Solution Manual for Elementary Linear Algebra with

Applications 9th Edition by Kolman Hill ISBN 0132296543

9780132296540
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Chapter 2

Solving Linear Systems

Section 2.1, p. 94
−1r1 → r1 ⎡ ⎤
1 −1 1 0 −3
3r1 + r2 → r2
2. (a) Possible answer: −4r + r → r ⎣0 1 4 1 1⎦
1 3 3
2r2 + r3 → r3 0 0 0 0 0
2r1 + r2 → r2 ⎡ ⎤
−4r1 + r3 → r3 1 1 −4
(b) Possible answer: 0 1 2
⎣ ⎦
r2 + r3 → r 3
0 0 1
6 r3 → r3
1

⎡ ⎤
1 0 0 8 ⎡ ⎤
1 0 0 −1 4

3r3 + r1 → r1 ⎢0 1 0 −1 ⎥
4. (a) ⎢ ⎥ (b) −3r2 + r1 → r1 ⎣0 1 0 1 0⎦
−r3 + r2 → r2 0 0 1 2
⎣ ⎦
0 0 1 −1 0
0 0 0 0
−r1 → r1
−2r1 + r2 → r2 ⎡ ⎤
−2r1 + r3 → r3 −3r1 + r2 → r2 1 0 −3
− 5r1 + r3 → r3 ⎢0
1
2 r2
→ r2 2⎥
1
6. (a) I (b) +r r
2r1 4 → 4
⎢ ⎥
−3r3 → r3 3 ⎣0 0 0⎦
r2 + r3a)→ r3
4
3 r3+ r2 → r 2 8 RREF (c) N
−5r3 + r1 → r1 . REF
2r2 + r1 → r1 ( (b)

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

−
0 0
−r2 + r1
0
→
r1

9. Consider the columns of A which contain leading entries of nonzero rows of A. If this set of columns is
the entire set of n columns, then A = In . Otherwise there are fewer than n leading entries, and hence
fewer than n nonzero rows of A.
10. (a) A is row equivalent to itself: the sequence of operations is the empty sequence.
(b) Each elementary row operation of types I, II or III has a corresponding inverse operation of the
same type which “undoes” the effect of the original operation. For example, the inverse of the
operation “add d times row r of A to row s of A” is “subtract d times row r of A from row s of
A.” Since B is assumed row equivalent to A, there is a sequence of elementary row operations
which gets from A to B. Take those operations in the reverse order, and for each operation do its
inverse, and that takes B to A. Thus A is row equivalent to B.
(c) Follow the operations which take A to B with those which take B to C.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

28 Chapter 2
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
12. (a) ⎣ 2 1 0 0 0 ⎦ (b) ⎣ 0 1 0 0 0 ⎦
3 53 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Section 2.2, p. 113

2. (a) x = −6 − s − t, y = s, z = t, w = 5.
(b) x = −3, y = −2, z = 1.
4. (a) x = 5 + 2t, y = 2 − t, z = t.
(b) x = 1, y = 2, z = 4 + t, w = t.
6. (a) x = −2 + r, y = −1, z = 8 − 2r, x4 = r, where r is any real number.
(b) x = 1, y = 23 , z = − 23 .
(c) No solution.
8. (a) x = 1 − r, y = 2, z = 1, x4 = r, where r is any real number.
(b) x = 1 − r, y = 2 + r, z = −1 + r, x4 = r, where r is any real number.

r
10. x = , where r = 0.
0

⎡ ⎤
− 1
⎢ 4 ⎥ r
⎢ ⎥
12. x = ⎢ 1 r ⎥, where r = 0.
⎣ 4 ⎦
r

14. (a) a = −2. (b) a = ±2. (c) a = 2.

√ √
16. (a) a = ± 6. (b) a = ± 6.
a b 0
18. The augmented matrix is . If we reduce this matrix to reduced row echelon form, we see
c d 0

that the linear system has only the trivial solution if and only if A is row equivalent to I2 . Now show
that this occurs if and only if ad − bc = 0. If ad − bc = 0 then at least one of a or c is = 0, and it is a
routine matter to show that A is row equivalent to I2 . If ad − bc = 0, then by case considerations we
find that A is row equivalent to a matrix that has a row or column consisting entirely of zeros, so that
A is not row equivalent to I2 .
Alternate proof: If ad − bc = 0, then A is nonsingular, so the only solution is the trivial one. If
ad − bc = 0, then ad = bc. If ad = 0 then either a or d = 0, say a = 0. Then bc = 0, and either b
or c = 0. In any of these cases we get a nontrivial solution. If ad = 0, then ac = bd, and the second
equation is a multiple of the first one so we again have a nontrivial solution.

19. This had to be shown in the first proof of Exercise 18 above. If the alternate proof of Exercise 18 was
given, then Exercise 19 follows from the former by noting that the homogeneous system Ax = 0 has
only the trivial solution if and only if A is row equivalent to I2 and this occurs if and only if ad− bc = 0.
⎡ 3⎤ ⎡ ⎤
2 −1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
20. −2 + 1 t, where t is any number.
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 0

22. −a + b + c = 0.
24. (a) Change “row” to “column.”
(b) Proceed as in the proof of Theorem 2.1, changing “row” to “column.”
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Section 2.2 29

25. Using Exercise 24(b) we can assume that every m × n matrix A is column equivalent to a matrix in
column echelon form. That is, A is column equivalent to a matrix B that satisfies the following:

(a) All columns consisting entirely of zeros, if any, are at the right side of the matrix.
(b) The first nonzero entry in each column that is not all zeros is a 1, called the leading entry of the
column.
(c) If the columns j and j + 1 are two successive columns that are not all zeros, then the leading
entry of column j + 1 is below the leading entry of column j.

We start with matrix B and show that it is possible to find a matrix C that is column equivalent to B
that satisfies

(d) If a row contains a leading entry of some column then all other entries in that row are zero.

If column j of B contains a nonzero element, then its first (counting top to bottom) nonzero element
is a 1. Suppose the 1 appears in row rj . We can perform column operations of the form acj + ck for
each of the nonzero columns ck of B such that the resulting matrix has row rj with a 1 in the (rj , j)
entry and zeros everywhere else. This can be done for each column that contains a nonzero entry hence
we can produce a matrix C satisfying (d). It follows that C is the unique matrix in reduced column
echelon form and column equivalent to the original matrix A.

26. −3a − b + c = 0.

28. Apply Exercise 18 to the linear system given here. The coefficient matrix is

a−r d
.
c b− r

Hence from Exercise 18, we have a nontrivial solution if and only if (a − r)(b − r) − cd = 0.

29. (a) A(xp + xh ) = Axp + Axh = b + 0 = b.

(b) Let xp be a particular solution to Ax = b and let x be any solution to Ax = b. Let xh = x − xp .
Then x = xp + xh = xp + (x − xp ) and Axh = A(x − xp ) = Ax − Axp = b − b = 0. Thus xh is
in fact a solution to Ax = 0.
30. (a) 3x2 + 2 (b) 2x2 − x − 1

2x −
3 2
32. x + 12 .
34. (a) x = 0, y = 0 (b) x = 5, y = −7

36. r = 5, r2 = 5.

37. The GPS receiver is located at the tangent point where the two circles intersect.

38. 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2 O3

0
40. x = .
1
4 − 14 i

42. No solution.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

30 Chapter 1

Section 2.3, p. 124

1. The elementary matrix E which results from In by a type I interchange of the ith and jth row differs
from In by having 1’s in the (i, j) and (j, i) positions and 0’s in the (i, i) and (j, j) positions. For that
E, EA has as its ith row the jth row of A and for its jth row the ith row of A.
The elementary matrix E which results from In by a type II operation differs from In by having c = 0
in the (i, i) position. Then EA has as its ith row c times the ith row of A.
The elementary matrix E which resultsfrom In by a type III operation differs from In by having c in
the (j, i) position. Then EA has as jthrow the sum of the jth row of A and c times the ith row of A.
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
⎢ 0 −2 0 0⎥ ⎢0 1 0 0⎥ ⎢0 1 0 0⎥
2. (a) . (b) . (c) .
0 1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0⎦ ⎣0 0 1 0⎦ ⎣1 0 0 0⎦
0 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 1

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 0 0 1 0 0

4. (a) Add 2 times row 1 to row 3: ⎣ 0 1 0⎦ → ⎣0 1 0⎦ = C

−2 0 1 0 0 1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 0 0 1 0 0

(b) Add 2 times row 1 to row 3: ⎣ 0 1 0⎦ → ⎣0 1 0⎦ = B

0 0 1 2 0 1

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

(c) AB = ⎣ 0 1 0⎦ ⎣0 1 0⎦ = ⎣0 1 0 ⎦.

−2 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 1
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

BA = ⎣ 0 1 0⎦ ⎣ 0 1 0⎦ = ⎣0 1 0 ⎦.

2 0 1 −2 0 1 0 0 1

Therefore B is the inverse of A.

6. If E1 is an elementary matrix of type I then E 1−1 = E1 . Let E2 be obtained from In by multiplying

the ith row of In by c = 0. Let E ∗2 be obtained from In by multiplying the ith row of In by 1c. Then
E2 E2∗ = In . Let E3 be obtained from In by adding c times the ith row of In to the jth row of In . Let
E ∗3 be obtained from In by adding −c times the ith row of In to the jth row of In . Then E3 E∗3 = In .
⎡ ⎤
1 −1 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢
8. A−1 = ⎢ 32 3⎥
⎣
1
2
− 2⎦
⎥.
−1 0 1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
3 −3 −1
1 −1 0 −1 3
2
1
2 5 5 5
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
10. (a) Singular. (b) ⎢ 1 2 1 ⎥. (c) ⎢ 1 − 32 1
2
⎥. (d) ⎢ 2
5
3
− 54 ⎥.
5
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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and Elizabeth Gilbert the younger, were with their mother on this
occasion.
Elizabeth Gilbert, the younger, only twelve years of age, had been
adopted by an Indian family, but was permitted to live with a white
family named Secord, by whom she was treated with endearing attention.
A year later Mr. Secord took Betsy on a trip to Niagara, and there she
saw six of her relatives, most of whom had been released and were
preparing to leave for Montreal, perhaps never again to see the others.
The sight of their beloved little sister roused every energy to effect her
release, which desire was generously seconded by John Secord and the
Tory leader, Colonel John Butler, who, soon after her visit to Niagara
sent for the Indian who claimed Elizabeth as his child and made
overtures for her ransom. At first he declared that he “would not sell his
own flesh and blood,” but, attacked through his interest, or in other
words, his necessities, the negotiation succeeded and her youngest child
was among the treasures first restored to the mother at Montreal.
Eventually they were all released and collected at Montreal and on
August 22, 1782, they took leave of their friends there and returned to
Byberry, after a captivity of two years and five months.
The premises where stood the dwelling and improvements of the
Gilbert family were on the north side of Mahoning Creek, on an elevated
bank about forty perches from the main road leading from Lehighton and
Weissport to Tamaqua, and about four miles from the former. Benjamin
Peart lived about a mile farther up the creek, and about a quarter of a
mile from it on the south side.

Alexander Wilson, the Great American

Ornithologist, Died at Philadelphia,
August 23, 1813

lexander Wilson, the great American ornithologist, was born in Paisley,

Scotland, July 6, 1766, and died in Philadelphia, August 23, 1813. He
was the son of a distiller, but at the age of thirteen was apprenticed to a
weaver, and after seven years abandoned the loom and adopted the life of
 a peddler.
Three years were thus spent and in 1789, having prepared a
volume of poems for publication, he offered his muslins and
solicited subscriptions for this work. It was published in 1790,
but had little success; and he again returned to the loom.
In 1792 he published “Watty and Meg,” which having
appeared anonymously, was ascribed to Robert Burns though the style is
very different. It is said to have had a sale of 100,000 copies in a few
weeks. He wrote a severe satire upon a person in Paisley and was thrown
into prison, and was afterwards compelled to burn the libel with his own
hand at Paisley Cross. Upon his release, he resolved to emigrate, and
arrived at New Castle, Delaware, July 14, 1794, with only a few
borrowed shillings, without an acquaintance, and with no decided
purpose.
After working at various trades, sometimes as a copperplate printer
under Alexander Lawson, in which he showed both ambition and talent,
he went through New Jersey as a peddler and during this journey seems
to have first paid minute attention to the habits and appearance of birds.
He afterward taught school at various places in New Jersey and
Pennsylvania, finally settling in 1802 at Kingsessing on the Schuylkill.
One of the schools he taught was situated on the Darby Road, a short
distance west of the intersection with Gray’s Ferry Road. His home was
near the celebrated botanical garden of William Bartram, and he became
acquainted with the famous naturalist, who, by his own love of birds,
deeply interested young Wilson in that branch of nature. It was at this
time that Alexander Wilson resolved to form a collection of all the birds
of America.
His first excursion, October, 1804, was to Niagara Falls. He walked
from Philadelphia through the unopened wilderness of western New
York, and wrote a metrical description of his journey in the “Port Folio”
under the title of “The Foresters, a Poem.”
Elsewhere Wilson wrote:

“Sweet flows the Schuylkill’s winding tide,

By Bartram’s green emblossomed bowers,
Where nature sports in all her pride,
Of choicest plants and fruits and flowers.”
 Wilson learned drawing, coloring, and etching from Alexander
Lawson, the celebrated engraver, whose tastes and instructions
stimulated his own talents.
He persuaded Bradford, a Philadelphia publisher, who had employed
him in 1806, in editing the American edition of Rees’s Cyclopedia, to
furnish funds for an American ornithology on an adequate scale. The
first volume of this work appeared in September, 1808, but it was too
expensive to be very successful. The seventh volume appeared in 1813.
The interval had been passed in exploring different parts of the
country for the purpose of extending his observations, collecting
specimens and watching the habits of birds in their native haunts.
In January, 1810, the second volume appeared, but before the next was
prepared Wilson sailed down the Ohio River in a small boat as far as
Louisville, he set out on horseback from Nashville for New Orleans in
May, 1811, and arrived June 6. Sailing from there he arrived back in
Philadelphia in August, and began the third volume.
In September, 1812, he started on another tour of the eastern States.
He completed the publication of seven volumes.
In 1813 the literary materials for the eighth volume of the
“Ornithology” were ready, but its progress was greatly retarded for want
of proper assistants to color the plates. Wilson was therefore obliged to
undertake the whole of this department himself in addition to his other
duties. He employed himself so unceasingly in the preparation of his
work that he impaired his already weakened condition and hastened
death. It is said that in his eagerness to obtain a rare bird, he swam across
a river and caught cold from which he never recovered.
All the plates for the remainder of his work having been completed
under Wilson’s own eye the letter press work on the ninth volume was
supplied by his friend, George Ord, his companion in several of his
expeditions, who also wrote a memoir of Wilson to accompany the last
volume, and edited the eighth. Four supplementary volumes were
afterwards added by Charles Lincoln Bonaparte.
An edition of Alexander Wilson’s poems was published at Paisley in
1816, and another at Belfast in 1857. A statue of him was erected at
Paisley in October, 1874.
Wilson was followed by another Pennsylvanian, John James Audubon,
who lived for many years on the Perkiomen near its mouth. He published
an immense work upon the “Birds of America,” which brought him
lasting fame. Thus the two greatest ornithologists of America are claimed
as residents of our state.
 In the quiet retreat of the churchyard of the old Swedes Church, or
“Gloria Dei,” at Weccacoe, where he delighted to worship, repose the
remains of Alexander Wilson. The distinguished ornithologist requested
to be laid to rest there, as it was “a silent, shady place where the birds
would be apt to come and sing over his grave.”

Governor Snyder Calls on Pennsylvania

When British Burn National Capitol
August 24, 1814

uring the summer of 1813 the shores of the Chesapeake and its
tributary rivers were made a general scene of ruin and distress.
The British forces assumed the character of the incendiary in
retaliation for the burning of the town of York, in Upper
Canada, which had been taken by the American army under
General Dearborn in April of that year. The burning of York
was accidental, but its destruction served as a pretext for the general
pillage and conflagration which followed the marching of the British
army.
The enemy took possession of Washington August 24, 1814, and the
commanders of the invading force, General Ross and Admiral
Blackburn, proceeded in person to direct and superintend the business of
burning the Capitol and city.
On August 26, Governor Simon Snyder issued a strong appeal for a
call to arms: “The landing upon our shores, by the enemy, of hordes of
marauders, for the purpose avowedly to create by plunder, burning and
general devastation, all possible individual and public distress, gives
scope for action to the militia of Pennsylvania by repelling that foe, and
with just indignation seek to avenge the unprovoked wrongs heaped on
our unoffending country.
“The militia generally within the counties of Dauphin, Lebannon,
Berks, Schuylkill, York, Adams and Lancaster, and that part of Chester
County which constitutes the Second Brigade of the Third Division, and
those corps particularly, who, when danger first threatened, patriotically
tendered their services in the field, are earnestly invited to rise (as on
many occasions Pennsylvania has heretofore done) superior to local
feeling and evasives that might possibly be drawn from an imperfect
military system, and to repair with that alacrity which duty commands,
and it is fondly hoped inclination will prompt, to the several places of
brigade or regimental rendezvous that shall respectively be designated by
the proper officer, and thence to march to the place of general
rendezvous.
“Pennsylvanians, whose hearts must be gladdened at the recital of the
deeds of heroism achieved by their fellow citizens, soldiers now in arms
on the Lake frontier, and within the enemy’s country, now the occasion
has occurred, will with order seek and punish that same implacable foe,
now marauding on the Atlantic shore of two of our sister States.”
Camps were established at Marcus Hook, on the Delaware, and at
York. At the latter place 5,000 men were soon under the command of
Major General Nathaniel Watson, and Brigadier Generals John Forster
and John Adams.
When General Ross attempted the capture of Baltimore, these
Pennsylvania militia marched thither and had the high honor to aid in
repelling the enemy. In the same year other of the State’s military forces
rendered excellent services at Chippewa and Bridgewater, and thereby
won the gratitude of the people of the entire country.
During the entire war the soil of Pennsylvania had never been trodden
by a hostile foot, yet it had at one time a greater number of militia and
volunteers in the service of the United States than were at any time in the
field from any other state in the Union, and as she furnished more men,
so did she furnish more money to carry on the war.
The treaty of Ghent was concluded December 24, 1814, but the
closing acts in the tragedy of the war were the battle of New Orleans,
January 8, 1815, and the gallant capture of the British warships “Cyane”
and “Levant,” by Captain Charles Stewart’s grand old frigate,
“Constitution,” February 20, 1815.
On February 17, 1815, the treaty of peace between the United States
and Great Britain was ratified by the Senate.
Pennsylvania’s finances were in such sound condition that only one
small temporary loan was required to pay all expenditures incurred
during the war. Business did not suffer, yet during the war period a cloud
was gathering which soon was to have a serious effect on the financial
situation in the State. The United States Bank, after twenty years of
honorable and useful life, came to an end in 1811, and at a time when its
services were needed by the government and the people.
The State banks were envious of the power of the larger institution,
and in the failure to renew its charter their officers saw the opportunity to
advance their personal ends.
The Legislature chartered State banks over the Governor’s veto, and
again the State was flooded with paper money, as it had been during the
Revolution, but the terrible consequences of that deluge had long since
been forgotten. The excess of issue and lack of faith in them was soon
reflected by rising prices. The banks had little or no specie for redeeming
their notes. Soon many banks were without funds, hence were compelled
to close their doors, and both the promoters and their victims were led
into financial ruin.
Governor Snyder’s great friend, Editor John Binns, had the courage to
maintain that, although individuals were thus made bankrupt, the State
was benefited by the results of the banking acts, for, says he: “The titles
to lands became more clear, settled and certain; strangers were induced
to purchase and come to Pennsylvania and settle.” Quite a costly way to
clear titles.
The downfall of the banking system was followed by general
depression, and many men and business institutions were forced into
involuntary bankruptcy. This was an unfortunate period in Pennsylvania
history, and was not a condition single to this State alone.
Normal conditions were eventually restored and then followed an era
of progress which was not marred for many years.
Throughout all this trying period Governor Snyder exhibited many
splendid traits of character, and met every emergency with determined
courage. He was not always able to control the Legislature, and his
conduct in trying to stay the deluge of paper money was one of the most
noteworthy of his three successful administrations.

British Destroy Moravian Indian Town on

Order of De Peyster, August 25,1781
 olonel Daniel Brodhead had been sent with his Eighth
Pennsylvania Regiment to the Western frontier, and as most of
the soldiers in this renowned command had been recruited in
that part of the State this assignment was gladly received. The
men could do double duty by serving their country and at the
same time assist in protecting their own homes.
But all did not go well for Brodhead. He was a great soldier
and knew how to fight Indians, but was remiss in other matters and soon
got into trouble with the Supreme Executive Council, on account of
becoming involved in quarrels with officers and civilians.
Congress selected Brigadier General William Irvine, of Carlisle, to
succeed Colonel Brodhead in the command of the Western Department,
September 24, 1781, and he repaired to that post of duty.
Colonel J. W. de Peyster, the British commandant at Detroit, who
believed the presence of the Moravian missionaries along the
Tuscarawas River had seriously interfered with prosecution of the war,
ordered their removal to the Sandusky Valley, where they were planted
amid the villages of the hostile Wyandot and Shawnee.
On August 25, 1781, he sent Captain Matthew Elliott, the Tory officer,
with a small party of Tories and French-Canadians, and 250 savages,
including Wyandot under Dunquat, Delaware under Captain Pipe, and a
few Shawnee to carry his order into effect. Elliott performed his errand
with unnecessary brutality.
The missionaries and their converts claimed a strict neutrality, but did
not observe it. Bishop Zeisberger and Reverend Heckewelder were
secretly the friends of the Americans and conducted a regular clandestine
correspondence with the officers at Fort Pitt, giving valuable information
of the movements of the British and hostile savages. This was suspected
by Colonel de Peyster and he ordered the Moravians to move nearer
Detroit. The hostile Indians threatened the converts with destruction
because they would not join in the war, while many borderers believed
these Indians did occasionally participate in raids upon the settlements.
The settlers did not take much stock in the Christianity of the Moravian
Indians.
To save the Moravians from dangers on both sides, Colonel Brodhead
advised them to take up their residence near Fort Pitt, but they refused to
heed his warning. These converts remained between the two fires, but
Zeisberger and Heckewelder were blind to their imminent peril.
The Moravian Indians numbered about one hundred families in their
three villages of Schoenbrun, Gnadenhuetten, and Salem. Their homes
were log cabins, with vegetable gardens and cultivated fields, and fine
herds of cattle, hogs and many horses.
Elliott seized and confined the missionaries and their families and
gathered them and all the converted Indians at Gnadenhuetten. They
were marched from there September 11, leaving behind their great stock
of corn and many effects. The sad procession descended the Tuscarawas
to its junction with the Walhonding and passed up the latter stream to its
source, thence over the dividing ridge to the Sandusky.
By the time the Moravians had reached the Sandusky they had been
robbed of their best blankets and cooking vessels and their food was
about exhausted. On the east side of the stream, about two miles above
the site of Upper Sandusky, they settled down in poverty and privation,
built rude shelters of logs and bark and spent the winter in great distress.
In March the missionaries were again taken to Detroit and closely
examined by de Peyster, and nothing detrimental could be proved against
them, yet de Peyster would not allow them to return to the Sandusky, and
they made a new settlement on the Huron River.
During the forcible removal of the Moravians seven Wyandot warriors
left the party and went on a raid across the Ohio River. Among the seven
were three sons of Dunquat, the half-king; the eldest son, Scotosh, was
the leader of the party. They visited the farm of Philip Jackson, on
Harman’s Creek, and captured Jackson, who was a carpenter about 60
years of age. This capture was witnessed by Jackson’s son, who ran nine
miles to Fort Cherry, on Little Raccoon Creek, and gave the alarm, but a
heavy rain that night prevented immediate pursuit.
Bright and early next morning seventeen stout young men, all
mounted, gathered at Jackson’s farm, and John Jack, a professional
scout, declared he knew where the Indians had hidden their canoes. But
only six would follow him, John Cherry, Andrew Poe, Adam Poe,
William Castleman, William Rankin and James Whitacre, and they
started on a gallop for the mouth of Tomlinson’s Run. Jack’s surmise was
a shrewd one, based on a thorough knowledge of the Ohio River and the
habits of the Indians.
After dismounting the borderers descended cautiously, and at the
mouth of the run were five Indians, with their prisoner, ready to shove
off. John Cherry fired and killed an Indian and was himself killed by the
return fire. Four of the five Indians were killed, and Philip Jackson
rescued unharmed, and Scotosh escaped up the river with a wound in his
arm.
 Andrew Poe in a hand to hand scuffle with two sons of the half-king,
succeeded in killing one of them, who had first wounded him. The other
Indian escaped and was in the act of firing at Poe when he was shot and
killed. Andrew Poe fell into the stream and was mistaken for an Indian
and shot in the shoulder by mistake.
The triumphant return of the party to Fort Cherry was saddened by the
death of John Cherry, a great and popular leader. Scotosh was the only
Indian who escaped, and he made his way back to the Upper Sandusky,
with a sad message for his father and the tribe.

Volunteers Fight Two Battles in Hills Along

West Branch August 26, 1763

or boldness of attempt and depth of design the Pontiac War was

perhaps unsurpassed in the annals of border warfare.
Soon as the English had been able to push past the French
line of forts, which reached from Presqu’ Isle to the
Monongahela, and had gained such a strong foothold in
Canada, the Indians planned to destroy them at one stroke.
The renowned chiefs, Kiyasuta, of the Seneca, and Pontiac, of the
Ottawa, conceived the gigantic plan of uniting all the northwestern tribes
in a simultaneous attack upon the whole frontier. Utter extermination
was their object.
The forts were to be taken by stratagem by separate parties, all on the
same day. The border settlements were to be attacked during harvest and
men, women, children, crops, cattle and cabins, were to be destroyed.
The English traders among the Indians were the first victims; out of a
total of 120, only a few escaped. The frontier settlements among or near
the mountains were overrun with scalping parties, marking their pathway
with blood and fire.
The forts in Pennsylvania at Presqu’ Isle, Le Boeuf and Venango were
taken with great slaughter. Those at Fort Pitt, Bedford and Ligonier were
preserved with great difficulty. Carlisle and Fort Augusta were
threatened.
 General Amherst promptly dispatched Colonel Henry Bouquet to the
relief of Fort Pitt, and he defeated the Indians and saved the garrison.
It was during this distressing period that the Indians planned to attack
the interior settlements of Pennsylvania as far as Tulpehocken, and their
great object was the capture of Fort Augusta, which had been built at the
suggestion of the Indians themselves.
Alarming intelligence was everywhere received of the contemplated
attacks; friendly Indians gave timely warning of each approaching
danger. Especially was the situation critical in the vicinity of Paxtang
where the treachery of the so-called friendly Indians was several times
discovered.
Preparations were carefully made and the utmost vigilance exercised
and every available resistance planned by the sturdy frontiersmen. The
garrison at Fort Augusta was reinforced by additional troops recruited in
the countries nearer the seat of government.
With reports constantly reaching Carlisle and other places that the
Indians would attack Fort Augusta in great numbers, and believing that
the Moravian Indian converts were treacherously giving information to
the enemy, it was determined to check them.
Colonel John Armstrong, with about three hundred volunteers from
Cumberland and Bedford Counties marched from Carlisle on an
expedition to destroy the Indian town at Great Island, now Lock Haven,
Pennsylvania.
When Armstrong’s party arrived at Great Island the Indians had
already deserted their village a few days previous. But on his march he
fell upon another village near the Big Island, now Jersey Shore. So
sudden was his advance that the Indians were scarcely able to escape;
they left the food hot upon their bark tables, which was prepared for
dinner. The army destroyed Great Island village and a large quantity of
grain and provisions.
A part of this little army was returning down the West Branch, Friday,
August 26, when they encountered the enemy at Muncy Creek hill,
present Lycoming County, and, in a hot skirmish which ensued, four of
the volunteers were killed and four wounded. There were quite as many
casualties among the savages, but they were able to bear away their dead
and wounded.
Captains William Patterson, Sharp, Bedford, Laughlin and Crawford
with seventy-six of their commands, arrived at Fort Augusta, Saturday,
August 27, 1763. Other stragglers reached the fort during that and the
following day.
 These soldiers reported details of the sanguinary battle and confirmed
the fears of the inhabitants about the treachery of the Moravian Indians.
They reported that after the battle a party of Indians returning to Great
Island from a mission to Bethlehem, were attacked by them on a hill
north of the present borough of Northumberland, in which action the
troops believed they had killed all of the Indian party of twelve.
There can be no doubt that these two attacks were made for there are
several references to them from different sources, also J. F. Meginness in
his “Otzinachson,” says:
“It is to be regretted that so little was left on record concerning the
operations of this great expedition. It was the largest that had invaded the
West Branch Valley up to that time, but instead of wiping out the savages
and rendering them powerless, it only tended to still further enrage and
cause them to commit greater deeds of blood as was proved by
subsequent events.”
The first great massacre at Wyoming soon followed. A party of Six
Nations stealthily murdered Tedyuskung, the Delaware King, by burning
him to death in his cabin during a drunken bout. They convinced the
Delaware that the crime was perpetrated by whites, who October 15,
1763, suddenly turned on the settlers while at work in the fields, brutally
murdered ten of them, and left their scalped bodies in the fields, while
they burned their homes, destroyed their crops and drove away the cattle.
None escaped but those who fled in time to reach the mountains. This
massacre was led by Captain Bull, a son of Tedyuskung.
Only the brilliant success of Colonel Henry Bouquet at Bushy Run
checked the Indians, and with this repulse they became disheartened and
soon after sued for peace.

Europeans Explore Waters of Pennsylvania,

Delaware Bay So Named
August 27, 1610

uite different from all other colonies was Pennsylvania in the fact that
many settlements were made within its borders and many races
 contributed to her people.
In 1608, the famous Captain John Smith, of Virginia, sailed
up the Chesapeake Bay to its head, where he was stopped by
the rocks.
At this same time the Dutch of Holland, during a lull in
their war with Spain, were sending maritime expeditions over
the world. They sent Henry Hudson to America. He sailed up the coast,
on August 28, 1609, in his ship the “Half Moon,” entered the bay now
called Delaware Bay, and cast anchor. Hudson was an Englishman, but in
the service now of the Dutch.
The republic of the Netherlands, after a struggle never surpassed for
heroism and constancy, had won a truce with King Philip of Spain, and
the Dutch merchants had sent the English captain out upon the old quest,
a short route to China.
Hudson’s appearance in Delaware Bay was before his discovery of the
Hudson River, and, therefore, New Netherlands had its origin on the
Delaware, called by the Dutch the Zuyd Revier, or South River.
Hudson navigated his little ship into the bay with great caution. He
spent the day in making soundings, and learned that “he who would
thoroughly discover this great bay must have a small pinnace to send
before him, that must draw but four or five feet to sound before him.”
Hudson then sailed up the New Jersey coast, on the third day of
September, anchored his ship within Sandy Hook, and the 12th he
entered New York Bay through the Narrows, and discovered the great
river that since has borne his name.
So far as the history of Pennsylvania is concerned there is much
import in the exploration of Hudson in Delaware Bay. He made known
to his employers, the Dutch East India Company, and to the seafaring
nations of western Europe, the existence of this wide bay, into which, as
he perceived, a great river must discharge. His discovery laid the ground
for the claim by the Dutch to the country on the Delaware. Exploration
followed, then trade, then occupancy, then a new State, in which the
present Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey and New York were united
under one government, called New Netherlands.
On August 27, 1610, Captain Samuel Argall, from Jamestown, Va.,
sailed into the Delaware Bay, and, remaining a few hours, gave it the
name of Delaware, in honor of Lord Delaware, then Governor of
Virginia. Thus we notice that neither Captain John Smith nor Henry
Hudson entered Pennsylvania, they approached the very doorway, but
did not come inside.
 The first actual visit of a white man seems to have been six years later,
when Etienne Brulé, a Frenchman, and a follower of Champlain, the first
Governor of New France, came into Pennsylvania via the headwaters of
the Susquehanna River and explored its entire length.
Hudson’s report of a land rich in furs attracted the attention of the
Dutch, and before 1614, five vessels came to Manhattan on the North
River. One of them, the “Fortune,” commanded by Captain Cornelius
Jacobson Mey, sailed in the Zuyd River, and he named the cape at the
east entrance of the bay Cape Mey, and the cape on the west Cape
Cornelius.
One of these vessels, the “Tiger,” was burned and her captain, Adrian
Block, built a yacht forty-four and a half feet long, eleven and a half feet
wide, of sixteen tons burden, to take her place. This boat, the “Onrust,”
was the first built within the limits of the United States, and she was
destined to fame. Cornelius Hendrickson brought the “Onrust” to the
Delaware in 1616, and made the first exploration of the Delaware River,
and discovered the mouth of the Schuylkill and first saw the site of
Philadelphia. Here he ransomed from the Indians a Dutchman named
Kleynties and two companions, who had come down from the North
River by land, and who may have been the first Europeans in
Pennsylvania.
On June 3, 1621, the Dutch West India Company was formed. The
charter by the Dutch Government gave it the exclusive right to trade on
the coast of America between Newfoundland and the Straits of
Magellan. This company, by virtue of its charter, took possession of the
country, and dispatched the ship “New Netherland,” with a number of
people, under command of Captain Mey, to the Delaware, where, on the
eastern bank, fifteen leagues from its mouth, Captain Mey erected Fort
Nassau.
The site of this fort was about five miles above Wilmington, and here
four married couples and eight seamen lived. This was, probably, the
first settlement on the Delaware River. Fort Nassau was a log structure,
capable of defense against bows and arrows, sufficient for a depot of
furs, but badly situated to command the commerce of the river. It stood
for nearly thirty years, until 1651, and in that time was the center on this
continent of Dutch authority and trade. It was to this fort that the Indians
of Pennsylvania brought their peltries to exchange for articles that served
their use or pleased their fancy, or for rum that made them drunk.
Another settlement was made farther north, on the same side of the
river, which consisted of three or four families.
 The administration of the affairs of New Netherlands was confided by
the Dutch West Indian Company to Peter Minuit, who arrived at
Manhattan, May 4, 1626. He came from Wesel, and was commissioned
as director-general. It was he who soon after his arrival “purchased the
island of Manhattan from the Indians for sixty guilders, or the sum of
twenty-five dollars in real money.”
In spite of the fact that the Dutch West Indian Company in 1629
granted special privileges to all persons who should plant any colony in
New Netherland, up until 1631 no white man had made a settlement on
the west bank of the Delaware.
On December 30, 1630, David Pieterzoon De Vries, with thirty-two
people and a large stock of cattle, sailed from the Texel, in the ship
“Walrus,” and arrived at the southern cape, Cornelius, now Henlopen,
and made a settlement near the present town of Lewes, and called it
Swanendael, or the Valley of the Swans. De Vries is the finest figure
among the early pioneer history of the settlement of this part of our
country. He was intelligent, energetic and humane.

World Struggle for Oil Began at Titusville,

August 28, 1859

he gigantic struggle for oil began in Titusville, Pennsylvania,

August 28, 1859, when Colonel Edwin L. Drake struck oil in
the world’s first well.
This small hole drilled through the rock so peacefully
opened the way to wealth hitherto unknown. It yielded about
forty barrels per day, but the precious fuel was now produced
in commercial quantities. It opened also the most important natural
production of Pennsylvania, after iron and coal.
This first well was in Cherry Tree Township, on the Watson Flats, on
the bank of Oil Creek, about two miles below the thrifty borough of
Titusville.
Venango County seems to have been the native home for petroleum
for although it has been found in large quantities in neighboring counties,
it was first gathered there and its presence was known from the advent of
man in that vast region.
The Indians gathered oil from a stream called Oil Creek, in this
vicinity, which they used for medicinal purposes. It became well known
all over the country as “Seneca Oil,” “British Oil” and other names. It
was collected by digging out the place where it oozed out of the ground,
and when oil and water had accumulated, blankets were thrown in,
taking up the oil, when it was wrung out, and the process repeated.
A century since the product of Oil Creek Valley amounted to a dozen
barrels a year. The first shipment in bulk was made by a man named
Cary, who filled two five-gallon kegs and lashed them on either side of
the horse he rode to the market at Pittsburgh. This supply stocked the
market.
By the year 1865 Venango County shipped 13,000 barrels per day
about the only oil produced in this country.
Petroleum was desired as an illuminator, but the small quantity
obtainable made it too expensive.
According to the production records more than one billion barrels of
oil were produced in 1923 for a world’s record in oil production—and
yet the supply is far short of the world demand.
Fish oil is the earliest known illuminant and lubricant. “Coal oil,”
however, still used erroneously as the name for kerosene, was discovered
less than eighty years ago by Dr. Abraham Gesner, who, in 1846,
obtained oil from coal. That was enough to ruin the fish oil industry, and
soon more than fifty coal oil works were put in operation, distilling oil
from bituminous, or soft coal.
A man named Kier, at Tarentum, Pennsylvania, in 1847, bored for salt
water and pumped up oil. He put it in barrels and sold it. A professor at
Dartmouth College, using some of the oil, told George H. Bissell that in
his opinion it could be used for illuminating purposes. Bissell
investigated these claims and organized the Petroleum Oil Company—
which was the first of its kind in the United States, and sent a quantity to
Benjamin Silliman, Professor of Chemistry in Yale College, who
reported that nearly the whole of the raw product could be treated so as
to be used for illuminating and other purposes without any waste.
In December, 1857, Colonel Edwin L. Drake, one of the stockholders
of this company, rode into Titusville on a mail coach from Erie. He
carried with him $1,000 with which to begin boring for oil. He started
immediately to his work, but met with many discouragements.
 Well drillers were unknown and well drilling machinery almost
unheard of in 1858. He built his “pump house” and derrick, and with the
assistance of “Uncle Billy” Smith, began drilling.
The beginning was made in quicksand and clay, and as soon as the
hole was made it filled up with water and caved in. Drake then hit upon
the scheme of driving an iron pipe through to bedrock, and its success
made the use of this method the standard practice of today in the oil
fields everywhere.
After rock was reached they bored but three feet per day, but by
Saturday, August 27, 1859, the well had reached the depth of sixty-nine
feet and the drill was working in coarse sand. Smith and his sons, who
were helping him, had finished for the week. As they were quitting the
drill dropped six inches, apparently into a crevice, as was common in salt
wells. No attention was paid to this circumstance, the tools were drawn
out and all hands adjourned to Titusville.
Sunday morning Uncle Billy strolled out to the drill, and to his
astonishment found the well filled within a few feet of the surface with a
dark fluid. It was oil. The news soon spread to the village, and when
Colonel-Drake appeared he found Uncle Billy guarding three barrels of
petroleum. The pumping apparatus was adjusted, and by noon the well
was producing at the rate of twenty barrels per day. The problem of the
ages had been solved. The world’s first oil well was in production.
Then began what has been called the “oil fever.” People from all parts
of the country flocked to western Pennsylvania. Oil companies were
everywhere organized, whose stock was sold on the market. Land which
for generations had been regarded as almost barren sold for fabulous
prices.
“Coal Oil Johnnie,” an ignorant young man whose paternal acres had
long brought only poverty and were now found to be located with
wealth, appeared in Philadelphia, scattering ten dollar bills in all
directions, and buying teams of horses on one day, only to give them to
his coachman on the next. He built an opera house in Cincinnati and
ended his career as its doorkeeper.
In 1860, near Rouseville, the oil flowed out of a well without the use
of a pump, and other flowing wells in adjacent localities were soon
found.
Oil was first transported in wagons and boats. The railroads were laid
out to Oil City in 1865. In 1864 Samuel Van Syckel had constructed a
pipe line four miles in length, and the result was a change in the entire
method of transportation. A refinery was built at Corry in 1862.
 The Pennsylvania grade of crude oil is the best lubricant that man has
ever found. And since refineries can add nothing to an oil that was not
present in its crude state, Pennsylvania grade of crude oil is still supreme.
In recent years the Standard Oil Company has controlled to a great
extent the oil production of the country.
The largest individual fortune the world has ever seen is the outcome
of the development of the business of securing and distributing coal oil.

Joseph Galloway, Loyalist Politician, and

Member Continental Congress,
Died August 29, 1803

oseph Galloway, the Loyalist Politician, was born in the town of

West River, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, in the year
1731. His great-grandfather, Richard Galloway, of London,
England, acquired considerable land in Lord Baltimore’s
province in 1662, thus indicating that he was a man of good
fortune and respectability.
Peter Galloway, father of Joseph, removed with his family in 1740 to
Kent, not far from Philadelphia, where he died while Joseph was yet a
mere boy. Being possessed of large landed property Joseph chose the
study of law, and was admitted to the bar and allowed to practice before
the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania as early as 1749. In the meantime he
had obtained a good social standing, and as early as 1748 had been made
a member of the Schuylkill Fishing Company, a club composed of the
most prominent and aristocratic men of Philadelphia.
Mr. Galloway still further enhanced his prospects by his marriage in
1753 with Grace Growden, daughter of Lawrence Growden, an
influential character and a former Speaker of the Assembly. The
Growdens were the owners of the famous iron works at Durham,
Pennsylvania, and possessed large means.
Mr. Galloway rapidly acquired a large practice and became one of the
eminent lawyers in the province. He and John Dickinson succeeded
Andrew Hamilton in the leadership of the Philadelphia bar prior to the
Revolution.
Galloway became a member of the Pennsylvania Assembly in 1756,
and his legal talents proved of especial service in that body. In
recognition of his unusual attainments as a lawyer and public man, Mr.
Galloway was given the degree LL.D., by Princeton College in 1769.
Mr. Galloway several times served as an Indian Commissioner and
attended important conferences at Easton and on missions to the Indian
country.
He became an opponent of the Proprietaries and fought a successful
battle with the Governor over the question of preserving to the Assembly
the disposal of the money and forbidding the Governor to assist in its
expenditure.
When the effort was made to abolish the Proprietorship and make
Pennsylvania a royal province, the Assembly passed resolutions
rehearsing the tyranny of the Proprietary and a bitter factional struggle
ensued among the people. In October, 1764, the Assembly passed the
resolution for a change of government by a vote of 27 to 3. Rather than
sign the document Isaac Norris resigned as speaker.
In the final debate, Joseph Galloway and John Dickinson made the
leading speeches for and against, respectively. Galloway favored the
abolition of the Proprietary government, while Dickinson believed its
continuance would better serve the province. Benjamin Franklin and
Galloway were so closely associated that their leadership was hard to
beat.
Galloway was at the head of the committee which considered and
reported upon the grievances of the Province in the “Paxtang Riot” affair
following the murder of the Conestoga Indians, December, 1763.
The conduct of Galloway during the excitement attending the passage
of the Stamp Act was conspicuously loyal. He feared the tyranny of mob
rule more than the tyranny of Parliament.
Mr. Galloway gave expression to his views in an article signed
“Americanus,” printed in the Pennsylvania Journal, in which he warned
his countrymen of the evils to which their seditious conduct would lead.
This article aroused great indignation against him. He was called a Tory
and went by the name of “Americanus” for some time.
Mr. Galloway had an extreme aversion to the Presbyterians. He
associated them with rioters, and in their support of the “Paxtang Boys”
he was convinced they were dangerous characters.
 Although he had taken a rather unpopular stand in the Stamp Act
controversy, he was returned to the Assembly in 1766, and elected its
Speaker.
Mr. Galloway approved the proposal for a Continental Congress and
was one of the eight Pennsylvanians who composed the First Continental
Congress. Although Dickinson was the leader, Galloway played a
conspicuous but not very honorable part. According to Bancroft, he
“acted as a volunteer spy for the British Government.”
It is a fact that he was a conservative in his views, and that his line of
argument in his first debates tended towards political independence. He
proposed a plan of colonial government, which was rejected. This plan
contemplated a government with a president-general appointed by the
king, and a Grand Council, chosen every three years by the colonial
assemblies, who were to be authorized to act jointly with Parliament in
the regulation of affairs of the colonies.
The following year Galloway was permitted to resign and thus be
relieved from serving on account of the radical acts against England. He
abandoned the Whigs soon as the question of independence had begun to
be agitated, and thence forward he was regarded as a zealous Tory.
When the Howes issued their proclamation in 1776, granting amnesty
to such Americans as would forsake the Revolutionary cause,
Galloway’s courage failed him and he accepted the offer.

“Galloway has fled and joined the venal Howe;

To prove his baseness, see him cringe and bow,
A traitor to his country and its laws,
A friend to tyrants and their cursed cause,” etc.

Galloway accompanied Howe’s expedition against Philadelphia.

When the British assumed control he was appointed Superintendent of
the Police of the City and Suburbs, of the Port and of the Prohibited
Articles. Thus he was for about five months the head of the civil
government.
He raised and disciplined troops; and gathered a company of Bucks
County refugees, and with these two bodies he carried on military
enterprises against Americans.
The Pennsylvania Assembly, March 6, 1778, passed an “act for the
attainder of divers traitors,” among whom was Joseph Galloway. His
estate was confiscated, and according to his testimony before Parliament,
was worth at least £40,000 sterling. His house was appropriated by the
State of Pennsylvania as a residence for the President of the Supreme
Executive Council, but was afterwards sold to Robert Morris.
Forbidden the privilege of returning to Pennsylvania, Mr. Galloway
devoted his leisure time to religious studies. He died at Watford, Herts,
England, August 29, 1803.

Etymology of Pennsylvania Counties Erected

Since Penn Set Sail August 30, 1682

illiam Penn sailed from England in the ship “Welcome,”

August 30, 1682.
Upon his arrival the organization of his province was
pushed with dispatch, and today that vast territory is divided
into sixty-seven counties, each one of which possesses history
worth the telling.
The genealogy of the counties of Pennsylvania is both interesting and
historical, and presents some valuable data. The three original counties
were Philadelphia, Chester and Bucks, so named by William Penn in the
latter part of the year 1682.
It is a singular coincidence that Philadelphia County should be
surrounded with counties somewhat similar to those which surround
London in England; Buckingham, or Bucks, Chester and Lancashire.
The name Philadelphia means “brotherly love,” the other three were
given their names in honor of their English importance. In fact all the
counties formed and named prior to the Revolution were named
identically and relatively after the counties in England in this
chronological order in the Province—Philadelphia, Chester, Bucks,
Lancaster, York, Cumberland, Berks, Northampton, Bedford,
Northumberland and Westmoreland.
Following the independence of the colonies only three of the counties
of Pennsylvania were afterwards given names of English Counties. They
were Huntingdon, Somerset and Cambria.
 In an interesting paper prepared by the late Dr. Hugh Hamilton, of
Harrisburg and read before the Federation of Historical Societies of
Pennsylvania, of which he was then president, the sixty-seven counties
were grouped etymologically as follows:
“Sentimental—Philadelphia, Columbia, Lebanon and Union.
“Familiar—Bedford, Berks, Bucks, Cambria, Chester, Cumberland,
Huntingdon, Lancaster, Northampton, Northumberland, Somerset, York
and Westmoreland.
“Gratitude—Armstrong, Bradford, Butler, Clinton, Crawford,
Dauphin, Luzerne, Mercer, Mifflin, Montgomery, Fayette, Fulton,
Greene, Lawrence, Montour, Perry, Pike, Sullivan, Warren, Washington
and Wayne.
“Political—Adams, Blair, Cameron, Franklin, Jefferson, McKean,
Monroe and Snyder.
“Aboriginal—Allegheny, Delaware, Erie, Indiana, Juniata,
Lackawanna, Lehigh, Lycoming, Susquehanna, Tioga, Venango and
Wyoming.
“Topographical—Center and Clarion.
“Faunal—Beaver, Carbon, Clearfield, Elk, Forest, Schuylkill.”
It would seem as if Schuylkill should be placed with the aboriginal
group and a new one placed in the list called possibly natural
characteristics, when Carbon, Clearfield and Forest would be placed and
taken from the faunal group. However, the grouping is of much interest
and value.
Many of these counties were formed and received their names at times
of some event in history or when a distinguished person seemed entitled
to be thus honored.
Washington County was named in honor of the commander-in-chief of
the Continental Army in 1781, before he was even thought of as the first
president of the United States. And it is an interesting fact that
Washington County was the first one erected after the Declaration of
Independence. Thus Washington became first in Pennsylvania, as well as
in war, peace and the hearts of his countrymen. And it is equally
interesting that the very next county to be formed in the patriotic State of
Pennsylvania should be named after General La Fayette, who rendered
such conspicuous service to the colonies and was so close to Washington
during the trying days of the great war for liberty. Fayette was organized
September 26, 1783.
Then the statesmen paid a great tribute to Franklin, who was the great
American patriot and statesman. Armstrong was named in honor of
Colonel John Armstrong of Carlisle, who led the successful expedition
against the Indian town at Kittanning and who afterwards became a
general and rendered distinguished service in the Revolution.
The counties of Butler, Crawford, Mifflin, Pike, Potter and Wayne
were named in honor of distinguished Pennsylvania officers of the
Revolution; while Greene and Mercer were names suggested by General
Washington, both as a tribute to distinguished generals of the Revolution,
who were much in Pennsylvania; Sullivan and Perry were named for
generals whose great triumphs were enacted here, and Warren County
was named in honor of the general who made the supreme sacrifice at
Bunker Hill.
Bradford County was originally Ontario in the bill creating it, but the
name was changed in honor of former Attorney General William
Bradford, of Pennsylvania. Lawrence was so named in honor of the
flagship of Commodore Oliver H. Perry; Fulton in honor of Lancaster
County’s native son, Robert Fulton, who first successfully ran a
steamboat. Clinton was intended to be called Eagle County, but the name
was changed to Clinton. Montour was so named in honor of Madame
Montour and her two distinguished sons, Henry and Andrew, Indians
who were ever loyal to the Provincial Government of Pennsylvania.
Dauphin and Luzerne were so named in thankfulness to France, the
former in honor of the eldest son of Louis XVI, and the latter in tribute to
the Minister of France then in the United States.
It is rather to be regretted that more of our counties, cities, boroughs
and villages do not still retain their original aboriginal names such as
have been retained in Allegheny, Delaware, Erie, Indiana, Juniata,
Lackawanna, Lehigh, Lycoming, Susquehanna, Tioga, Venango,
Wyoming and Schuylkill Counties.

Penn Obtains Deed to Province, Then

Obtains Lower Counties
August 31, 1682
 wo motives operated in the early colonization of the American
Continent; one was the desire of amassing sudden wealth
without working for it; this tempted the adventurous to seek
gold here, to trade valueless trinkets to the Indians for
valuable furs and skins; the other was the desire to escape
unjust restrictions of government and the hated ban of society
against the worship of God according to the dictates of one’s own
conscience, which incited devotees of Christianity to forego the comforts
of home in the midst of civilization, and to make for themselves a
habitation on the shores of the new world.
William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, had felt the heavy hand of
persecution for religious opinion’s sake. As a gentleman commoner at
Oxford, he had been fined and finally expelled for nonconformity to the
established church; at home he was whipped and turned out of doors by
his father; he was sent to prison by the Mayor of Cork, where for seven
months he languished in the Tower of London, and, finally, to complete
his disgrace, he was cast into Newgate with common felons.
Upon the accession of James II to the throne of England, more than
fourteen hundred persons of Quaker faith were immured in prisons for a
conscientious adherence to their religious convictions. To escape this
persecution Penn and his followers were moved to emigrate to the New
World, as they called it.
In 1680 Penn made application to Charles II for a grant of land in
America. He based his claim upon moneys due to his father because of
losses in the public service, where he was a distinguished officer of the
British navy.
The Duke of York gave his consent and the king issued a patent to
William Penn, March 4, 1681.
Penn was not prepared to visit his new province during the first year,
but he dispatched three shiploads of settlers, and with them sent his
cousin, Captain William Markham, to take formal possession of the
country and act as deputy governor.
Markham arrived at New York, June 21, 1681, and exhibited his
commission, bearing date April 10, 1681. He also presented the king’s
charter and proclamation.
Armed with these credentials Markham proceeded to the Delaware,
where he was kindly received. He met Lord Baltimore, who happened to
be in the province, and the Maryland proprietor discovered by
observation that Upland was at least twelve miles south of the fortieth
degree of latitude, and believed his province, therefore, extended to the
Schuylkill.
This claim by Baltimore induced Penn to obtain additional grants, as
without them he feared the loss of his whole peninsula.
Markham was accompanied to Pennsylvania by four commissioners
appointed by Penn, who, in conjunction with the Governor, had two
chief duties assigned them; the first was to meet and preserve friendly
relations with the Indians, and acquire lands by actual purchase, and the
second was to select the site of a great city and to make the necessary
surveys.
In the beginning of the year following, Penn published his frame of
government, and certain laws, agreed on in England by himself and the
purchasers under him, entitled: “The frame of the government of the
Province of Pennsylvania, in America; together with certain laws, agreed
upon in England by the Governor and Divers of the Free-Men of the
aforesaid Province. To be further Explained and Confirmed there, by the
first Provincial Council and General Assembly that shall be held, if they
see meet.”
Lest any trouble might arise in the future from claims founded on the
grant of land in America to the Duke of York, of “Long Island and
adjacent territories occupied by the Dutch,” the prudent forethought of
William Penn prompted him to obtain a deed from the Duke, which he
succeeded in doing August 31, 1682.
The deed included the land in Pennsylvania, substantially in the terms
cited in the original Royal Charter.
But Penn, even with the new deed, was not quite satisfied. He was cut
off from the ocean by the uncertain navigation of some narrow stream.
He, therefore, obtained an additional deed from the Duke of York which
was for the grant of New Castle and district twelve miles in radius
around it, and also a further grant from the Duke of a tract extending to
Cape Henlopen, embracing the two counties of Kent and Sussex.
This new grant to Penn was thereafter termed “the territories,” or “the
three lower counties,” and for many years remained a part of
Pennsylvania, until finally separated, since which time it has formed the
State of Delaware.
William Penn was now satisfied with the limits of his province and
drew up such a description of the country from his limited knowledge as
he was able to give.
This description was published in an attractive booklet, together with
the Royal Charter and proclamation; terms of settlement, and other
matters pertaining thereto, and broadcast throughout the Kingdom. He
took particular pains to have these books fall into the hands of Friends.
The terms of sale of lands were forty shillings for one hundred acres
and one shilling per acre annual rental.
The question had been raised regarding the annual rental, but the terms
of the grant by the Royal Charter to Penn were made absolute on the
“payment therefore to us, our heirs and successors, two beaver skins, to
be delivered at our castle on Windsor, on the first day of January in every
year, and the contingent payment of one-fifth part of all gold and silver
which, from time to time, happened to be found, clear of all charges.”
William Penn, therefore, held his title only by the payments of quit-rents.
He could in consequence give a valid title only by exacting the quit-
rents.
These deeds for the “lower counties” were duly recorded in New York,
and, by proclamation of the commander there, November 21, 1682, to
the magistrates on the west side of the Delaware, the rights of Penn
under them were publicly recognized and allegiance was cheerfully
transferred to Penn’s new government.
Penn then completed his arrangements for his voyage to his Province,
where he arrived October, 1682.

Dr. John Cochran, Native of Pennsylvania,

Director-General Hospitals, Born
September 1, 1730

century and a half has almost elapsed since the American

Revolution, and in the interim much has been written and
published concerning it. But comparatively little has ever been
accessible to the public concerning the medical department of
the army of patriots.
To Pennsylvanians particularly this feature of the war
should prove of interest, for the only Directors General of Military
Hospitals were none other than Dr. William Shippen and Dr. John
Cochran, both of Pennsylvania.
 In the year 1570 John Cochran, of kin to the Earl of Dundonald,
emigrated from Paisley in Scotland, to the North of Ireland. James, his
descendant in the sixth generation, crossed the sea to America, and in the
early part of the eighteenth century settled in Pennsylvania. His third
son, born at Sadsbury, Pennsylvania, September 1, 1730, was Doctor
John Cochran, of the Revolution, who was educated for a surgeon by Dr.
Robert Thompson of Lancaster.
Having qualified as a physician at the time of the outbreak of the
French and Indian War, he entered the English service as surgeon’s mate,
and remained on active duty until the close of hostilities. In the
campaigns of this war he acquired the medical proficiency and surgical
expertness for which he was afterward celebrated.
On December 4, 1760, he married Gertrude Schuyler, only sister of
General Philip Schuyler, of New York.
Dr. Cochran afterward removed to Brunswick, N. J., where he
practiced his profession, until the British burned his house in the early
part of the Revolutionary War.
At the close of 1776 he volunteered his services in the Continental
army and General Washington, remembering his experience and
usefulness in the French war, was prompt in recommending his name to
the Continental Congress.
Dr. Cochran and Dr. William Shippen had prepared a report on
hospitals upon plans modeled after those of the British army, and
submitted their efforts to Congress, after they were approved by General
Washington. On April 7, 1777, Congress adopted this report, which
remained in effect until remodeled by Congress, September 30, 1780.
On April 11, 1777, in pursuance of General Washington’s
recommendation, Doctor John Cochran received the appointment of
Chief Physician and Surgeon-General of the Army.
After nearly four years of exacting service in this position, he was, on
January 17, 1781, on the resignation of Dr. William Shippen, promoted
to be Director of the Military Hospitals of the United States, in which
capacity he continued until the end of the war.
Fortunately a letter book kept by Doctor Cochran has been preserved.
The entries, memorandums and letters partake of the authority of an
official record. They also disclose the many distressing difficulties of the
situation.
The Medical Department, as re-arranged October 6, 1780, consisted of
a Director, stationed at general headquarters, a Chief Physician and
Surgeon, stationed with the army, three chief physicians and surgeons of
the hospitals stationed variously at the principal hospitals, and other
assistants, mates, orderlies, matrons and nurses, as occasion required.
When Doctor Cochran was promoted to be Director, Dr. James Craik
was given the place of Chief Physician and Surgeon of the Army, and Dr.
William Burnet was made first of the three chief physicians, with Dr.
Malichi Treat and Dr. Charles McKnight as the other two chiefs. Dr.
Thomas Bond was made purveyor and Dr. Andrew Cragie, the
apothecary.
Some estimate may be had of Doctor Cochran’s real worth, when it is
known that Dr. Craik was the life-long friend and personal physician of
General Washington, yet was his subordinate.
Previous to this time there had been several very important hospitals
in Pennsylvania, the base hospital twice being at Bethlehem; first on
December 3, 1776, until March 27, 1777, when the hospital was
removed to Philadelphia; then after the battle of Brandywine, September
11, 1777, Bethlehem again became the base hospital. The wounded from
the battle of Germantown were also treated there. On August 28, 1778,
the remaining patients were removed to Lancaster and Yellow Springs.
Other hospitals in Pennsylvania were at Ephrata, Lititz and Reading.
The position of Director was always most exacting; not only were his
duties the alleviation of the suffering, in the rigors of a Valley Forge, or
stimulating its convalescence in the camp at Norristown, but often the
finances were expended and the medical stores entirely exhausted. At no
time did the army abound in medical stores.
At times hundreds were sick and lame when there were no supplies to
relieve them, Untended wounds or languishing disease filled hospitals
destitute of medicines. Scarcely was convalescence a boon, when lack of
subsistence faced the soldier in the hospital and often compelled him to
beg in the streets for the very necessaries of life.
In this appalling crisis Doctor Cochran seemed to be the right man in
the right place. He remained almost constantly in the field and purchased
supplies as they moved from place to place, and made such strong and
insistent appeals to Congress that some better support was given him, but
not before his staff had been reduced to eight hospital physicians out of
the fifteen established by Congress, and only five of these on actual duty.
Early in 1782 a quantity of medicine was received from France and it
arrived none too soon.
But the lack of medicine was not the only hardship of those in the
Medical Department. A letter from Dr. Cochran to Abram Clark,
President of Congress, dated February 28, 1781, says: “I hope some pay
is ordered to be advanced to the officers of the department, without
which it cannot much longer exist. Many of us have not received a
shilling in near two years, nor can we procure public clothing.”
Many hospital physicians resigned owing to their inability to subsist
themselves longer. When Congress at length issued warrants they were
as worthless as the credit of Congress, and they afforded no relief.
Dr. Cochran was of stately presence and most genial. He won his high
place by real merit and experience.
He pawned his personal credit for the cause; the last sheets from his
bed were used on the wounded. He quieted dissensions in the
department, composed the difficulties of individuals, presented petitions
for his subordinate officers, and performed routine work which should
have been done by others. All this various labor was performed with
cheerfulness in adversity, and courage amid danger.
He was on terms of intimacy with Washington, Lafayette, Wayne, Paul
Jones and many more. Washington presented him with his camp
furniture, Lafayette gave him his watch, Wayne gave him his sword, the
silver hilt of which was melted into goblets.
Dr. Cochran was a charter member of the Society of the Cincinnati. He
died at his country-seat at Palatine, Montgomery County, N. Y., April 6,
1807. His widow survived him until March, 1813.

Constitution of 1790, the First for the State,

Adopted September 2, 1790

he convention to frame a Constitution for the government of

Pennsylvania as a State completed its labors September 2,
1790.
On that day the members signed the instrument, after which
they went in procession from the State House to the court-
house, where the new Constitution was proclaimed.
Provision had been made for the continuance in office, until the new
government went into operation, of the Supreme Executive Council and
other State officers, but not of the Legislature, and the latter body
believing its authority had ceased, did not proceed to the transaction of
business on the following day.
At the election held in October, Thomas Mifflin, of Philadelphia, who
had been president of the Supreme Executive Council since November 5,
1788, was elected governor over General Arthur St. Clair.
The new Legislature met in the State House December 7, and on
December 21 the change of government was formally effected.
A procession was formed at the chamber of the Supreme Executive
Council, which moved to the old court-house at Second and Market
Streets, where the old government yielded up its powers, and the new
government was proclaimed. Governor Mifflin was inaugurated “with
much ceremony.”
On January 1, 1791, the City Councils, Mayor, Recorder and a great
number of citizens waited on Governor Mifflin and tendered him their
congratulations.
The first constitutional convention, whose most conspicuous members
were Benjamin Franklin, David Rittenhouse, George Ross and James
Smith, met at Philadelphia July 15, 1776, each one taking, without
hesitancy, the prescribed test oath, and organized by the selection of
Benjamin Franklin, president.
The labors of this convention were completed September 28, when the
Constitution was adopted, and went into immediate effect without a vote
of the people.
This Constitution vested executive authority in a Council of Safety,
presided over by Thomas Wharton, Jr., composed of twelve members,
one from Philadelphia and one from each of the counties. The legislative
power was vested in a General Assembly of one house elected annually,
and consisting of six members from Philadelphia and six from each
county. The supreme executive power was vested in a President, chosen
annually by the Assembly and Council.
A Council of Censors, consisting of two persons from Philadelphia
and two from each county, was to be elected in 1783, and in each seventh
year thereafter, whose duty was to supervise the Constitution and the
branches of government, with a power to impeach.
The Constitution of 1776 also provided that, “all useful learning shall
be duly encouraged and promoted in one or more universities.” This was
the first time in America that higher education was made a part of the
fundamental law.
Following the successful termination of the Revolution the
Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 proved inadequate for the
requirements of a useful and effective State Government, and its revision
was demanded.
On March 24, 1789, the Assembly adopted resolutions recommending
the election of delegates to form a new Constitution. The Supreme
Executive Council refused to promulgate this action of the Assembly, but
acquiesced in September. An election was held in October, when
delegates were chosen.
The convention met November 24, 1789, and in it were the first talents
that Pennsylvania could boast. Thomas McKean, Thomas Mifflin, Albert
Gallatin, William Findlay, James Wilson, William Lewis, James Ross,
Alexander Addison, Edward Hand, Samuel Sitgreaves, Joseph Hiester
and Thomas Pickering were among the members. Thomas Mifflin was
elected President.
After a long session the members adjourned in the ensuing year to
meet again, when the subject of the Constitution was again taken up and
concluded, and the new instrument adopted September 2, 1790.
The most radical changes were made in the executive and legislative
branches of government.
The Supreme Executive Council was abolished, and a single executive
called a governor was created. The Assembly ceased to have the sole
right to make laws, as the legislative body was divided into two
branches, a Senate and a House.
The former judicial system was continued, excepting that a Supreme
Court was provided, the judges of which were to be appointed during
good behavior, instead of for seven years.
The Bill of Rights re-enacted the old Provincial provision copied into
the first Constitution, respecting freedom of worship, rights of
conscience, and exemptions from compulsory contributions for the
support of any ministry. The recognition of God, and of a future state of
rewards and punishments, was still demanded of all holding office, but a
belief in the divine inspiration of the Old and New Testaments was not
included.
The Council of Censors ceased to have authority, and the veto power
was given to the Governor.
This body, with Frederick A. Muhlenberg as president, had met but
once, in 1783. It then got itself into such a snarl with the Assembly that it
became very unpopular.
Pennsylvania conformed in all important matters to the system upon
which the New Federal Government was to be administered.