METRO MANILA COLLEGE

U-site Brgy. Kaligayahan, Novaliches, Quezon City

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

EDUC6 - Foundation of Special and Inclusive Education

Module 8
LOCSIN ANNALYN C.
BEED-3A

Lesson 8
Typical and Atypical Development Among Children

Objectives
-Discuss the theory of Piaget, Vygotsky, Bandura, and Erikson;
-Identify the stages of child development, atypical and typical development, and
domains of development

Getting Ready
1. He is the founder of social learning theory?
a. Vygotsky
b. Bandura
c. Piaget

2. Refers to sequence of physical, language, thoughts, and emotional changes.

a. Child Development
b. Cognitive Development
c. Adult Development

3. Normal progression where children grow by acquiring knowledge, skills, and behavior.
a. Typical Development
b. Child Development
c. Atypical Development

4. A psychologist believed that children learn about their words through physical interaction.
a. Bandura
b. Piaget
c. Vygotsky

5. He believes that through others, we become ourselves.

a. Vygotsky
b. Erikson
 c. Bandura

Review
1. What are the Components of Special and Inclusive Education?
The Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) is a federal law that requires students to be
educated in the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE). They must receive an education
with supports set forth in their Individual Education Plan (IEP), which is different for
each student. The federal laws that govern the education of special needs children do not
require that they receive an inclusive education. They only require that all students with
disabilities be educated in the least restrictive environment and that their unique needs are
met.

2. As a future educator, how will you apply these components of Special and Inclusive
Education to your classroom?
As a future educator I will apply these components through these students do not leave
the regular classroom for services specified in their IEP, but these services are delivered
to them in the regular classroom setting. Inclusion or mainstreaming refers to students
being educated with non-disabled peers for most of their school day. A special education
teacher collaborates with a general education teacher to provide services for students. The
general education teacher is responsible for instructing all children, even those with an
IEP. The special education teacher collaborates with the general teacher on strategies.
The special education teacher brings materials into the classroom and works with the
special student during math or reading instruction. The special education teacher aids the
general education teacher in planning different strategies for students with various
abilities.

Brief Introduction
Child Development and its Importance
Child development refers to the sequence of physical, language, thought and emotional changes
that occur in a child from birth to the beginning of adulthood.
IMPORTANCE
 It allows a ‘check in’ to ensure that the child is roughly ‘on track’ for their age.
 Serve as an indicator of a possible future diagnosis.
 Developmental milestone checklists or chart

There are many child development theories that have been proposed by theorists and researchers.
Erik Erikson - Psychosocial Development Theory
Jean Piaget - Cognitive Development Theory
Lev Vygotsky - Sociocultural Theory
Albert Bandura - Social Learning Theory
Erik Erikson
 Convinced that personality develops in a series of stages.
 Erikson attempts to explain how social interactions and relationships played out in the
development of personality.

1. Trust vs. Mistrust

 Infancy
 From birth-12 months of age
 Dependent on the parents

2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

 Early Childhood
 Ages 1-3 years
 Child develops a sense of personal control

3. Initiative vs. Guilt

 Preschool
 Ages 3-6 years
 Children are now capable of initiating activities

4. Industry vs. Inferiority

 School Age
 Ages 6-12 years
 Children develop a sense of pride

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion

 Adolescence
 Ages 12-18 years
 Develop a sense of identity

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation

 Young Adult
 20’s – early 40’s
 Want blend with friends and peers, they fit in

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation

 Middle Adulthood
 40’s- mid 60’s
  Makes a significant contribution

8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair

 Late Adulthood
 From mid 60’s to end of life
 Begin to explore life as retired individuals

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

 Swiss psychologist and genetic epistemologist.

 Known for his theory of cognitive development that looked at how children develop
intellectually throughout the course of childhood.

Four Stages of Cognitive Development:

1. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years old)

 A period of time between birth and age two during which an infant's knowledge of the
world is limited to his or her sensory perceptions and motor activities. Behaviors are
limited to simple motor responses caused by sensory stimuli.

2. Preoperational Stage (2 to 6 years old)

 A period between ages 2 and 6 during which a child learns to use language. During this
stage, children do not yet understand concrete logic, cannot mentally manipulate
information and are unable to take the point of view of other people.

3. Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years old)

 A period between ages 7 and 11 during which children gain a better understanding of
mental operations. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events but have
difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts.

4. Formal Operational Stage (12 years old to adulthood)

 A period between age 12 to adulthood when people develop the ability to think about
abstract concepts. Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic
planning also emerge during this stage.
Typical and Atypical Development

 Typical Development
The normal progression where children grow by acquiring knowledge, skills and
behavior called development milestones at a certain time frame.

 Atypical Development
Does not follow the normal course. More so, a child is developing atypically
when he/she reaches a milestone earlier or later than other children his/her age.

There is no clear way to identify if a child is developing typically or atypically. However, there
are three common accepted principles of child development that one should look into. The three
principles are as follows:

1. Rate of development differs among children.

2. Development occurs in a relatively orderly process.

3. Development takes place gradually.

Sociocultural Theory (Lev Vygotsky)

Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)

 was another psychologist who believed children learn about their world through physical
interaction.

Sociocultural Theory

 Is that the ways people interact with others and the culture they live in shape their mental
abilities.

Three key areas of Sociocultural Theory

Zone of Proximal Development- refers to the learner's ability to successfully complete tasks
with the assistance of more capable other people, and for this reason it is often discussed in
relation to assisted or scaffolded learning.

Private Speech- It is between the ages of two and seven. Private speech is speech spoken to
oneself for communication, self-guidance, and self-regulation of behavior.

Make-believe Play- also known as pretend play, is a loosely structured form of play that
generally includes role-play, object substitution and nonliteral behavior
Stages in Child Development

Early Childhood

 Growth and development are most obvious during the first year, when a helpless newborn
dramatically transforms into a moving, “talking, walking” whirlwind with a mind of her
own.

Middle Childhood

 By eight, your child should be are able to understand some basic abstract concepts,
including time and money.

Adolescence

 Adolescence is a time of diverse, confusing, even frightening changes due to significant

physical, emotional and cognitive growth, new situations, responsibilities, and people.

Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory

Social learning theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the importance of

observing, modelling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others.
Social learning theory considers how both environmental and cognitive factors interact to
influence human learning and behavior.

Observational Learning

Children observe the people around them behaving in various ways. This is illustrated
during the famous Bobo doll experiment (Bandura, 1961).

The Bobo Doll Experiment

The experiment involved exposing children to two different adult models; an aggressive
model and a non-aggressive one. After witnessing the adult's behavior, the children would then
be placed in a room without the model and were observed to see if they would imitate the
behaviors they had witnessed earlier.
Mediational Processes
SLT is often described as the ‘bridge’ between traditional learning theory
(i.e., behaviorism) and the cognitive approach. This is because it focuses on how mental
(cognitive) factors are involved in learning.
Unlike Skinner, Bandura (1977) believes that humans are active information processors and
think about the relationship between their behavior and its consequences.

Four Mediational Processes Proposed by Bandura

● Attention
● Retention
● Reproduction
● Motivation

Critical Evaluation
The social learning approach takes thought processes into account and acknowledges the
role that they play in deciding if a behavior is to be imitated or not.

DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT
Physical Development
The physical domain covers the development of physical changes, which includes
growing in size and strength, as well as the development of both gross motor skills and fine
motor skills.

Cognitive Development
The cognitive domain includes intellectual development and creativity. Kids gain the
ability to process thoughts, pay attention, develop memories, understand their surroundings,
express creativity, as well as to make, implement, and accomplish plans.
Social and Emotional Development
The social-emotional domain includes a child's growing understanding and control of
their emotions. They also begin to identify what other are feeling, develop the ability to
cooperate, show empathy, and use moral reasoning.

Language Development
is dependent on the other developmental domains. The ability to communicate with
others grows from infancy, but children develop these abilities at different rates.

Let’s learn together!

Join in the discussion thread via google meet to have a deeper understanding
about our lesson.

1. Watch:
https://youtube.com/watch?v=u4MLCaZfg6c&feature=share
2. Read: https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/clts/waiver/county/mod1-
matrices.pdf
3.
4. Lesson Proper (Interactive Discussion)
5. Sharing and Clarifying of Ideas.

Test/Apply your understanding

“What’s in your INFOMERCIAL”
 Each major/progran will create a print advertisement about their designated topic.

BEEd-Child Development and its importance & Erikson’s theory

BSNED- Atypical and Typical Development &Vygotsky Theory

BECED- 5 Piaget Theory and Stages of child development

 Explain Briefly
1.Differentiate the different theories under the child development.
Erik Erikson Theory it is qualitative changes in the way children think. The child is
considered an active learner going through stages. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky Theory
personality develops in eight stages throughout a lifetime. Development is influenced
through interactions with family, friends and culture. Albert Bandura Theory learning is
gradual and continuous. Development is a sequence of specific conditional behaviours.
 Main emphasis is on the environment, not heredity. Observable behaviours are
considered most important.

2. Explain the importance of child development theories

An understanding of child development is essential because it allows us to fully

appreciate the cognitive, emotional, physical, social, and educational growth that children
go through from birth and into early adulthood

Sum it all
Put all your ideas together about our lesson using graphic organizer.

Typical and Atypical Development among Children

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Sociocultural Theory

Development Theory Development (Lev Vygotsky)
Trust vs. Mistrust Four Stages of Cognitive Development: Three key areas of
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years Sociocultural Theory
old)
Initiative vs. Guilt Zone of Proximal
Preoperational Stage (2 to 6 years old) Development
Industry vs. Inferiority
Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 Private Speech
Identity vs. Role Confusion years old)
Make-believe Play
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Formal Operational Stage (12 years old
Generativity vs. Stagnation to adulthood)

Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory

DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT

Physical Development

Cognitive Development

Social and Emotional Development

Language Development
Post Test
Instruction: Answer the following questions.

1. Differentiate Typical and Atypical Development.

Typical development will give generic progress of the child compared to peers of the
same age. Atypical development occurs when the child appears to lag behind or is way
ahead of same-age peers in any of the different skills.

2. Explain the Social Learning Theory

Social learning theory examples in everyday life are common, with one of the most
evident being the behaviors of children, as they imitate family members, friends, famous
figures and even television characters. If a child perceives there is a meaningful reward
for such behavior, they will perform it at some point.

3. Explain the Stages of Child Development

Early Childhood (Birth to Eight Years)
Growth and development are most obvious during the first year, when a helpless newborn
dramatically transforms into a moving, “talking, walking” whirlwind with a mind of her
own. During this first year, parents likely will be marking development through
development of obvious skills. Middle Childhood (Eight to Twelve Years)
By eight, your child should be are able to understand some basic abstract concepts,
including time and money. Her cognitive skills, personality, motivation, and
interpersonal relationships will undergo refinement. You will be amazed watching her
social circle grow and become more complex – with both children and those senior to
her. Adolescence (Twelve to Eighteen Years) Adolescence is a time of diverse,
confusing, even frightening changes due to significant physical, emotional and cognitive
growth, new situations, responsibilities, and people. Frequent mood swings, depression,
and other psychological disorders are common. Though usually attributed to hormones,
your child will react to the challenges and struggles; expect fluctuating or inconsistent
behaviors that will even out with time and maturity.

Rubrics Points
Content 2 points
Organization 2 points
Coherence 1 point
Total 5 pts
Pause and Reflect

Reflect on your own learning from this module

1. What is the most important thing I learned in this lesson?

The most important thing I learned in this lesson is that child development consists of
the stages from early childhood to adolescence in which a child’s cognitive, social
cultural, and psychosocial development is developed.

2. What did I discover myself as a learner in this lesson?

I discover myself as a learner in this lesson that a child’s development is developed
through the people around them and guidance provided by parents and people who
become part of children’s development.

3. How will I apply what I’ve learned in the future?

I apply what I’ve learned in the future by developing children’s abilities as a future
educator I will engage them more in the things they will grow in and better develop
their physical and social interactions.

References:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_theory?fbclid=IwAR0ZuszzM14QKeSNzGCV7
wZ9-QrFFImBD_x2oxe74vnlwDLKTsba-1HcNJw
https://www.chcmass.com/2018/10/05/the-stages-of-child-development/
https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/clts/waiver/county/mod1-matrices.pdf

https://childdevelopment.com.au/areas-of-concern/what-is-child-
development/#:~:text=Child%20development%20refers%20to%20the,parents%2Fguardians%20
to%20increasing%20independence