Essentials of Marketing Research: Putting Research Into Practice

Kenneth E. Clow & Karen E. James

Instructor Test Bank

Essentials of Marketing Research

Putting Research Into Practice 1st
Edition
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Chapter 6: Experimental Research

Multiple Choice Questions

1. _______ studies are conducted at a single point in time and thus provide a snapshot of
the subject or topic being studied at that particular time.
*A. cross section
B. cross tabulation
C. longitudinal
D. pilot

2. Most marketing research survey studies are ___________ studies in nature as

marketing mangers seek information to solve a particular problem or to develop specific
marketing strategies.
A. cross tabulation
*B. cross section
C. longitudinal
D. pilot

3. A ___________ is a study that asks the same questions at multiple points in time
A. cross tabulation
B. cross section
*C. longitudinal
D. pilot

4. Within marketing, tracking studies are a type of __________ study.

A. cross tabulation
B. cross section
 Essentials of Marketing Research: Putting Research Into Practice
Kenneth E. Clow & Karen E. James
Instructor Test Bank

C. pilot
*D. longitudinal

5. Nielsen uses a consumer panel to determine television viewership and, thus, the
Nielsen television ratings. Other firms, such as Experian, uses consumer panels to study
consumer behavior and consumer attitudes. These are usually known as ______ studies.
A. cross tabulation
B. cross section
C. pilot
*D. longitudinal

6. Research errors can be divided into two broad groups, known as:
*A) random error and systematic errors
B) systemic error and systematic errors
C) nonresponse error and response error
D) researcher error and respondent error

7. Generally speaking, the more people that are surveyed, the less impact ______ error
will have on the data.
A) nonrandom
*B) random
C) systemic
D) systematic

8. The only way to eliminate random error entirely is to

*A) survey every single member of the population
B) use statistical analysis
C) use a longitudinal study
D) use a causal research design

9. ________ results from a mistake or problem in the research design or the research
process
A) nonrandom
B) random
C) systemic
*D) systematic

10. Systematic errors include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) sample design error,
B) respondent error
*C) nonresponse error
D) measurement error

11. Sample design errors include all of the following EXCEPT:

 Essentials of Marketing Research: Putting Research Into Practice
Kenneth E. Clow & Karen E. James
Instructor Test Bank

A) frame error
B) specification error
C) selection error
*D) measurement error

12. Population ___________ occurs when the population is incorrectly identified.

A) frame error
*B) specification error
C) selection error
D) measurement error

13. _____________occurs when an incorrect or incomplete sample frame is used to

choose study participants
A) specification error
*B) frame error
C) selection error
D) measurement error

14. Suppose a bank such as J.P. Morgan Chase wanted to survey their customers and
defined the population as all of its customers. Now suppose that all credit card and/or
checking account holders were used as the sample frame. The resulting error falls under
the label of:
A) specification error
*B) frame error
C) selection error
D) measurement error

15. _________ occurs when the sampling procedures are not followed or are not clearly
defined.
A) specification error
B) frame error
*C) selection error
D) measurement error

16. _____ occurs when there is a difference between the responses of those who
participate in a study and those who do not.
A) Selection bias
B) Response error
*C) Nonresponse bias
D) Specification error

17. The _____________is the percentage of individuals who complete a study from
among those who are contacted and asked to participate
A) incidence rate
 Essentials of Marketing Research: Putting Research Into Practice
Kenneth E. Clow & Karen E. James
Instructor Test Bank

*B) response rate

C) completion rate
D) quota rate

18. Minimizing non-response bias may require

A) sending multiple survey mailings
B) sending reminders designed to encourage the individual to complete the survey
*C) both of the above
D) none of the above

19. Measurement errors include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) processing error
B) interviewer error
C) measurement instrument error
*D) question selection error

20. ________ is the difference between the responses that are obtained and the true
responses that were sought
A) specification error
B) frame error
C) selection error
*D) measurement error

21. ______ occur when data from a survey instrument are either incorrectly coded or
incorrectly entered into the computer program that is being used to tally the data and to
analyze results.
*A) process error
B) interviewer error
C) measurement instrument error
D) frame error

22. ______ occurs with the questionnaire itself, such as question wording leading
respondents or confusing them as to what is being asked.
A) process error
B) interviewer error
*C) measurement instrument error
D) frame error

23. The traditional methods of telephone and mail surveys have been steadily declining in
usage in favor of online methods and mixed modes due to
A) cost and speed of response
B) response rates
*C) both of the above
D) none of the above
 Essentials of Marketing Research: Putting Research Into Practice
Kenneth E. Clow & Karen E. James
Instructor Test Bank

24. Before the 1990s, __________ research was the most popular method of conducting
survey research
A) mail survey
*B) land line telephone
C) door to door in-person
D) internet-based

25. Research has shown that the advance letter (to a telephone interview) will increase
the response rate about _______over no advance letters
A) 1% to 2%
*B) 8% to 10%
C) 20% to 30%
D) 50% to 55%

26. When it comes to marketing research and telephones,

A) currently there are no legal restrictions that apply to cell phones that do not apply to
land lines
*B) the transitory nature of people makes it difficult to know which consumers with cell
phones live in a particular geographic area of interest.
C) both of the above
D) none of the above

27. Difficulties of cell phones and marketing research include:

A) the owner and user of cell phones may be two different individuals. Many cell phones
are used by children, but owned by parents.
B) the person answering the phone may be anywhere and engaged in any number of
activities such as at work, at a restaurant, shopping, or driving a vehicle that may prevent
the subject from completing a survey.
*C) both of the above
D) none of the above

28. Advantages of mail surveys include:

*A) confidentiality
B) response rate
C) both of the above
D) none of the above

29. For online surveys:

*A) It is possible to personalize surveys to increase the response rate
B) they are often more representative of the population in general
C) professional respondents are less of a concern versus traditional mail surveys
D) data quality is usually better than mail surveys
Another document from Scribd.com that is
random and unrelated content:
 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 72.
J. Fleischmann del.
Balanites aegyptiaca Del.
A Branch with flowers and young fruits. B Part of
branch with spines. C Flower cut lengthwise. D
Ovary and disc cut lengthwise. E Cross-section of
ovary. F Fruit. G Fruit cut lengthwise.

Fruit 1-celled. Leaves alternate. Stipule 1.—Species 40. Tropical and

South Africa. Some species yield timber or medicaments. (Plate
71.) Erythroxylon P. Browne

FAMILY 113. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

Leaves stipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, rarely
(Neoluederitzia) dioecious. Petals 4-5, free, rarely wanting. Stamens 1-3
times as many as the petals. Filaments usually with an appendage at the
base. Anthers attached by the back. Ovary superior, 3-10-celled, lobed,
angled or winged. Style simple, rarely (Seetzenia) styles 5.—Genera 12,
species 90. (Plate 72.)
1. Fruit drupaceous, one-seeded. Seeds without albumen. Ovary 3-5-
celled with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Filaments without an
appendage. Corolla yellowish-green. Leaves alternate, simple and
undivided or of 2 leaflets. Shrubs or trees. [Subfamilies
BALANITOIDEAE and NITRARIOIDEAE.] 2

Fruit capsular or separating into several nutlets, several- or many-seeded.

Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones, more rarely all alternate, but
then dissected or pinnate with many leaflets. 3

2. Fruit with a very thick endocarp. Ovary 5-celled, surrounded by a

cupular disc; ovules attached at the top of the cells. Style rather long;
stigma 1. Stamens 10. Petals oblong. Sepals hairy. Leaves with two
leaflets. Spiny plants.—Species 3. Central Africa, Sahara,
Egypt. They yield timber, fish-poison, vegetables, medicaments, oily
seeds, and edible fruits which are also used as a substitute for soap and
for preparing a spirituous drink. “Zachun-oil-tree.” (Agialid Adans.)
(Plate 72.) Balanites Del.

Fruit with a thin endocarp, opening finally by 6 teeth at the top. Ovary
3-celled; ovules attached near the middle of the cells. Style very short;
stigmas 3, converging. Stamens usually 15. Petals concave, induplicate-
valvate in bud. Sepals fleshy, imbricate in bud. Leaves simple,
undivided, fleshy.—Species 2. North Africa and northern
Central Africa. They yield soda and edible fruits which are said to be
inebriating. “Nitre bush.” Nitraria L.

3. Leaves pinnately dissected or irregularly many-cleft, alternate.

Filaments without an appendage. Ovary 3-4-celled with several or many
ovules in each cell. Seeds albuminous. Herbs. [Subfamilies
TETRADICLIDOIDEAE and PEGANOIDEAE.] 4

Leaves undivided, unifoliolate, digitate, or pinnate, usually opposite.

Ovary 4-10-, usually 5-celled. [Subfamily
ZYGOPHYLLOIDEAE.] 5

4. Leaves pinnately dissected. Flowers small. Calyx 3-4-toothed. Petals

3-4, obovate. Stamens 3-4. Ovary deeply lobed, the lobes incompletely
3-celled, 6-ovuled.—Species 1. North-east Africa. Tetradiclis Stev.

Leaves irregularly many-cleft. Flowers rather large. Sepals 4-5, linear.

Petals 4-5, oblong. Stamens 8-15. Ovary slightly lobed, with undivided,
many-ovuled cells.—Species 1. North Africa. The seeds are used
medicinally, as a condiment, and for dyeing. Peganum L.

5. Leaves unequally pinnate or digitate, rarely unifoliolate; in the latter

case disc indistinct and ovules ascending. Filaments without an
appendage. Ovary 5-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell. 6

Leaves equally pinnate or undivided, rarely reduced to the stalk. Disc

distinctly developed. Ovules pendulous. 8
6. Leaves alternate, with 4-6 pairs of leaflets. Flowers dioecious. Ovary
surrounded by strap-shaped scales. Spiny shrubs.—Species 1. South-
west
Africa (Namaland). Neoluederitzia Schinz

Leaves opposite, with 1 or 3 leaflets. Flowers hermaphrodite. Herbs or

undershrubs. 7

7. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals none. Disc 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovule 1 in

each ovary-cell, pendulous. Styles 5, with capitate stigmas. Prostrate
undershrubs. Leaflets 3.—Species 2. South and North-east
Africa. Seetzenia R. Br.

Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals 5, rose, violet or yellowish. Disc obscure.

Stamens 10. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell, suspended from ascending
funicles. Style 1; stigma simple.—Species 15. North Africa, northern
Central Africa, and South-west Africa. Some are used medicinally.
Fagonia Tourn.

8. Leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate, with 6-8 pairs of leaflets. Flowers

large. Sepals saccate at base. Corolla yellow. Disc lobed, with 5 glands
projecting into the sacks of the sepals. Stamens 10, unappendaged.
Ovary 5-lobed, with 2 ovules in each cell. Shrubs.—Species
1. East Africa (Somaliland). Kelleronia Schinz

Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones. 9

9. Ovary 10-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Calyx valvate in bud.

Petals narrow, 3-cleft. Disc cupular, 10-toothed. Stamens 10, with awl-
shaped appendages at the base. Fruit winged. Seeds exalbuminous.
Erect, succulent herbs. Leaves undivided, club-shaped.—Species 1.
South Africa. Augea Thunb.

Ovary 4-5-celled. Calyx imbricate in bud. 10

10. Ovary-cells with one ovule in each. Style long; stigma club-shaped.
Disc
5-lobed, with five 3-cleft scales opposite the sepals. Stamens 10,
appendaged. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs.—Species
1. South Africa. Sisyndite E. Mey.
Ovary-cells with 2 or more ovules in each. 11

11. Ovary-cells later on transversely chambered, 3-5-ovuled. Style very

short, with a large stigma. Disc thin, lobed. Fruit separating into nutlets,
bristly or warty, usually with outgrowths. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs.
Flowers cymose, 5-merous.—Species 12. Some of them have edible
seeds or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. Tribulus Tourn.

Ovary-cells undivided. Style awl-shaped, with a small stigma. Disc

fleshy. Filaments usually appendaged. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous.
Flowers solitary or in pairs, whitish or yellowish.—Species
55. Some of them yield soda, edible seeds, medicaments, or poison.
Zygophyllum L.

FAMILY 114. CNEORACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, gland-dotted, without
stipules. Flowers in cymes, 3-4-merous, hermaphrodite, with an
elongated receptacle. Petals free, imbricate in bud. Stamens 3-4,
alternating with the petals; filaments without an appendage. Ovary 3-4-
lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, one above the other, pendulous,
curved. Style simple; stigmas 3. Fruit separating in two 2-celled drupes.
Seeds with a curved embryo and fleshy albumen. (Under
SIMARUBACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 1. Canary Islands. Used medicinally. (Under
Cneorum
L.) Chamaelea Tourn.

FAMILY 115. RUTACEAE

Leaves gland-dotted, at least at the margin, rarely (Empleuridium)
without dots. Petals free, rarely (Empleurum) wanting. Disc usually
present. Anthers versatile, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal
slits. Embryo rather large, the radicle turned upwards.—Genera 33,
species 320. (Including AURANTIACEAE and XANTHOXYLEAE.) (Plate
73.)
1. Fruit dehiscent and more or less dry. Carpels, at least when ripe,
more or less separate, rarely only one present. [Subfamily
RUTOIDEAE.] 2
Fruit indehiscent and more or less fleshy. Carpels usually united, even
when ripe, rarely only one present. Shrubs or trees. Leaves compound,
but sometimes with a single leaflet. 19

2. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Flowers hermaphrodite.

Corolla yellow. Stamens 8-10. Ovules 2, or more frequently more than
2 in each carpel. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. [Tribe
RUTEAE.] 3

Stem woody. Corolla green, white, red, or violet, rarely (Empleurum)

wanting. Fertile stamens 3-5, rarely (Pelea) 8-10. Ovules 2 in each
carpel. 4

3. Carpels 2, with 5-6 ovules in each. Flowers 4-merous. Petals entire.

Seeds spiny. Undershrubs. Leaves undivided or 3-parted.—Species
2. German South-west Africa (Hereroland) and Island of Socotra.
Thamnosma Torr.

Carpels 4-5. Seeds tubercled.—Species 8. North Africa and northern

Central Africa. Some species yield condiments and medicaments.
“Rue.” (Including Desmophyllum Webb and Haplophyllum Juss.)
Ruta L.

4. Seeds albuminous. Corolla greenish or whitish. Leaves usually

compound.
[Tribe XANTHOXYLEAE.] 5

Seeds exalbuminous. Corolla white, red, violet, or wanting. Leaves

simple, undivided. [Tribe DIOSMEAE.] 7

5. Stamens 8-10. Carpels 4-5. Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided.

Flowers polygamous.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Melicope
Forst.) Pelea A. Gray

Stamens 3-5. 6

6. Leaves opposite. Flowers unisexual. Carpels 4-5. Styles united.

Seeds oblong. Unarmed plants.—Species 15. Madagascar and
neighbouring islands. Some are used medicinally. Evodia Forst.
Leaves alternate. Carpels 1-5. Styles free or united above.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, vegetables,
condiments, and medicaments. (Including Pterota P. Br., under
Zanthoxylum L.) Fagara L.

7. Carpels 1-2. Fertile stamens 4. Flowers unisexual or polygamous.

Shrubs. [Subtribe EMPLEURINAE.] 8

Carpels 4-5. Fertile stamens 5. Flowers hermaphrodite or

polygamous. 9

8. Flowers dioecious. Sepals united at the base. Petals 4. Disc 4-lobed.

Anthers roundish, without terminal glands. Leaves needle-like, three-
edged, without glandular dots.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). Empleuridium Sond.

Flowers polygamous-monoecious. Sepals united beyond the middle.

Petals wanting. Disc none. Anthers oblong, with a gland at the top.
Ovary beaked. Stigma entire. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, glandular-
serrate.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally. Empleurum
Soland.

9. Endocarp cartilaginous, adnate at the back and separating from the

tubercled exocarp at the margins only. Seeds with thick cotyledons.
Ovules one above the other. Ovary with a long and thin stalk.
Staminodes linear, glandulose. Trees.—Species 2. East and South Africa.
[Subtribe CALODENDRINAE.] Calodendron Thunb.

Endocarp separating from the exocarp. Seeds with flat cotyledons.

Ovules usually side by side. Shrubs. [Subtribe DIOSMINAE.] 10

10. Staminodes 5. 11

Staminodes none. 15

11. Style long. Stigma small. 12

Style short or rather short. Stigma capitate or discoid. Inflorescences

terminal. 13
12. Petals clawed. Stamens with glabrous filaments and gland-tipped
anthers.
Staminodes petaloid, with hairy claws. Disc crenate or lobed. Carpels
2-4. Flowers in terminal umbels or heads, rarely solitary and axillary.—
Species
100. South Africa (Cape Colony). Some are used as ornamental or
medicinal plants. (Plate 73.) Agathosma Willd.

Petals subsessile, glabrous. Carpels 5. Flowers solitary or in cymes in the

axils of the leaves.—Species 20. South Africa (Cape Colony).
Some are used medicinally. Barosma Willd.

13. Petals with a very short, glabrous claw. Anthers ending in a stalked
gland. Staminodes exceeding the fertile stamens. Disc lobed. Ovary
covered with stalked glands. Flowers rather large.—Species 25.
South Africa (Cape Colony). Several species are used as ornamental or
medicinal plants, or as a substitute for tea. Adenandra Willd.

Petals with a long or rather long, usually channelled or bearded claw.

Anthers with a sessile gland or without a gland. 14

14. Petals channelled inside, glabrous. Anthers bearing a sessile gland.

Staminodes adnate below to the petals or enclosed by their channelled
claw. Ovary glabrous. Leaves alternate.—Species 6. South Africa
(Cape Colony). Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
Coleonema Bartl. & Wendl.

Petals not channelled, usually with a hairy claw. Stamens short.

Staminodes very small.—Species 15. South Africa (Cape Colony).
Acmadenia Bartl. & Wendl.

15. Style long. Stigma small. Petals with a hairy claw. 16

Style short or rather short. Stigma capitate. Filaments glabrous. 17

16. Disc 5-parted. Filaments and style hairy. Carpels 5. Flowers solitary
or in clusters, white.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).
Phyllosma Bolus
Disc entire, urn-shaped. Filaments glabrous. Carpels 3-5.—Species
10. South Africa (Cape Colony). Macrostylis Bartl. & Wendl.

17. Petals sessile, obovate, glabrous.—Species 15. South Africa (Cape

Colony). Some are used medicinally. Diosma L.

Petals clawed, hairy within. 18

18. Petals oblong or lanceolate, slightly exceeding the calyx. Anthers

with a terminal gland. Flowers very small.—Species 6. South Africa
(Cape
Colony). Euchaetis Bartl. & Wendl.

Petals obovate. (See 14.) Acmadenia Bartl. & Wendl.

19. (1.) Fruit a drupe. Flowers usually unisexual. Stigma sessile or nearly
so. [Subfamily TODDALIOIDEAE, tribe TODDALIEAE.] 20

Fruit a berry. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. [Subfamily

AURANTIOIDEAE, tribe AURANTIEAE.] 27

20. Fruit 1-celled. Seed 1, exalbuminous. Ovary 1-celled. Petals

imbricate in bud. Leaflets 1-3. [Subtribe AMYRIDINAE.] 21

Fruit 2-7-celled or consisting of 2-4 carpels cohering at the base only,

1-3 of them sometimes abortive. Ovary 2-7-celled. 22

21. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fertile stamens 10. Disc cup-shaped. Style

long, with a minute stigma. Ovule 1.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa (Cameroons). Eriander H. Winkl.

Flowers dioecious. Fertile stamens 4-5. Disc ring-shaped. Style short,

with a broad stigma. Ovules 2.—Species 18. Tropical and
South Africa. (Under Toddalia Juss.) Teclea Del.

22. Carpels almost free when ripe, some of them rudimentary. Seeds
exalbuminous.
Ovary distinctly 2-4-lobed. Stamens 4. Petals valvate in bud. Leaves
digitate. [Subtribe ORICIINAE.] 23
Carpels united up to maturity, forming a 2-7-celled fruit. Ovary not or
obscurely lobed. Petals imbricate in bud. [Subtribe TODDALIINAE.]
24

23. Carpels 2, one of them rudimentary at maturity. Seeds with equal

cotyledons.
Ovary almost glabrous. Petals oblong. Flowers in racemes.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). Diphasia Pierre

Carpels 4, of which 1-3 are rudimentary at maturity. Seeds with unequal

cotyledons. Ovary very hairy. Petals oval. Flowers in panicles, unisexual.
—Species
4. West Africa. Oricia Pierre

24. Fruit with 2-seeded cells. Seeds albuminous. Flowers 4-merous.

Trees.
Leaves digitate, with 5 leaflets.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa
(Gaboon). Araliopsis Engl.

Fruit with 1-seeded cells. Flowers unisexual. Leaves digitate with

3 leaflets, rarely pinnate with 7-9 leaflets. 25

25. Fertile stamens as many as the petals. Flowers 5-merous. Seeds

albuminous; embryo curved. Climbing shrubs. Leaves digitate.—Species
1.
Tropics. Yields condiments and is used in medicine. (Cranzia
Schreb.) Toddalia Juss.

Fertile stamens twice as many as the petals. Flowers 2-4-merous.

Embryo straight or almost so. 26

26. Filaments awl-shaped. Flowers 4-merous. Seeds exalbuminous.

Shrubs.
Leaves digitate.—Species 1. East Africa. Toddaliopsis Engl.

Filaments flattened. Seeds albuminous.—Species 30. Tropical and

South Africa. Some species yield timber and medicaments. (Under
Toddalia Juss.) Vepris Comm.

27. (19.) Ovary 2-5-celled, with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Stamens twice as
many as the petals. [Subtribe LIMONIINAE.] 28

Ovary 5- or more-celled, with 4 or more ovules in each cell. Leaves with

1-3 leaflets. [Subtribe CITRINAE.] 32

28. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 29

Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. Unarmed plants. 30

29. Flowers solitary or in groups of three in the axils of the leaves, 3-,
rarely
4-merous. Calyx toothed. Seeds usually with unequal and lobed
cotyledons. Spiny shrubs. Leaflets 3, unequal.—Species 1. Cultivated in
the tropics. Yields timber, fragrant flowers, and edible fruits.
Triphasia Lour.

Flowers in racemes or panicles, 4-5-merous. Calyx lobed or more deeply

divided. Leafstalk winged.—Species 10. Tropics. They yield timber,
edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments. Limonia L.

30. Style very short, not jointed with the ovary. Leaves unifoliolate.—
Species
1. West Africa. Glycosmis Correa

Style long or rather short, jointed with the ovary. Leaves unequally
pinnate. 31
 RUTACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 73.
J. Fleischmann del.
Agathosma ciliata Link
A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Petal. D Stamen. E
Staminode. F Flower cut lengthwise. G Cross-section
of ovary. H Fruit.
 SIMARUBACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 74.
J. Fleischmann del.
Irvingia Barteri Hook. fil.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C
Cross-section of ovary.

31. Filaments awl-shaped. Petals 5, linear lanceolate or oblong. Flowers

rather large.—Species 1. Cultivated and naturalized in the tropics.
Yields timber, fragrant flowers, and medicaments. Murraya L.

Filaments broadened below. Petals 4-5, elliptical or roundish. Flowers

rather small.—Species 6. Central and South Africa. Some are used
medicinally. (Including Myaris Presl). Clausena Burm.

32. Ovary with 4-8 ovules in each cell. Anthers oblong. Pericarp
leathery.
Seed-coat white, leathery. Leaves leathery.—Species 4. Cultivated; also
naturalized in the tropics. They serve as ornamental plants and afford
wood, fragrant flowers, and edible fruits (especially oranges and citrons)
from which drinks, medicaments, and perfumes are prepared.
Citrus L.

Ovary with numerous ovules in each cell. Anthers linear. Pericarp hard.
Leaves with 3 leaflets. 33

33. Stamens 10. Seed-coat smooth. Leaves leathery.—Species 1. Region

of the great lakes. Balsamocitrus Stapf

Stamens numerous. Seed-coat woolly and sticky. Leaves herbaceous.—

Species
1. West Africa. Yields timber and is used in medicine. Aegle
Correa

FAMILY 116. SIMARUBACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple or pinnate, not gland-dotted. Flowers
in spikes racemes or panicles, regular. Sepals 2-5. Petals 3-9, free. Disc
usually present. Anthers versatile, opening inwards by longitudinal slits.
Carpels free or united and then forming a several-celled ovary. Ovules 1-
2, pendulous or laterally attached. Seeds with a very thin albumen or
without albumen.—Genera 16, species 40. Tropical and South Africa.
(Under RUTACEAE.) (Plate 74.)
1. Carpels 5, free, 2-ovuled. Disc indistinct. Stamens 5-10, without an
appendage. Corolla yellow. Fruit drupe-like. Embryo curved, with
a large radicle. Shrubs. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Tropics.
[Subfamily SURIANOIDEAE.] Suriana L.

Carpels united at least by the base or the apex of the style, 1-ovuled.
Disc distinctly developed. Embryo with a very short radicle. [Subfamily
SIMARUBOIDEAE.] 2

2. Filaments with a scale-like appendage at the base. [Tribe

SIMARUBEAE.] 3
Filaments without a scale at the base. 9

3. Stamens 6-14, twice as many as the petals. Anthers oblong or

oval. 4

Stamens 15-18, thrice as many as the petals or more. Anthers linear.

Ovaries 5. Style 1. Corolla red. Trees. Leaves pinnate. [Subtribe
MANNIINAE.] 8

4. Ovaries and style-tips united. Fruit a drupe with 4-5 stones. Embryo
curved. Shrubs. Leaves compound.—Species 2. Central Africa.
[Subtribe HARRISONIINAE.] Harrisonia (R.Br.) Juss.

Ovaries free. Styles united. Fruit consisting of 1-5 nuts or drupes.

[Subtribe SIMARUBINAE.] 5

5. Leaves undivided. Flowers in umbels. Calyx 3-5-lobed, imbricate in

bud. Petals with contorted aestivation. Filaments with a minute scale at
the base. Style long; stigma small, entire. Fruits woody.
Trees.—Species 2. Madagascar. Used medicinally. Samadera
Gaertn.

Leaves pinnate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. 6

6. Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation.

Filaments with a short scale. Style long; stigma slightly 5-lobed.
Leaflets lanceolate, acuminate.—Species 1. West Africa. Yields arrow-
poison and is used in medicine. Quassia L.

Calyx 2-4-lobed or -cleft. Petals with imbricate aestivation. Filaments

with a long scale. Style short. Flowers in panicles. 7

7. Calyx 4-, rarely 5-lobed. Petals 4, rarely 5. Fruits woody. Leaflets

oblong or obovate.—Species 3. Equatorial regions. The seeds yield a fat.
(Under Quassia L.) Odyendea (Pierre) Engl.

Calyx at first closed, later on unequally 2-4-cleft. Petals 5, rarely 6-9.

Stigma 5-parted. Fruits drupe-like.—Species 4. Central Africa.
They yield timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. Hannoa Planch.

8. Calyx shortly lobed. Anthers shorter than the filaments. Ovaries united
below. Leaflets with a spoon-shaped appendage at the tip.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). Pierreodendron Engl.

Calyx deeply divided. Anthers longer than the filaments. Ovaries free.
Leaflets with an awl-shaped appendage at the tip.—Species 1. West
Africa. Mannia Hook. fil.

9. (2.) Stamens 4-6. Carpels free, either as to the ovaries or as to the

styles. Flowers usually polygamous. 10

Stamens 8-10. Fruit drupe-like. Trees. 12

10. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens 6. Carpels 2, united at the base. Stigma

subsessile, discoid. Fruit 2-celled, winged. Leaves undivided.—Species
1. Seychelles. [Tribe SOULAMEEAE.] Soulamea Lam.
Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels 4. Stigma small. Leaves
pinnate. 11

11. Ovaries and styles free or united at the base only. Petals short. Fruit
consisting of 4 drupes. Rusty-hairy plants.—Species 5. Central
Africa. Used medicinally. [Tribe PICRASMEAE.] Brucea J. S.
Muell.

Ovaries united; styles free. Petals long. Fruit separating into 4 leathery
mericarps suspended from a central column.—Species 5. Central
Africa. [Tribe KIRKIEAE.] Kirkia Oliv.

12. Carpels free for the greater part. Leaves pinnate.—Species 1.

Madagascar.
Poisonous. Perriera Courchet

Carpels wholly united. Leaves undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite.

13

13. Stigma 2-parted. Ovary 2-celled. Disc ring-shaped, lobed. Anthers

oblong. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the axils of the leaves.—
Species
1. South Africa. (Under Nectaropetalum Engl.) Peglera Bolus

Stigma entire. Disc cushion-shaped. Anthers ovate. Flowers in panicles.

[Tribe IRVINGIEAE.] 14

14. Ovary 4-5-celled. Fruit broader than long, angled, 4-5-celled, with
a thin fleshy layer.—Species 3. Equatorial West Africa.
Klainedoxa Pierre

Ovary 2-celled. Fruit oblong, 1-2-celled. 15

15. Fruit much compressed, broadly winged all round, 2-celled, 2-

seeded, with a thin fleshy layer.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa.
(Under
Irvingia Hook. fil.) Desbordesia Pierre

Fruit slightly compressed, not winged, 1-celled, 1-seeded, with a thick

fleshy layer.—Species 5. Central Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits,
and oily seeds (dika). (Including Irvingella van Tiegh.) (Plate
74.) Irvingia Hook. fil.

FAMILY 117. BURSERACEAE

Trees, rarely shrubs. Bark resinous. Leaves usually pinnate. Flowers
panicled, regular, mostly polygamous. Perianth consisting of a calyx and
a corolla of 3-5 free petals. Stamens twice as many as the petals, inserted
on the margin or the outside of the disc, rarely within. Anthers versatile,
opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 in each
cell, pendulous or attached laterally. Style simple or wanting; stigma
lobed. Fruit drupe-like, but sometimes dehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous.
Embryo with a superior radicle and usually folded or twisted cotyledons.
—Genera 7, species 160. Tropical and South Africa. (Under
TEREBINTHACEAE). (Plate 75.)
1. Receptacle concave; tube-, cup-, or urn-shaped; sepals, petals, and
stamens inserted at its upper rim. Sepals 4 and petals 4, valvate in bud.
Ovary
2-3-celled. Fruit drupaceous, but dehiscent, with a 2-3-celled stone; one
cell only fertile.—Species 110. Tropical and South Africa.
Several species yield timber and odorous resins (especially myrrh) which
are used for preparing varnish, incense, and medicines. Some are also
used as hedge plants. (Balsamea Gled., Balsamodendron Kunth.
including Hemprichia Ehrenb. and Hitzeria Klotzsch).
Commiphora Jacq.

Receptacle flat or convex, usually bearing a free disc, outside of which

the sepals and petals are inserted. Leaves pinnate. Trees. 2

2. Flowers 3-merous. Petals valvate in bud. Fruit with a 2-3-celled stone,

indehiscent, sometimes only one cell fertile. 3

Flowers 4-5-merous. Fruit with 2-5 stones. 5

3. Fruit depressed, obliquely hemispherical, broader than long, with a

lateral style and 1-2 fertile cells; endocarp thin, mesocarp rather thick.
Embryo with a short radicle and thick, pinnately divided cotyledons.
Stamens inserted outside the thick disc. Ovary 3-celled; one cell
sterile.—Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. They yield timber, edible
fruits, and medicaments. (Under Pachylobus Don or Santiria
Blume) Santiriopsis Engl.

Fruit oblong, ovate, or subglobose. 4

4. Fruit with 2 cells, one of which is sterile, and with a terminal style or
style-scar; endocarp thin crusty, mesocarp thick fleshy. Embryo with
a long radicle and thick, much divided cotyledons. Ovary 2-celled.
Sepals united at the base.—Species 13. West Africa. They yield timber,
resin, and edible oily fruits (safu). (Under Canarium L.)
(Plate 75.) Pachylobus Don

Fruit with 3 cells, two of them sometimes sterile; endocarp usually thick,
woody or bony; mesocarp usually thin. Embryo with a short radicle and
slightly divided cotyledons. Ovary 3-celled. Sepals united high up.—
Species 13. Tropics. Some species yield timber, resin (elemi) used in
medicine and manufacture, and edible oily fruits and seeds.
Canarium L.

5. Disc situated outside the stamens. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary

5-celled. Fruit top-shaped, with 5 stones, dehiscent.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber and an aromatic resin.
Aucoumea Pierre

Disc situated inside the stamens. 6

6. Petals 4-5, valvate in bud. Ovary 4-5-celled. Fruit globular or ovoid.

Species 4. Madagascar and Mascarenes. They yield timber and resin.
(Marignia Comm.) Protium Burm.

Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit with 2-3 stones,

dehiscent. Flowers hermaphrodite.—Species 15. Central Africa.
The resin of several species (frankincense) is used as an incense and in
medicine. Boswellia Roxb.

FAMILY 118. MELIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves without stipules, usually pinnate. Flowers
regular, mostly panicled. Petals 3-6, usually free. Stamens as many or
more frequently twice as many as the petals. Filaments usually united.
Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits.
Ovary superior, usually 2-or more-celled. Ovules inverted. Style simple
or wanting; stigma entire or lobed.—Genera 23, species 150. (Including
AITONIEAE, CEDRELEAE, and PTAEROXYLEAE.) (Plate 76.)
1. Filaments free. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Seeds winged. Leaves
pinnate. [Subfamily CEDRELOIDEAE] 2

Filaments more or less united into a tube. 3

2. Ovary and fruit 2-celled. Petals 4. Stamens 4.—Species 2. South and

East Africa. They yield timber (sneezewood). Ptaeroxylon Eckl. &
Zeyh.

Ovary and fruit 5-celled.—Species 1. Madagascar. Cedrelopsis

Baill.
 BURSERACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 75.
J. Fleischmann del.
Pachylobus edulis G. Don
A Flowering branch. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C
Stamen. D Female flower cut lengthwise. E Staminode. F
Cross-section of ovary.
 MELIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 76.
J. Fleischmann del.
Trichilia retusa Oliv.
A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut
lengthwise. D Anther.

3. Seeds winged. Ovules 4 or more, rarely 2 in each ovary-cell. Stamens

8-10. [Subfamily SWIETENIOIDEAE.] 4

Seeds not winged. Ovules 1-2, rarely 3-8 in each ovary-cell or on each
placenta. [Subfamily MELIOIDEAE.] 9

4. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Ovary 5-celled. Stigma small. Disc

wanting. Anthers 10, seated between the teeth of the staminal tube.
Leaves whorled, undivided. Flowers in panicles.—Species 2. West
Africa. Pynaertia De Wild.
Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. Leaves pinnate. 5

5. Ovules 4 in each ovary-cell. Disc shortly stalk-shaped. Staminal tube

campanulate, the mouth crenate and with short teeth bearing the anthers.
Petals imbricate in bud.—Species 7. Central Africa. Lovoa Harms

Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. 6

6. Ovules 6 in each ovary-cell. Ovary sessile. Disc none. Staminal tube

entire at the mouth, or with short teeth bearing the anthers. Petals with
imbricate aestivation. Flowers 5-merous.—Species 2. Southern
West Africa. Wulfhorstia C. DC.

Ovules 12 or more in each ovary-cell. Petals with contorted

aestivation. 7

7. Disc shortly stalk-shaped, connected with the staminal tube by

longitudinal ridges. Seeds winged below. Leaflets entire.—Species 15.
Central
Africa. They yield timber, gum, and a dye-stuff. (Including Leioptyx
Pierre, under Swietenia L.) Entandophragma C. DC.

Disc cup- or cushion-shaped, not connected with the staminal tube by

longitudinal ridges. 8

8. Disc cup-shaped. Fruit oblong. Seeds about 5 in each cell of the fruit,
winged below.—Species 1. Central Africa. Yields timber and gum.
(Under Cedrela L.) Pseudocedrela Harms

Disc cushion-shaped. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit globose. Seeds numerous

in each cell, winged all round.—Species 7. Tropics. They yield timber
(African mahogany), tanning bark, gum, and medicaments. Khaya
Juss.

9. (3.) Ovules more than 2 in each ovary-cell. Ovary 4-5-celled. Anthers

8-10, inserted between the lobes of the staminal tube. Seeds large,
pyramidal; seed-coat woody or corky. 10

Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell or on each placenta. Seeds small or

medium-sized; testa crustaceous, leathery, parchment-like, or
membranous. 11

10. Flowers 4-merous. Staminal tube with 2-toothed lobes. Seed-coat

corky or spongy. Radicle of the embryo lateral. Leaves pinnate, with 1-3
pairs of leaflets, or simple. Panicles rather small, lax, few-flowered.—
Species
3. Tropics. They yield timber, tanning bark, and oily seeds. (Under
Carapa Aubl.) Xylocarpus Koen.

Flowers 5-merous. Staminal tube with entire lobes. Ovules 6-8 to

each ovary-cell. Seed-coat woody. Radicle superior. Leaves pinnate, with
many pairs of leaflets. Panicles very large, many-flowered.—Species
4. Tropics. They yield timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. C
Aubl.

11. Ovary 2-3-celled, rarely 1-celled with 2-3 placentas. Stamens 6-

12. 12

Ovary 4-20-celled, rarely later on 1-celled with 4-5 placentas. 19

12. Anthers inserted below the mouth of the staminal tube, entirely or
almost included. Disc stalk-like or wanting. Seeds exalbuminous.
Leaflets
6-25. 13

Anthers inserted at the upper edge of the staminal tube, or at the top of
its lobes, or in the notches between them. 14

13. Leaflets serrate. Flowers 5-merous. Anthers inserted at the base of

the lobes of the staminal tube. Disc none. Ovary septate. Stigma
2-3-parted. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe. Radicle of the embryo exserted.—
Species
1. East Africa. Yields timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. (Under Melia
L.) Azadirachta Juss.

Leaflets entire. Stigma discoid. Fruit a 2- or more-seeded capsule or

berry. Radicle included.—Species 7. West Africa. Yield timber.
(Including Bingeria A. Chev. and Heckeldora Pierre). Guarea L.
14. Filaments united at the base only, 2-toothed at the top; anthers
inserted between the teeth. Petals 5, valvate in bud. Fruit a berry or
drupe.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves 3-foliolate.—Species 2. Madagascar and
Comoro Islands. Cipadessa Blume

Filaments united high up, rarely (Trichilia) at the base only, but then fruit
a capsule and seeds exalbuminous. 15

15. Ovary 1-celled, adnate to the staminal tube. Stigma sessile. Anthers
inserted at the rim of the almost entire staminal tube. Disc stalk-like.
Flowers 4-merous. Leaflets usually 5.—Species 1. Madagascar.
Symphytosiphon Harms

Ovary 2-3-celled. 16

16. Flowers solitary, axillary, rarely in spikes. Anthers 10, inserted at the
tips of the teeth of the staminal tube. Disc ring-shaped. Style long.
Fruit capsular, subglobose. Seeds with 3 narrow wings and with fleshy
albumen. Small shrubs. Leaves with a narrowly winged stalk and 3
woolly leaflets.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola).
Used medicinally. (Nelanaregam Adans.) Naregamia Wight &
Arn.

Flowers in panicles, rarely in racemes. Leaves with 5 or more leaflets,

rarely with 3, but then seeds exalbuminous. 17

17. Leaflets 5-7, toothed, clothed with stellate hairs; leafstalk winged.
Anthers 10, inserted between the lobes of the staminal tube, which are
divided in filiform segments. Disc ring-shaped. Style short.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). The bark is eaten and used
medicinally. Pterorhachis Harms

Leaflets entire, very rarely toothed, but then anthers 8, inserted at the
entire mouth of the staminal tube. Seeds exalbuminous. 18

18. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seed-coat crustaceous. Staminal tube entire

or shortly toothed.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some of
them yield timber, tanners’ bark, and medicaments. (Including
Charia C. DC.) Ekebergia Sparm.
Fruit a capsule with a leathery rind. Seed-coat thin-leathery. Staminal
tube usually more or less deeply divided.—Species 35. Tropical and
South Africa. Some of them yield timber, dyes, oily seeds, and
medicaments. (Plate 76.) Trichilia L.

19. (11.) Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers solitary or in cymes or

racemes.
Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous. 20

Leaves pinnate. Flowers in panicles, racemes, or cymes. Stamens united

high up. 21

20. Stamens united at the base only, 8. Disc cup-shaped. Stigma small.
Flowers solitary.—Species 1. South Africa. (Aitonia Thunb.,
Carruthia O. Ktze.) Nymania Lindb.

Stamens united high up, 8-10. Disc ring-shaped or absent. Stigma

usually thick.—Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used
medicinally. (Including Calodryum Desv., Grevellina Baill., and Quivisia
Comm.) Tourraea L.

21. Leaves twice pinnate, with usually serrate leaflets. Anthers 10-12,
inserted between the teeth of the staminal tube. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with
scanty albumen.—Species 4, two natives of Central Africa, the others
(especially M. Azederach L., beadtree or Persian lilac) cultivated as
ornamental plants and sometimes naturalized. They yield timber, gum,
oil, and medicaments, and are also used for the preparation of liquors.
The fruits are poisonous. Melia L.

Leaves once pinnate, with entire leaflets. Seeds exalbuminous. 22

22. Leaves equally pinnate. Anthers 5 or 8. 23

Leaves unequally pinnate. Anthers 8 or 10. 24

23. Leaflets 2-6. Flowers 4-merous. Petals with contorted aestivation.

Anthers 8, inserted below the notches between the lobes of the staminal
tube. (See 10.) Xylocarpus Koen.
Leaflets 10-16. Flowers 5-merous. Petals with valvate aestivation.
Anthers 5, inserted at the rim of the nearly entire staminal tube.—
Species
1. Madagascar. Quivisianthe Baill.

24. Anthers inserted at the upper margin of the staminal tube or at the top
of its teeth. Disc ring- or cup-shaped. Style short, with a lobed stigma.
Leaflets opposite. (See 18.) Ekebergia Sparm.

Anthers inserted below the mouth of the staminal tube, included. Leaflets
usually alternate. 25

25. Petals united high up and adnate to the staminal tube, valvate in bud.
Ovary at first 4-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, later 1-celled.—
Species
4. West Africa. Turraeanthus Baill.

Petals free, or united at the base only. 2

26. Ovary 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. (See 13.) Guarea L.

Ovary 4-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. (See 10.) Carapa

Aubl.

SUBORDER MALPIGHIINEAE

FAMILY 119. MALPIGHIACEAE

Shrubs or undershrubs, with branched hairs, usually climbing. Leaves
undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers in racemose inflorescences,
bracteolate. Sepals 3-5, free or united at the base, mostly furnished with
glands on the outside. Petals 5, free, imbricate in bud, usually clawed and
toothed. Stamens usually 10, hypogynous. Filaments free or united at the
base. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 2-3-
celled, with 1 pendulous and inverted ovule in each cell. Styles 1-3. Fruit
usually separating into 3 mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 16,
species 80. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 77.)
1. Fruiting receptacle flat. Mericarps not winged. Calyx without
glands.
Petals clawed, almost entire. Stamens 10. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in
terminal racemes. 2
Fruiting receptacle pyramidal. Mericarps winged. 3

2. Fruit covered with short hairs, dehiscent. Petals equal. Anthers

glabrous.
Ovary covered with short hairs. Styles free, long and thin, with small
stigmas. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe
GALPHIMIEAE.] Galphimia Cav.

Fruit covered with long, soft, hairy, spine-shaped processes. Petals

unequal. Anthers hairy. Ovary clothed with long hairs. Styles
converging, rather short and thick, with oval reflexed stigmas. Leaves
alternate or subopposite.—Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe
TRICOMARIEAE.] Echinopteris Juss.

3. Mericarps with a large dorsal wing, without a lateral wing. Petals

more or less distinctly clawed. [Tribe BANISTERIEAE.] 4

Mericarps with a large, sometimes divided, lateral wing and a small

dorsal wing, or without a dorsal wing. Stamens 10. [Tribe
HIRAEEAE.] 10

4. Style 1. Ovary 3-celled, 3-lobed. Stamens 5, two only fertile. Sepals

with two large glands each. Flowers solitary, terminal. Leaves
mucronate.—Species 1. Madagascar. Cottsia Dubard & Dop

Styles 2-3. Stamens 10-15. 5

5. Styles 2, long. Ovary with 2 perfect and 1 rudimentary cell. Stamens

10. Petals with a long claw. Leaves usually alternate. 6

Styles 3. Ovary with 3 perfect cells. Corolla regular. Leaves usually

opposite. 7

6. Corolla distinctly irregular. Mericarps with an almost semi-circular,

cockscomb-shaped, palmately nerved dorsal wing. Bracteoles awl-
shaped.—Species
1. West Africa. Rhinopteryx Nied.
MALPIGHIACEAE.
 FLOW PL. AFR.
Pl. 77.
J. Fleischmann del.
Acridocarpus macrocalyx Engl.
A Part of branch with fruits. B Leaf. C Flower cut
lengthwise. D Mericarp. E Mericarp cut lengthwise.
 POLYGALACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 78.
J. Fleischmann del.
Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen.
A Branch with flower-buds. B Flower (from which one
of the lateral sepals has been removed). C Flower
without the perianth, cut lengthwise. D Group of fruits.
E Fruit cut lengthwise.

Corolla regular. Mericarps with a more or less parallel-nerved dorsal

wing.—Species 20. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species are
used as ornamental plants or in medicine. (Plate 77.) Acridocarpus
Guill. & Perr.

7. Styles very long, divaricate; stigmas small, capitate. Stamens 10.

Petals with a very short claw. Sepals with very scantily developed
glands.—Species 4. Central and South-east Africa.
Sphedamnocarpus Planch.

Styles short or rather short, erect or slightly divergent; stigmas obliquely

truncate, hooked, or broadened. 8

8. Stigmas broadened, semi-orbicular. Ovary with 3 tufts of hairs.

Stamens
11-15. Petals with a very short claw. Sepals without glands.—Species
1. Madagascar. Tricomariopsis Dubard & Dop

Stigmas not broadened. Stamens 10. 9

9. Styles hooked at the apex, bearing the stigma at the bent. Petals with a
distinct claw. Sepals with glands.—Species 1. West Africa.
Heteropteris Juss.

Styles not hooked above, bearing the stigma at the obliquely truncate tip.