Ponte equihtorium ‘tr a Undfssocfated compounds = Diosectaited fone Undiscociated compaunds Ene ek oa eee (nea Electrolytes 5 tH COOH = cH,co0s tf e unyot = N+ nD AQ.01O, = 2AD+ cvo.” + aportngly zolub te salt x corpmon fon Gthecte. the solubility idegree of dissociatton o 0 a cay To Further Suppressed by shong clocholyte hoving emmy £07 | toca rormmor ‘bo cbRect” rpg bates Theories of actd-batses Denberfout theory P eubstance Which gives H1 Jone I Oqueous soNtion Pe called acd id subetay fe (prone ai A nce which aves on” fone 8 agueous solutias q called base 7 diprobc astd Car Hic HNOs,HeP Oe, W904 H2S0, ~-- ete-~ are actels a % i << OT ¥1Dg oP aci ol HS6a— cd? + yo ° more stable — stenqiy of equivalent resonance <” Mr260%, Helo, fo same %> yh 6 ~ srength of acta % measured? ereticactd 2A NOON, KOH, CALOTIIs o GLO)», BLLOHDs, ~--— are boses Neunalieation = ped, ease saltwater HebrNaok ~> Nacd+ 0. Heayt 2NAOY rn, 6694246 Bnioleisn® fon % oquepus 0 (ee el onl OPW aad prnghotertes M base # Gar Ho P03 5 4 -@ W -1® a la = PA on of on ant & on or ‘pelyadd —_arnphoteric only BieZ < ee #1040} amphoteric fons Jormed by adds =easiaty of actd -1 fay MONOHAKIC Acta} + Aq. cOI"-+ o-cd_actd base POTS Pa— corjuqer > Norob conjugate acd tase pals —' (eet aH + Ho Ye NeOh co No+ oh conjugate artic! hase pales = 9 a bxfbasic actd +10q aq\" D tH2Wgrtho == = 2003 620 b+ Hoos HOS 4 HO = Hot, Pe Nor oF conjugate acicl- base potas =, } | *® nor ob conjugate Aad base pari’'s Pormed Fp aqueous + $50," eh ss pe ao ca 1 =% [oS tony [ononua Hsot so, o> ont Nie — nits ine Now te ; 4H. — HH ise f u ye 1 ‘ ; a ToUbO, |? — pracnad-or)”% sbreang acid corresponding wnjuqale base te wea’ * #& attong base corresponding conyuqate add te Wea # Wear add corresponding cornjuct¢ boxe Ys stonq # Weak base ‘corresponding conjuqate acid Yo stony. * Levelling etfect of waters When stiang adds am dissolves % water, shength of all ttrang ate becones, equal +o strengt ob tot fon: Sevilasly . for stiong bases, strength to tt ot Os 16 called levelling cttect OF weiter All Shang acide a Neutaligation: ” : : | formation ob tovalent coordinate end (dative bond) rents actel-base | 1 called meubalteation- | a te very loud process“A tupes ok lewte ackder Generally all cations or (ewlo acide acept 19,QrOUP Caton (UN, NOT, KA REY S? TA group cation (pel? mgt? cat751%, agi> H®, 0.2 ete | > ection deketent ‘eormpounds Clese than’ octet conliquialfory arQuh cesta) atorny' > Eat Becll, BFs, Pcl, Alcs, Bolte. od | 3) molecules wits empty d-onbttals | Eat StF + 287 — tered wesend : 7 eropky 3d- 35 cde, ROCKS, OF, poly. —— ? molecule uttts multiple bonds between atssimnilay atoms « l ! Sor obsols orl poNpi aud bh " Do, 403 , 00M Metal Onides ) @élerment’ wit ‘euccet conhiquration 1 anats403°+ 6 NOQ25305 1) ta. z succes * types of late hacesr, "Generally all anfons are leufo aces CAP OH. Fs chs --- except BRs Clog becouse they aay move ebobilsed by PRSNAne ® molecule uth atleast ore lone path ° roe tie » thers (POR). pHa, PRs » PH3-Py Patidine 2 vormounsahirated rrolectles : ' ree €ar- Nis, RMUHs, HO, ROH pid-eHe 196 fe Grr ethane, ey AlKene Blkynes c ue 1” Merits of \eute add- pee) thao Mt te rove gennalteed. theory shan others ' Ot eaplaine actdic nakre of ro meta) onicles (805300.¥ pemearitse excordtng to thes theory neuhaleation % vey slow, bul practically Peuhalisaton is very last Tt caMNOt Gaplatn the strength ob aciols, bases. Notes All Bronsted bases are lews bases but the cowerse % Not true. All BIaNsSted Ace aw not lewis acids | K ambedious theory of dfesaciation:- : oc _ All GiheriOWy Ocrdle, ome tee Bios * Pag boonsted acids terJlaT i b, ja: omen mre Sip a terMs of degree of dfseccintion , | PPiogs = Bag) t Pig) = areca c one 0 Welles 7 seem 3 e 4 = ca ‘ Ce cA ae # actors electing degree ch diiscociationia)- Prive Slechlyte (at) Mnoture ob sollte <3 oovemnal Glechmlyte Ca") Datu ob eclent+ © = CRelectric constant ++ polarity *—> 4 4 then ath ar Derernparahurve -+ Oiesociation 19 endothermic In most ch ses *Dconcentwation ob Glectalyte+ Kajeo = zee A ‘ raze & Big +ostwald dilution principle vegree of dissociation ob weak a Clectroiyre @cveases upon dilution Oporn Ailutian Cyr ages ects Clectetiyle lnehowves as to tol [1 la tHH= to oF 10F_ — for basic lalkaline solution, Low) > tJ Uh 2107 at a5 THAI = 10 1towr-—- oH scaler (orenser] a Naltd only tor alilute acids @ dilute bases 1 oye -tog tet 4 M1 @ THij- 4m ot = Sou pint Sbvetie pa peste) 4 prany termorohuee to ° sas F mr oo” Fewdic Bosre : iia peg) 10g 1074 OF gilt dealt 2 14, ag? ult ee jie _preunads phe <1, ° 65 Lia POnte By calculale the dfecodiation enerant of walle: ab ante!” on- = EH YOT ue MID 2 iy _ fen) ety “tod emietil (008 =e x10" T 2) caluulate the 0: oF HT fons pmeent ty 4 lth botHe! ab ast Soli MY=10% rol] tit 4 OPlese s tor® tn es of HY ens OT ah | Ot Pane>calewase the fonfsalior oP puve wales ak asic ol = q= No-cHons dissociated oe Orne Oh eneione wiiohd Aat ap caleations Well Ob tho SHtou™ 53 101g Clecicyte’ wt tet HOS Meom ye ctu ttoe] use 10 CANIN he aretha bay outs We OMe Phate ma pees AB Gas is 2 10H flo aanes o = 107 10S = SD 9, i HS EONS = 1 USS 0158 x10 THY 216te congexiol) ' F OTT XUBS - 1-1l0Qtn5e> 7 =uaio-® , pH 4-l0qy $0 Fld comerhation ob Ht @ pH ob We Par WWI M thet’ 'y P= 62m, p= 3 Tien tic soak ie Hh : iy ora He ae rt 6 Can ‘ MU T=aoxnio'm pti. 2179 tho Suh od- a-10g9 HOS) Bw = carcanoro) 107 - aaio-8q PHO 16H 9 ’ THY] = Gayo")“ay pH ot elution containing wea rmonoprotic acid by byd0rY boy, 3 a cb10% » hate !o™ ¥ +. contibution ob water an pe eqylectecd as the odd) hem % weak Whereas walter % Nery Weak acd HA — Ht+ 87 c oO A=Ch ga B CAs aks THt=4= ca Ba = LMT tHe] cA = hed. Po ex at of Bio? = east = Ba=ca? wa = (ke ne TK rio? - a+ wi a Steind the CHT pt ob DOM CHZ00t , {ka =)0-7 6a), $y BM cHigcoH Cha IE MD te 56 tol C¥d es iisevio® mS Pperee 5 tom cto a= 107 co a ck. wig? CeO ae % CR Fo” * NO Wooler contibution kas F aly Ol fa = 10? 107K 10 é Ce sigh fay CtaCOoH = cHet0094 HO Oo ° 2 Re Ol- O16 Oa OA Hy = ODIxa? 00? Ky 1-4 tll S Ra = On ea 10 oe 1 5 ai : ¢ a 10% Ee 2 azo” ee Ce Apel? 3 OHt} = 6-36 vw 2109bre t0® and crys ton'® 1 tandder UNter conbibution alco, BeOS Ht+ tO = HT OH” notte oo Oe Wat SR eque-ea CA tA yeu end a aay) a) Strout ; aacy omy Y = ACY) bw ton= BD 5 CRat Bw = Campy Acar! as 2610? my c-y Be eee 2 * =catyyt ha = (PUD AU \ekantw Kq= atyyeyy CH= (cea ae cadculate toe ph ot iO*McHeN) CK = 107M) | elt v6 ’ ; bey Me = AOE 2 oS cero Chat oy Chg ct (HY= SeMott ) = Brot | pits q-loqu2 = I-Loqe : v = 10115 = 685 © cho, wre Waker @ntibution % considered. tho SHt ton” 10) hw = C+OXn) < ww) | | | Wears acid corn be Heated 03 stig act. > Fro) pt B10 HCOOH Casto) tol Kare . 2 . cui e 1 He, ttootl = condidered a2 stong ad be See THD = lohoG Sx” be Or vacde i - = 159x107 10 = 10% pl = r-10q WE PHO 10 a=0:68 X10 :fae Dah c2ioSm,and kate 1. Bd can't be peated as stiong arch. HRS dB" CK Ay Ba = ADA on Bo 2 10? = EOP Care Fate Oyen Ten =o XY) te Base = 6tr0Ng hOue, HO St ton” x, «$a caries inte? Poh ae '*-0 freo-6ex1g7 Lou-J =|, eet “fees ws) (hie + leqse] m= 10? $f eae SE me 710" Sa eyrr0 me wet = Tort] = G5 xO*ri0t = rower & =wonnio7t pot 2 qa lpg N05 Bt prod the cancentiation cb BH and pot of 4) 10Em NHAOH CKy= 10% my =U =9-6 108" tO SH} tom my Kur Cat yy) bat + kw = Car Y74 Carypy? = ary” 49> Vest Kw "Wa un 3393 Clea, CH= Feary th rp) = TR: pet Coe oo crype ed H over NWO Usp = 167M) He To 16% = BoH URp= 107m) w dt SF Beco, wc th CPO Kye 10° te C4pe ® 107 Ents Hho contitbution) & e er - OFS ae fort] = WeK, > Yougo®) fs M10? P23, ms ) PH Ela D2 ] CHO kp te My bets call CC te No sro O¥LIG? Ui, HO BRE ce a tot) = Vere = ISPS Gyre oW* calcudtion ot pH ob nefxtures- ob cormpoun de: 294 hy Strong ack + otang acd Hed 50, My aNiem, 7%, et amit v Vite iat fa ek ne 107m Hcl PM Hs S0y Pepa P sores sort worm, a | = 10%) + 9116 7U50) 200 =uxio? , : ett = s3m10q y= 3-06 = 2-4 | tb ‘strong Base + song Bose COOH), + NaOH | 107m tom toomt tool pH No=10"! Va =10orn [oWT= NitNeVa _ anid kid 4 Skit eno es es “MR 360 = BEB = o.06 = 6x1 pols 53-1096 pH = tH- a tloqé = 1a tlagg I) erionq acid + etreng bose 8 | NaVa= Gen ob acid NeVp = GEN of base PNlaVa # Novy 440!” 15 acidic Trt] NeVa-Now, Vat, > Nev) Nala = gol? fe bowie fo] = NM -Naty VatV, PPNeVe =MoU, <> cole neutral THT fow]= To S260 rol oF Hcl oh pHh=2 «iB Yt te) taken Bond seperately sthe fetlowing > | Solutions a7 added: Find out pt ob resulting nature fi all ses 44-9 mt NOOH with pH =12 Wi 5Ou ms sth pit =1a 1) 50 ml nwo wh pH =12 ‘Noo:Vo=4a-armd Py alas CHIT td fon T= Ny= 104 NaVa =1074(509 NpVp = 10 ua) NaVa ¥ Noy THT = Ravarnb¥y _ =on59 sanyo NaeMe 100) = 103 (99 100 =106 pH =5 Ya=6orm Vp= 50m! , P= 8 =» Mo=fHTI=104 oa Nova = 16360) Mp=is# pvp = 01109 NaVo= Sop Taty= Bar d< it i) *€qual volume concept? : went 3 sit ws tv b ‘mod vind 6 bl He a Pew oH pH Pt nea = WOwer pl + 0.3010 Obs High F-02010 ACE pH te, tar away tormpared to base pH! t Pies vent \ = Teapot? | se Be aco 3486 TO BM = lower pH ro-2010 " base pH te box away. compermed 10 ¢, * cahulation ot pH of sein tentatining wea add d trong acid ( HA ston actd — initial onc + ¢ He Hie hoe. % 24'p!y =P 4H) bac 'ply 299 typ =1 oa 2 HHS UH 122 f L omg p= [ad te A 4 ie —Yortyo! ay 2771040 | Poona) } daa zp = 2 % Bh tani oMPOH ATH eyaa | ei * “HY -Y Ay PS+EM | 2 ay PAD HOWDN | ye eOlT eH al 7 24's Be Lanes 2h, Gop La he > | = [ho 2) Sgn abe le ae i 3-& (dq 149 <- yor ren NOH OG ) eh te) ‘ elt oa! ee e] Sfp wise 1a i oe ae al ue 5 HO} = [0 5, p0nha % \- $e) IAN = ONEHY COW AFI ULI DEH On| H 5 £ a i rary | gH MOH, Pag RON Apap =LHA AAV Op Opy : eR | 9. aPISCK _Wrop eT 9-049 4 epson ¢ ARN PROPS “LHH] © IAIN 4 APY 4k >a : = z ween re 20h ov -ta = atin . monn “a PrN =P < an & % Wen Ad ae eles : ama Te AUN ae ae = s as .us6 oS x albogs . “ 1 a C=ftu) da) i yO 3 e —) ApH oF I ; |Encept — ehownhorounacid 291 | tapoa, MapOs oH : (HoAT=¢ = Cutts ac | 34 how pore | Casein: 7 14>) bub not &5, HA AHS ape bh oo fn Og ¢ HES HA4 9? on Matte! 5 bX Tet = con — case ihe IF Bik, are not large | HA SHte HA He = te 0? ] int ec ie 0) mn 00 & Cn ahr? au ay sty C-Hy a-y mayo omy Y ws CMCAw) by = CNY c=" e [HT = x44 ay = LD Ba = ABE YH ye aee ae 2 are Y aya ee CHI VE ty 0 [esa Y] ayer =VER, os Useneqlected ) THaPO4], CHDOR] @ Cpaz2] 19 AM 13004 Sol Hy =10°4 Bo= 1077 | Bg =o" i. ~ — r E 3 sot HaP04 SF Hts Hopog HoP0y. = H"4 Hpo? Hp0e” SHY PO, . ” : caer: Na a wYoog yu. ya a F Sool AE IN nyt yor UR aayre x b= Gyn) oe (UTR) Kgs Zour) i) Scena Ure ‘ te B= (2 Ww ae =! or, x el a-10°'6THO = SIF gd Urypoad = a-y = 10 ge 16 ® Capoy] = y-* = 16-10% 2 167 tpoy]= % =10'8 QF 4 mole HCOOH To mpfined wits cooler to Jor Cot 29%) Atte zd\atven Bo H104)! FIND cy tario® (MY) = fees = 1078 : i) pH of solution > Ne ee aleaet =e Ty pH OF colukon Hf diluted wotyimes cod Kane? 1 HOE Thy pH oF Sol? 1} diluted 107 times Ke » 1 avira | ') Amount oF water wquised to aleepe the double the ph wAMeUrt ob water required to double ta folf] vb amount ob water needed to be emoved double CHT] BP VID DH ob sire c=}xO5! obo 4000 Miy=MaNa Amount of waler = v;-v, 901) = OBt wy added = 6000-! ‘tp = #00 -aaag & | Bt _Arount oF water _ Sani SP DHT > anion added 50) ee Bl Wev= HCOOH Str HEOO IP =a ce man HCOOH => H4+H(007 ee Me 2O SSH7+0) Ba = 22 eq 6% eee 4 yy ot VCR WAY DH tot = axio"* om 4 aN c-azlord At = (AN =O 10° 4e~ axioms 4x10" ee ean tote = 4x04 ax 1078 Cho. = (axa 14), wo = axtet(o410°8> cKat hy = ena ©= acon) ans VERE, fea C4109 =hay 4 ee etaaaaiee MiVi= Ma Vy, 107) 1074 (Ht= v2 x1078 UUD= 4102% va =y5: pit = a - log v> 2 = 4002 = a-dioq> Vo} removed = Vy~ Vy = 20ND = eS = fel 4:02 5 1a. aco” Seat “tS HCOOH SUteeCOO + Hee—teHta ek vy OG Soaps Poin Vane ay De=x 02039 . yeas OO” 1%) Ba =10" GaSe . tot = 447492090 Cahn 2 lone 240-0572 - 7 49%40-097 ° THY) ce acer avo Sey * > Paws ae NO a a + x10 2 = 10° [33 elt = a-1oq (2 = 2-104 ¥33 Ho fo alfecociaked fa tw eps presocfakion «netants 1oT 2 Sepa, 10S a x1078!3 crespechivelly. IF o°™ Hel added) to 1M Hag -coleusale te concentrator OF Hs aus salt Sy Sut Hem HS = It 4 > vege ta” ° B=10TM a > Od 2 Koa b3x tO my 0. 8 3 Inih Ot o oO avy 0 P70 A eq O1-m AH nt yore acy WYO Y , OA APYHOD WY ‘Strout. pT. LAtYtO: DEa-y) ° pavicste (21920-994 a yea nigtP= 039 = (013 cary 3 * F138 107 Qe 3x10 3x 10 Sa Y= 12 no" tnel= 4-4 = LO = 1B yg 8 LO - 12x10 Equal worxentahor ob ethyl aliohal a phenol age taken + pka ob 16, Pky OF shehel= 10 ot a6’. ushfeh te move acidic d CoHsOH = phenoride Hoo) out Fe factor <| €d- For conjugate add bar pafre Ba: Ke =10'* at 36% Ka eI P Ceattgo ='6 Ka NOS CT (CEB = (evi Pareto oe pKa mete,» lot = (97 = Fok = CexIOTR CHS pheno! - 6 THeuson 10 CHT phenol Po the tirmes rove acidic than UJestsoH #SAlt budrolyste ! +A substance which doesn't qe Cfther Ht (On OH fons rn Ste Hot fonfealr —09 85 Aled eq alts are alfvided ‘to three types, : ‘alts i MAsHPO (6 NOt acidic Fall sbOxH Fe -aphache estar mete Pasic salt -d 70 cennaj aiom Reet aie a Ghats auvlaaeny 9 BOW" Ton In G0 ether than other thon 4% Cem ey ere St footealion fornisation NOO Nay Ss eno, Nato, © Fae cacotiye sd Nan604, Nattspo, atcot cd, ; eed PLOW CH ¥NOs NaNO, BaC¥Oq * . cat (e® 5% See AI $8158 6A1WB8 WA+EB 6oA+ WB mite salt Nacl, NiHyed CHEEOONA —“CHgCCONHy —NceOH aigdtl NO2504 —_(tHy)n0,. HCOONG Nyon bout Kot kel Nacn #2 80— bet cee oP Ktalt rydrolyetet- i fi ae » coco NE a ea XN Non” Hod: SOcdve % salt bydrolysts | athe process 1 which Either cation os anton en beth cation and anfon O the salt weact cofth water to produce Htedotr tons $6 called salt hydrolysis alt hycholysia % wversible process * cationic hydrolysfe ¢- O+Ho os Bon + HO Reeuttiay solar perdic we PRCT at age > Weals base conespondiing base cahion undergo hydrolysis : —stiong base wvsesponding base cation deesn't undesyo Fucholg., tenionic budrolyste AP + tO = AHt OH® Resulting sol? paste a pH YF ot abt weak acid corresponding .actd arfon undergo. hydhlysts oN strong atid corsesponding actd anton ‘aaan’ i wnstsqo bydeolysis ¥ Roth cationic @ Aion bydrotysts p+ H2.0 = BOW HA Resulting sol sncilte Th ha Ke we DA Fy ARP. Resulting Solr Basic ip eucpy tbe, > Yogi - loqe- (0 kw] FEL PR tage + ph] pots pre BEY - Liege - pie a [eo +0qc] Bt adc plea (pM *u0qe) oe ¥ lulahion oF pH value tn anfonic budrolysis: hydrolyete oF cHcoona cH3(00%+ H20="cHx¢ 00 H4 OH + *r Hon = KCHa coor ony Tes coo"Jlt 209 CH3COOH = CHACOO! + HO kg = CHE cH3c00®] tho = HO ron® [etgcoo 7 Ku> CHtY[OH]Py Kw = THtoHS —_ eH atoott Jou) Lengcoo 0149 “Teiacoy CeH3cooH) bw _ rege Tiere oT) 6 o ; core eq. ¢-ch coy ch Gy = tht Siche : ca-b) tb ee fm =ch*® ot: ® cio? Kp rue ube] The (6 hat — upon diltution ve! value deecsoases a") YreveaseS Ye! terraces by addition of Hho Tor) = ch ect fe ck, OHS -Loqckro ; = Bbq Be -) = ahffog kw “lay ka +104 : = {flogkutlogka - 104¢3 19) fe pon eT phe -pkejoqe] Kw pon Par Pon Re = pkw_ pk, pk oge ae ere ee, Ae ee Ak 95° j jee HSU +1090] F . cakulation o) pi 9D LA caltonic d anfonic hydrolysis Hydrolyate ob cHaCOON Hg. vearee ob nydrolysts tation = Anion ¢H3c009 + NHO 4+ Hh 0 = CHa(OOH. + NHAOHb= [OHSCOOMTTNHOHT [chxcoor] DUH3 J (Ha(OOH =C Hz (009+ HO : Ka = LcHacoo-JTH +]. Ko _ _Htlond KeHacooH7 KarKp TH, 007TH, Cult Tord NHOH = NHOs0HO [eHaccoH7, CNHOH] | kp = ONHR OH") TNHAOH TIC HCOOH) Cunou} LectgcocPT IN Ha] 0 S41 + OHO kanes f Me Ceo] po CH (odo + Ung + WO iene: Nieale Mai: 3 ° ° eee (ep) fqu- Cth ce-ch (= chMeoM | tone. ch th palsies OH 1, Henstan! fe bp, > (DICH) oe h=re ae (U3COOH = CHa cog} HO Bo 1. 4 ch Cth 2 % tone: of salt P Ka = Cc-chy tet] a oth ansronte et cation bah= U-popH ta £103 uerelisie Kae OY = Fah har - Wo cotionte hydoly sisi fansonre CHS = Kaley bucholysis oy" depen a FO edne ob att Ska pt 5104 (Seek) *F [ogkn HO4k.,lOGky] “altos pko_ pry pt anc ci eet me: ; pile att CPA. plo] ¢Type of salt type oF rudrol mature ct coir fy, 0 -ysts. “eatt oP ton s09 Bly Hoosr Bot Acidic +5 2) talk of fuAr68) FOr HOS renin Clectron cange srpole 2P—+1n: ta x1 602x104 ‘al. FF charge arvole x? + anf chavge = ain mole o x? HOB SH HAO Hee = Pan” tho = HOr On total +ve charge = Tota ~ve tharqe Cixearmoles ob Hequ. = MY reles OF HMyq *taPMMOIes Ct BY, + (rfynoles of of kayCH Jequ . © Squako> iY Jeg + ata Lyi + lok, 7" shor batane equas x» Po typo, HH Hpoz Uispay]= [Hapa], + Ure porleg terey enous rpas” LPO? kg ateyleueuls 9 MPOR” = st po} equation tho = UtoH? WOHT= [HaposJegs altho, 4 2170 Tegt | iPS at set LOS eee as Mone table = CH 5Jeq4 EHS Teg Pepe Ho 40H; THN [H6'Ieq + als hes 4 LOW cg — novae balance \ FHydrolyste ob salt of betrong base+ weak amphoteric anfon] (on acid salt of stiong base Gt NaHCO, » NaHapo, + NQHp04 . Nats oP Alt qrue Ht other than trst Aonisation —+ atic salt | Nata NOHA + HO —+ as HAO Nal doain#t react with, bo tot € o.6 t final 0 Gace Bs pase lean yA HO = SAT OH + b= WHEATIONT © us * | l G94 to tho"s0™ |, ae ; epg Aeid yoy Me CHT . c-Y-4 THA 2 bo. WIL Hewat an general Xe THE Tongro) | = ONT degree ob Hydvolyse:, > nogyee ol 302) ae ke “01 Sontealion 5 Caeqtorry] = © hele fsb sical hz ct kh Tot] ' t | Beka _ cud. “Fo ~ Tony tig ShHe) ee + ord cS ator Yuko = CHAD Ble pe Pls Ce Orley Cony / tks = CHIP? = THT Ga O 9 Sedopen ton ob! Frt* cone. of oF ee HIEND Applicable aujen mdvy-6MtuD undera 2 hygholyersFf. 7. eee 90 a ae ‘ P 2PM ph ne ph ee ob acid salt i ural base 24% AIHGHE , Hath PO, LH) HPO, h, hy © BHA w= BO HAD Peto BOHAHT Kp Kw = Leortdstr) ¢ Ongo cehy thy che Do Re tery ° Caee ccs mass bale PT, = Le'Jeq4 Loot Teg . C= [8"Jeqstl@ott]eg —_—__., | Cable = LHP Teg + CHa legs CF Jeq! e= (HP g 4 HoPleq + LA ka—® ] | CHO c=[Hihg, Kw we 4 es LH6T | 1 * pod” tay = TAR. ko | OY es * 8) ! THP Teg, = (+ Soa Fiord 1a Da: tel (HPD eg e ts Wee 1+ Kw, (KO + Ke KplHt) ok THY yy ee wo 4 4 Ka keletd lov} Gat Kw = titers, & Ko lh?s &, Cot] i CHAD kK, kw . Kb tH]? - Ku, 6 Ko [wtt= [exw ly aviv creat 2 Ss HA 0 —thpa uAO+tho —> tics 057 ye gt + Kn > Se LWoAlloe] THA] = C8 TTrb0} allo 0 co CeMegs, Re LO. Kb CH Sf Ws ota ter, - (wn Ps a)| Sh iytatrite the pt equahon tor allowing salts i 1 11 = Se oe’ NOHCO, ~rHco5 + Pus Bele Bis ye eal miei NOHpO, Hapag 4 pts BEI PIO ON one, undergoes nydholyss ‘ct z Bie Rte ook HPOF —+ pl. pity pis 1] = (Fakes yt HS = pk Orc MAH aHS 1 Be oe HCO wet POY Qo Mm UNAS Hos? © tet]= ee Ka) ky rut eles tty. Woes) en CR - ka) ly Hydlrolyste ob poly talent GAtENs gations Lions | oye NQ2P04, NAS %+0nly anfon undergoes nydrelysrs POF" + 20 = 490244 oF in 2 Kar + KOs >> ka, HPOR+ tho = PO't OH ky n= Koyo) Ks ¥en, HEPOs t HO = HPQ tOH Khy = — Kp khax kha) Kh Kn, Bp = F0. — | eM as (e* 10g ¢) 69% Hes, cao undergoes inydiral alt?+ Ho —rpltor" ut — Kn; | (0 +30 > HyPO4-30H") p= Rios , Koa Ko>> Koa >» kpa’ BLOW)" Hho > puconyt, + Ht Kn,= “Kwo ens Hibs b (ing 93 Ks PLLOHE! + H20 —+ ROH) st Ht + ie kia Key Kh kp, ley = kw Kbs nA Kb: Per =a 0g 0)# cosecyt- Mondvalent neubad fan hydrolysis, eer a 9 Hane ai apt = a4 (pHOq cy OMe Tah (pkg “Hoge) gis HCO oy 0 depends on ant: PH depends won ‘nt ot to tocependlent tone of salt loge ask wie fod CE oe ae DG be constant ¥cosediy:- H a Anon Arp photiee ric ft calion doesn't cofon undergo undergo bud rolysis hudrolysis BF, HA LHtI =\/ kph HAPs (Hts eke nfo eat) ay pH fnleperdent ob Sot cone Obsdt ao bueuel, feosak orginated tons undergo oe Race nenaant ob wt onc t ae pane Mb of salt budrolys ia Neutral. polyvalent fon ants ato —AR(0N), 1946 ai obo e-c ch atl 4 ’ tahon + © “ pony tation Dt ack Pay Anion + D BARON @ by = HP acy Kn 7 He se Danza) SY) can * i) 5° ph 14 Mog C1 \" @ ae eens, nt toeni 4s ie ¢ ee Gar pee pets (Ps t0ge) ear. ant pls 1-4 (Me +q¢) * pb depercts upon tat conc F pl depends upon ant-cone ob salt ot catt ne Palka] a Sy calcstate the pH CP O.0nM BACIE~OO) af BC PRD = 4g cH 3(00" calulate +e ratio of deqree ob hycholyste of any chigtoonla ond O-ofM CH3CO0Na ® calculate the vOlio d deqste o bysholysts oP 4m tHacoontu @ OrOIM CH3COONH 4 7 P fonsowh = hy she = 141 Y har ob two Weak ACHdS Hyd Hy are 2.22163 I-antom? yespectively ky of two Weak bases ROH B GOH am Werlo"% 2-2510% espectvl H of whrch of the AQUEOUS Ob eat ob Brain’ @.aceltcond 90 Ckactigcooy = 6 8x10, Ry = 6 x19" !O =F = ") cabewate con. of ©, Hos, HCO, 9H oF 1m sol? of natheos65, Korey" 10" W) escouoncous + thor tafoyt049 ae : oh ai oe de iat Mag t= AS 04) ae mas doprtto-e Os Has linragenae , dd' D108"K euler soluttons aa tert ahat rrxture has very high tendency to seotfct the A Wnonge Upon AdANHON ob Very small quantity o) tong acid! ho pase a°e Calle) tulteer colution Butler solutions are’ two types Bulfer schutions Zi ngie component Tun component v Liat salt of (wA +B) 4] ie el fete bubtey Gost buHter v wp reait oh Ttetemtsa woe cout ch Cis uy | : CAY CH (OOH +H 300% Not ten AUHAOHS NH acl HON MacK sig OR; Hoon Hose? rN
Bubfor NOH200,+ NO,HpO, ~ BuPFer| ub nate, NasHpO, + Napa eutler NoOsfew! Yo Soeaces shen ot PS alls a NOH PO, + 405004 FANAHPOs - ver abutter (ol Bas Bibi = AM ‘ H,p0, —+ NOHO, —* NAsHPO,— > NOs po een ¥ prepar ior a reid bulter+- , €1le5S WA + Liretting 2B mater of ne) " CH3(OOH + Noor i Creon ‘ 0D GEN om ew. Remaining (won + formed salt 24 (wo4 5B)acess > United 3h CHa COO Nal + Hed — ctor +Nacd rot 'OOGEN \oReEN agent FO. an GEN lo @en Suber | FPRPAKAHOM ob bast butter | €ncess WR 4 United of — -talt of (819A) NHAOH + Hed Stes NHACO ° too 40 ) ° Ng east bultey NHeCH 4 QOH —+ NAOH 100 40 c VE 60 ° Ao ieee. buPrer F HlorHg of actdic ballon ere baste bstlor:- CH3 COOH + CH (oo NO ‘am ‘3'M > addition oF stew drape ob oA CHRCOONA + Hed —+ ciao td Nacd | Int. '9’'m a a 10 : | equi s-a oi ate. | facess salt of (0B 16A) + Limited of | ALFA ars tak Sg Bbkee comsctoation there FS 0 change & pl 84 addition of Feu drops ob sp, (Hs COOH + NAOH —» CM3CO0NQ + (0 wt o 4 eo oO Cy a-~a o oe a ‘ Acid+a-b galt + 646 4 TIS Cerpbrabion. Aatsn alter ph % pl OP aciolfe bul Fer CH3COOH = c13004) 19 : CH3COOND RHC 4 nig "1 47 addic putfer due to common fon ¢t oct at ¢qutlfbrium position [e300 Io, & LeHscootl]. . paedry.., :LCH3C00T = [elt3ONal< [sal Ttyittcat iq = UtHacoo JfH fetaccot}, 4 TH? = Ka [CHa CoHleg, [cHa00" leq = Ka LACK] feait) ~104. Tk tad ee at Teatt] His - P| 104 Ka - 104 TActAd A “ fealfl H = pM toqisattl r ie Acid) Wo 5 = pk4a gh } Pty logs a ie) sats Pee ed He 1k meq ealt ere Pog (ec aad gf ¥ Wor6ing of baste butter NHQOH + uted wm SM | bY adeittion of lew drone of oA i NH,OH+ HO) —* NH ACLs HO ‘b’ 4 ‘s'm 2 | b-a oo Sra 80 Base b-4 | ‘enitics aes 4 abte combination dosn't alter pf | By addition ob few drops of sa OdHgOlt- NOOH +NHac§— + NHZOH tT Heh 4 ws ‘Sb o ° ben ar) o-s bis Base + bra ealt + 6-8 + pBltoh tonic bubfert- NB.OU = NHT+OH™ Nigcl + NHO+ ct© - (NHS [OHI —.. CNH,OM) 4rd corobincte doesn't alter ptt(eal Torry be” Tpaser mp MBC] rote] Ko TS Hee tease] Cee nae) 5 71eq Kp ~ jog Base? [en = phe og pl = pl flog ' 4 = pkb, Near a toa (tea ) Shy fa OF cH COOH = \:2x109. EY” tohat is Concenhahion of frit] fo a solution fh which O101M CHxOOH a O05 MLeHyC0d),cO. AYE” present sols = (m-<4 salt tor | x (er asteg Ug Sat ) ay roa | - Blogre +ioq() CH3COOH €cH3c0074 HT ty > Ueriscool [Ht | Tetigcooty 18110? =(0-005x2) ryt 0-081 eo | THI] = vex ton ys pHs PM 4109 (2:01) _ og Ka reomt of oxi ta (HsCCOH veact wily sont ob oso08 Mm NawH The’ t ot sesutting sol” fe ) It SO eHscooHandod = CH3CO0NO +430 1000011 Gol.) 10 O96 ° 0 qs ° 0.25 ; | Ls | eulPer He OW: qut64 26 4 10q ( 9:25, & Sep numerical models | Btfdic buble, =» cH, (OOH + CH3 COON , ny: Weg ' PH pKa slogy . * couedyt 2¢q- of Hel act ad deat ed try| ayz2y CHgCOONA + HCL —¥ CHa coo Hated tot Nea leg, ney 0 Fin WHEY 0 ataeq zee UL_____y Gulfer 7 Final cole puyger (aaz ) b x-U CHacoo nas Hed —* CHacjoHtNacg Wr eg ‘a'eq “eq 0 P2Bwo9 2 Gouder) Ylveq y eq. OP) 6a F foal eol” = Weak asta} EH = (ka + pH = 3 Lpkeploge] oO zrY HZ COON tHe —> cH3cood + Nach wt wleq 4 eq meq 9 ingh oO KY ea ate Final col = acdc ee eee Veotad rf zen caseliir! (et ‘2! €q. NAOH added Gee — ZYn. anzen CH3COOH + NOolt — cHyCOONGt HO. Int vareq a 6g Ua. 0 Fral a-7)¢q 0 (UW Deq tx '¢q bulfer Final col? << autter PH plestog (Ste : “ bo 2-4 - innk CH3(OOH 4 NGUH — CH COoNd+ Hi0 Int eq 6q. yleg 2 finds ‘oeq © 4 *Final cl? contarn — salt of wA d 68 undergo avforte hudrolyste pH = pi eH = 143 (ph 1096) La PY = Tad CpKOytyginr ‘ 3 (PM 10g i) : or CHALODH + NCLOH + CH3(00NO+ HO tobe wil eg) i cereal geal ]0 Fh 0 Eh Gers _ Final sd” = Basic oe | tow3- = pd | Vectal , | ¥ Butler capacty ip) ; | dhe tendency tb restiie the plt change ro called butler capactty By ustng came butter components use can make Mkinite utter solutions Oo 0 Oo 4 yg Ls t ; acon feadeen| 09 |iticot | a} umteon yenteon | josfsetong 23 [ren] jfesiems] iG ay ate alt. apt =) of : pay : ar which containes mor 84 Te quired to drange: pH + then that bubler hos marimun puller copacity noch mole of ston actdlstiong bace cequired to change pt! of 18%t bufler olution by sunt called tutfor copaerty 4 ay. For 4 lt butler colution an-rpole splsg pH * ton sicler barn ciacoon + S'M CH3coonl diftiemiet? saa T} db moles' NaoH added ., GPK treed 4 EaByeH (oid | as | ve | c TInt. pH - pka | Of Ay ptt = pK, tog ee 1008 the EEK | Finan = PRO 410g (S490) Es oS | ; * Surrey = eis 104 (825) ) = PL toga y } | = ba(BsE--2) ra i) op! » Gas) \n titial A Knal colutian=+ are=K (ienstonty 6 for mantmum, bulfer capactty oo) 927302 (0-2) K 4 = 2:30? (ak-o) 0 - 2:303 (ea) For maitirnum bulfor capacity , *- poe te git gl fait and ach conten buPler capactty. Mar - Gutta capactty ,'(brnaxd=+ s= oe Gutter ptt - Preaiogts 1 ne Pete peia acne Seneralliqood fide ott vange fs a 1 to oF, "qa 5 £ Te io tation’ are equal s ther: butter has rani 7) + valote ce * M047 96H — Harip0y + ed u op nin alan PNOHPO4 +10 see a da NQHpO4* Hol — NASP, 7 HO £)¢ pits pt eX log TNGaPOaI TNA3sP04J pol : (nat poa]