2016)
Fault Current(mA) General Type S Type (delayed action)
(non delay
action)
Maximum Non-actuating Maximum
break time time break time
30mA 100mA 300mA
In/2 15 50 150 No Tripping No Tripping No Tripping
In 30 100 300 300ms 130ms 500ms
2 In 60 200 600 150ms 60ms 200ms
5 In 150 500 1500 40ms 50ms 150ms

Maximum values of break time for half-wave pulsating residual currents (r.m.s. values) for type A
RCCB are given in
Table 8: Limit values of break time for half-wave pulsating residual currents (r.m.s. values) for
type A RCCB (Ref: Table2 of IS 12640 (Part 1) : 2016)
Fault Current(mA) General Type
30mA 100mA 300mA Maximum break-time
1.4 In 42 140 420 300ms
2.8 In 84 280 840 150ms
3.5 In 105 -- -- 40ms
7 In -- 700 2100 40ms
An RCCB tester or a Multifunction tester can perform the tests for single phase and three phase
RCCBs by measuring the tripping time.
6.4 Pre Test Check

Prior to the test, all loads/equipment should be disconnected. All switches should be in ON
position.
6.5 Test Method for General type (non delay type) RCCB
6.5.1 Through tester

1. Selecting a suitable socket outlet, the circuit is energized and an RCCB tester is connected.
2. The test instrument must be set at 50 per cent of the tripping current (IΔn /2), push the test
button of the instrument and RCCB should not trip.
3. The test instrument will have a switch on it which will enable the instrument to test the other
side of the waveform 0° to 180°.
4. This switch must be moved to the opposite side and repeat the test. (Some instruments
automatically carry out the function of changing from 0° to 180°.) Again the RCCB should
not trip.
5. Now set the test current to the rated tripping current (IΔn). Push the test button, the RCCB
should trip within 300 milliseconds. The actual time in which RCCB tripped should be
recorded on to the test result schedule.
6. Reset the RCCB.
7. Move the waveform switch to the opposite side (waveform 0° to 180°), and repeat the test.
Again, it must trip within 300 milliseconds. The actual time in which RCCB tripped should
be recorded on to the test result schedule.
8. Reset the RCCB.
9. Set the test current to 5 times the rated tripping current (5IΔn), push the test button and the
RCCB should trip within 40 milliseconds. The actual time in which RCCB tripped should be
10. Move the waveform switch to the opposite side (waveform 0° to 180°), and repeat the test.
Again it must trip within 40 milliseconds. The actual time in which RCCB tripped should be

6.5.2 RCCB’s integral test device

An integral test device is incorporated in every RCCB and it is identified with either the word Test
or the symbol T on a test button, which is used to verify whether the mechanical parts of the
RCCB are functioning correctly. Mechanical test should be done in the energized condition of
RCCB.
This test button will not confirm any of the following:
i The continuity of the earthing conductor or the associated circuit protective conductors,
or
ii Any earth electrode or other means of earthing, or
iii Any other part of the associated installation earthing, or
iv The sensitivity of the device
6.6 Result
i. If during testing of any RCCB, if it trips during the 50 per cent test. Consider the possibility
that there is a small earth leakage on the circuit or system. Switch all circuits OFF and test
RCCB on the load side at 50 per cent. If it still trips, the RCCB may be defective and should
be replaced.
ii. If it does not trip, turn each circuit ON one at a time, carrying out a 50 per cent test each
time a circuit has been turned ON. When the RCCB trips, switch OFF all circuits except the
last one which was switched ON. Test again. If the RCCB trips, carry out an insulation test
on this circuit as it probably has a low insulation resistance. If the RCCB does not trip it
could be an accumulation of earth leakage from several circuits and they should all be tested
for insulation resistance.

7 POLARITY TEST
7.1 Scope of Test

To test the polarity at the following positions:
1. Origin of the installation
2. Distribution boards
3. Accessible socket-outlets
4. Extremity of final circuits
7.2 Purpose of Test

A polarity test must be carried-out to ensure that the circuit’s line conductor is connected in series
with:
i the circuit’s protective device, e.g. circuit breaker or fuse
ii the single pole control/ switch, e.g. light switch, all socket outlets and similar accessories

1. Low Resistance Ohmmeter in supply OFF condition
2. Voltage Indicator for Live Testing in supply ON condition
7.4 Method
7.4.1 Low resistance Ohm-meter in supply OFF condition

If test Method 1 of continuity test (as mentioned earlier in para 2.5.1 of this booklet) is used,
then both the continuity and the polarity of the line and earth conductor (R1+ R2) may be
determined.
Similarly, test Method 2 of continuity test (as mentioned earlier in para 2.5.2 of this booklet))
may be used to determine polarity of the line conductor (R1).
On the basis of above, value of resistance is proper in continuity test, its mean polarity of line
conductor from distribution board to final circuit are proper. If reading not proper, then its
shows an open circuit.
7.4.2 Live test
For safety reasons, a live polarity test on a final circuit or an installation should be conducted
on completion of the full test sequence, normally as a functional test.

8 PHASE SEQUENCE TEST
8.1 Scope of Test

This test will be applicable only for three phase systems. Test will be executed in live condition.
8.2 Purpose of Test

Phase sequence of multi-phase circuits should be maintained within an installation. In practice,
this will require confirmation that the phase rotation at three-phase distribution boards and at the
origin of the installation are same. Test shall be made to verify that the devices (i.e. motors), are
connected in the correct phase sequence.

The main types of instrument suitable for carrying out this test are:
1. Rotating disc type: In the case of a rotating disc type instrument, the disc will be rotating
either- clockwise or anticlockwise.
2. Indicator lamp type: With the indicator lamp type either the L1/L2/L3 (formerly R/Y/B) lamp
or the L1/L3/L2 (formerly R/B/Y) lamp will be illuminated.
8.4 Method
8.4.1 Through rotating disc type

 The disc rotates in clockwise direction when correctly
connected to incoming three phase power supply.
 Black arrow on white disk indicates correct phase
sequence.
 If rotation is anti-clockwise then it indicates that one of
the phases is reversed.
 It is suitable for use only in horizontal position and should
not be left in circuit.
Figure 19: Rotatic Disc type Phase Sequence Indicator
8.4.2 Static type phase sequence indicator

The static indicator is a simple configuration that uses two lamps and an inductor or capacitor.
One lamp is connected to one phase such as R and the other to another phase such as Y, while
the inductor or capacitor on the remaining third phase. A resistor may be used in series with the
lamp to control the amount of current and voltage.
Figure 20: Static phase sequence indicator

If using the inductor, lamp 2 will be brighter than lamp 1 if the phase sequence is correct, while
lamp 1 becomes brighter than lamp 2 when the phases are reversed.
However, using the capacitor tester, lamp 1 will light on while lamp 2 will be off. If the sequence
is incorrect, lamp 2 lights up while lamp 1 remains off.
Connection diagram
Figure 21: Typical phase sequence testing arrangement, using the static indicator
The brighter lamp indicates the phase that follows B (the capacitor terminal of the indicator) that
means the phase sequence is BRY i.e. RYB.

9 FUNCTIONAL TESTS
Major assemblies in LV installation such as switchgear and control-gear, drives, controls and
interlocks, shall be subjected to a test of their function to verify that they are properly mounted,
adjusted and installed in accordance with the relevant requirements of IS 732: 2019 standard.
Protective devices shall be submitted to a test of their function, as necessary, to check that they
are properly installed and adjusted
10 VOLTAGE DROP TESTS

(Ref: Para 6.2.3.11 of IS 732: 2019)
10.1 Scope of Test

The voltage drop between the origin and the relevant piece of equipment for any circuit (either
lighting or other uses) is required to be verified.
10.2 Purpose of Test

In the absence of any other consideration, the voltage drop between the origin of the consumer’s
installation and the equipment should not be greater than that given in below table:
Table 9: Voltage Drop (Ref: Table 47 of IS 732: 2019)
Type of Installation Lighting% Other Uses%

A– Low voltage installations Supplied directly from a public 3 5
low voltage distribution system
B – Low voltage installation supplied from private LV supply* 6 8
* As far as possible, it is recommended that voltage drop within the final circuits do not exceed
those indicated in installation type A.
When the main wiring systems of the installations are longer than 100 m, these voltage drops
may be increased by 0.005 percent per metre of wiring system beyond 100 m, without this
supplement being greater than 0.5 percent.
Voltage drop is determined from the demand by the current using equipment, applying
diversity factors where applicable, or from the values of the design current of the circuits.
10.3 Method
The voltage drop may be evaluated by the following method:
i. By using diagrams similar to the one shown as an example in Annexure NN of IS
732:2019.
ii. By measuring the circuit impedance.
10.3.1 Evaluation of voltage drop using diagrams (As per Annex NN of IS 732: 2019)
 The voltage drops due to a change in the length of the PVC insulated cable can be evaluated
by using the below diagrams.
 The figure below is only giving guidance regarding change in voltage drop due to
increasing/decreasing length of Three-phase PVC insulated copper wiring/cabling.

 The current carrying capacity of wires/cables in the given diagram is an assumed value and
limited to a value considering voltage drop of 4%.
 Calculation of voltage drop with example already given in Para 4.5.2 of vol-2“Selection and
Application of LV Protective Devices”
Figure 22: Example of a diagram suitable for the evaluation of the voltage drop

ANNEXURE -1 FORMAT: REPORT OF VERIFICATION

(Ref: Annex SS of IS 732: 2019)
INFORMATION REGARDING DISTRIBUTION BOARDS (1)

Description Ref.: Manufacturer
Rated Voltage Un: V Nominal current In A Frequency Hz
Protection IP Short-circuit withstand capability of
degree distribution board, Icc kA
MAIN SUPPLY TO DISTRIBUTION BOARD (6)
Protective device Type Rating In: A Short circuit RCD Icp: Zs: CSA supply condition Section: L=
capacity rating kA mA kA(2) mm2, PE= mm2
CIRCUIT DETAILS TEST RESULTS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Circuit Description Number Function Connection Cables/ cond. Circuit protection Circuit Insulation resistance RCD Touch Polarit PE Remark+
No. room served of points load characteristics voltage y test continuity national
(5) requirements
kW
(9)
Type Section L/ In (A) Type Zs Ip (A) Insulation resistance In Id Td (7) (8) (3)
PE mm2 M (3)
Ω A mA (4)
Fuse Circuit L- L- N- L1- L2- L3-
breaker N PE PE PE PE PE

NOTES
1. By enquiry (manufacturer, name plate or technical doc.)
2. By measurement or calculation
3. Enter C if complies or NC if does not comply
4. Complete test where appropriate shall be performed including touch voltage and tripping time a trated current
5. Enter appropriate function code (see opposite)
6. Only to be completed if the distribution board is not connected directly to the origin of the installation
7. Only required where supplementary equipotential bonding has been installed in accordance with 413.1.3.6
8. Record connected load where readily identifiable
Abbreviations Function code(forcolumn4)

L Line C Cooking W/H Water heating
Td Test trip time S/O Socket outlet S/H Storage heaters
Zs Fault loop impedance UFH Under floor heating Li Lighting
CSA Cross-sectional area H Heating HP Heat pump
Icp Prospectiveshort-
circuitcurrentatmainbusbarsofdistributionboardr.m.s.value
Ip Measured short-circuit current at end of consumer supply line.

For socket outlets circuits, measurement shall be made at each
S/O and to record only the worst case.
ICW Short-circuit withstand of equipment

REFERENCES
1. IS 732-2019: Code of Practice for Electrical Wiring Installations (Fourth Revision)
2. IS 3043: 2018- Code of Practice for Earthing (Second Revision)
3. IS 12640 (Part 1) :2016 - Residual Current Operated Circuit-Breakers Without Integral

Overcurrent Protection for Household and Similar Uses (RCCBs) Part 1 General Rules (Second
Revision)
4. IIEEE wiring regulation 17th edition Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing
5. Megger-Guide to Clamp-On-Ground Testing
6. IIEEE wiring regulation 18th edition On Site Guide BS 7671:208
7. Electrical inspection, testing & certification by Michael Drury

NOTE
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34
CONTACT US
CAMTECH is continuing its efforts in the documentation and up-gradation of information on maintenance practices
of electrical assets. Over the years a large number of publications on electrical assets have been prepared in the
form of handbooks, pockets books, pamphlets and video films, etc. These publications have been uploaded on
the internet as well as rail net.
For downloading these publications please do following:
1. On internet visit:www.rdso.indianrailways.gov.in
Go to Directorates  CAMTECH Other important links Publications for download Electrical Engineering
2. On Railnet visit RDSO website at 10.100.2.19
Go to Directorates  CAMTECH Publications for download  Electrical Engineering
For any further information regarding publications please contact:
Dy. Director (Elect.) BSNL : 0751- 2470740 (O)

Rly. : 03747202, 9752447030 (CUG)
SSE/Electrical : 9755549297 (CUG)
E-mail : direlcamtech@gmail.com
Fax : 0751- 2470841
Write at : Dy. Director (Electrical)
Indian Railways, Centre for Advanced Maintenance Technology

In front of Hotel Adityaz, Airport Road, Maharajpura, Gwalior, Pin code – 474 005

Government of India - Ministry of Railways
INDIAN RAILWAYS
CENTRE FOR ADVANCED MAINTENANCE TECHNOLOGY
Maharajpura, Gwalior, M.P. 474 005
36

Volume 04 - Testing of LV Installation

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Volume 04 - Testing of LV Installation

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This volume-4 on “Testing of Electrical LV Installations” has been prepared by

To ensure safety of persons and apparatus against electrical faults, it is necessary to

Date: 05.05.2022 (Jitendra Singh)

This volume-4 on “Testing of Electrical LV Installations” under the document series

Date: 29.04.2022 (Himanshu Maheshwari)

MDB Main Distribution Board

RCCB Residual Current Circuit Breaker

SELV Separated Extra Low Voltage

1.1 Test Sequence

VOLUME 04: TESTING OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATION 1

2 CONTINUITY OF CONDUCTORS (Continuity Resistance measurement)

2.1 Scope of Test

2.4 Pre Test Check

3. The resistance of the leads must be nulled or auto-nulled when

2 VOLUME 04: TESTING OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATION

2.5.1 1st Test method

Figure 1: CPC Continuity

Figure 2: Connections for testing of continuity of protective conductor (Method 1)

VOLUME 04: TESTING OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATION 3

2.5.2 2nd Test method

Figure 3: Connections for testing continuity of protective conductor (Method 2)

Table 2: Specific Conductor Resistance for Copper Wiring at 30°C

Nominal Cross-sectional Specific Conductor Resistance at 30°C

4 VOLUME 04: TESTING OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATION

Nominal Cross-sectional Specific Conductor Resistance at 30°C

VOLUME 04: TESTING OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATION 5

3 INSULATION RESISTANCE OF THE ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

3.1 Scope of Test

3.2 Purpose of Test

3.3 Equipment Requirement

Table 3: Minimum values of insulation resistance (Ref: table 15 of IS 732:2019)

Nominal Circuit Voltage (V) Test Voltage D.C. Insulation Resistance

3.4 Pre-test Checks

3. If a circuit includes vulnerable equipment/voltage-sensitive electronic devices such as

6 VOLUME 04: TESTING OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATION

3.5 Test Method

Figure 4: Insulation test between Line & Neutral

VOLUME 04: TESTING OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATION 7

Figure 5: Insulation test between Neutral & Earth

8 VOLUME 04: TESTING OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATION

4 INSULATION RESISTANCE/ IMPEDANCE OFFLOOR AND WALL

4.1 Scope of Test

4.2 Purpose of Test

4.3 Equipment Requirement

Test Instrument: Magneto-ohmmeter or Battery Powered Insulation Resistance Tester

4.4 Pre-test Checks

VOLUME 04: TESTING OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATION 9

4.5 Test Method with a.c. Voltage

For A.C. systems:

By measurement with the nominal a.c. voltage, or

Figure 6: Measurement of Impedance of floor and wall

Where; RISO = Insulation Resistance.

10 VOLUME 04: TESTING OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATION

4.5.1 Type of Test Electrode

Figure 7: Test Electrode (Type – 1)

VOLUME 04: TESTING OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATION 11

Figure 8: Test Electrode (Type – 2)

12 VOLUME 04: TESTING OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATION

5 AUTOMATIC DISCONNECTION OF SUPPLY

5.1 Earth Fault Loop Impedance (Zs) testing

5.1.1 Scope of test

Figure 9: Zs= Ze + R1+R2