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VECTORS
Vectors are quantities with both magnitude
and direction
Scalars are quantities that can be expressed
by giving the magnitude without reference
to any direction
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Examples of Vectors & Scalar Quantities

Quantities Examples

VECTORS Displacement An airplane flies a distance of 120km in an

easterly direction
Velocity A car moves 75km/h, 400 east of north

Force A force of 25 Newton acts on a body in an

upward direction
SCALAR Mass A load has a mass of 10kg

Speed The car is traveling at 25m/s

Distance The train has traveled a distance of 50km

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VECTORS
• An arrow is used to
represent a vector diagram
• A resultant vector
represents the sum of two
or more vectors
• A vector can be broken up
into its component vectors
–x&y
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Pythagorean Theorem
The Pythagorean Theorem states that the
square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of
the squares of the other two sides,
mathematically:

a2 + b 2 = c 2
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Pythagorean Theorem
1. Find the missing side

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Pythagorean Theorem
2. Find the missing side

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SohCahToa
The concept of
SOHCAHTOA is used
to solve the values of
the unknown sides
and angles of right
triangles and to
determine the
components of
vectors.
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SohCahToa
Find the three
trigonometric
ratios of θ.

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Vector Addition
Given the following vectors
Vector A – 3 meters, East
Vector B – 5 meters, West
Vector C – 7 meters, East
Vector D – 4 meters, North

Find: A + C, A + B, A + D
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Vector Addition
Vector A – 3 meters, East
Vector C – 7 meters, East
A+C
1. Add the tail of the 2nd vector to the
arrowhead of the 1st.
2. The resultant vector will follow the common
direction of the vectors.
3. Mathematically: 3 + 7 = 10 meters, East
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Vector Addition
Vector A – 3 meters, East
Vector B – 5 meters, West
A+B
1. Add the tail of the 2nd vector to the arrowhead of
the 1st.
2. The overlap will cancel each other out and what
remains is the resultant vector. The RV will follow
the direction of the bigger vector.
3. Mathematically: 3 – 5 = 2 meters, West
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Vector Addition
Vector A – 3 meters, East 4m
Vector D – 4 meters, North 3m
A+D
1. Add the tail of the 2nd vector to the arrowhead of the
1st.
2. The resultant vector is the ray drawn from the tail of the
1st vector to the arrowhead of the 2nd.
3. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the magnitude of
the RV: 32 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 25 and 25 = 5 meters, NE
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Vector Component
Given the vector: 10km,
300NE
Find its x & y component
1. Use the vector as the y - component
hypotenuse of a right
triangle, find the x and y
x - component
component using
SOHCAHTOA
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Vector Component
2. To find the y-component,
use SOH
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑦
sinθ = sin300 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 10𝑘𝑚
y - component
• cross-multiply 10km and
sin300
• y = 10 (sin300)
• y = 5km
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Vector Component
3. To find the x-component,
use COH
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑥
cosθ = cos300 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 10𝑘𝑚
• cross-multiply 10km and
cos300 x - component
• x = 10 (cos300)
• x = 8.66km
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Vector Component
4. To add two or more vectors with x & y-
components, simply add all the x-
components and y-components and use the
formula:
(𝚺𝐱)𝟐 +(𝚺𝐲)𝟐
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DIRECTION

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Vector Component
Add the following vectors
𝑪 = 15𝑚 at 25° N of E 𝑫 = 20𝑚 at 60° S of E
600

250
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Vector Component
𝐂+𝐃
600

250
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Vector Component
𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑪 = 15 𝑚 at 25° N of E sinθ =
ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑦
sin250 =
15𝑚
y-component
y = 15m(sin250)
250
x-component
𝑎𝑑𝑗
cosθ =
ℎ𝑦𝑝
0 𝑥
cos25 =
15𝑚
x = 15m(cos250)
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Vector Component
𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑫 = 20 𝑚 at 60° S of E sinθ =
ℎ𝑦𝑝
x-component
𝑦
600 sin600 = −
20𝑚
y-component y = −20m(sin600)
𝑎𝑑𝑗
cosθ =
ℎ𝑦𝑝
0 𝑥
cos60 =
20𝑚
x = 20m(cos600)
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Vector Component
𝐂+𝐃
600

250

𝑅= 23.6 𝑚 2 + −10.98 𝑚 2 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟎𝐦

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Vector Component
A jogger runs 145m in 20.0° east of north then 105m in
35.0° south of east. Determine the magnitude of the
jogger's position from her starting point.

Final
Position

Starting
Point
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Vector Component
𝑜𝑝𝑝
Vector A = 145m at 20° sinθ =
ℎ𝑦𝑝
East of North 𝑥
sin200 =
x-component 145𝑚
x = 145m(sin200)
y-component 𝑎𝑑𝑗
cosθ =
ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑦
200 cos200 =
145𝑚
y = 145m(cos200)
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Vector Component
𝑜𝑝𝑝
Vector B = 105m at 35° S of E sinθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
x-component 𝑦
sin350 = −
350 105𝑚
y-component y = −105m(sin350)
𝑎𝑑𝑗
cosθ =
ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑥
cos350 =
105𝑚
x = 105m(cos350)
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Vector Component
350

200

𝑅= 135.6 𝑚 2 + 76.1𝑚 2 = 𝟏𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝐦

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Exercises
1. Classify each measurement as a scalar or vector
quantity. Write V or S
(A) 20 books on a shelf
(B) A car travels 25 km east
(C) A plane flies 500 km
(D) The plane flies 200 mph north
(E) The temperature is –5 °C
(F) In an experiment, a car moves +20 cm
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Exercises
1. A ship sails 25km south then 30km east. Represent the ship’s trail using
vector diagram. Find the resultant vector.
2. Two forces of 10 N each are acting on a point. One force acts east and
the other 70º north of east. Find the resultant vector.
3. A student observed an ant crawling on a wall. He determined the ant’s
displacement by using a protractor and ruler. The displacements are as
follows: 2.5cm east; 3cm, 350 north of east and 4.1cm, 180 west of
north.
4. Vector A has a magnitude of 8.0 at an angle of 60º from the x-axis.
Vector B has a magnitude of 6.0 at an angle of –30º from the x-axis.
Determine the resultant vector.
5. An airplane leaves Clark and flies due north for 75km and then 110km in
a 450 east of north direction. Determine the location of the plane
relative to the airport.