Reviewer PR2

-The several types of quantitative research—descriptive, correlational, ex post facto, quasi-experimental, and experimental—
can be broken down into smaller, more focused groups.

Descriptive Design- is employed to describe a certain phenomena by seeing it as it happens in the natural world. There is no
experimental manipulation, and there is no hypothesis at the outset of the study. Only describing the subject of the study or
another person is the sole aim of descriptive research. Determining the many forms of physical activity high school pupils
engage in during the quarantine time is an illustration of a descriptive study design.

Correlational design- establishes the connection between the variables. Since cause and effect relationships, such as those
between physical activity levels and academic achievement, are not taken into account, data is gathered through observation.

Ex post facto design (causal comparative)- is employed to look into any potential connection between past circumstances and
current circumstances. "Ex post facto" refers to examining potential reasons of an already happening phenomena after the
fact. There is no experimental alteration in this design, just like the first two.

Quasi-experimental design- is employed to prove the causal connection between the variables. Despite being similar to an
experimental design, a quasi-experimental has less validity because there is no random selection or subject assignment. The
independent variable is recognized in this situation, but it is not changed.

Experimental design- similar to quasi-experimental is used to prove the causal connection between two or more variables. This
design's use of random subject assignment and experimental manipulations yields a more conclusive outcome.

Independent variable- is also recognized as the likely cause. The researcher pre-defines it and manipulates it.

Dependent variable- is the anticipated outcome. It is watched and counted.

Extraneous variable- is other factors that may influence the outcome (dependent variable) which are not manipulated or pre-
defined by the researcher.

Confounding variable- occurs when the researcher neglects to control the auxiliary factor that significantly influenced the
result.

Quantitative Variables- Because they are numerical and measurable, the sort of variables utilized in quantitative research are
also known as numerical variables. Both discrete and continuous variables fall under this category.

Discrete variables- are able to be counted in entire numbers. Negative numbers and values between fixed points are not
accepted. For instance, class size, size of groups, and frequency.

Continuous variables- Consider values that are fractional (non-whole numbers) and can either be positive or negative. For
instance, height and temperature.

Interval- is a quantitative variable where the numbers are arbitrary but the intervals or differences between consecutive values
are equal and meaningful. It does not begin at zero. Examples are the temperature in o Celsius, IQ, and EQ

Ratio- The sole distinction between this data type and an interval is the existence of a genuine zero value. The lack of the
amount being measured is represented by the 0 point on this scale. Age, height, weight, and distance are a few examples.

Qualitative Variables- are also known as categorical variables when they are expressed as descriptions or categories rather
than as numbers. Additional classifications include nominal, ordinal, and dichotomous.

Dichotomous- contain only two separate categories or values. For instance, a question can only have a yes or no response.
Nominal- Simply defining topic groupings through classification or categorization is varied. There might be more than two
groups of equal magnitude in this case. For instance, the name, blood type, hair color, and means of transportation of a
basketball player.

Ordinal- variable implies that a variable is ordered in a particular order just by the name. Both qualitative and quantitative
attributes are possible for this variable. For instance, a survey questionnaire may have category ratings like strongly agree,
agree, neutral, and disagree as well as numerical ratings with options like 1, 2, 3, and 5 sorted from highest to lowest
(5=highest, 1=lowest). The Spotify Top 20 Hits, academic honors (with highest, high, and honors), and cancer stage (Stage I,
Stage II, Stage III) are some further instances of ordinal variables.