ARCHITECTURAL STYLES

LAYERED DATA-CENTERED
ARCHITECTURES ARCHITECTURES

EVENT-BASED
ARCHITECTURES

OBJECT-BASED SHARED DATA-

ARCHITECTURES SPACE
ARCHITECTURAL

Actions
CONTENT-BASED SUBJECT-BASED
 Centralized System Hybrid
Architectures
Client-Server + Decnetralized
Client-Server organization
Multitier organization:
–“Servers as clients”

Basic client‐server
(request-reply)
model: (Two Decentralized
processes)

Peer-to-peer networks

Communication
between client
and server is
implemented by :
Connectionless protocol when underlying network is reliable. (UDP)
Reliable connection-oriented protocol when underlying network is unreliable. (TCP)
 Easier to handle asynchronous
Easier to handle priority scheduling
events

Less communication overhead

WHY USE THREADS

Avoid process Avoid needless Exploit

switching blocking parallelism
 Several models for programming the
USER-LEVEL
server
Less overhead than k-level;
faster execution

User-level threads are created Single threaded

by calling functions in a user- PARALLELISM
level library.
KERNEL-LEVEL Blocking system call
-Support multiprocessing
– Independently schedulable
by OS

Multi-threaded
– Can continue to run if one
thread blocks on a system call.

Thread NO PARALLELISM
Implementation Blocking system call
LIGHT WEIGHT
PROCESSES
(LWP)

LWP is similar to a kernel-level thread Finite-state machine

PARALLELISM
The process can have several LWPs
created by the kernel in response to a NO Blocking system call
system call.
 FOUR TYPES OF
INTERFACES WITH
THREE LEVELS

INSTRUCTION
SET LIBRARY
ARCHITECTURE SYSTEM CALLS CALLS
the set of machine as offered by AN OS Also know as
instructions with two Application
subset; programming
interface
API
Privileged instruction
Executed allow by OS only

General instruction
Executed by any program
server cluster
1
SWITCHING

THREE
TIERED
SERVER 2 SERVERS

CLUSTER

3 DATA PROCESSING
SERVERS

Server Design

ItrativeI server Concurrent server

 Code Migration

Instead of distributed system communication

based on passing data, why not pass code
instead?

Load balancing
Reduce communication overhead
Parallelism
Flexibility
 Three components of a process

Code Seqment Resources Seqment Execution Seqment

The executable External resource current state

instruction
 Types of Process-to
-Resource Binding

Binding Binding Binding

by by by
Identifier BI Type BT Value BV

STRONGEST TO WEEKEST
COLLABRATION MOBILE
AGENT AGENT
Know as multi Code can
agent system relocated and
work with each continue

Types of
other for executed
common goal

Software INFORMATION
INTERFACE
AGENT
Software
Agent AGENT
Design to
collect and
learning process
abilities dispersed data
and
information
 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

PERSISTENT DISCRETE
VS VS
TRANSIENT STREAMING

SYNCHRONOUS
VS
ASYNCHRONOUS
 Remote
Procedure
Call

Massage Middleware Streaming

Oriented Oriented
Communication
Communication Communication
Techniques

Multicast
communication
 01 Distributed File
service

RPC 02 Directory

SERVICES service

PROVIDED 03 Security
service

04 Distributed
Time service
 Representation

Types Representation

Continuous representation media Discrete representation media

temporal relations between data are not so much (text, still pictures, etc.)
significant
 DATA STREAM MODES

Synchornous

01 03
Transmits each data unit with a
guaranteed upper limit to the
delay for each unit.

Ioschronous
Asynchronous
The orders are important, and
02 Have a maximum and
data is transmitted one after minimum delay.
the other.