Angles Form ed by

- rr Two Paral lel Lines and

a Transversal

• •
::•: Parallel Lines
W hen t\.vo
. lines_ ly in g o n th e sa me p Iane d o not ·intersect , th ey are known a'i
parallel Imes . Fi g. 10 .15 shows a pai r of railway tracks w hi ch are p;:Hall el.

I I I I I I I Pi! r.1llr•l line<; r .m bl? ronsrrurrr-rl

rrr r11r
by u~ing ,, rulH ,m d a SP! squ,;irr•.

rr-r r, , tr
Fig. 10.1 5
ldi>nli fy 1he pa rallel line-; in carh
Parallel lines are represented by either si ngle or doubl e arrowheads pointing o f the fo llow in g figures
in the same direction as shown in Fig. 10.16.

#
BD

lz
A C L u wy
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 10.16
We use t he symbol '// ' to denote ' is parallel to', i. e. in Fig. 10.16(a), AB II CD \
means that AB is parallel to CD .

::-~Corres pondin g Angles, Alternate Angles and

Interio r Angles
Fi g. 10. 17 shows a line PQ whi ch cuts two parallel lines AB and CD . PQ is
known as a transversal .
• La and Lw are ca ll ed corresponding
p
angles . N ame anoth er pair of In general , J line tha t cuts anv
two lines is cJlled a trJ n;, er,.:il
A correspond ing angles .
• Ld and L t are ca ll ed alternate angles .
C
N ame anoth er pair of altern ate angles .
• Le and Li: are call ed interior angles.
Q Name anoth er pair of interior angles .
Fig. 10.17

Chapter 10 •
W ork ed
Example
5 1< 1,rrcc.pnnrnng ,\n '.. , It' _.' '11, d \ il l l' I I\ ir \n ~k-.1
.
In the f1gure ,
i

AB JI CD Calculate the va ues o a, b c and d

·
I f
, .
A-
I
p

/ 4R
0
6 1° \
I?
\

- .\ ► _J_ \ /}o /J
So lut ion : ao co
a' = 48' (corr. Ls, AB II CD) c' + b' = l 80. (int. L s, AB II CD) C \ I
► \ /)
:. a = 48 c' + 61 ' = l80' cl°
b' = 61 ' (vert. opp . Ls) c' = I 80' - 6 I
0
\
Q s
:. b = 6 l = 119°
:.c= l19
0

cf°= b
= 61 ° (co rr. L s, AB II CD)
:. d = 61

. PRACTISE NOW 5 j r SIMILAR ·

QUESTIONS 1

1. In the figure, AB II CD. Find th e 2. In the fi gure, AB II CD . Find the valu Exerc ise 1OB Qu es t io ns
valu es of a, b, c and d. e
of e and of j. 2( a), J (a)-(c), 4(a ), S( al-fbl

p R
A\\. 2e 0 B

30°
C -I--► ~--- D
69° f°
106'
C- - - - ---- 1-r- -- D \
F
\
Q s E

W or ke d
Exrunple
6 1 \ IIt' m ,1 It· \
It·, 11, 1

In the figure, BA II FE. Calculate the

va lu e of a.
,\
£
\• C
{__ a•
.----., 5~

r·
8
96°
D
\ F

Solut ion :
Dra w a line QP th rough C, and a line
SR through D, that are parallel to BA and
FE.
A P R 0

1 \\'= 40' (a lt. Ls, BA II QP)

\ '._ c Ji- f
_:, _ (I . _'----'
) .
x· =96 ' - 40'
... .. .........

\-+~:.,.
- ~. :i.:: ;-\ =56 '
11 ·' ·~ ( . " '~ .D: ~\ Draw add iti o nal lin es if necessa ry
,,.. 0
y' = x = 56' (a lt. Ls, QP II SR ) to m a\<e use of the prope r1 ies of
fl1., Q s '
F -:: = 52' (a lt. Ls, SR II FE)
the angles form ed by parall el li nes
and transve'rsals 10 solve problems.
a' = _v· + -;,'
= 56' + 52'
= 108'
: . a = 108

0 Chapter 1O B1 ;1c "r.0111dry

-
PRACTISE NOW 6 SIMILAR
QUESTIONS

1. In the figure, AB II DE. Exerc ise I QA Questi ons 2!b),

2. In th e fi gure, AB II EF.
J rd), 4(bJ, S( c)
Find the value of a. Find th e valu e of b.

A - ►r
440 fJ -- R

D _ __
c --.
-20°
_. ___2=0_0 _._I'_:: :--:... £

Worked
Example
7 I< ·<,rrr -,p c,nd i ng 1\ n g lc•-,, Aill'rn,1te 1\ nglpc, ,1nd
0

lnt L·r if ir 1\ ng ll''-l

In the figure, ABDE is a straight line and BC II EF .
Calculate the value of a and of b.
C F

229°

Solution:
Draw a line PQ through D that is parallel to BC and EF.

C F x· = 360° - 229° (Ls at a point)

= 131 °
a·= 131° (corr. Ls, BC II EF)
:. a = 131
y = 23° (alt. Ls, BC II PQ)
0

z· = 180° -131° (int. Ls, PQ II EF)

= 49•
p.-'
3b = y· + z"
0

= 23° + 49°
= 72·
b" = 72•
3
= 24°
:. b = 24
 PRACTISE NOW 7 '

In the figure, ABDE is a strai.ght line

.
an d BC II EF · Find the value of a and of b. Exerc ise I 013 Que .
6-10, 12 1
s ions 2icHd1,
C F

19°

245°

Worked
Example
8 (App li ccition ot Converse St,1tcnwnt<;1
In the figur e, the lines AB and CD
are cut by the
transversals PQ and RS . If AWQ = DYP =
55 •· and
AXS = 138°, calculate CZS.

p R

C- - 1 ' - ' - - - - - ----- D

s
Q
Solution:
Since AWQ = DYP (= 55°), then AB II CD
(converse of alt. LS).
: . CZS =AXS =
138° (corr. LS, AB II CD)

,\
~ PRACTISE NOW 8

In the figure, the lines AB and CD are

cut by the transversals PQ and RS.
If BWQ = DYQ = 122° and CZR =65°, find Exerc ise 1OB Question 1 I
BXS.
p R

122°

Q
s

• Chapter 10 Basic Geom etry

 ~®WD®\Wl
Exercise
it·'\
----
10
1. Given that AOB and COD are st ra 1
· ht 1· f I
g 111 es, in c th e va lu es or th e unkn own s i n cJC'l i o( tlw
following figures .

C
(a) (b)
J .

/ 3c10 _ 50

D E D

2. For each of the following figures, find the value of the unknown .

(a) (b)

(b + 34)
0
4a 0

3. Given that AOB, COD and EOF are straight lines, find the value(s) of th e unknown(s) in eac h o f
the following figures.

C F C F
(a) (bl

2a 0
A 8
A B
2b + 1S
0 0

4a 0
- 17°
E D
D
E

~) A
~ ~)B
4. In each of the following figures, AB II CD. Find the va lue(s) of th e unknown(s).
p
(b)
0
a" E 250' 3c
A - - -~ --'--,'---.--- 8
(6b - 2 1)0
12::_
c - -..,._-
: - - ~ ~o (Sb - 52) 0
c ----,,.....,.--..--- -0

Basic Geometry Chapter 1O 0

-
I
I
(c) A B
(d) .A )__ 370 ► - 13
\ (Sd - 13)°
276° E ~ 5"
(4d + 28 )0 F
C
D
C
1x1i- , _
► D

(e) D (f) /J

A 8

123° B

E
37°
5go
C Jrnio
~

E
A

5. In the figure, AB II DE , GC II
DF , CB H = 74 ' , DC G = 148 ° and ED F=
84" .
G £

Find
(i) CDE,
F
<ii) ABH. A H

6. In the figure, AB II DF, EC II

GH, FEH = 26' and EH G = 62•
.
C F
H
'...)

~
62°
8

Find
(i) DE H,
A
j, ~

G
<ii) ABC.
D

7. In the figure, AC II FG, DB II

FE, reflex DE F = 316' and EF
Find
G= ss·.
(i) BD E,
(ii) ABD. /r
I J]/j'-
~ l'. J
D -
J
I 5!S'
F ► r;

• Ch.apter 10 Bas ic Geometr,

 8. In t~e f~gure, th:. lines AB and CD are cut by th e tran sversa ls PQ and RS .
If BWQ = 123", DYP =Sr and AXS = 118°, find DZR . ·
p R

r;
A- -- +r-!._---,:µ _ _ __ B

Q
s
9. In the figure, AB II FE, ABC= w BCD= x CDE= y° and DEF= z° . Form an equation
0 0
, ,

connecting w, x, y and z.

Challenge
w
@OJ] [fS)®~lf
1. In the figure, two rays OA and OB share a common vertex 0.
3

Find an expression, in terms of n, for the number of different angles in the figure if
there are n rays between OA and OB.

2. Find the larger angle between the minute hand and the hour hand of a
12-hour clock at 7.20 p.m.

3. When the minute hand of a 12-hour clock is at a right angle to the hour hand
of the clock, a bell will sound once. Find the number of times the bell will
sound from 9 a.m. on a particular day to 9 p.m. the next day.

Basic Geometry Chapter 1O •

 C Fig. ·11 .1 shows a triangle ABC ( MBC ) th Jt has rhr<:!f' -,idr-s NJ ,
BC and AC. The points A, B and Ca re ca ll ed th e vertice!I
(si ngul ar: vertex ) of th e tri angle. BAC, ABC J nd ACIJ M<'
know n as the interior angles of MB C.

In primary schoo l, w e have lea rn , abo ut rri angles and som,-

A ~------' B of their p roperti es . In thi s scc rion , we sh,1 11 1.. ,r n, mor,J
Fig. 11.1 about triangl es.

• •
::•: Classification of Triangles
Triangl es can be c lassified accordin g to
• the number of eq ual sides rh ey ha ve,

Name Definition Figure Proper ties

All th e angles 111 ;i n

A triangle
Equilateral equil ateral tr ia ngl 0
triangle
with 3 equal
are eq uJI, i.e. 60 '.
sides
(Abbrev iation:
L_t-- 1 Ls of eq uilateral 6 )

Th e base angles of an
A tri angle
Isosceles isosce les tri angle are
wi th at least
triangle equal.
2 equal sides E.url ,rJ (w, 1 ,J,.(,n,-rJ ,,n ,v,,,-_,-J,--1
(Abbrev iati on: lfl;ingl ,· 10 hJ ; ,, ,., .,rtl1 2 •-r,~
ba se Ls of isos . ti) ',1d ,.-1, f tr,v,,.,,,. ,, n,,1,.Jd-11'>, ,,~

Scalene
triangle
A tri angle
w ith no equal
sides
All the angles in
a sca lene triangle
ace d;ffecent. _
J ,,( an
lri,in~lr· 1\ ,Jf,f,r;-<J I() ha, 1·
1<,<)<;,J•/1 --;
a t l,:;;~1 2 1-qu,il s,rJ,.., I l 1•rvv •'
eq udari-r.il 111 ,u,g/ 1• 1\" ',f,,.,-,,,lt,p!'
,s,,.., ,-Ir.-, 1n1ng) 1-

Table 11.1

0 Cllllptcr 11 Tr1 .rn~fp•;, 011:1dr1latn:ils ,ind Poly qon!;

j • the rypes of angles they have.
Name Oefinitfon Figure

• Acute-angled triangle A tria ngle wi th

3 acut e angles
, ~

..::'il. - ~
I ,,
I
A triang le w irh
Right-angled triangle
I rrgh r ,rnglc
I
_._J

1 I
Obtuse-angled triangle
A lriangle w 11h
I ob rusc .1nglc .cl I
Table I 1. 2

one anolher ?
How ;ire rh e 6 types o( rri angles in Tables I I . I and 11 .2 related 10
For exa mple, can an obtuse-a ngled rriangle be an equilateral lriangle?

The rclarionships Jmong them are ill us1ra1ed in Fig . 11 .2.

Fig. 11.2 is a Ven n diagram

which will be c.nvered In
rhc chapter on Sets ,n Uppr r
Secondary Ma1hema11 cs .

..__...,__,~
Ob~s~ C D
angled
tria ngles
fig. 11 .2

\\'h,11 ryr e.., o{ tri.1ng/e5 do A, 8, C and D represe nt ?

Iri lllQlt·" Ou,1tlnl,11t•1:,Ir, ,,nrl Polyqon~.

•
• ••
•• Recap (Angle Sum of a Triangle)
••••••
W e have lea rnt in primary schoo l th at
The sum of interior ;m gles of a tri,rn gle is I so·.
(Abbreviation: L. sum of~)

A proof of th e above result· is given as fo ll ows:

Consi der MBC in Fig. 1·1.J .

P · ··· ·· · ··· C · + ·· ···· · ·Q

/ 8
Fig. 11.3

Draw a line PQ that is parallel to AB and passes th ro ugh C.

BAC = ACP (all. L s, PQ II AB)
ABC= BCQ (alt. Ls, PQ II AB)
W e also have ACP + ACB + BCQ = 180° (adj . L s on a sir. line).
:. BAC + ACB +ABC= 180° (L sum of~)

Worked \ m:11· "11111 ,,t .1 l

1
1 111 :11
Ca lcul ate th e va lu e o f a in th e fig ure.
Example C

s'i\ \
Solution: A ::1 ao 650 \ B
a· + 65 ° +so· = Iso· (L. sum of~)
a· = 1so· - 65° - so·
=35°
:. a= 35

, PRACTISE NOW 1

1. Find the va lue of a in th e figure . 2. In the figure, AC = BC. Find the

va lue of b.
C
\
'i-:),
·- \
\
.-\ ~
7
I )
_:,~8

• Chapter 11 Tri anqles, Q11:idril.1ter:ils and Polygons

• •
::•: Exterior Angles of a Triangle
Fig. 1 -1 .6 shows MBC with AB produced to P, BC produced to Q and CA
produced to R. La, Lb and Le are the interior angles of MBC. Lp, Lq and
Lr are the exterior angles of MBC.

Q There are two wa ys In w hi ch the

ex teri or angles of a triangle ma y
q C be drawn .
C

R
Fig. 11.6

In particular, La and Lb are called the interior opposite angles with

reference to Lq .

Similarly, La and Le are called the interior opposite angles with reference to Lp.
Which are the interior opposite angles with reference to Lr?

Consider MBC in Fig. 1-1.7.

C Lb+ Ld = 180° (adj. Ls on a str. line)

C We also have La+ Lb+ Le= 180° (L sum of d).
:. Lb + Ld = La + Lb+ Le
:.Ld =La+ Le

Fig. 11.7

Hence, we conclude that:

· ang Ie o•f a triangle is equal to the sum of its interior opposite angles.
An exterior
(Abbreviation: ext. Loft.)

Triangles, Qu adrilaterals and Polygons Chapter 11

 · 1glt", 1

. n ,le.., ul l ri,11 , . ht line.

Worked
Example
2 ,E, l('fl"r 1\ g
(a) Int h
e figure,
Calculate t e
ABD is a stra1g
h value o a.
f
C

56°

D
A

DEF are straight lines.

. ACE BCD an d
(b) In the figure, I, f band of c.
Calculate the va ue o D

8
F

Solution:
(a) 56' + 50' (ext. L of~)
a' =
= 106'
:. a= 106

(b) ACE= 94° (vert. opp. Ls)

b + 33 ° + 94° = 180' (L sum of MBC)
0

b' = 180° - 38° -94°

= 48 °
:. b = 48
c = 25° + 94°
0

= J19° (ext. L of M;DE)

:. c =l19

PRACTISE NOW 2 SIMILAR

QUESTIONS
=-- · n, 4 (a H C), 6.
Exe rcise 11 A Quest '
0
(a) In the figure, ABD is a straight line. (b) In the figure, ABC, ADF and BDE l 11
7(a)-(b), 8(a )-ibl, 91a), (c ,
Find the value of a . are straight lines . Find the value of
C band of c.
4go

\ 0

530
A LJ...C..:
\ .._G
=--------'- -'-- D
8

• Ch.apter 11 Triangles, Quactri lc1 terals and Polygons

I I