Normal distribution

MMW - also known as the Gaussian distribution, is a

probability distribution that is symmetric about the
TERMINOLOGIES mean, showing that data near the mean are more
frequent in occurrence than data far from the mean. In
Measures of Dispersion graphical form, the normal distribution appears as a
"bell curve".
STATISTICS
Z-SCORE
- the practice or science of collecting and analyzing
numerical data in large quantities, especially for the • also called the Standard Score, is a
purpose of inferring proportions in a whole from those measurement of how many standard
in a representative sample. deviations below or above the population
mean a raw score is.
- 2 types of Statistics
• gives you an idea of a value’s relationship to
➢ Descriptive Statistics the mean and how far from the mean a data
• aim is to “present the data” point is.
• Present aspects of the data either • A Z Score is measured in terms of standard
visually (graphs, charts, etc.) or deviations from the mean. This means that if Z
numerically (central tendency, Score = 1 then that value is one standard
dispersion, etc.) deviation from the mean. Whereas if Z Score
➢ Inferential Statistics =0, it means the value is identical to the mean.

Measures of Dispersion PEARSON CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

- Used to describe variability in a sample or
populations
- Measures of dispersion can be calculated by:
• Range
• Mean Deviation CODES
• Variance Codes
• Standard Deviation
RANGE
- The difference between the largest and smallest
observation in the data
Correlation & Measures of Relative Position
PERCENTILE, DECILE, & QUARTILE
- There are quantitative methods of splitting up a
set of ranked data into equally large subsections.
• Percentile - 100 equally large subsections
• Decile - 10 equally large subsections
• Quartile - 4 equally large subsections
• the most common way of measuring a linear
correlation.
• It is a number between –1 and 1 that measures
the strength and direction of the relationship
between two variables.
• were already around since ancient times.
• is a symbolic way to represent information.
• In qualitative inquiry, a code is most often a
word or short phrase symbolically assigns as
summative, salient, essence-language-based,
or visual data.
• Ex. Ancient Egypt Hieroglyphics, Roman
Numerals, Binary Code, Computer
Programming Code, Musical Notes, Genetic
Code
MODULAR ARITHMETIC
• There is an operator called the modulo
operator (mod)
• A mod B = R
CHECK DIGITS

• also known as a checksum character.

• is the number located on the far right side of a
bar code.
• The purpose of a check digit is to verify that the
information on the barcode has been entered
correctly.
• Barcode format:
✓ ISBN (International Standard Book
Number)
✓ UPC (Universal Product Code)
✓ EAN (European Article Number)
• Each digit in a barcode is represented by seven
equal-sized vertical blocks. These are colored
in either black or white to represent the
decimal numbers 0–9. Every number
ultimately consists of four fat or thin black and
white stripes and its pattern is designed so
that, even if you turn it upside down, it can't be
confused with any other number.

ENCRYPTION

• What if we assigned the alphabet letters as

numbers? Like, A=0, B=1, …, Z=25. Next, add
any number to the assigned number. Then
write the corresponding letter to that number.

BRUTE-FORCE ATTACK

• a brute-force attack consists of an attacker

submitting many passwords or passphrases
with the hope of eventually guessing correctly