AG 1301 / FT 1202 - Biology – 2C (30 L)

Dr. Jayani J. Wewalwela

University of Colombo, Faculty of Technology, Department of Agricultural Technology – Jayani J. Wewalwela
Course Content:
• Scientific Method
• Biodiversity of Sri Lanka
• Origins of Life Dr. JJW
• Cell Biology and Membrane Structure and function
• Macromolecules
• Metabolism and Energy
• Midsemester Examination
• Cell Division
• Genetics and Genomics Dr. AJ

• Application of Biosystem Technology related to biology

University of Colombo, Faculty of Technology, Department of Agricultural Technology – Jayani J. Wewalwela

Taxonomy

• Organizing, classifying and naming living things

• Formal system originated by Carl von Linné (1701-1778)
• Identifying and classifying organisms according to specific criteria
• Each organism placed into a classification system

University of Colombo, Faculty of Technology, Department of Agricultural Technology – Jayani J. Wewalwela

Taxonomy
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

University of Colombo, Faculty of Technology, Department of Agricultural Technology – Jayani J. Wewalwela

 Early Prokaryote

Domain
Bacteria
(Eubacteria)

Domain Domain
Archaea Eukarya
(Archaebacteria) (Eukaryotes)

Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

University of Colombo, Faculty of Technology, Department of Agricultural Technology – Jayani J. Wewalwela

Classification Systems

Scientists follow various taxonomic systems: Campbell uses the 5

kingdom classification scheme
Monera
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia

University of Colombo, Faculty of Technology, Department of Agricultural Technology – Jayani J. Wewalwela

Classification Systems in the
Prokaryote
1. Microscopic morphology
2. Macroscopic morphology – colony appearance
3. Physiological / biochemical characteristics
4. Chemical analysis
5. Serological analysis
6. Genetic and molecular analysis
• G + C base composition
• DNA analysis using genetic probes
• Nucleic acid sequencing and rRNA analysis

University of Colombo, Faculty of Technology, Department of Agricultural Technology – Jayani J. Wewalwela

University of Colombo, Faculty of Technology, Department of Agricultural Technology – Jayani J. Wewalwela
University of Colombo, Faculty of Technology, Department of Agricultural Technology – Jayani J. Wewalwela
Taxonomy – Uploaded to LMS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--t43tiByp4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kie8JST2dY0

University of Colombo, Faculty of Technology, Department of Agricultural Technology – Jayani J. Wewalwela

What are the products of the light-Dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

a. Oxygen, ATP and NADP

b. Oxygen, ATP and reduced NADP
c. Water, ATP and NADP
d. Water, ATP and reduced NADP
What is the final pathway followed by al carbon atoms derived from carbohydrates, lipids
and proteins when they are oxidized during respiration?

a. The Calvin cycle

b. The electron transport system
c. The Krebs Cycle
d. The ornithine cycle
e. Oxidative phosphorylation
Cell Biology
Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes
that compartmentalize their functions

• The basic structural and functional unit of every

organism is one of two types of cells: prokaryotic or
eukaryotic
• Only organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea
consist of prokaryotic cells
• Protists, fungi, animals, and plants all consist of
eukaryotic cells
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cells
• Basic features of all cells
• Plasma membrane
• Semifluid substance called cytosol
• Chromosomes (carry genes)
• Ribosomes (make proteins)
• Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having
• No nucleus
• DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
• No membrane-bound organelles
• Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane
Figure 6.5

Fimbriae

Nucleoid

Ribosomes

Plasma
membrane
Bacterial
chromosome Cell wall

Capsule

0.5 m
(a) A typical Flagella (b) A thin section
rod-shaped through the
bacterium bacterium Bacillus
coagulans (TEM)
Figure 6.5a

0.5 m
(b) A thin section through the
bacterium Bacillus coagulans
(TEM)
• Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having
• DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a
membranous nuclear envelope
• Membrane-bound organelles
• Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma
membrane and nucleus
• Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than
prokaryotic cells
• The plasma membrane is a selective barrier that
allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and
waste to service the volume of every cell
• The general structure of a biological membrane is a
double layer of phospholipids
Figure 6.6
(a) TEM of a plasma
Outside of cell membrane

Inside of cell
0.1 m
Carbohydrate side chains

Hydrophilic
region

Hydrophobic
region
Hydrophilic Phospholipid Proteins
region
(b) Structure of the plasma membrane
Figure 6.6a

Outside of cell

Inside of cell
0.1 m
(a) TEM of a plasma membrane
Figure 6.8a

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

Nuclear
Rough Smooth envelope
Flagellum ER ER NUCLEUS
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Centrosome
Plasma
membrane
CYTOSKELETON:
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Ribosomes

Microvilli
Golgi apparatus
Peroxisome

Mitochondrion Lysosome
Figure 6.8c
Nuclear Rough
envelope endoplasmic
NUCLEUS reticulum Smooth
Nucleolus endoplasmic
reticulum
Chromatin

Ribosomes

Central vacuole
Golgi
apparatus Microfilaments
Intermediate CYTOSKELETON
filaments
Microtubules

Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasma membrane Chloroplast

Cell wall Plasmodesmata

Wall of adjacent cell