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agriculture is still the main occupation of most of the

lf1hOUgb
, v•
•
le of India, yet m recent years great progress has been made
peoP field of industry.
jJ! the . .
e bas gifted our country with a large vanety of resources.
• N11ii:asic needs are fulfilled directly or indirectly by these natural
our ces. Most of the resources cannot be used directly. Hence,
resourneed processing.. An.IDd ust ry 1s
. an organised. human
th;yrt and skill to produce something useful from the gifts
eJ.JO •
of nature• It refers to manufacturing process.
, In the distant past, natural resources were transformed into
anufacturing products by the members of the family who
:orked at home with hand, with the help of simple tools, used
animal power and required very small investment. But in course
of time modern industries came to be set up. Some of their
special features are the following:
1. Simple tools were replaced by machines.
2. Manual or animal labour is replaced by energy resources.
3. Large scale production is possible in shorter period of time.
4. Another feature of modern industry is the establishment of
factories and mills.
5. Each job was broken up to various small parts and each labour
performs a particular part of the job in an efficient manner.
This transformation led to what is known as the Age of
Modern Industry.
The development of industries is important for the economic
growth of a country. Sincere efforts have been made by all
the countries to promote industrialisation as it increases job
opportunities, national income, enhances capital formation,
Utilises natural resowces, etc.
Need for Rapid Industrialisation in India
I. India is an agricultural country. More than 70 per cent of
~he P<>pulation is dependent on agriculture for its livelihood.
a~ by day our population is increasing. Needless to say that
~culture alone cannot support the growing population. So,
Pid industrialisation is necessary.

Agro-based Industries in India

 2 The problem of unemployment can be Sol \
· . d t ·a1i·sation as it provides emploYlllent Ved b~
musn Ona1arg ~.
3. Industries produce goods and equipments reqllir~
defence of the country. fot \
4 Industries are required to keep pace with the fast Ill. .
· in terms of advanced technology and know-how. "hig,"I
5 _ Maintenance ofa fav?urable balance of trade i.e. Ill.ore
than imports is possible only through rapid indust . 0~e~
l'la.Jisa.tj
FACTORS AFFECTING THE LOCATION OF INDus O\
1
on many factors,Rl~s
The development of industries d:pends _
1. Availability of raw materials. It is always Prefe ·
locate an industry near the source ofraw material. Ind~. l-0
based on bulky or perishable raw materials, located tries,
source of the raw maten'al are iron
. and steel ind near
try n""e
sugar industry respectively. Us illld
2 • Power. Power is an essential requirement to run
industry. Power can be transmitted to the industries hut ~e
requires investment. Some of the industries like chemica.J.~
aluminium which consume large amount of power are loea:
near the source of power otherwise the cost of production Wil
be increased.
3. Labour. In case of large industries, labour gets shifted
towards industrial centres and can be trained accordingly like
Tata Iron and Steel Company. Generally small industries are
•located near existing towns and cities.
4. Transport. Transport is an essential factor for industrial
development as transport facilities are required to carry raw
materials to the industry and finished products to the markets.
Most of the heavy industries are located near railway stations,
port towns, so that the heavy and bulky raw materials can be
brought conveniently to the industries and finished products to
the market.
5. Water Supply. Water supply is vital for proper functioning of
industries. The iron and steel industry needs water for cooling,
textile industry for bleaching and washing. .Therefore, these
industries are located at places where water is easily available.
6. Market. Market is the ultimate requirement of every industry.
Consumer industries are located near the market. For example,
petroleum refineries are located near the cities. It is~
econolllical because refined petroleum products also wo.
be consumed. Nearness to the market saves trans portation dities
st
co __Some of the industries producing perishable com.mo
require ready market. .
7 Cl· f' dustnes.
· unate. It plays a significant role in the location° 1Il huniid
F'."' """1nple, cotton lextiJe industry requires warm and, roosl
~hmate. Therefore, Mumbai in Maharashtra is th
Saraswati Geography (ICSE)-X important cotton textile centre.
 eJlt P olicies. The policies of the government .
verJllll become hindrances for the development of an
9, 60..,etiJJlesr111, industrialist will always prefer to locate the
50V- J.l>e
. dllsttY'· here he can get the benefit of the government
~d!1Stt1_ w roviding relaxation in taxes or restricting imports
iJl . s }ike p . d t .
..ouc1e e cottage lil us nes.
r- ncourag
!De ATION OF INDUSTRIES .
slflC . . .
G~S be categonsed mto the followmg groups on the basis
dustries c~al size capital, nature of finished products, etc.
!!liitert , '

:s
Jr31'1 B sis of Raw Materials
th Fig. 10.1 A Textlle mlll
J, Oil e • on the basis of raw materials utilised, can be
[lldustrt (Large-scale Industry)
into:
di. :'ded
;\gro-based Industries. Industries that depend on
gricultural products for their raw material are classified
(i)
agro-based industries. For example, cotton, sugar, jute
iire agro-based industries.
(ii) Mineral-based Industries. Industries that depend on
mineral for their raw material are classified as mineral-
based industries. For example, iron and steel, cement,
etc.
(iii) Forest-based Industries. These industries utilise forest
resources like wood, rubber, lac, etc.
(iv) Animal-based Industries. These industries utilise the
raw material provided by animals. For example, woollens,
silk, dairy products, skin, poultry, etc.
2, On the Basis of Size and Investment
Fig. 10.2 Medium-scale Industry
(i) Large-scale Industries. These industries require a very
large investment of capital, huge infrastructure, employ
large number of workers, produce machinery and goods
on a large-scale. For example, iron and steel industry,
textile, oil refinery, etc. See Fig. 10.1.
(ii) Medium-scale Industries. These industries are neither
very big nor very small. They employ less workers and the
total investment is about ten crore rupees. They include
Paper mills, radio, cycle manufacturing industry, etc. See
Fig.10.2.
(ii')1
Small-scale Industries. They employ a relatively
smaller number of labourers and produce general
consumer goods or act as an ancillary unit. They do not
re · ·
~uire huge capital investment and mostly managed by
J, Private individuals. See Fig. 10.3.
0llthen .
(')1 asis of Ownership
Puhr
b Ic Sector Industries. It is owned and controlled
th
e Central government or State government, they Fig. 10.3 Small-scale Industry
1
c Ude public utility industries like railways, post and

Agro-based Industries in India

 telegraph, power and irrigation det-
' lence
The most significant of these are, SAJL, B~stab
48¾ie
(ii) Private Sector Industries. These ind _L, ~C ~t.
. . . Ustl'J.e 8 ,e~
and managed by an md1vidual or gro are o11,,. ·
Among the total number of factories 9Up
01
Of in_dj11idu'tl&j
210 hel
group. For example, TATA STEEL, TATA ~O;gs 0 4i a.~ ti
(iii) Joint-Sector Industries. These indu t . ons,e1.
s l'J.es u:.
and managed jointly by the government _are o~r.1
private firms . For example, MTNL Re1agencies
· ¾d lb"4
' 1 ance pt
Ltd., etc. e role%e
(iv) Co-operative Sector Industries. These • d
.
owned and run co-operatively by a group Inf Ustrj es are
For examPeople Who
0
usually produce the raw matenals.
.

mills, oil ghani, Anand Co-operative society in Ie: sugar

UJarat.
Comparison between Small-scale Industries and Large-scale Industries
Small-scale Industries
Large-scale Industries
1. These industries require small capital 1. These industries require large - ~
investment to get started. investment to get started. pi al
2. A small local market is covered by these 2. A big market is covered by these industries.
industries.

3. These are labour-intensive and provide more 3. These are capital-intensive and provide
jobs. comparatively less jobs.
4. Small-scale industries support production of 4. Large-scale industries support production
sewing machines, fans, etc. of cement, defence equipments and steel
manufacture, etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES

Raw Material
Ownenhlp

, J
Llpt Heavy Large- Medium smau.
ICale IC&le ICale

, 1,-=:-1 ,~ ~'=]
~,==n '---'-"""'-Coo_p_r•_tiv_••-'I

-@) Saraswati Geography (ICSE)-X

 . of Nature of Products
J3llS15 • • •
tlte Jndustr1es. These mdustnes use heavy and b lk
00 . vV . al) u y
J. (il tJeil;aterials (1_ron ore, co and produce heavy products
re.W I machinery, etc.
,,1te stee' . . .
JJP todustries. These mdustnes produce goods whi h
'dltt . h lik I . . C
·,·i J,ti,, . ht in we1g t e eye es, sewmg machines electroru·c
ii a.re Jig '
ds etc.
goo ;sis of Finished Product or Function
OJI tbe Industries. Industries which are very import t
o • d . depend on them are called an
· (il vaas1Cse many m ustnes
becau . d . Th .
. or key m ustries. e iron and steel industry is the
basicple of basic or key industry.
e1'9,.IllndarY or C onsumer I nd · Industries which
ustries.
') secO d . ·1 fi th ·
(it oduce goo s pnman Y or e1r consumption by people
pr called consumer or secondary industries. Watch
e,re •
, cle (urnlture, --~ t unng
manwac . m . dustries are examples'
b1CY ' . ·
of consumer mdus~es.
Basis of Location and Market
0 11 th e
6, , ViJJage In d us tr·ies. These m . dustnes
· fulfil the basic
(r) eeds of the local markets and all their requirements
~e raw materials, labo~, etc., are met from within the
village. Handloom, khadi are the examples of village
industries.
•') Cottage Industries. These are known as _household
(JI industries and are organised by individuals with private
resources with the help of family members. For example,
carpets, sarees, decorative items, etc.

M
AIN INDUSTRIAL REGIONS OF INDIA
INDIA
India the distribution of industries is highly Industrial Regions
In ell Thi'·sis because of the uneven distribution of
uneV •
neresslll'Y raw materials and energy resources.
!here are four areas with high concentration of
industries. These are:
, TheWestern Industrial Region. This includes
the Mumbai-Pune and the Vadodara-Ahmedabad
bell.!. Today, it is the second largest region and its
growth is connected mainly with the cotton textile
industry. Other industries are chemical, fertilisers,
paper, sugar, automobiles, etc. See Fig. 10.4.
' The Eastern Industrial Region. This includes
Kolkata and the Damodar valley belt. This region
is next to Mumbai in industrial output. The chief t
advantages of this region are the easy availability of . . f,
coal, iron ore and wide variety of minerals, thermal .,,
('

t,
tftt .
2 2
0,,.
andhydel power, abundant skilled, unskilled labour,
\
~~-.
Southern Region "2 •
(Colmba!M and -=z o.
z \
..
good transport facilities and Kolkata port facilities. . Bengaluru) 2;;°11
All these factors led to the development of a wide :.:
,, ".
D
u, ·:

:3Dge of industries like jute, paper, chemical~, tea, ~-:

:n and steel, locomotives, heavy electricals, etc.
J J>Ortant industrial centres are Howrah, Hooghly, IND/AN
SRI
LANKA - - - - - - °1,
0 CE AN ( ""'1110flD5ca J
antshedpur, Bokaro, Ranchi, Dhanbad. Fig. 10.4 India: Industrial Regions
Agro-based Industries in India
 • The Southern Industrial Region. This
region .
industrial cities ofBengaluru, Hyderabad, MadUra.i. ~cl~de lb
8
and Chennai. The chief advantage of this region is ' ?lll:ihato e
hydel power and vanous. mmera
. Is. Important induavailab;1,
t . 1.J.1ly te
. • s l'les of lJiiaof
region are-silk industnes, sugar, iron and steel, aircraft
, The Northern Industrial Region. This includes the. 'etc.
cities of Delhi, Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi and L Ind11sltiai
the Ganga-Y~una valley. But ~he chief industries of :~o\11. hi
are-silk textil~, handloom, bicycle, sports goods, fe .r~!llo
sugar, automobiles, etc. rtiliset 4,
8
AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES
, Anew feature in agriculture is the growth of agro-based indus .
in india. Textiles have always been a very well developed ind hies
which grow out of the availability of traditional skilled ustry,
in India. Sugar industry is another traditional agr:;kers
industry in India. However, today development in rura1 ased
has opened up many new ventures like poultry, horticuI~eas
food processing, etc., that will definitely help in the spre
industrialisation over a wide area. a of
:e,
, Industries that have agricultural produce as raw materials
known as agro-based industries. are
SUGAR INDUSTRY
• India is the world's second largest producer of sugar after Brazil
The sugar industry is the second largest organised agro-bas~
industry after cotton textiles. There are 500 installed sugar
factories in India (2004). The industry employs more than 3.25
lakh workers. See Fig. 10.5.
• The industry is mainly confined in U.P. and Bihar, is known as
sugar belt. More than 60 percent of sugar factories are located
in this belt. The important centres are Gorakhpur, Lakhimpur,
Sitapur, Lucknow, Kanpur, Meerut in U.P. and Champaran,
Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur in Bihar. The main reasons for the
concentration of sugar industry in U.P. and Bihar are the
following: .
(i) Fertile northern plains with heavy rainfall are the ideal
conditions for the growth of sugarcane.
(ii) Sugarcane requires irrigation facilities as its growing
period is very long. These areas have level topography
and perennial rivers which support irrigation facility.
(iii) The northern plains are densely populated. Therefore,
cheap labour, huge markets are available.
(iv) Availability of water supply for washing and processing.
(v) These areas are well connected with the rest of the country
by a network of road, railway and river transport.
(vi) Power supply is easily available there as coal mines are
located nearby in Bihar and Jharkhand.
Otber sugar producing states of northern India are Haryana, WeSI ·
Bengal, Punjab and Madhya Pradesh.
In recent Years, this industry has developed a ·tendency to i;ru,p-her
· ate
towards south since the sugarcane produced there has a big
@ .) Saraswati Geography (ICSE)-X
 penoinsular India accounts for about 45 percent
ed in India. One-fifth of the sugar produced in
c011te 11;·
lfg~ pr :oIIl Maharashtra. The other important sugar
0

Js0 c0111es are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu

Q 5 .
0cillg S
~IV

.J ·6· roigratmg
~fie·'" 10or
~ · th e sugar m
. d us t ry towards South

19
,o
~ 115 i . 11 period is longer in South India since typical tropical
prodoctlOrevails over South India throughout the year. This
l· er-
-1:111s.te. Pfree from summer 1oo and win · ter frost which
· help to
0111
re¢ ~rior varieties of sugarcane. Fig, 10.6 Transporting Sugarcane
5tl
gro'II il of South India is fertile, well drained soil and free
z,5Jaclt ::ter logging. It is more fertile than alluvial soil of the
frO~ern plain,
00 crose content in the sugarcane of South India is also
'!'be su . h
), gratively big er.
colllP rushing season fior sugarcane 1s. much longer m . South
4, '!'b;ac than in North India.
!e co-operative sugar mill~ in South India ar~ better managed
0·th the private sector mills of North India. The holdings
;iarger and well-planned. Scientific methods and modern
achinery are used.
~e sogar factories in South India are located near the fields .
6· Hence, loss of sugar content due to transportation is minimum.
The 'Sugar lobby' in Maharashtra is responsible for huge capital
7· investment and so they are interested to get the maximum
returns,
Problems of Sugar Industry
Sugar industry in India suffers from a number of problems
1. Although India has the largest area under sugarcane
cultivation, the poor quality sugarcane gives low yield per
hectare and low sucrose content.
Z. The cost of sugar production in India is one of the highest
in the world because of the high sugarcane cost, uneconomic
production process, inefficient technology, short crushing
season and the location of the factory which is far away from
the sugarcane growing region.
3.The sugar industry has a seasonal character and the crushing
season normally varies between 4 and 7 months in a year.
Thus, the mill workers remain idle most of the months which
creates financial problems.
4• Almost whole .of the sugarcane is harvested at the same time.
During harvest time, there is excess pressure on factories.
1
· ~e supply of raw materials to sugar factories is irregular.
ugarcane is produced by small cultivators, who sell their
G,Fcrops directly to the sugar factories.
thllnners sell the sugarcane to the factories at prices fixed by
~government. If the prices offered are not attractive, farmer
7'I'h tch over to other crops.
' ba ere is no proper utilisation of by-products like molasses and
re3asse. These can be converted into other useful products to
uce th e cost of production.
Agro-based Industries in India
 8. In India one-third of the sugarcane Produ t·
for making gur and kh an dsan.
. This causes c hion 18. \J."l·
r tones.
material for the sugar iac · s 0 rta ge of' 1 ls eq
ta'¾
Products and by-products of the Sugar Industry
Jaggery and brown sugar (khandsari). are produced b
method Thirty per cent of the sucrose 1s used to mak. Y traditio
. e White n~
By-products sugar.
1. Bagasse. These are leftover sugarcanes after cru h'
are used for the manufacture of paper, insulati 8 tg·'I'he
cardboard. It is also used as fuel in sugar mill. on °a.rd aii~
2. Molasses. It is a dark coloured syrup and is used £
synthetic rubber, chemicals, alcohol, rum, fertilisers or Plastic,
rd
1ee. e
3. Press mud. Press mud is utilised for making w
paper and shoe polish. ax, carbon
Centres of Sugar Industry
Uttar Pradesh. There are two belts-one is the west
which includes Meerut, Bijnor, Saharanpur, Muzaffarnaern belt
Moradabad; and the other eastern belt which includes Gor!~ 8.nd
Deoria, Basti and Gonda. Pur,

Bihar. This is an extension of the e t

. mcludes
. Darbhas em
INDIA
Main Centres of
Uttar Pradesh belt, which
Sugar Industry Saran, Champaran and Muzaffarpur. Seeanga
Fi '
10.7. g.
CHINA
Maharashtra. Nasik, Pune, Satara, Sangli
Kolhapur, Sholapur are the centres that ar~
well-integrated in the co-operative sector in
terms of cultivation and sugar factories.
Punjab. Centres exist mainly in the eastern
side, in Phagwara, Dhuri.
Karnataka. Munirabad, Shimoga and Mandya.
Bhavnagar , ) ..,_-· ·, Tamil Nadu. Nalikupuram, Pandyarajpuram,
· Nasik .- Coimbatore and Pugular.
Mumbai :-_--~.-,-~ ~ ~ '···, _:°:, ,_ _ _ BA Y OF
••-·Pune
ARABIAN •-Sala'."
o:i- ·K-o_rap_ut:::•.c"'-:'• srikakulam BE NGAL
. Hyderabatl; · /
Andhra Pradesh. Nizamabad, Medak, West
SEA Kott,apur
:
• r·
•Visakhapatnam
and East Godavari, Vishakhapatnam and
Chittoor.
• Devanagore
Odisha. Bargarh and Rayagada in Odisha.
".,. ~liiru C~11toor
<'v.
... ·,_
•· .,-~-•--·4,- Chenna,
-:- . _,.... ,.
REFERENCE
I-:- !Sugar j Madhya Pradesh. Sehore is the sugar
\ _ • • • -,,0 . uru .~· uducherry producing centre here.
'%~.' . T!ruch\nrapalll·,. .

~\ •
.,. ii1.J~rai
\JI~ •' COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY
SRI • It is the largest agro-based industry oflndia .
KA
The cotton textile industry is the oldeSt
IND/AN OCEAN
industry of India as handlooms and spinning
Fig. 10.7 India: Main Centres of Sugar Industry
wheels have been ip use in India since long
ago. In the middle ages, cotton manufacturhes
were in universal demand not only m · t e
@ Saraswati Geography (ICSE)-X Eastern markets but also in the European
 fbe muslin of Dacca was of the
itisl'~ets·iJitYand was used for wrapping

60
est ~u l'.llurnrnies and for adoring the
e¢~8fl of the Roman Empire. Calicos I )"\ '·
\,..
_.,
,.-
I
,;-)
~. (
l
.,
INDIA
Main Centres of Cotton
Textile Industry
tie911tl~ 5ut chintzes of Masulipatnam _,.-,./ /
,t.l Ammsarl";,,
'L ·
(Ir'
·1
CHINA
( C9J1C of• carnbay-all acquired a' b L -~aral
0 qt'Ganganag..i~~~"" .,
esJlS5 ·de celebrity. I · .. "111'~haranpu""-r-•
; · H~pa~JMor~~ TIBET
\l'orld~deril textile industry started .,,.~_,.,./ ~hlwar11; GhaEab~. If l /~./ ~
, '!'be at Ghusuri near Kolkata (Fort / f aridahaQ, • .,:~ ly E '1 . /' ,_
iJl l~r r,,lills) but it soon disappeared.
·1 \ ~•
~ • •Beave<
AO':J .~affv••L~ ;-,-f')~:J-:,.J.
Gor~_<,__j .___.l /
Gl05 is 1854, the industry came to J-"'ft t -. Bhl\'1~r •Kou
Mandl,lut
Varanul .Patna
Mi •• Gaya• •
i"!>'
~-)
.,_1 Guwa"8ti j
'!'bell t-UP in Bombay (Mumbai). This ,..?,~ -~ ~ ~ napur M~ ?DESHr .. 0
"".i
bll 5~aged the Parsi, Bhatia and
~J•O!' • •Vadoda;raiifa - ~abalpur . Chendl"""9'•· \ 't.f 1. /
e0~~a.ti eotre~reneurs to_ invest in the P ndar Bharuch
•Bama~9hhindwara
' Sunll
. ·
Hugi
. K I •
i"'
GUJ textile mdustry. Smee then the 8haW1agal : • Jalgaoo
• •Nagpur -Raipur
:°~:strY 11 got fillip and a number of new Nasil<"Auranga~ CIJIIBO•

:ais were established near the cotton

•Pune . RIIITiail)lndlm •Jagadal
.5a~Ka,_,. ,w .
BAY OF
BENGAL
...;ng belt and dthe markets, first
gtO".,. ARABIAN Kolha ~ l)IJI ,H ~ Vts.1ktup,1nam
.
O

iJl A]ulledabad an then in Kanpur, SEA ' ulbarga

. Bfrlgaum ·- .. Gunlu! •W Ida
I .
l
Bellary. •AdOni
Nagpur, Sholapur, etc. See Fig. 10.8. Anantapur~lakuf Ongole ! t
Davangere • . , ..
At present, cotton textile industry is ' Chilradu;gi, \)dayag,,1 ellort
' the 1a.rgest org~sed modem industry
....,..
.... 119~~"""
• REFERENCE
•Tirupattu
. /CherYlai
[: jeonon re11ae9] !!I • .
ill wdia. 'fl:-e mdustry has developed • ; • c~ M>:"M.UU .5aiemf nct11puram i"'
··mba~T'
,
all ver India, but the largest number '\1i ,, . ~ '1110Ai,AN

0
't: • • Koch •Ttlfi•~~L~~njavur ~SEA
of piills are situated in Maharashtra,
Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. In these states,
. AJJ lam :" -~ ~ a ,
ThinMlnanlhapura · Thoo~huku
\
"'....
!dUIJlbai and Abmedabad contribute T,runelYeli SAi
LANKA
- - -nor
(:_Mal' --
to - ~
.sca,t,J • 0

about 50 percent of the total installed IND/AN OCEAN

Joo!llS and nearly half of India's cotton
Fig. 10.8 lndla: Main Centrff of Cotton Textile Industry
mill cloth-Many factors led to this initial
concentration at the port city of Mumbai
and AJuoedabad.
These include
I. Early Start. The first modem cotton textile mill was set up
in Mumbai as early as 1854. The success of this pioneer plant
proved a big impetus for growth.
2. Proximity to Raw Material. The supply of raw cotton for
the mills was available from the cotton growing tracts of the

country. Fig . 10.9 Cotton Bales for Textile MIii

3. Climatic Conditions. The humidity of Mumbai was also a
climatic advantage for the spinning of cotton thread without
breakage.
4. Transport Facilities. Mumbai and Abmedabad are well
connected by rail and road link with the interior markets not
only of raw materials but of piece goods too and also through
sea routes with the foreign markets. -
5· Port Facilities. Mumbai is a leading port with export and
import facilities whereas Abmedabad utilises port facilities
from Kandla. The port facilities help in the import oflong staple
cotton and machinery as well as the export of the finished Agro-based Industries in India @
products.
 6. Labour. Cheap labour is readily available frorn th
thickly populated areas. e ne arby
7. Capital. The leading ~arsi and Bhatia_ merchants of1,t
and Ahmedabad acquired vast financial resources & llnibai
cotton and opium trade with China and the export om the
· c·1V1·1 War. Imtially,
cotton during Amencan .· these fund of raw
utilised in the ~ott~n i~dustr~. large nu~_ber of b~Were
other financial mstitut10ns exist m these cities which ~d
· f:ac1·11·t·1es t o the manufacturers. Pro'l)de
loans and other credit
8. Power. Cheap hydroelectric power is availabl
•• e. 'I'at
Hydroelectric power supply electnc1ty to Mumbai wh a
in Gujarat power 1s ' dbY t h e Uka1. and Kakr ereas
. supphe
.
hydroelectric proJects. apara

9 Market There is a huge market for the cotton cloth beca

· · . . . . useof
hot climate which prevails m these areas. Indian cotton
c1oth
has huge market in foreign countries too especially in Middle
East countries.

Gradually in the 20th century, several other states relatively gained importance. These states are _
M.P., West Bengal, U.P., Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Delhi. The recent dispersal of cotton
mills to newer locations is due to the following reasons:
1. Increase in the land values and rent because oflack of area available for sites.
2. An increase in internal cost of transport.
3. Increase in rates, truces and town duty and water charges.
4. Development of hydroelectric power in South India.
5. The condition for the establishment of cotton mills became more favourable and inviting due to
gradual economic development of the interior regions.
Cotton as a raw material is non-weight losing and as a result mills are not tied down to raw
material and can be located in other areas as well where other factors of location like the market
and availability of skilled labour are more important. It is known as footloose industry.

Problems of Cotton Textile Industry

Although cotton textile is the most important industry, it has
passed through various stresses and strains. It suffers from some
fundamental problems, such as
1. The Shortage of Raw Material. There is an inadequate
supply of raw material, particularly long-staple cotton, which
is now imported from Pakistan, Egypt, Sudan, Uganda, etc.
It is now increasingly cultivated in irrigated areas of Tamil
Nadu, Haryana, Punjab, etc.
2
· Low Productivity. Low productivity is noticed due to lack of
automatic looms, lack of adequate power supply, also because
of competition with the decentralised sector. Hence our county
is losing her competitive capacity in international marketing.
'@:> Saraswati Geography (ICSE)-X
 !Jldustrial Unit. Large number of .
a
· I< require h eavy fin anc1al
5,c · outlays for mills are sick,
·
J' ·cb rep1aceme
111Jll •sation purposes. There are 30C/i . k . nt and Why is Kolkata an im
Jllodeflll o sic mills in the textile produ . Portant cotton
cing centre?
!)lltrY· . . Kolkata is located f
co of Fore1gn Mar k ~ts. The Indian cotton te . . main cotton prod ~r awa~ from the
' 1.,oss t some of the foreign markets due t . xtile Industry
~· 5 Jos . o contmued · enjoys the followin~~;c~l'~eg1_on, but it
bll t of product10n, development of cott . Increase 1 1
1 es.
. cos . on textile 10 · d . t has_a humid climate which hel .
iJl ulllber of Asian countries like Ch. J ustry weaving. ps in
. an . . . ma, apan Afri
1ll tries, stiff competit10n from synthetic fib ' . can 2. Water is available from the .
co!)ll d durable. res which are H hi river
beaper an oog. y for bleaching and dying.
c 0 Iete Machinery. In India most of th tt 3. Coal is available from Raniganj for
obs e co on text ·1 ·1 power generation.
5. working with old and obsolete machinery th t I e m1 ls
ilfe d a needs to be 4. Port facility is available.
replace · , .
·a is worlds leadmg exporter of text"l S. C~eap local labour is available due to
illd1 • d . 1 es and related high density of population.
r oducts. The m ustry 1s the second largest empl ft
P b h · 1 oyer a er 6. Large demand of cotton cloth. The
ITl"iculture ot m rura and urban areas T t ·l .
a.•- . · ex 1 e mdustry only disadvantage is that the raw
co!Jlprises around 27% of its total exports. material has to be brought from the
Deccan Plateau.
(i) Maharashtra Cottonopolis of India
(ii) Mumbai Lankashire of India
(iii) Abmedabad Manchester of India
(iv) Coimbatore Manchester of South India
(v) Kanpur Manchester of North India

HANDLOOM AND KHADI INDUSTRY

, Handloo industry has been one of the most ancient industries
of India p ducing fine quality of cloth. But due to various Fig . 10.10 Products of Khadl Industry

political and conomic factors, especially during the British

rule the indust declined. It however got a fillip during the
planning period.

these, more than one-t were located in Tamil Nadu, Telangana,

Andbra Pradesh, Assam, ttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh.
' Today, handloom industry 1 no longer a part-time occupation.
It employs in all about 6 milh persons, and about 10 million
persons are dependent on this in stry for their livelihooa.
' The production of cloth on powerlo s is largely concentrated
in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pra esh, West Bengal, Tamil
Nadu, etc., and their number has bee estimated to 4 lakhs.
The concentration of powerlooms in M arashtra, Gujarat,
Madhya Pradesh, W. Bengal and Tamil Na is due to the fact
that modem textile mills have already been th' e and, as such,
People are comparatively more familiar with mo em technique
of Production. The handloom and khadi industry so produces
a good quantity of woollen and silken cloth. As m, Bihar,
Karnataka and Jammu and Kashmir are famous fo woollens
¾d81·1
ken handlooms.
Agro-based Industries in India 14~

Fig. 10.11 A Banarasi SIik Sari
Knowledge Booster
The first silk factory was started by
the East India Company in Howrah in
1832, though silk production dates
back to over 2000 years before this.
India exported silk cloth to the Roman
Empire. In Medieval India the Mughals
patronised silk weavers and artisans in
a big way.
150 Saraswati Geography (ICSE)-X
Problems of Handlooms and Khadi Industry
The hand.loom and khadi industry faces a number of
Some of the problems are given below: Probletll.s.
1. Lack of good raw material. The ~aw material av .
for this industry is not of good quahty. Even qu _ailahle
regularity of raw materials are all highly unsatisfa:tity atiq
2. Lack of technical knowledge. The craftsmen are ry_
lacking in technical knowledge to modernise their eq!oor at\q
. Lack of capital and ere d 1t . f ac1·1·t·
1 ies. These indust Plllent
. .
·1·t· ti l'les
in capital. There are no proper 1ac1 1 ies or cheap credit. C11.la i.
4 ropetition from mill made cloth. These indust .
. . 1 l'les ha
to ace competition from mill made c oth. Ve
5. The~ oducts do not satisfy the changing tastes and fa hi
s ons.
SILK TEX i E INDUSTRY
Silk industry · a labour intensive agro-based industry s·
. . · ilk.
fibre 1s a prot m produced from the glands of silkw
. orms
Silk industry is ot a large-scale mdustry but it does oc ·
. cupy
an important pla • among ~he small-scale mdustries. This
industry is providin occupation to more than 5 million peo
1
in rural India. India ·s the biggest consumer and the sec:n:
largest producer of sillc ·n the world, accounting for about IS%
of the world production. ee Fig. 10.11.
Silk is of two varieties: lberry and Non-Mulberry.
Mulberry Silk. Mulberry s k is obtained from the silkworm
which breeds on the mulberry ee. Mulberry silk is produced in
Karnataka, West Bengal and Ja u and Kashmir.
Non-Mulberry Silk. Non-Mui erry silk comprises three
varieties-tassar, eri, muga.
(a) Tassar. 40% of this variety co s from Jharkhand. Other
states are Madhya Pradesh, Chhat ·sgarh, Bihar, Odisha.
(b) Eri Silk. Silk is commercially produ d in Assam and Odisha.
(c) Muga variety is only found in Brahma utra valley (Assam).
• West Bengal produces both Mulberry and on-Mulberry silk.
• Sericulture is the art of rearing silkworms or silk production.
It is a cottage industry and plays an importan role in improving
the rural economy.
Nearly 70% of the mulberry silk is produced
because:
1. It has favourable climate for rearing
temperature ranges from 16°C to 31°C.
2. The Mulberry is raised as bush plantation.
3· The silkworm, Bombx Mori is reared throughout the year.
4· Abundant soft water, free from alkaline salt and iron is
available.
 olog}' of handling
. Bombx Mori has been intro duced
ie\'1 t ilkWortn reanng areas.
~
o· iJlJllfl!!Y f w Silk, 2012-13
dilction ° Percent of all India
iro siates Production
- : - - ~ - , -~ ~ ~-_J 34.71%
27.67%
8.74%
u 5%
8.73%
4.6%
1.77%
rJanipur
?Jeghalaya 2.18%

chattisgarh
Nagaiand
, Ministry of Statistics and Programme
!ilurce,
aving centres in India
;ilk We
Silk Centre
Dhamavaram. Pochampalli,
AJ)dhra Narainpet
Sualkuchi
Bhagalpur
Bihat
Surat, Cambay
Gujarat
Jammu & Kashmir Srinagar
Bengaluru, Anekal,
Karnataka Melkote, Kollegal

Chattisgarh Champa, Chanderi, Rajgarh

Maharashtra Paithan
Kanchipuram, Ami, Salem,
Tamil Nadu Kumbhakonam, Tanjavur
Uttar Pradesh Varanasi
est Bengal
,W Bishnupur, Murshidabad, Birbhum

lroblems of Silk Industry

lnemain problems being faced by the silk industry are the
lollowing:
I. Competition from artificial silk and synthetic materials is the
Inain problem of the Indian silk Industry.
2· lndia l.Dlports
· ·
raw silk from China which is of better quality
and cheaper also. It is detrimental for the Indian silk Industry.
Agro-based Industries in India 15~
 3. The ~ · fluctuation in the case of raw silk a
textiie~~ ry ~ advers~ly. . ffects the Si!Jt
4. There is no stemat1c testmg and gradin .
g of Si1k_ .
country. in O\ii,
5. Old, obsolete macn
· eries
~ are still in use. The . d
· · must
modern powerlooms fo · mcreasmg production. ry lleeds

( ixERCISE >

Answe r the following questions: 19. Why is Kolkata an important cott

producing centre? on teittu e
1. What do you mean by manufacturing industry?
2. What do you mean by basic industry? 20. Mention any two special features of th
3 . Classify industries on the basis of ownership and
t extile centre in India. e cotton
on the basis of investment. 21. What are the problems of the cotton t .
. eJttde
Na.me any three industries based on agriculture.
4. mdustry?
Describe the chief features of modern industry.
5. 22. Name three important states where cotton textil
How are the industries important to us?
6. industry is mostly concentrated. e
What are the chief factors which influence the
7. 23. Why does India import raw cotton?
location of industries?
8 . Distinguish between small-scale and large- 24. Why is the cotton textile industry highly dispersed
scale industries, public sector and private sector in India?
industry. 25. State two economic advantages of handloom
9. Name the major industrial regions of India. industry.
10. What are the chief advantages of North-Eastern 26. What are the problems of handloom and khadi
Industrial Zone? industry?
11. What is meant by 'agro-based-industry? Name
27. How many types of silk are produced in India?
the leading agro-based industries in India.
12. What are the main reasons for the concentration 28. What is the importance of silk industry in India?
of sugar mills in U.P. and Bihar? 29. What is sericulture?
13. 'Sugar producing states of the north are facing 30. Name three types of non-mulberry silk.
problems'. Why?
31. Name the state where non-mulberry silk is
14. Name the by-products of the sugar industry. Give
produced.
the industrial use of each.
15. Give reasons for migrating sugar mills towards 32. Give reason-'Karnataka is famous for silk
south. industry'.
16. Write three problems of sugar industry. 33. What are the problems of silk industry?
17. Which regions are known as 'sugar bowl' oflndia? •a1 a khadi
34. 'In this modern large-scale industn er ' ·u
stJ
18. Mention the geographical factors which have and handloom sector of the textile industTY
led to the growth and development of the cotton ·ustify your
very important. Give two reasons t O J
textile industry in Mumbai.
answer.
oo

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r.;'i;,,-.,. saraswati Geography (ICSE)-X