AWWA C301 - 2007 - Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type

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ANSI/AWWA C301-07
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C301--99)
The Authoritative Resource on Safe Water®
AWWA Standard
Prestressed Concrete
Pressure Pipe,
Steel-Cylinder Type
SM
Effective date: June 1, 2007.

First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors Nov. 21, 1949.
This edition approved Jan. 21, 2007.
Approved by American National Standards Institute Jan. 11, 2007.
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AWWA Standard
This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards
describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally
contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the
standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA
publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify,
or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. AWWA standards are intended to represent
a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA
revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the classified
advertising section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month
of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice.
American National Standard

An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An
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American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The
existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has
approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures
not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned
to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are
encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the
goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards.
CAUTION NOTICE: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard
indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at
any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five
years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all
standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York,
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Science and Technology

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knowledge. Through its members, AWWA develops industry standards for products and processes that advance public
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Copyright © 2007 by American Water Works Association

Printed in USA
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Committee Personnel
The AWWA standards subcommittee that revised this standard had the following personnel
at the time of approval:
Michael M. Hicks, Chair
General Interest
M.M. Hicks, MWH Americas Inc., Walnut Creek, Calif. (AWWA)

A.E. Romer, Boyle Engineering Corporation, Newport Beach, Calif. (AWWA)
C.C. Sundberg, CH2M Hill, Issaquah, Wash. (AWWA)
M.S. Zarghamee, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc., Waltham, Mass. (AWWA)
Producer
S.A. Arnaout, Hanson Pipe & Products Inc., Dallas, Texas (AWWA)
H.H. Bardakjian, Ameron International, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. (AWWA)
G. Bizien, Hyprescon Inc., St. Eustache, Que. (AWWA)
A.W. Tremblay, Price Brothers Company, Dayton, Ohio (AWWA)
The AWWA Standards Committee on Concrete Pressure Pipe, which reviewed and
approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval:
Wayne R. Brunzell, Chair

David P. Prosser, Secretary
General Interest Members
W.R. Brunzell, Brunzell Associates Ltd., Skokie, Ill. (AWWA)

R.C. Edmunds, Jones Edmunds & Associates, Gainesville, Fla. (AWWA)
L.B. Freese, Freese and Nichols Inc., Fort Worth, Texas (AWWA)
J.K. Haney, HDR Engineering Inc., Austin, Texas (AWWA)
M.M. Hicks, MWH Americas Inc., Walnut Creek, Calif. (AWWA)
R.Y. Konyalian, Consultant, Huntington Beach, Calif. (AWWA)
S.A. McKelvie, Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas Inc., Boston, Mass. (NEWWA)
T. Niemann, Elizabeth Niemann & Associates, Louisville, Ky. (AWWA)
iii
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P.J. Olson,* Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
J.J. Roller, CTL Group, Skokie, Ill. (AWWA)
A.E. Romer, Boyle Engineering Corporation, Newport Beach, Calif. (AWWA)
C.C. Sundberg, CH2M Hill, Issaquah, Wash. (AWWA)
M.S. Zarghamee, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc., Waltham, Mass. (AWWA)
Producer Members
J.O. Alayon, Atlantic Pipe Corporation, San Juan, Puerto Rico (AWWA)
S.A. Arnaout, Hanson Pipe & Products Inc., Dallas, Texas (AWWA)
H.H. Bardakjian, Ameron International, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. (AWWA)
G. Bizien, Hyprescon Inc., St. Eustache, Que. (AWWA)
D. Dechant, Northwest Pipe Company, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
S.R. Malcolm, Vianini Pipe Inc., Somerville, N.J. (AWWA)
D.P. Prosser, American Concrete Pressure Pipe Association, Reston, Va. (ACPPA)
A.W. Tremblay, Price Brothers Company, Dayton, Ohio (AWWA)
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User Members
B.M. Bradish, City of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Va. (AWWA)

J. Galleher, San Diego County Water Authority, San Diego, Calif. (AWWA)
J.W. Keith, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. (abstained) (AWWA)
D. Marshall, Tarrant Regional Water District, Fort Worth, Texas (AWWA)
V.B. Soto, Los Angeles Department of Water & Power, Los Angeles, Calif. (AWWA)
D.A. Wiedyke, Consultant, Clinton Township, Mich. (AWWA)
*Liaison, nonvoting
iv
Contents
All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format
may be found in a particular standard.
SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE
Foreword 4 Requirements
I Introduction..................................... vii 4.1 Permeation......................................... 7
I.A Background...................................... vii 4.2 Plans and Data to Be Provided by
I.B History............................................ viii Purchaser ........................................ 7
I.C Acceptance ...................................... viii 4.3 Data to Be Submitted by
II Special Issues..................................... ix Manufacturer .................................. 8
III Use of This Standard ........................ ix 4.4 Materials ............................................ 8
III.A Purchaser Options and Alternatives ... x 4.5 Design.............................................. 13
III.B Modification to Standard.................. xi 4.6 Fabrication....................................... 16
IV Major Revisions ................................ xi 4.7 Fittings and Special Pipe.................. 28
V Comments ........................................ xi 5 Verification
5.1 Inspection and Testing by Purchaser.. 30
Standard
5.2 Tests ................................................ 31
1 General
5.3 Quality Assurance ............................ 32
1.1 Scope ................................................. 1
6 Delivery
1.2 Purpose .............................................. 2
6.1 Marking ........................................... 32
1.3 Application ........................................ 2
6.2 Transportation ................................. 33
2 References.......................................... 2
6.3 Affidavit of Compliance................... 33
3 Definitions ........................................ 6
Table
1 Minimum Thickness of Sheet
or Plate for Fittings of Various
Diameters...................................... 29
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Foreword
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This foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI/AWWA C301.
I. Introduction.
I.A. Background. There are two types of prestressed concrete, steel-cylinder
pipe: (1) the lined-cylinder type, with a core composed of a steel cylinder lined with
concrete and subsequently wire-wrapped directly on the steel cylinder and coated
with mortar; and (2) the embedded-cylinder type, with a core composed of a steel
cylinder encased in concrete and subsequently wire-wrapped on the exterior concrete
surface and coated with cement mortar. The lined-cylinder type, which was first used
in the United States in 1942, is provided in sizes from 16 in. (410 mm) to 60 in.
(1,520 mm). The embedded-cylinder type, which was developed later and first
installed in 1953, is most commonly manufactured in sizes 48 in. (1,220 mm) and
larger.
Both types are designed for the specific combination of internal pressure and
external load required for the project in accordance with the procedures outlined in
ANSI/AWWA C304, Standard for Design of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe.
Prestressed concrete steel-cylinder pipe is used for transmission mains, distribu-
tion feeder mains, pressure siphons (including river crossings), penstocks, industrial
pressure lines, water intake lines, and other applications.
In the manufacture of lined-cylinder pipe, the first step is to fabricate and
hydrostatically test the steel cylinder with joint rings attached. The cylinder is then
lined with concrete to form the core. The concrete is placed either centrifugally, by
vertical casting, or by a radial compaction method. The concrete lining is cured and
high-tensile wire is wrapped around the core directly on the steel cylinder. For a
selected wire size, the tension and spacing of the wire are controlled to produce a
predetermined residual compression in the core to meet design requirements. The
wrapped core is then covered with a dense premixed mortar coating applied by a
mechanical impact method.
In the manufacture of embedded-cylinder pipe, the cylinder and joint rings are
constructed and tested in the same manner as lined-cylinder pipe. The cylinder is
encased in concrete by vertical casting and mechanical vibration to constitute the
core. After curing, the wire reinforcement is wound under tension in one or more
layers around the outside of the concrete core containing the cylinder, instead of
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directly on the cylinder. The exterior coating of premixed mortar is placed by
impaction.
Installation of this pipe is described in AWWA Manual M9, Concrete Pressure
Pipe.
I.B. History. The first edition of this standard was approved as tentative on
Nov. 21, 1949. It was revised and made standard June 13, 1952. The second edition
was approved as tentative June 17, 1955, and made standard June 26, 1958.
Substantial changes, including the addition of combined loading procedures, were
included in the third edition, which was made standard Jan. 27, 1964. The standard
was revised again on Jan. 31, 1972; June 24, 1979; Jan. 30, 1984; June 22, 1992; and
Jan. 24, 1999. This edition was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on
Jan. 21, 2007.
I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF
International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a
certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other
members of the original consortium included the American Water Works Association
Research Foundation (AwwaRF) and the Conference of State Health and Environ-
mental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA)
and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later.
In the US, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking
water rests with individual states.* Local agencies may choose to impose requirements
more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health effects of
products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies
may use various references, including
1. An advisory program formerly administered by USEPA, Office of Drinking
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Water, discontinued on Apr. 7, 1990.

2. Specific policies of the state or local agency.
3. Two standards developed under the direction of NSF, NSF†/ANSI‡ 60,
*Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction.
†NSF International, 789 N. Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48113.
‡American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
viii
Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals—Health Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking
Water System Components—Health Effects.
4. Other references, including AWWA standards, Food Chemicals Codex, Water
Chemicals Codex,* and other standards considered appropriate by the state or local
agency.
Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in
accordance with NSF/ANSI 61. Individual states or local agencies have authority to
accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation
of certification organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 61
does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances
not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of
an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing
guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens).
Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier.
ANSI/AWWA C301 does not address additives requirements. Thus, users of this
standard should consult the appropriate state, local, or provincial agency having
jurisdiction in order to
1. Determine additives requirements including applicable standards.
2. Determine the status of certifications by parties offering to certify products
for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water.
3. Determine current information on product certification.
II. Special Issues. This standard has no applicable information for this
section.
III. Use of This Standard. It is the responsibility of the user of an AWWA
standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for use
in the particular application being considered.
III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. Purchasers are advised that, while
this standard presents information on materials and procedures for manufacture of
the pipe, it does not contain all of the engineering information needed to prepare a
*Both publications available from National Academy of Sciences, 500 Fifth Street, NW,
Washington, DC 20001.
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complete specification for a particular pipeline installation. A specific installation
may require provisions more restrictive than those in the standard and most certainly
will require additional design and installation features.
Reference to AWWA Manual M9, Concrete Pressure Pipe, should be considered as
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a supplement to the use of this standard, and information in the manual should not
be regarded as superseding any portion of this standard. The purpose of Manual M9
is to provide information concerning some of the various subjects to be considered
in, and the minimum standard of practice for, the design and installation of concrete
pressure pipelines.
When purchasing pipe under the provisions of this standard, the purchaser’s
specifications shall include specific details, where applicable, regarding the following:
1. Standard used—that is, ANSI/AWWA C301, Prestressed Concrete Pressure
Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type, of latest revision.
2. Manner of storage and delivery, if required of the manufacturer.
3. Working pressure, surge pressure, field test pressure, external loading condi-
tions, and method of bedding and backfilling (Sec. 4.2.1).
4. If detailed drawings and schedules are to be submitted for review (Sec. 4.3.1
and 4.7.1).
5. If the manufacturer is not permitted to supply pipe from inventory (Sec.
4.3.1).
6. If a tabulated layout schedule will be required (Sec. 4.3.2).
7. If any material or manufacturing test reports will be required (Sec. 4.4,
5.1.2, and 5.2).
8. Type of cement required, if there is a preference (Sec. 4.4.1.1).
9. If the manufacturer is not permitted to use pozzolanic materials as a cement
replacement (Sec. 4.4.1.1).
10. If aggregate samples will be required (Sec. 4.4.4).
11. If the manufacturer is not permitted to use admixtures (Sec. 4.4.6).
12. If submission of manufacturer’s verification of design will be required (Sec.
4.5.2.1).
13. If submission for approval of welder qualification (Sec. 4.6.2) and welding
procedure specifications (Sec. 4.6.3) will be required.
14. If details of specials and fittings are to be provided by the manufacturer (Sec.
4.7.1).
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15. If the purchaser desires to inspect the material, pipe, and fittings at the man-
ufacturer’s plant (Sec. 5.1.1).
16. If steel test specimens will be required (Sec. 5.2.6).
17. If an affidavit of compliance will be required (Sec. 6.3).
III.B. Modification to Standard. Any modification to the provisions, defini-
tions, or terminology in this standard must be provided by the purchaser.
IV. Major Revisions. Major changes made to the standard in this revision
include the following:
1. References for steel sheets, coils, and strips have been updated to reflect new
and discontinued ASTM standards (Sec. 2, Sec. 4.4.7.2, and Sec. 4.4.9.2).
2. The maximum root opening for the cylinder to joint ring weld assembly and
the weld repair procedure have been added (Sec. 4.6.4.2.1).
3. The radial compaction method has been added for concrete placement for
the pipe core (Sec. 4.6.5.1).
4. A statement on retensioning of the wire during placing of wire reinforce-
ment has been added (Sec. 4.6.7.1).
5. The allowable maximum individual mortar coating absorption value has
been reduced (Sec. 4.6.8.3).
V. Comments. If you have any comments or questions about this standard,
please call the AWWA Volunteer and Technical Support Group at 303.794.7711,
FAX at 303.795.7603, write to the group at 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO
80235-3098, or e-mail at standards@awwa.org.
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ANSI/AWWA C301-07
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C301-99)
AWWA Standard
Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe,

Steel-Cylinder Type
SECTION 1: GENERAL
Sec. 1.1 Scope

This standard describes the manufacture of circumferentially prestressed
concrete pressure pipe with a steel cylinder and wire reinforcement in sizes 16 in.
(410 mm) through 144 in. (3,660 mm). Larger sizes have been manufactured based
on the concepts presented in this standard. The standard describes two types of
prestressed pipe: (1) lined-cylinder pipe with a core composed of a steel cylinder lined
with concrete and subsequently wire-wrapped and coated with premixed mortar, and
(2) embedded-cylinder pipe with a core composed of a steel cylinder encased in
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concrete and subsequently wire wrapped and coated with premixed cement mortar.
The design of prestressed concrete pipe is not presented in this standard but is the
subject of ANSI/AWWA C304, Design of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe. ANSI/
AWWA C301 also does not include requirements for handling, delivering, laying,
field testing, or disinfecting of pipe. See AWWA Manual M9, Concrete Pressure Pipe,
for this information.
1.1.1 Essential requirements. The pipe shall have the following principal
features: a welded steel cylinder with steel joint rings welded to its ends; for lined-
1
2 AWWA C301-07
cylinder pipe, a core consisting of a lining of concrete within the steel cylinder, or for
embedded-cylinder pipe, a core consisting of the steel cylinder encased in concrete;
reinforcement consisting of high-tensile wire wound around the outside of the core
in one or more layers at a predetermined stress and fastened securely at its ends; a
coating of dense mortar covering the core and wire, except for the necessarily exposed
surfaces of the joint rings; and a self-centering joint with a preformed gasket of
rubber, designed so that the joint will be watertight under all conditions of service.
Lined-cylinder pipe shall be used for pipe sizes up to and including 20 in. (510 mm)
and may be used for pipe sizes up to and including 60 in. (1,520 mm). Embedded-
cylinder pipe may be used for pipe sizes 24 in. (610 mm) through 60 in. (1,520 mm)
and shall be used for larger pipe. For embedded-cylinder pipe, at least one third of
the total core thickness shall be outside the cylinder.
Sec. 1.2 Purpose

The purpose of this standard is to provide the minimum requirements for steel-
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cylinder, prestressed concrete pressure pipe.
Sec. 1.3 Application

This standard can be referenced in specifications for purchasing and receiving
prestressed concrete pressure pipe, steel-cylinder type, and can be used as a guide for
manufacturing this type of concrete pressure pipe. The stipulations of this standard
apply when this document has been referenced and then only to prestressed concrete
pressure pipe, steel-cylinder type.
SECTION 2: REFERENCES
This standard references the following documents. In their latest editions, they
form a part of this standard to the extent specified within the standard. In any case
of conflict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail.
ACI*—Committee 305 report—Hot Weather Concreting.
*ACI International, 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331.

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PRESSURE PIPE, STEEL-CYLINDER TYPE 3
ANSI*/AWS† D1.1—Structural Welding Code—Steel.

ANSI/AWS D1.3—Structural Welding Code—Sheet Steel.
ANSI/AWWA C304—Design of Prestressed Concrete-Cylinder Pipe.
ASME‡ SEC IX—Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Sec. IX, Qualification
Standard for Welding and Brazing Procedures, Welders, Brazers, and Welding and
Brazing Operators.
ASTM§ A27/A27M—Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for
General Application.
ASTM A36/A36M—Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel.
ASTM A185—Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement,
Plain, for Concrete.
ASTM A283/A283M—Standard Specification for Low and Intermediate
Tensile Strength Carbon Steel Plates.
ASTM A285/A285M—Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Car-
bon Steel, Low- and Intermediate-Tensile Strengths.
ASTM A370—Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
of Steel Products.
ASTM A497/A497M—Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-
forcement, Deformed, for Concrete.
ASTM A568/A568M—Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon and
High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot Rolled and Cold Rolled, General Requirements for.
ASTM A575—Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Merchant
Quality, M-Grades.
ASTM A576—Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought,
Special Quality.
ASTM A615/A615M—Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Bil-
let-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement.
*American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
†American Welding Society Inc., 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
‡ASME International, Three Park Avenue New York, NY 10016.
§ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.
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4 AWWA C301-07
ASTM A635/A635M—Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip,

Heavy-Thickness Coils, Hot-Rolled Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy,
and High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, General Requirements for.
ASTM A648—Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Hard Drawn for
Prestressing Concrete Pipe.
ASTM A659/A659M—Standard Specification for Commercial Steel (CS),
Sheet and Strip, Carbon (0.16 Maximum to 0.25 Maximum Percent), Hot-rolled.
ASTM A663/A663M—Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Mer-
chant Quality, Mechanical Properties.
ASTM A675/A675M—Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon,
Hot-Wrought, Special Quality, Mechanical Properties.
ASTM A706/A706M—Standard Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformed
and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement.
Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy and High-Strength Low-
Alloy with Improved Formability.
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Heavy-Thickness Coils, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Commercial, Drawing, Structural,
High-Strength Low-Alloy, and High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability.
ASTM C29/C29M—Standard Test Method for Bulk Density (Unit Weight)
and Voids in Aggregate.
ASTM C31/C31M—Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
Specimens in the Field.
ASTM C33—Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates.
ASTM C39/C39M—Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of
Cylindrical Concrete Specimens.
ASTM C94/C94M—Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete.
ASTM C109/C109M—Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm Cube Specimens).
ASTM C127—Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate.
ASTM C128—Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific

Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggregate.
ASTM C150—Standard Specification for Portland Cement.
ASTM C172—Standard Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete.
ASTM C192/C192M—Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete
Test Specimens in the Laboratory.
ASTM C309—Standard Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-
pounds for Curing Concrete.
ASTM C494/C494M—Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for
Concrete.
ASTM C497—Standard Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or
Tile.
ASTM C617—Standard Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens.
ASTM C618—Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Concrete.
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ASTM C1240—Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious

Mixtures.
ASTM D75—Standard Practices for Sampling Aggregates.
ASTM D297—Standard Test Methods for Rubber Products—Chemical
Analysis.
ASTM D395—Standard Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression Set.
ASTM D412—Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplas-
tic Elastomers—Tension.
ASTM D572—Standard Test Method for Rubber-Deterioration by Heat and
Oxygen.
ASTM D573—Standard Test Methods for Rubber-Deterioration in an Air
Oven.
ASTM D2240—Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer
Hardness.
AWWA Manual M9—Concrete Pressure Pipe.
6 AWWA C301-07
CSA*W47.1—Certification of Companies for Fusion Welding of Steel Struc-

tures.
For pipe manufactured according to this standard in Canada, appropriate
material specifications issued by the Canadian Standards Association* (CSA) may be
applicable.
SECTION 3: DEFINITIONS
The following definitions shall apply in this standard:
1. Approved: Having received the approval of the purchaser.
2. Autogenous healing: The process by which cracks in concrete are healed
by the formation of calcium carbonate in the presence of moisture.
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3. Constructor: The party that provides the work and materials for
placement or installation.
4. Dead loads: The pipe weight, water weight, and all superimposed static
loads, including earth loads, applied to the outside of the pipe after installation.
5. External loads: All live and dead loads applied to the outside of the pipe
after installation.
6. Live loads: All external transient loads applied to the outside of the pipe
during and after installation.
7. Manufacturer: The party that manufactures, fabricates, or produces
materials or products.
8. Normal operating conditions: Conditions based on working pressure and
dead loads.
9. Pipe diameter or size: The inside diameter of the pipe.
10. Purchaser: The person, company, or organization that purchases any
materials or work to be performed.
11. Supplier: The party that supplies materials or services. A supplier may or
may not be the manufacturer.
12. Surge pressures: Internal pressure in excess of the working pressure caused
by rapid changes in pipeline flow velocity.
*Canadian Standards Association, 5060 Spectrum Way, Mississauga, ON L4W 5N6.

13. Test pressure: Maximum internal field-test pressure for each part of the
pipeline.
14. Transient conditions: Conditions based on surge pressures or live loads
that exceed normal operating conditions.
15. Working pressure: Maximum internal pressure for each pipe, or portion
of the pipeline, established by the hydraulic gradient, exclusive of surge pressure, or
the static pressure specified by the purchaser, whichever results in the greater pressure.
SECTION 4: REQUIREMENTS
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Sec. 4.1 Permeation

The selection of materials is critical for water service and distribution piping in
locations where there is a likelihood that the pipe will be exposed to significant
concentrations of pollutants comprised of low molecular weight petroleum products
or organic solvents or their vapors. Research has documented that pipe materials,
such as polyethylene, polybutylene, polyvinyl chloride, and asbestos cement, and
elastomers, such as used in jointing gaskets and packing glands, are subject to
permeation by lower molecular weight organic solvents or petroleum products. If a
water pipe must pass through such a contaminated area or an area subject to
contamination, consult with the manufacturer regarding permeation of pipe walls,
jointing materials, and so forth, before selecting materials for use in that area.
Sec. 4.2 Plans and Data to Be Provided by Purchaser

4.2.1 Design data. The purchaser shall specify the working pressure, field
test pressure, and transient conditions applicable to each portion of the pipeline. The
external loading conditions and the method, or methods, of bedding and backfilling
shall be specified by the purchaser.
4.2.2 Drawings. The purchaser shall provide the constructor with plans and
profiles showing (1) alignment and grades; (2) the location of all outlets, connections,
and special appurtenances; (3) working, test, and surge pressures for each portion of
the pipeline; and (4) special details. The purchaser shall otherwise provide the
constructor with the information necessary for the design and manufacture of the
pipe and fittings in accordance with this standard and with the specific requirements
of the work for which the pipe is made. This information shall be provided
8 AWWA C301-07
sufficiently in advance of scheduled installations to allow for subsequent pipe design

and manufacture.
4.2.3 Design responsibility. The purchaser is responsible for the overall
concept and design of the pipeline project, including supporting structures. The
manufacturer is responsible for supplying pipe in accordance with the purchaser’s
criteria defined in Sec. 4.2.1 and 4.2.2.
Sec. 4.3 Data to Be Submitted by Manufacturer

4.3.1 Detailed drawings and schedules. The manufacturer shall prepare draw-
ings and schedules showing full details of reinforcement, concrete, and joint
dimensions for the pipe and fittings. These shall be submitted to the purchaser for
approval when required in the purchaser’s specifications. Pipe may be supplied from
inventory unless the purchaser has indicated otherwise.
4.3.2 Tabulated layout schedule. When specifically required, the data submit-
ted by the manufacturer shall include a tabulated layout schedule with reference to
the stationing and grade line shown on the drawings supplied by the purchaser. The
schedule shall show pressure zones, each of which shall be designated by the
applicable working pressure. The point of change from one zone to the next shall be
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clearly indicated by station number. The diameter of the pipe and area of
circumferential steel reinforcement (per unit length of pipe wall) shall be referenced
for each portion of the pipeline.
Sec. 4.4 Materials

All material provided by the manufacturer shall be new and of the quality
required. Materials shall comply with the Safe Drinking Water Act and other federal
requirements.
4.4.1 Cement.
4.4.1.1 Type. Cement for concrete, mortar, and slurry shall conform to
ASTM C150. Either type I or type II may be used unless the purchaser specifies a
particular type. Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, raw or calcined natural
pozzolan, fly ash, or silica fume may be used as a cement replacement for concrete in
the pipe core only. If pozzolanic materials are used, not more than 20 percent of the
cement, by weight, may be replaced by pozzolanic materials. If silica fume is used,
not more than 10 percent of the cement, by weight, may be replaced by silica fume.
The pozzolanic materials shall conform to ASTM C618 except that loss on ignition
shall not exceed 4 percent. Silica fume shall conform to ASTM C1240. Sampling and
testing shall conform to the individual ASTM specifications designated therein.
4.4.1.2 Inspection. Satisfactory facilities shall be provided for identifying,
inspecting, and sampling cement and pozzolan at the mill, warehouse, and site of
pipe manufacture. The purchaser shall have the right to inspect the cement and
pozzolan and obtain samples for testing at any of these locations.
4.4.1.3 Storage. Cement and pozzolan shall be stored in a watertight, dry,
well-ventilated structure.
4.4.1.4 Unusable material. Cement or pozzolan containing lumps shall be
rejected and shall be removed immediately from the worksite.
4.4.1.5 Temperature. If the temperature of the cement or pozzolan exceeds
150°F (66°C), it shall be stored until cooled to or below that temperature.
4.4.2 Fine aggregate. Fine aggregate for concrete and mortar shall consist of
natural sand or sand prepared from the product obtained by crushing stone or gravel
and shall comply with the requirements of ASTM C33. For the purpose of qualifying
a source of aggregate to be used in the manufacture of pipe, the apparent specific
gravity of fine aggregate, sampled in accordance with ASTM D75 and measured in
accordance with ASTM C128, shall be not less than 2.60. Specific gravity
measurements and all other mandatory tests listed in ASTM C33 shall be made
annually unless the purchaser specifies otherwise, or whenever the source of fine
aggregate is changed. Sieve analysis of fine aggregate shall be performed in accordance
with ASTM C33 on a weekly basis.
4.4.3 Coarse aggregate. Coarse aggregate for concrete shall consist of hard,
durable particles of crushed stone or crushed or uncrushed gravel and shall conform
to the requirements of ASTM C33. For the purpose of qualifying a source of
aggregate to be used in the manufacture of pipe, the apparent specific gravity of
coarse aggregate, sampled in accordance with ASTM D75 and measured in
accordance with ASTM C127, shall not be less than 2.60. Specific gravity
measurements and all other mandatory tests listed in ASTM C33 shall be made
annually, unless the purchaser specifies otherwise, or whenever the source of coarse
aggregate is changed. Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate shall be performed in
accordance with ASTM C33 on a weekly basis. Coarse aggregate shall meet the
deleterious substances requirements for Class 3S, 3M, or 1N shown in Table 3 of
ASTM C33 in the severe, moderate, and negligible weathering regions, respectively,
shown in Figure 1 of ASTM C33.
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10 AWWA C301-07
4.4.4 Samples of aggregates. At least four weeks prior to mixing concrete or

mortar for production, the manufacturer shall provide to the purchaser samples of
each aggregate to be used in the manufacture of pipe and fittings for preliminary
approval if required in the purchaser’s specifications. The samples shall be in suitable
containers of not less than 1 ft3 (0.03 m3). All samples shall be plainly labeled to
indicate the source of material, the date, and the name of the collector. Aggregates
shall be sampled in accordance with the methods provided in ASTM D75.
4.4.5 Water. The water used for concrete, cement mortar, slurry, and curing
pipe shall conform to the applicable requirements of ASTM C94. The water shall be
fresh or recycled concrete process water and shall be free from injurious amounts of
oil, acid, strong alkalies, salts, and vegetable matter.
4.4.6 Admixtures. The water-reducing or set-controlling admixture or a
combination of both used in concrete and cement mortar shall conform to
ASTM C494. No admixture shall contain amounts of chlorides that would cause the
limits for chloride content of concrete or mortar in Sec. 4.6.5.2 and 4.6.8.2 to be
exceeded. When required in the purchaser’s specifications, the purchaser shall be
advised of the type and amount of admixtures, if any, used in the concrete prior to
the manufacture of pipe.
4.4.7 Steel for cylinders and fittings.
4.4.7.1 General. The steel used in the manufacture of cylinders for pipe
shall have a minimum yield strength of 33,000 psi (227 MPa). The steel used in the
manufacture of fittings shall have a minimum yield strength equal to or greater than
twice the circumferential steel stress resulting from the working pressure used in
fittings design, or 30,000 psi (207 MPa), whichever is greater.
4.4.7.2 Steel sheets and coils. Steel sheets and coils shall have a minimum
elongation at rupture of 15 percent in a 2-in. (50-mm) gauge length and shall meet
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the requirements of ASTM A1011 SS, ASTM A659, or ASTM A1018 SS.
4.4.7.3 Steel plates. Steel plates shall conform to ASTM A283,
ASTM A285, or ASTM A36.
4.4.7.4 Steel bars. Flat steel bars shall conform to ASTM A663, grade 55,
except that the carbon content shall not exceed 0.25 percent as shown by heat
analysis; ASTM A675 (leaded steel excluded), grade 60, except that the carbon
content shall not exceed 0.25 percent as shown by heat analysis; ASTM A36; or
ASTM A575, grade M1020.
4.4.7.5 Physical properties. A sample from a minimum of one coil or
bundle per heat shall be tested in accordance with the applicable portions of
ASTM A370 for yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation to verify
compliance with the applicable standards. At the pipe manufacturer’s option, these
tests may be performed by either the pipe manufacturer or the steel supplier.
4.4.7.6 Thickness tolerance. Plate and sheet shall be ordered to the thickness
determined considering all pertinent design factors. For plate, the maximum
allowable thickness variation shall be 0.010 in. (0.25 mm) under determined
thickness. For sheet, the maximum allowable thickness variation shall be as tabulated
in ASTM A568 for thickness up to 0.230 in. (5.8 mm) or ASTM A635 for larger
thickness, as applicable; however, the maximum allowable thickness variation for
sheet shall not in any case exceed 0.010 in. (0.25 mm) under the determined
thickness. The thickness of each coil or one sheet of each bundle shall be checked by
the pipe manufacturer for compliance with the applicable standards.
4.4.8 Steel reinforcement.
4.4.8.1 Prestressing wire. The wire for circumferential reinforcement shall
conform to ASTM A648, including the Supplemental Requirements, and the
following additional requirements: The pipe manufacturer shall test a sample, for
all mechanical requirements, from 1 of each 10 consecutively produced coils or
fraction thereof in each lot. Failure of any specimen, when tested by the pipe
manufacturer, to meet the requirements for tensile strength, reduction of area,
number of turns in torsion, or shear area in torsion listed in ASTM A648 shall be
verified by retesting two additional specimens from the coil in question. If either
additional specimen fails the retest for the mechanical requirement in which the first
specimen failed, the coil in question shall be rejected. If any coil is rejected, including
rejection as a result of occurrence of spiral (longitudinal) splitting during torsion
testing, all other coils in the lot or heat from which the rejected coil sample was
selected shall be tested for the mechanical requirement(s) in question. Defective coils
shall be sorted out and rejected. If 10 percent or more of the coils in a lot or heat are
rejected, then the entire lot or heat shall be rejected.
4.4.8.2 Bars. Steel-bar reinforcement shall be plain round bar conforming to
ASTM A615, grade 40, except that the carbon content shall not exceed 0.30 percent
as shown by heat analysis, and the carbon equivalency shall be a maximum of
0.55 percent as determined by the criteria specified in ASTM A706 or conforming to
ASTM A36.
4.4.8.3 Wire fabric. Wire-fabric reinforcement for mortar coating and lining
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12 AWWA C301-07
of fittings shall conform to ASTM A185 or ASTM A497.

4.4.9 Steel for joint rings.
4.4.9.1 General. The grade of steel used in the manufacture of bell rings for
pipe and fittings shall have a minimum required yield strength of 30,000 psi
(207 MPa), and for fittings shall be equal to or greater than twice the circumferential
steel stress resulting from the working pressure used in fittings design or 30,000 psi
(207 Mpa), whichever is greater. The joint ring steel shall have a minimum
elongation of 20 percent in a 2-in. (50-mm) gauge length. The requirements of
Sec. 4.4.7.5 (physical properties) shall apply.
4.4.9.2 Steel sheet and strips. Steel sheet and strips used for bell rings shall
meet the requirements of ASTM A1011 SS or ASTM A1018 SS.
4.4.9.3 Steel plates, bars, and special sections. Special shapes for bell joint
rings and spigot joint rings and steel plate and bars for bell rings shall conform to
ASTM A283; ASTM A575, grade M1012 or M1015; ASTM A663, grade 50;
ASTM A576, grade 1012 or 1015; ASTM A675 (leaded steel excluded), grade 50,
except that the carbon content shall not exceed 0.25 percent as shown by heat
analysis; or ASTM A36.
4.4.10 Steel castings for fittings. Steel castings for fittings shall conform to
ASTM A27, grade 70-36, normalized.
4.4.11 Rubber for gaskets.
4.4.11.1 General. The gasket shall have smooth surfaces free from pitting,
blisters, porosity, and other imperfections. The rubber compound shall contain not
less than 50 percent (by volume) of polyisoprene or synthetic rubbers. The remainder
of the compound shall consist of pulverized fillers free from rubber substitutes,
reclaimed rubber, and deleterious substances. The compound shall meet the
following physical requirements when tested in accordance with the indicated
conditions and designated ASTM test methods.
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4.4.11.2 Tensile strength. The tensile strength of the compound shall be at
least 2,700 psi (18.6 MPa) for polyisoprene rubber gaskets and 2,000 psi (13.8 MPa)
for synthetic rubber gaskets when tested in accordance with ASTM D412.
4.4.11.3 Ultimate elongation. The ultimate elongation shall be at least
400 percent for polyisoprene rubber gaskets and 350 percent for synthetic rubber
gaskets when tested in accordance with ASTM D412.
4.4.11.4 Density. The nominal density shall be within the range of 0.95 to
1.45 (Mg/m3) and test results shall not vary by more than ± 0.05 from the nominal
density when tested in accordance with ASTM D297.

4.4.11.5 Compression set. The compression set, expressed as the percentage
of the original deflection, shall not exceed 20 percent. The compression set
determination shall be made in accordance with ASTM D395, method B, with aging
for 22 hr at 158°F (70°C), with the exception that the disc shall be a ½-in. (12.7-
mm) thick section of the rubber gasket stock.
4.4.11.6 Tensile strength after aging. After being subjected to an accelerated
aging test for 96 hr in an air oven at 158°F (70°C) in accordance with ASTM D573,
or in a pressure chamber for 48 hr at 158°F (70°C) in an oxygen atmosphere at
300 psi (2,070 kPa) in accordance with ASTM D572, the tensile strength of the
compound shall not be less than 80 percent of the tensile strength before aging.
4.4.11.7 Hardness. The hardness shall be in the range of 50 to 65 and shall
be determined using a type A durometer in accordance with ASTM D2240, with the
exception of Sec. 6 therein. The determination shall be taken directly on the
gasket.
Sec. 4.5 Design

4.5.1 General requirements.
4.5.1.1 Sizes. Pipe shall be supplied with interior diameters from
16 in. (410 mm) to 144 in. (3,660 mm) or larger as specified by the purchaser.
4.5.1.2 Minimum laying length. In general, pipe shall have a minimum
nominal laying length of 16 ft (4.9 m), unless shorter lengths are required because of
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weight or other considerations.
4.5.1.3 Out-of-roundness and end squareness. Adequate means shall be used
as necessary to restrict the out-of-roundness of the finished pipe at any transverse
section, measured as the difference between maximum and minimum diameters, to
within 1.0 percent of the average of these diameters. Pipe ends shall be square with
the axis of the pipe within ¼ in. (6 mm) for pipe up through 36 in. (910 mm) in
diameter, within 3/8 in. (10 mm) for pipe through 120 in. (3,050 mm) in diameter,
and within ½ in. (13 mm) for larger pipe, except when beveled ends are furnished.
4.5.1.4 Diameter tolerances. Pipe shall be round and true and shall have a
smooth and dense interior surface. The mean internal diameter of any portion of
each piece of pipe shall not be less than the design diameter or size specified by more
than ¼ in. (6 mm) for 36-in. (910-mm) and smaller pipe; by more than 3/8 in.
(10 mm) for 42-in. (1,070-mm) and 48-in. (1,220-mm) pipe; by more than
14 AWWA C301-07
½ in. (13 mm) for 54-in. (1,370-mm) to 78-in. (1,980-mm) pipe; or by more than
¾ in. (19 mm) for 84-in. (2,130-mm) and larger pipe.
4.5.1.5 Core and coating tolerances. The minimum design thickness of the
core, including the thickness of the cylinder, shall be 1/16 of the design pipe diameter
for normal applications. Thickness of cores shall not be less than the design thickness
by more than 1/8 in. (3 mm) for 36-in. (910-mm) and smaller pipe; by more than
3
/16 in. (5 mm) for 42-in. (1,070-mm) to 48-in. (1,220-mm) pipe; by more than
¼ in. (6 mm) for 54-in. (1,370-mm) to 72-in. (1,830-mm) pipe; or by more than
3
/8 in. (10 mm) for pipe larger than 72 in. (1,830 mm). The thickness of the mortar
coating shall provide a minimum cover of ¾ in. (19 mm) over the wire.
4.5.2 Design of pipe.
4.5.2.1 General. The pipe shall be designed in accordance with ANSI/
AWWA C304. The manufacturer shall submit to the purchaser verification of the
design for approval prior to the manufacture of any pipe if required in the purchaser’s
specifications.
4.5.2.2 Reinforcement. The reinforcement of the pipe shall consist of a
welded steel cylinder in the core and high-tensile wire helically wrapped around the
core under measured and uniform tension after the concrete in the core has been
placed and cured. The minimum nominal thickness of the cylinder shall be
0.0598 in. (1.5 mm) (16 gauge). The design gross wrapping stress in the high-tensile
wire shall not exceed 75 percent of the required minimum tensile strength of the
wire. The nominal wire size shall not be smaller than 0.192 in. (4.88 mm) (6 gauge)
in diameter. The design centerline spacing between wires in the same layer of
reinforcement shall not be less than 2.75 wire diameters for lined cylinder pipe and
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2.0 wire diameters for embedded-cylinder pipe. The maximum centerline spacing
between wires in the same layer of reinforcement shall not exceed 1½ in. (38 mm)
except for lined cylinder pipe with ¼ in. (6.35 mm) or larger wire the maximum
centerline spacing, which shall not exceed 1 in. (25.4 mm).
4.5.3 Joint rings.
4.5.3.1 General. The steel bell-and-spigot joint rings shall be designed and
fabricated to ensure that the joint will be self-centering, when the pipe is laid and
joined. Each ring shall be formed by joining the ends of one or more pieces of steel
using complete penetration butt welding. Welds on gasket contact surfaces shall be
smooth and flush with the adjacent surfaces. The joint rings shall be accurately sized.
The rings shall be attached to the steel cylinder by watertight fillet or butt joint
welding. Prior to pipe shipment, the exposed steel portions of the joint rings on the
completed pipe shall be protected with a shop-applied rust-inhibiting primer or
metalized zinc coating.
4.5.3.2 Dimensions and tolerances. The joint rings shall be expanded by a
press beyond their elastic limits, so they are accurately sized. On the finished pipe,
the circumference of the inside bell–ring contact surface shall not exceed the
circumference of the outside spigot–ring contact surface by more than 3/16 in. (4.8 mm)
for gaskets 21/32 in. (16.7 mm) in diameter or less, and ¼ in. (6.4 mm) for larger
gaskets. The maximum out-of-roundness of either contact surface on 48-in.
(1,200-mm) and smaller pipe, measured as the difference between the maximum and
minimum joint-ring diameters, shall not exceed 3/16 in. (4.8 mm) or 0.7 percent of
the average of the maximum and minimum diameters, whichever is greater. The joint
ring out-of-roundness for pipe larger than 48 in. (1,200 mm) shall not exceed
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0.5 percent of the average of the maximum and minimum diameters or
½ in. (12.7 mm), whichever is less. The minimum thickness of the completed bell
rings shall be 3/16 in. (4.8 mm) for 36-in. (910-mm) and smaller pipe and ¼ in.
(6.4 mm) for pipe larger than 36 in. (910 mm). The rings shall conform to the
details submitted by the manufacturer and acceptable to the purchaser. The joint
rings shall be designed so that, as the pipe is laid and the joint completed, the gasket
will be enclosed on all four sides and confined under adequate compression to ensure
a watertight seal under the conditions of service. Burrs and sharp edges on the joint-
ring surface contacting the gasket shall be smoothed or blunted.
4.5.4 Rubber gaskets.
4.5.4.1 General. Joints shall be sealed with a continuous solid-ring rubber
gasket having a circular cross section with a diametral tolerance of ± 1/64 in. (± 0.40 mm).
Gaskets shall be of sufficient volume to substantially fill the recess provided when the
pipe joint is assembled, so that the gasket will be compressed to form a pressure-tight
seal. The gasket shall be the sole element depended on to make the joint
watertight.
4.5.4.2 Splices. A maximum of two splices in each gasket shall be permitted
provided that the length of gasket between splices is at least 24 in. (610 mm).
4.5.4.3 Testing of splices. Each splice in a completed gasket shall be checked by
stretching the gasket to at least twice the original length of the gasket. Each splice, while
stretched, shall be rotated a minimum of 180° in each direction to allow inspection of the
entire splice. Splices showing visible separation or cracks shall be rejected.
16 AWWA C301-07
4.5.4.4 Gasket storage. All gaskets shall be stored in a location that will
minimize gasket exposure to fuels, solvents, or other material detrimental to rubber,
and high temperature. All gaskets shall be protected from the direct rays of the sun.
Gaskets shall not show any surface crazing, cracking, or other evidence of
deterioration.
Sec. 4.6 Fabrication

4.6.1 Workmanship. All work shall be done in a thorough, professional
manner by personnel skilled in their various trades.
4.6.2 Welder qualification. All welders and welding operators shall be quali-
fied on the process and the position of welding used. Each welder or welding
operator shall have qualified within the past three years. Acceptable qualifications, as
applicable, are per the requirements of the following:
1. ANSI/AWS D1.1, Structural Welding Code—Steel.
2. ANSI/AWS D1.3, Structural Welding Code—Sheet Steel.
3. Sec. IX of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code for welding P-No. 1
(carbon or low-alloy) steels.
4. CSA W47.1 Certification of Companies for Fusion Welding of Steel Struc-
tures. For the purpose of this standard, welders and welding operators qualified under
Sec. IX of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code to weld P-No. 1 steels shall be
deemed qualified to weld any combination of steels listed in Sec. 4.4.7, 4.4.8.2,
4.4.9, and 4.4.10 of this standard.
4.6.3 Welding procedure specifications. The manufacturer shall prepare writ-
ten welding procedure specifications for all welding, according to the applicable
standard. Procedure qualification shall be conducted if no procedure exists. If
requested by the purchaser, the welding procedure specifications shall be submitted.
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4.6.4 Fabrication of steel cylinders.

4.6.4.1 General. The steel cylinders shall be formed by shaping and welding
together cut lengths or coils of required material and thickness. The cylinders shall be
shaped accurately to the size required, and the joint rings shall be welded to the ends
before testing.
4.6.4.2 Welding. When wire is to be wrapped directly on the cylinder, butt
welding or offset lap welding of the helical or transverse and longitudinal seams shall
be used to produce a smooth and continuous external surface. If the cylinder is
encased in the concrete core, butt welding or lap welding for helical or transverse and
longitudinal seams shall be used. Prior to welding, the sheets shall be fitted closely,
and they shall be held firmly during welding. Representative weld samples shall be
made at the beginning of each production run for helical forming/welding machines
when either the pipe diameter or cylinder thickness is changed. For cylinder
fabrication from flat sheets, weld samples shall be made when the cylinder thickness
is changed. These samples shall be tested transverse to the weld, and the tensile
strength shall meet or exceed the required tensile strength of the steel used for the
cylinders.
4.6.4.2.1 Cylinder to joint ring weld assembly. The parts to be joined by
fillet welds shall be brought into as close contact as practicable. The root opening for
cylinders 1/8 in. and thicker shall not exceed 3/16 in. If the separation is greater than
1
/16 in., the leg of the fillet weld shall be increased by the amount of the root opening,
or the manufacturer shall demonstrate the required effective throat has been
obtained. All such welds shall be inspected during the hydrostatic testing by
inspectors qualified per AWS D1.1 Section 6.1.4.
4.6.4.3 Hydrostatic test. Each steel cylinder, with joint rings welded to its
ends, shall be subjected to a hydrostatic test. When 0.1345-in. (3.42-mm) (10-gauge)
thick or less cylinders are tested in a horizontal position, the pressure applied shall be
such that the stress will be at least 20,000 psi (138 MPa) but not greater than
25,000 psi (172 MPa). When the cylinder is tested in a vertical position, the stress at
the lower end shall be 25,000 psi (172 MPa). Cylinders thicker than 0.1345 in.
(3.42 mm) (10 gauge), which occasionally may be required for special design
situations, shall be tested to the pressure required for 10-gauge cylinders. All flux
shall be removed from the weld during or prior to the hydrostatic testing of the
cylinder. While under pressure test, all welds shall be inspected thoroughly, and all
parts showing leakage shall be marked. Cylinders that show any leakage under test
shall have the internal pressure relieved, be rewelded at the points of leakage, and be
subjected to another hydrostatic test. This procedure shall be repeated until the
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finished cylinder, with joint rings attached, proves to be completely watertight under
the required hydrostatic test pressure.
4.6.4.4 Steel surface preparation. Before the concrete core and mortar
coating are placed, each steel cylinder shall be free of foreign matter that would
interfere with the bonding of the concrete and mortar. All indentations and bulges in
the steel cylinder deviating from the cylindrical surface by more than 3/8 in. (10 mm)
shall be removed prior to placing concrete. No indentations or bulges in the cylinder
18 AWWA C301-07
of lined-cylinder pipe causing more than a 1/16-in. (1.6-mm) clear space between the
prestressing wire and cylinder after wrapping will be permitted. The exception is at
offset-lap cylinder welds where maximum clear space shall not exceed 1/16 in.
(1.6 mm) plus the thickness of the cylinder in depth (measured radially to the
cylinder).
4.6.5 Concrete for pipe core.
4.6.5.1 General. The concrete in the cores may be placed by the centrifugal
method, by the vertical casting method, by the radial compaction method, or by
other approved methods.
4.6.5.2 Proportioning. The proportions of cement, fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate, and water used in concrete for pipe cores shall be determined and
controlled as the work proceeds to result in durable concrete adhering to the
requirements in this standard and in ANSI/AWWA C304. A minimum of
560 lb (254 kg) of cement shall be used for each cubic yard (0.76 m3) of concrete.
Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, up to 20 percent of the cement, by
weight, may be replaced with pozzolanic materials or up to 10 percent of the cement,
by weight, may be replaced with silica fume in accordance with Sec. 4.4.1.1. The
water–cement ratio shall be such that the concrete will meet the strength
requirements, but in no case shall it exceed 0.5 for concrete placed by the centrifugal
process, or 0.45 for concrete placed by the vertical cast or radial compaction process.
The water-soluble chloride ion (Cl–) content of the concrete mix, expressed as a
percentage of the weight of cement, shall not exceed 0.06 percent.
4.6.5.3 Measurement of materials. Cementitious material shall be measured
by weight. Water for mixing shall be measured by volume or by weight. Concrete
aggregates for each batch shall be measured separately by weighing. The proportions
of aggregates shall be computed on the saturated and surface-dry basis, and the
water–cement ratio shall be exclusive of water within the aggregates and absorbed by
them. The equivalent unit weights for both fine and coarse aggregates shall be
determined in accordance with ASTM C29. The equipment and devices for
weighing and measuring shall be accurate within 1 percent at all times.
4.6.5.4 Mixing. Mixing time shall be consistent with the types of materials,
admixtures, and the mixer. Transit mixing shall not be used except by written
authorization and under specified requirements of the purchaser. At the time of use,
all aggregates shall be free of frozen material. The temperature of the mix shall not be
less than 40°F (4°C) at the time of placement. The temperature of the mix for
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radially compacted or vertically cast cores shall not exceed 90°F (32°C) at the time of
placement unless the recommendations contained in Hot Weather Concreting, as
reported by the ACI Committee 305, are applied to control the effect of temperature
on the quality of the concrete. The temperature of the mix for centrifugally cast cores
shall not exceed 100°F (38°C) at the time of placement.
4.6.5.5 Concrete test cylinders. A set of at least two standard test cylinders,
6 in. (150 mm) in diameter by 12 in. (300 mm) in length or 4 in. (100 mm) by
8 in. (200 mm), shall be made each day from the mixed concrete of each mix design
placed that day to verify the 28-day concrete strength requirements of Sec. 4.6.5.8. In
addition, for determining the strength of concrete in the cores prior to prestressing,
two standard test cylinders shall be made each day for each 50 yd3 (38.2 m3) of
concrete for each mix design placed in a day, or two standard test cylinders per pipe
core, whichever requires the lesser number of cylinders. The concrete for test
cylinders shall be removed from the mix in accordance with ASTM C172 with the
exception that the sample shall be collected from a single portion from approximately
the middle two-thirds of the batch. Rodded test cylinders shall be made in
conformance with ASTM C31, and vibrated test cylinders shall be made in
accordance with ASTM C31 and ASTM C192. The initial curing of the test
cylinders shall be the same as for the pipe. After the initial cure, cylinders made for the
determination of strength for prestressing shall be stored in the same environment as
the pipe cores, and the test cylinders for determining 28-day strength shall be cured in
accordance with ASTM C31.
4.6.5.6 Centrifugal test cylinders. Centrifugally cast test cylinders may be
substituted for concrete test cylinders, at the option of the manufacturer, when the
centrifugal method is used for making cores. Test cylinders shall be centrifugally cast
in 6-in. (150-mm) diameter by 12-in. (300-mm) long molds. The molds shall be
spun on their longitudinal axes at a speed that will simulate the compaction of
concrete in the cores, to produce a spun-cylinder wall thickness of about 2 in.
(50 mm). The net area of the hollow cylinder shall be used to determine its
compressive strength.
4.6.5.7 Testing cylinders. All test cylinders shall be tested in accordance with
ASTM C39 by an approved testing laboratory unless the manufacturer has approved
testing facilities at the site of the work.
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4.6.5.8 Strength of concrete. The compressive strength of the concrete core

shall be verified by concrete test cylinders as defined in Sec. 4.6.5.5, 4.6.5.6, and
20 AWWA C301-07
4.6.5.7. The cores shall be assumed to have the same strength as the test cylinders
except when the core is placed by centrifugal casting and rodded test cylinders are
used. For this case only, the compressive strength of the core shall be considered one-
third stronger than the rodded test cylinders. The minimum compressive strength of
the core concrete at the time of prestressing shall be 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa) for
vertically cast cores and 4,000 psi (27.6 MPa) for core concrete placed by centrifugal
casting or radial compaction, unless a higher strength is required by Sec. 4.6.7. The
minimum compressive strength of the core at 28 days shall be 4,500 psi (31.0 MPa)
for vertically cast cores and 6,000 psi (41.4 MPa) for cores placed by centrifugal
casting or radial compaction. To conform to the requirements of this section, the
average of any 10 consecutive strength tests of cylinders representing each type of
concrete shall be equal to or greater than the required strength. Not more than
20 percent of the strength tests shall have values less than the required strength.
Damaged cylinders shall not be tested. Pipe made from concrete that does not meet
the strength tests in accordance with the requirements of this section shall be subject
to rejection.
4.6.5.9 Placing concrete by centrifugal method. The steel pipe cylinder with
joint rings attached shall be placed horizontally in a spinning machine and may be
held by a spinning frame. The spinning machine shall be capable of revolving the
cylinders at speeds that will produce concrete meeting the requirements of
Sec. 4.6.5.8 and 4.6.7. The method of placing concrete in the cylinder and the speed
of rotation during placing shall be such that the concrete will be evenly distributed
and sufficiently compacted at the specified thickness throughout the length of the
pipe. After the concrete has been deposited, the rotation shall be continued at a speed
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and for a length of time sufficient to provide the specified strength and sufficient
compaction and bond to permit removal from the spinning machine without damage
to the pipe core. Excess water and laitance shall be removed from the interior surface
of the pipe so the surface is solid, straight, and true.
4.6.5.10 Placing concrete by vertical casting method. The concrete lining or
core shall be cast on-end on a cast-iron or steel base ring with rigid steel collapsible
forms for the concrete surfaces. The forms shall be designed to ensure that they will
have smooth contact surfaces, tight joints, and that they will be firmly and accurately
held in proper position without distortion during the placing of the concrete. The
forms shall be designed to allow the pipe core to be removed without damaging the
surfaces of the concrete. The forms shall be cleaned thoroughly and coated with a
form-release agent before each use. The transporting and placing of concrete shall be
carried out by methods that will not cause the separation of concrete materials or the
displacement of the steel cylinder or forms from their proper positions. Adequate
methods of mechanical vibration shall be used to compact the concrete in the forms
and to ensure satisfactory surfaces.
4.6.5.11 Placing concrete by the radial compaction method. The steel pipe
cylinder with joint rings attached shall be secured vertically in a hinged support
frame and fitted with steel base and top rings to keep the ends round and true. The
entire assembly shall be precisely positioned in a radial compaction machine capable
of producing the concrete requirements of Sec. 4.6.5.8 and 4.6.7 and the minimum
length requirement of Sec. 4.5.1.2.
Concrete shall be distributed and compacted by means of a rotating head that
moves through the core as the concrete is deposited. The speed of rotation and the
vertical translation of the head shall be such that the concrete will be evenly
distributed and sufficiently compacted against the cylinder to the required thickness
throughout the length of the pipe. The head shall be equipped with a multiple
trowelling mechanism that will ensure the concrete surfaces are solid, straight, and
true. The completed core shall have sufficient strength and bond to the cylinder to
permit transport to the curing facility and removal of the frame without damage.
4.6.5.12 Other methods of placing the cores. If the manufacturer proposes
to use a method other than the centrifugal, vertical casting, or radial compaction
methods for placing the concrete lining or core, the manufacturer shall submit for
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approval to the purchaser complete details of the methods and equipment proposed
for use.
4.6.6 Curing of core.
4.6.6.1 General. Pipe cores shall be cured as described in this section to
obtain concrete of the strengths required for test cylinders under Sec. 4.6.5.8. Unless
otherwise specifically permitted, the cores shall be cured by the accelerated curing
method described in Sec. 4.6.6.2; by the water curing method described in
Sec. 4.6.6.3; or by the combination curing method described in Sec. 4.6.6.4, except
that water curing may be used only if the minimum ambient temperature exceeds
40°F (4°C).
4.6.6.2 Accelerated curing. The cores shall be placed in a curing facility or
otherwise covered by a suitable enclosure that will allow proper circulation of air or
steam. Within 1 hr of final placement of concrete in each enclosure, any exposed
22 AWWA C301-07
concrete, including the surfaces at the top of vertically cast pipe cores, shall be kept
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moist continuously, either by maintaining a moist environment surrounding the

entire pipe core at a relative humidity of not less than 85 percent, or by sealing
exposed concrete surfaces with concrete curing compound suitable for potable water,
or by the presence of free water in contact with the exposed concrete surfaces. If the
curing compound is used, the pipe manufacturer must demonstrate that it does not
reduce the bond to field-placed joint grout, or the curing compound must be
removed from the surfaces that will be in contact with joint grout after curing is
completed. The temperature of the fresh concrete within the enclosure shall not fall
below 40°F (4°C). Whenever the ambient air temperature is 40°F (4°C) or less, the
concrete temperature shall be routinely monitored and recorded at a sufficient
number of locations, including the coldest location, prior to beginning the curing
cycle, to verify that the temperature of the fresh concrete does not fall below
40°F (4°C). The temperature in the enclosure shall not be raised above 95°F (35°C)
by the introduction of heat before 4 hr after final placement of concrete in that
enclosure. At no time during accelerated curing shall the temperature within the
enclosure be increased at a rate exceeding 40°F per hour (22°C per hour). After the
4-hr delay period, the temperature within the enclosure shall be maintained at a
temperature between 90°F and 125°F (32°C and 52°C) for a minimum period of
12 hr (including the delay period), except for the time required to remove the forms
or end rings. The forms shall not be removed until the concrete has attained a
strength sufficient to resist damage during the form-removal operation, but in no case
shall the forms be removed until 6 hr after the completion of concrete placement.
The total cure, consisting of the delay period, the accelerated cure, and the ambient
air cure, shall be sufficient to produce the concrete strengths set forth in Sec. 4.6.5.8
and 4.6.7.
4.6.6.3 Water curing. Water curing shall begin as soon as the concrete has
set sufficiently to prevent damage to the exposed concrete surfaces. All exposed
concrete surfaces shall then be kept moist by intermittent or continuous water
spraying throughout the water-curing period. Forms shall not be removed until the
concrete has attained a strength sufficient to resist damage during the form-removal
operation, but in no case shall the forms be removed until 12 hr after the completion
of concrete placement. The total cure, consisting of the water cure and the ambient-
air cure, shall be sufficient to produce the concrete strengths required in Sec. 4.6.5.8
and 4.6.7.
4.6.6.4 Combination curing. Curing of pipe cores may be accomplished by

any combination of accelerated curing and water curing that will produce the
concrete strengths required in Sec. 4.6.5.8 and 4.6.7, except that only a single
method of curing shall be used prior to the removal of forms. 4.6.7 Placing of
wire reinforcement.
4.6.7.1 General. The prestressing wire shall not be wound around the core
until the concrete has reached the minimum compressive strength at time of wrap
required in Sec. 4.6.5.8. The initial compression induced in the concrete core shall not
exceed 55 percent of the compressive strength of the concrete at the time of
wrapping. Voids with depth or diameter of 3/8 in. (10 mm) or greater and offsets greater
than 1/8 in. (3 mm) on the exterior surface of concrete embedded-cylinder cores shall
be repaired before prestressing. Methods and equipment for applying the wire shall
be such that the wire will be wrapped around the core in a helical form at the
designed predetermined spacing and tension for the full length of the core except at
the ends of the core where one circumferential wrap of wire may be applied at one-
half the design tension. The number of wraps in any 2-ft (0.6-m) length of core shall
not be less than required by the design. There shall be no rust scale or pitting on the
prestressing wire. A light oxidation film that does not cause pitting of the wire surface
visible to the unaided eye after wiping or light cleaning shall not be cause for
rejection. Wire splices shall be capable of withstanding a force equal to the specified
minimum, ultimate tensile strength of the wire. Strength of wire splices shall be
verified by pull tests of representative specimens that shall develop the specified
minimum tensile strength of the wire. Anchorages of the wire at the ends of the core
shall be capable of resisting a force equal to 75 percent of the specified minimum
tensile strength of the wire. Tension in the wire during the prestressing operation
shall be continuously recorded. The mean tension shall be specified to produce the
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required stress in the wire. Fluctuations in tension shall not deviate from the mean by
more than ± 10 percent. Wire breakage or other events that require retensioning of
the wire shall not cause the tension of the existing wire or newly wrapped wire to
deviate from the mean by more than ±10 percent. Wire breakage or other events that
require retensioning of the wire shall not cause the tension of the existing wire or
newly wrapped wire to deviate from the mean by more than ±10 percent.
4.6.7.2 Multiple layers. If multiple layers of circumferential prestressing wire
are used, each layer except for the last shall be coated with cement mortar applied in
accordance with Sec. 4.6.8, to provide a minimum cover over the reinforcement at
24 AWWA C301-07
least equal to the diameter of the wire and cured in accordance with Sec. 4.6.9. The
first layer of reinforcement shall be wound on the surface of the core, and subsequent
layers shall be wound over the previous layers of cement mortar as required in this
section. The final coating of cement mortar shall (1) be applied in accordance with
Sec. 4.6.8; (2) provide the minimum cover over the prestressing wire required in
Sec. 4.5.1.5; and (3) be cured in accordance with Sec. 4.6.9.
4.6.7.3 Portland-cement slurry. As the circumferential prestressing wire is
wound, a portland-cement slurry composed of not less than 94 lb (43 kg) of cement
to 8 gal (30 L) of water shall be applied so that the portion of the wire bearing
against the core will be coated with cement slurry. The slurry application rate shall be
not less than 1 gal (3.8 L) per 100 ft2 (9.3 m2). A retardant may be used in the mix
unless not permitted by the purchaser’s specifications. Immediately prior to the
placement of the cement slurry, all loose mill scale, excessive rust, oil, grease, and
other foreign substances shall be removed from all surfaces to receive the cement
slurry. The core surface temperature shall be at least 35°F (2°C) at time of wrapping.
4.6.8 Pipe coating.
4.6.8.1 General. After the core has been wrapped with prestressing wire, an
exterior mortar coating of the thickness required in Sec. 4.5.1.5 shall be applied. The
mortar coating thickness shall be checked on each pipe by a nondestructive method
prior to removing the pipe from the coating machine. The surface temperature of the
wrapped core shall be at least 35°F (2°C) at the time the mortar coating is applied.
4.6.8.2 Mortar coating. Batch proportions of mortar for coating shall
consist of one part portland cement to not more than three parts fine aggregate, by
weight. The moisture content of a sample of coating taken from the mixer shall not
be less than 7 percent of the total dry weight of the mix. Cement and fine aggregate
shall conform to Sec. 4.4.1 and Sec. 4.4.2. Rebound not exceeding one-fourth of the
total mix weight may be used as replacement material for fine aggregate only.
Rebound not used within 1 hr shall be discarded. The mortar shall be mixed
thoroughly, and, after mixing is completed, it shall be deposited by impact so that a
dense, durable encasement is obtained. The water-soluble chloride ion (Cl–) content
of the mortar coating mix, expressed as a percentage of the weight of cement, shall
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not exceed 0.06 percent. Concurrently with the mortar coating, a cement slurry
consisting of not less than 94 lb (43 kg) of cement to not more than 8 gal (30.3 L) of
water shall be applied to the core at the rate of not less than 1 gal (3.8 L) per 100 ft2
(9.3 m2) just before the mortar coating. The manufacturing procedure shall prevent
freezing until the coating curing described in Sec. 4.6.9 has been completed.
4.6.8.3 Absorption test. One water absorption test shall be made and be
performed on samples of cured mortar coating taken during each working shift for
each mortar coating operation. The mortar coating samples shall be made and cured
in the same manner as the mortar coating on the pipe. A test shall consist of
determining of the absorptions of a minimum of three samples taken from a single
batch of mortar mixed during each working shift for each mortar coating operation.
A test value shall be the average of all samples taken during the working shift for each
mortar coating operation. The test method shall be in accordance with ASTM C497,
Method A. A test value shall not exceed 9 percent, and no individual sample shall
have an absorption exceeding 10 percent.
Tests for each working shift for each mortar coating operation shall be
performed on a daily basis until 10 consecutive test values not exceeding 9 percent
are achieved. When this has been achieved, testing may be performed on a weekly
basis for that working shift and mortar coating operation. Daily testing shall be
resumed for any working shift and mortar coating operation when an absorption test
value exceeds 9 percent. Testing shall be maintained until 10 consecutive values of 9
percent or less are achieved; at such time, testing may return to a weekly basis.
4.6.8.4 Mortar soundness. After the mortar coating is cured, and prior to
shipment, the mortar coating over prestressed wires on each pipe shall be checked for
delaminations and hollows by tapping the exterior with a hammer having a head weight
of not more than 1 lb (0.5 kg). Any hollows or drummy areas detected by the sounding
shall be repaired in accordance with Sec. 4.6.11 and resounded prior to shipment.
4.6.8.5 Mortar compression strength test. For the purpose of qualifying the
mortar-coating machine and the mortar mix design to be used in manufacture of
pipe, mortar-compression strength tests shall be performed at six-month intervals, or
whenever the source of fine aggregate or cement is changed.
A set of six 1-in. (25-mm) test cubes shall be made from the mortar used for
coating pipe. The test cubes shall be cut from the center of a mortar sample. The
mortar-coating sample shall be applied by the mortar-coating machine to a steel plate
attached to the pipe being coated or otherwise placed in the mortar-coating machine
to simulate a pipe. The mortar sample shall be cured the same as the mortar coating
on the pipe. The six test cubes shall be cut from the mortar sample using a diamond
saw blade, and they shall be oriented and marked to identify the two faces of each
cube that are facing in the circumferential direction of the pipe. These two parallel-
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26 AWWA C301-07
cut faces shall be the load-bearing surfaces in the mortar compression strength test.
The load-bearing sides of the cube may be capped in accordance with ASTM C617
or not capped. After curing, the mortar sample and the cubes cut from it shall be
kept moist by any convenient method until the time of testing.
All cubes shall be tested in accordance with ASTM C109. Care shall be taken to
center each cube in the testing machine so as to minimize eccentricity of the load on
the cube. The compressive cube strength of the test cubes shall be calculated by
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dividing the maximum load carried by the cube during the test by the average cross-
sectional area determined by measuring the dimensions of the cube at midheight to
the nearest 0.01 in. (0.25 mm). The equivalent cylinder strength of the test cube
shall be obtained by multiplying the cube strength by 0.8. The equivalent cylinder
strength of the mortar sample shall be calculated by averaging the equivalent cylinder
strengths of the six test cubes. The equivalent cylinder strength of the mortar sample
shall be not less than 5,500 psi (37.9 MPa) in 28 days. Testing shall be done by any
approved testing laboratory, unless the manufacturer has approved testing facilities at
the worksite. In such an event, the tests shall be made by the manufacturer.
4.6.9 Curing of coating.
4.6.9.1 General. The coating shall be cured as described in Sec. 4.6.9.2 or
4.6.9.3, unless otherwise specifically permitted.
4.6.9.2 Accelerated curing. The coated pipe shall be placed in the curing
facility as soon as practicable after placing the coating. The coated pipe shall be cured
under delay, temperature, and humidity conditions required in Sec. 4.6.6.2 for a
minimum period of 12 hr.
4.6.9.3 Water curing. As soon as the coating has set sufficiently, it shall be
kept moist by intermittent spraying for a period of at least four days. The water-
curing period shall be extended 1 hr for each hour during the first 24 hr that the
ambient temperature is less than 50°F (10°C).
4.6.10 Cracks in Pipe.
4.6.10.1 General. Cracks on the interior and exterior surfaces of pipe that
are acceptable without repair or are acceptable after repair are defined in Sec. 4.6.10.2
and 4.6.10.3. The repair of cracks that exceed the width or length criteria defined in
Sec. 4.6.10.2 and 4.6.10.3 or those cracks not specifically described in those sections,
will be subject to the approval of the purchaser.
4.6.10.2 Cracks on the interior surface. Circumferential cracks or helical
cracks having a width of 0.06 in. (1.5 mm) or less are acceptable without repair.
Circumferential cracks wider than 0.06 in. (1.5 mm) are acceptable without repair if
it can be demonstrated to the purchaser’s satisfaction that the cracks will heal
autogenously under continuous soaking in water.
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No visible cracks longer than 6 in. (150 mm), measured to be within 15° of a
line parallel to the pipe’s longitudinal axis, shall be permitted on the inside surface of
finished pipe except (1) in the surface laitance of centrifugally cast concrete; (2) in
sections of pipe with steel reinforcing collars or wrappers; or (3) within 12 in.
(300 mm) of the pipe ends.
4.6.10.3 Cracks on the exterior surface. The exterior surface of the mortar
coating over prestressed zones of the pipe shall be free of visible cracking. This does
not apply to surface crazing of widths that cannot be measured.
Exterior cracks in mortar coating over nonprestressed zones of the pipe are
acceptable without repair if their width does not exceed 0.01 in. (0.25 mm). If these
cracks exceed 0.01 in. (0.25 mm) in width, they shall be repaired by rubbing with
wet cement paste or filling with neat cement slurry.
4.6.11 Repair of concrete or mortar. Defective concrete or mortar shall be
removed to the extent of the defect and to a width and depth that allows it to be
replaced with repair mix. The width of the removed concrete or mortar at the surface
should be less than the width at the bottom, with a side slope of approximately 10°
but not to exceed 30°. Prior to placing the patch, the cavity shall be free of loose,
debonded, and foreign matter that would interfere with bonding to concrete or
mortar. After wetting the surfaces of the cavity with clean water, the cavity shall be
filled with repair mix consisting of concrete or mortar of the same mix proportions
as originally used in the pipe or with commercial repair material, subject to the
approval of the purchaser, having properties compatible to hardened concrete or
mortar. The thickness of the repair shall not be less than the thickness of the original
damaged area nor less than the minimum thickness recommended by the
manufacturer of the repair material.
The method of application of the repair can be by troweling, dry packing,
forming, or by shotcreting. The surface of the repair shall be smoothed and blended
in with the original surface using a trowel. Curing of the repair shall be in accordance
with Sec. 4.6.6 or Sec. 4.6.9, as applicable, or by prompt application of a curing
compound conforming to ASTM C309. Curing compound used on the pipe interior
shall be suitable for potable water service. Repaired pipe shall not be installed until
28 AWWA C301-07
fully cured. The repair shall be inspected visually and sounded after curing for any
sign of cracking or delamination.
If defects or damages in any section of pipe are so numerous or extensive that,
in the purchaser’s judgment, it would be unsatisfactory to make separate repairs, then
if the mortar coating is judged to be extensively damaged, it shall be removed and
replaced in its entirety, or, if the core is judged to be extensively damaged, the entire
pipe shall be rejected. Other materials and methods of repair proposed by the
manufacturer may be used if approved by the purchaser.
Voids (air pockets) on the interior pipe surface having a width or depth of
/8 in. (9.5 mm) or more shall be filled with mortar. A trowel, straight edge, or
3
squeegee shall be used to blend the mortar with the adjoining cement surface.
Sec. 4.7 Fittings and Special Pipe

4.7.1 General. Fittings and special pipe shall include closures, adaptors,
connections to mainline valves, bends, tees, wyes, reducers, restrained-joint pipe,
beveled pipe for curves, short pipe, and pipe with outlets required for branches,
manholes, air valves, and blowoffs.
Fittings shall be fabricated of welded steel sheet or plate and shall be lined and
coated with cement mortar. The mortar coating and lining shall be reinforced with
welded wire reinforcement as required in Sec. 4.7.2.3. Fittings shall conform to the
details provided by the purchaser or, if required, to the details provided by the
manufacturer and approved by the purchaser.
4.7.2 Fittings.
4.7.2.1 Design. The circumferential steel stress used in the design of fittings
shall not exceed 16,500 psi (114 MPa) when the fitting is subjected to the working
pressure as defined in Sec. 3. If the bending radius to the centerline of a bend is less
than 2½ times the nominal pipe diameter, the plate thickness, based on the maximum
circumferential stress of 16,500 psi (114 MPa), shall be increased to account for the
stress concentration on the inside radius of the bend. (Refer to AWWA Manual M9 for
additional information.) The minimum steel sheet or plate thickness shall be as shown
in Table 1 when supplemental structural steel reinforcement is not used. Openings in
fittings shall be reinforced by collars, wrappers, or crotch plates if required by the
design. Stiffener rings may be used to increase the stiffness of fittings. Manufacturer’s
designs may use supplemental external reinforcing cages.
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Table 1 Minimum thickness of sheet or plate for fittings of various diameters*
Range of Fitting Diameter Minimum Thickness of Sheet or Plate
in. (mm) in. (mm)
16–21 (410–530) 0.1345 (3.4)
24–36 (610–910) 0.1793 (4.6)
39–48 (990–1,220) 0.2500 (6.4)
51–63 (1,300–1,600) 0.3125 (7.9)
66–75 (1,680–1,910) 0.3750 (9.5)
78–84 (1,980–2,130) 0.4375 (11.1)
87–96 (2,210–2,440) 0.5000 (12.7)
*For fittings larger than 96 in. (2,440 mm) in diameter, minimum plate thickness shall be subject to approval by
purchaser.
4.7.2.2 Steel fabrication. The steel for the fabricated fittings shall be cut,
shaped, and welded so the finished fitting shall have the required shape and interior
dimensions. Fabrication and welding shall conform to the requirements of Sec. 4.6.2
and 4.6.3. The welds shall be inspected, and the completed steel shape shall be tested
for tightness by the dye penetrant or other approved method. Welds that were
previously hydrostatically tested need not be dye tested.
4.7.2.3 Mortar reinforcement. Fittings shall have welded wire reinforcement
applied to the interior and exterior surfaces. The welded wire reinforcement pattern
shall have a maximum spacing of 2 in. × 4 in. (50 mm × 100 mm) and shall be a
minimum W0.90 welded wire reinforcement, held approximately 3/8 in. (10 mm)
from the surfaces of the steel plate or approximately in the middle of the lining
thickness of mortar less than ¾-in. (19-mm) thick. The wires on the 2-in. (50-mm)
spacing on the 2-in. × 4-in. (50-mm × 100-mm) welded wire reinforcement shall
extend circumferentially around the fitting. Welded wire reinforcement will not be
required for concrete or mortar linings that are centrifugally placed.
4.7.2.4 Lining and coating. Steel-plate fittings shall be lined and coated with
mortar or other protective coating material if mortaring is not feasible. Mortar lining
shall be of a thickness compatible with the pipe interior but not less than 3/8-in. (9.5-
mm) thick. Exterior mortar coating shall be at least 1-in. (25-mm) thick.
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30 AWWA C301-07
Immediately prior to applying the mortar lining or coating, all loose mill scale,
excessive rust, oil, grease, and other foreign substances shall be removed from all steel
surfaces to which the mortar is to be applied. The mortar shall contain not less than
one part cement to three parts fine aggregate of a grading suitable for the method of
application used.
4.7.2.5 Curing. At the manufacturer’s option, fittings shall be cured in
accordance with Sec. 4.6.9 or by prompt application of a curing compound
conforming to ASTM C309. The curing compound used on the interior shall be
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suitable for potable water service.
4.7.3 Curves, bends, and closures. Long-radius curves and small angular
changes in pipe alignment shall be formed by deflecting joints, by straight pipe with
beveled ends, by bevel adapters, or by a combination of these. Pipe ends may be
beveled up to 5°. Short-radius curves and closures shall be formed by fittings. The
deflection angle between adjacent segments of a bend shall not be greater than 22.5°.
Adjacent segments shall be joined by butt welding.
4.7.4 Outlets and connections on pipe. Openings for manholes and connec-
tions for air valves, blowoffs, and other branches may be built into the walls of the
pipe at the locations shown in the drawings or ordered by the purchaser. Wall
openings in pipe shall be reinforced with collars, wrappers, or other means acceptable
to the purchaser. The prestressing wire shall be fastened securely on each side of the
outlet or shall be wrapped continuously from one side of the opening to the other.
Outlet construction in prestressed pipe without full-circumference wrappers should
be used only after carefully considering the conditions and circumstances of use. The
interior and exterior surfaces of steel connections shall be lined and coated with
mortar or other protective coating material where mortaring is not feasible.
SECTION 5: VERIFICATION
Sec. 5.1 Inspection and Testing by Purchaser

5.1.1 Inspection at manufacturer’s plant. If inspection of the materials, pipe,
and fittings at the manufacturer’s plant is desired, the purchaser shall specify the
conditions under which the inspection shall be made. During inspection, the
purchaser or purchaser’s representative shall have free access to those parts of the
manufacturer’s plant that are necessary to ensure compliance with this standard. The
manufacturer shall make gauges that are necessary for inspection available for the
purchaser’s use. The manufacturer shall assist the purchaser with the handling of pipe
and fittings as necessary.
5.1.2 Inspection of test reports. If required in the purchaser’s specifications,
any of the reports of material and manufacturing tests according to Sec. 4.4 and 5.2
shall be submitted to the purchaser.
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5.1.3 Responsibility. Inspection by the purchaser or failure of the purchaser
to provide inspection shall not relieve the constructor or manufacturer of the
responsibility to provide materials and to perform work in accordance with this
standard.
5.1.4 Tests. Tests described in Sec. 4.4 and 5.2 that the purchaser makes on
material samples shall be made without delay. If any sample fails to meet the
requirements, the manufacturer shall be notified immediately. Material affected by
the test results shall be set aside pending final disposition.
5.1.5 Rejection. Material, fabricated parts, and pipe that are discovered to be
defective, or that do not conform to the requirements of this standard, shall be
subject to rejection at any time prior to final acceptance of the pipe. Rejected
material and pipe shall be removed from the worksite within a reasonable period of
time.
Sec. 5.2 Tests

5.2.1 Cylinder welds. Cylinder welding tests shall be conducted according to
Sec. 4.6.4.2.
5.2.2 Cylinder assembly. Each completed cylinder with joint rings welded to
the ends shall be subjected to a hydrostatic test as described in Sec. 4.6.4.3.
5.2.3 Concrete. Samples of the mixed concrete shall be taken for making
compression test cylinders as described in Sec. 4.6.5.5 and 4.6.5.6.
5.2.4 Mortar coating. Samples of cured mortar coating shall be taken for
making absorption tests as described in Sec. 4.6.8.3.
5.2.5 Steel. Physical and chemical test reports, as applicable, on each heat of
steel used for cylinders, prestressing wire, and joint rings shall be obtained by the
manufacturer. These test reports are designated in the applicable material standards
referenced in Sec. 4.4. At the manufacturer’s option, these may be mill test reports or
the pipe manufacturer’s test reports.
32 AWWA C301-07
5.2.6 Steel specimens. If required in the purchaser’s specifications, the manu-

facturer shall provide the purchaser test specimens cut from each shipment of steel
for cylinders, joint rings, and prestressing wire at a frequency specified by the
purchaser.
5.2.7 Wire splices. Samples of wire splices shall be tested for conformance
with Sec. 4.6.7.1 if required by the purchaser’s specifications.
5.2.8 Rubber for gaskets. Test reports showing the physical properties of
rubber used in the gaskets, as described in Sec. 4.4.11, shall be obtained by the
manufacturer.
5.2.9 Calibration of test equipment. All instrument gauges and other testing
and measuring equipment used in activities affecting quality shall be of proper range,
type, and accuracy to verify conformance with specified requirements. Procedures
shall be in effect to assure that they are calibrated and certified at least annually.
Calibration shall be made against measurement standards that have known
relationships to accepted national standards when such exist. Gauges must be
calibrated and certified for the piece of equipment of which they are a part.
Sec. 5.3 Quality Assurance

The manufacturer shall maintain a quality assurance program to ensure
minimum standards are met. It shall include a welding inspector qualified per
AWS D1.1 Section 6.1.4 to verify that welders and welding procedures are qualified,
procedures are being followed within the limitations of testing, and quality assurance
functions are being implemented.
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SECTION 6: DELIVERY
Sec. 6.1 Marking

Each length of straight and special pipe and each fitting shall be plainly marked
inside on the bell or spigot end. The markings shall include either the pressure for
which the pipe or fitting is designed or the area of circumferential reinforcement per
unit length of pipe wall. Special marks of identification, sufficient to show the proper
location of the pipe or fitting in the line by reference to layout drawings and
schedules described in Sec. 4.3, shall be placed on the pipe if a tabulated layout
schedule is required in the purchaser’s specifications. All beveled pipe shall be marked
with the amount of the bevel, and the point of maximum pipe length shall be
marked on the beveled end. Markings shall be made on the pipe with a waterproof
marking material.
Sec. 6.2 Transportation

Refer to AWWA Manual M9 for information on transportation of concrete
pressure pipe.
Sec. 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance

The purchaser may require an affidavit from the manufacturer attesting that the
pipe and fittings provided according to the purchaser’s specifications comply with all
applicable provisions of this standard.
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AWWA is the authoritative resource for knowledge, information, and advocacy to improve the quality and
supply of water in North America and beyond. AWWA is the largest organization of water professionals in the
world. AWWA advances public health, safety, and welfare by uniting the efforts of the full spectrum of the
entire water community. Through our collective strength we become better stewards of water for the greatest
good of the people and the environment.
1P-3.6M-43301-6/07-JP Printed on recycled paper.

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AWWA C301 - 2007 - Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type

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AWWA C301 - 2007 - Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type

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The Authoritative Resource on Safe Water®

Effective date: June 1, 2007.

6666 West Quincy Avenue Advocacy

American National Standard

Science and Technology

Copyright © 2007 by American Water Works Association

Michael M. Hicks, Chair

M.M. Hicks, MWH Americas Inc., Walnut Creek, Calif. (AWWA)

Wayne R. Brunzell, Chair

General Interest Members

W.R. Brunzell, Brunzell Associates Ltd., Skokie, Ill. (AWWA)

B.M. Bradish, City of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Va. (AWWA)

Water, discontinued on Apr. 7, 1990.

Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe,

Sec. 1.1 Scope

Sec. 1.2 Purpose

cylinder, prestressed concrete pressure pipe.

Sec. 1.3 Application

*ACI International, 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331.

ANSI*/AWS† D1.1—Structural Welding Code—Steel.

ASTM A635/A635M—Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip,

ASTM C128—Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific

ASTM C1240—Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious

CSA*W47.1—Certification of Companies for Fusion Welding of Steel Struc-

*Canadian Standards Association, 5060 Spectrum Way, Mississauga, ON L4W 5N6.

Sec. 4.1 Permeation

Sec. 4.2 Plans and Data to Be Provided by Purchaser

sufficiently in advance of scheduled installations to allow for subsequent pipe design

Sec. 4.3 Data to Be Submitted by Manufacturer

Sec. 4.4 Materials

4.4.4 Samples of aggregates. At least four weeks prior to mixing concrete or

of fittings shall conform to ASTM A185 or ASTM A497.

density when tested in accordance with ASTM D297.

Sec. 4.5 Design

Sec. 4.6 Fabrication

4.6.4 Fabrication of steel cylinders.

4.6.5.8 Strength of concrete. The compressive strength of the concrete core

moist continuously, either by maintaining a moist environment surrounding the

4.6.6.4 Combination curing. Curing of pipe cores may be accomplished by

Sec. 4.7 Fittings and Special Pipe

Table 1 Minimum thickness of sheet or plate for fittings of various diameters*

Range of Fitting Diameter Minimum Thickness of Sheet or Plate

in. (mm) in. (mm)

16–21 (410–530) 0.1345 (3.4)

24–36 (610–910) 0.1793 (4.6)

39–48 (990–1,220) 0.2500 (6.4)

51–63 (1,300–1,600) 0.3125 (7.9)

66–75 (1,680–1,910) 0.3750 (9.5)

78–84 (1,980–2,130) 0.4375 (11.1)

87–96 (2,210–2,440) 0.5000 (12.7)

Sec. 5.1 Inspection and Testing by Purchaser

Sec. 5.2 Tests

5.2.6 Steel specimens. If required in the purchaser’s specifications, the manu-

Sec. 5.3 Quality Assurance

Sec. 6.1 Marking

Sec. 6.2 Transportation

Sec. 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance

1P-3.6M-43301-6/07-JP Printed on recycled paper.

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